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INSECTA     MADERENSIA: 


BEING 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  INSECTS 


OF 


THE    ISLANDS 


OF 


THE    MADEIRAN    GROUP. 


y 


T.  VERNON   WOLLASTOK,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 


6  SetTTTOTT;?  yap  fiov  fierewpo';  alperai 
linnfhov  eh  rov  akp   eiri  tov  KavOdpov. 

Aristoph.  Pax,  80. 


LONDON: 

JOHN  VAN  VOORST,  1  PATERNOSTER  ROW. 

1854. 


Though  never  ase  until  a  later  day 

AssaQ'd  thj'  forests'  huge  antiquity. 

Yet  elder  Fame  had  many  tales  of  thee — 

Wliether  Pha?nician  shipman  far  astray 

Had  brought  uncertain  notices  away 

Of  islands  dreaming  in  the  middle  sea ; 

Or  that  man's  heart,  which  struggles  to  be  free 

From  this  old  worn-out  world,  had  never  stay 

Till,  for  a  place  to  rest  on,  it  had  foimd 

A  region  out  of  ken,  that  happier  isle, 

AVliich  the  mild  ocean  breezes  blow  around. 

Where  they  who  thrice  upon  this  mortal  stage 

Had  kept  their  hands  from  wrong,  their  hearts  from  gmle, 

ShoiUd  come  at  length,  and  live  a  tearless  age. 

, Teench. 


I'B1>"TED    BY    T-VYLOll    AND    FKANCIS, 
RED  LION  COtTHT,  FLEET  STREET. 


VIRO  .  REVERENDO 

RICARDO-THOMiE  .  LOWE  .  A.M. 

ECCLESItE  .  ANGLICAN/E 

IN  .  INSVLIS  .  MADERENSIBVS 

ANNOS  .  VNVM  .  ET  .  VIGINTI 

PRiESVLI 

NECNON  .  SIMVL 

SCIENTIA  .  NATVRALI  .  PERITISSIMO 

HOC  .  OPVSCVLViM 

QVALECVNQVE  .  GRATI  .  ANIMI  .  SIGNVM 

DICATVM  .  VOLVIT 

AVCTOR. 


PREFACE. 


It  is  not  without  some  degree  of  hesitation  that  I  am  at  length  induced  to  bring 
together  my  notes  on  the  Coleoptera  of  the  Madeiran  Group  in  a  sufficiently 
connected  form  for  the  press ;  and  in  offering  them  to  the  scientific  Avorld,  I 
would  wish  briefly  to  state  for  what  pui-pose  they  were  originally  commenced. 

Having  been  advised  in  October  of  1847  to  leave  England  for  the  benefit  of 
my  health,  I  employed  a  seven  months'  residence  at  Funchal  in  collectiug  such 
insects  (and  desultory  information  concerning  them)  as  came  beneath  my  notice, 
but  without  any  ulterior  design  than  that  of  a  mere  temporary  amusement,  and 
to  relieve  the  monotony  of  a  winter's  exile  in  a  distant  land. 

In  November  of  the  following  year,  however,  another  migration  being  recom- 
mended to  me,  I  decided  on  "  making  a  vu-tue  of  necessity,"  and  tm-ning  my 
second  banishment  to  a  more  practical  account  than  the  first  one ;  and  con- 
sequently started  with  the  full  intention  of  accumulating  matter  for  publication, 
— which  I  was  bold  to  hope  would  at  any  rate  so  far  expand,  ia  importance 
and  extent,  as  to  furnish  a  series  of  papers,  at  a  future  time,  for  some  of  the 
Natural  History  journals  of  the  day. 

But  having  been  rewarded,  in  this  my  second  expedition,  with  more  success 
than  I  had  had  reason  to  anticipate  (owing  in  a  large  measm'c  to  my  health 
having  permitted  me,  not  only  to  use  greater  diligence,  but  also  to  visit  many 
remote  rocks,  and  to  ascend  into  regions,  hitherto  forbidden),  and  having 
convinced  myself  that  I  had  obtained  the  major  part  of  the  species  which  were 


vi  PREFACE. 

to  be  met  Avith  between  the  limits  of  October  and  Jime ;  I  felt  that  a  summer's 
oljservation  in  situ  was  the  main  thing  reqiined  to  render  my  knowledge  of 
tlie  Coleopterous  fauna  tolerably  complete.  Hence,  in  May  of  1850,  at  the 
instigation  of  the  E.ev.  11.  T.  Lowe  (whose  imremittiag  services  I  shall  have 
al)undant  opportimities  elsewhere  of  announcing),  having  procured  a  tent,  I 
again  set  sail  for  the  island, — prepared  to  take  up  my  abode,  diu'ing  the  hotter 
period,  in  districts  as  yet  but  imperfectly  explored ;  and,  by  thus  applying  myself 
in  good  earnest  (at  elevations,  moreover,  difficult  of  access  except  at  that  peculiar 
season),  I  conceived  that  1  should  be  in  a  position,  at  the  close  of  my  thii'd 
sojourn,  to  attempt  a  more  lengthened  and  systematic  treatise  than  I  had  at  the 
beginning  ventured  to  contemj)late. 

My  material  having,  in  this  manner,  been  gradually  amassed,  considerable 
leisure  was  afforded  me,  during  the  intervals  of  my  return  to  England,  not  only 
of  carefully  studying  the  new  modifications  which  had  been  brought  to  light, 
but  also  of  sending  them  for  comparison  to  the  principal  museums  of  the 
Continent, — by  which  means  I  was  the  better  qualified  to  form  a  correct  oj)iiiion 
on  their  several  affinities. 

To  those  of  my  friends  and  correspondents  who  have  aided  me  in  this  some- 
what difficult  task,  whether  in  the  collation  of  specimens  or  in  the  loan  of  types, 
I  would  dcsu'c  to  express  my  sincere  obligations.  Particularly,  however,  would 
I  draw  attention  to  the  valuable  help  which  I  have  received  from  J.  O.  West- 
wood,  Esq.,  whose  pencil  has  been  so  elaborately  employed  in  the  figures  which 
I  am  thus  enabled  to  attach,  and  by  Avhom  many  of  the  minutest  of  the  dissec- 
tions were  accomplished, — ^^ith  a  degree  of  delicacy,  moreover,  to  which  I  did 
not  myself  at  the  commencement  of  this  Work  (though  I  haA'e  since  succeeded  in 
anatomizing  the  larger  portion  of  them,  likewise)  lay  claim. 

From  Frederick  Smith,  Esq.,  for  the  unwearied  attention  which  he  has 
bestowed,  and  the  amoimt  of  skill  which  he  has  brought  to  play,  upon  the 
engraving,  I  have  also  more  than  common  assistance  to  record. 

From  A.  H.  Haliday,  Esq.,  of  Dublin ;  from  Messrs.  Wliite  and  Watcrhouse,  of 
the  British  Museum;  and  from  E.  ^\ .  Janson,  Esq.,  Curator  of  the  Entomological 


PREFACE.  .  vii 

Society  of  London,  I  am  bound  to  confess  that  I  have  received  much  useful 
information  and  practical  hints, — apart  from  the  many  facilities  of  reference 
which  they  have  most  liberally  afforded  me. 

To  Professor  Heer,  of  Zurich,  my  especial  acknowledgments  are  due, — not  only 
for  the  handsome  manner  in  which  he  has  laid  the  whole  of  his  Madeiran  collec- 
tions at  my  disposal  (refusing  to  describe  even  the  novelties  which  he  had  himseK 
discovered),  but  also  for  putting  me  in  possession  of  his  private  notes,  compiled  at 
Funchal  during  the  winter  of  1850  and  the  spring  of  1851. 

To  Dr.  H.  Schaum,  of  Berlin,  who  has  spared  no  trouble  in  ministering  to  my 
entomological  wants,  and  to  whose  unexampled  kindness  I  shall  have  frequent 
occasion  to  allude  throughout  the  present  volume ;  as  well  as  to  Professor 
Bohemann,  of  Stockholm,  for  his  ^  comparison  of  my  Bhyncophora  with  the 
Schonherrian  types,  I  owe  much. 

To  MM.  Javet,  Chevrolat,  Deyrolle,  Jacquelin-Duval,  Leon-Fairmaire,  and 
Dr.  Axibe,  of  Paris ;  as  also  to  M.  Dohrn,  President  of  the  Entomological  Society 
of  Stettin,  to  M.  Kiesenwetter  of  Leipzig,  M.  Motschulsky  of  St.  Petersburgh,  and 
to  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.,  of  Funchal,  my  recognition  of  services,  in  various  ways 
conferred,  is  gratefully  conceded. 

And,  lastly  (though  not  least),  to  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  who,  for  upwards  of 
twenty  years  British  Chaplain  and  the  sole  guardian  of  natural  science  in 
Madeira,  has  not  only  consented  to  an  invasion  of  his  own  field  of  research,  but 
has  even  co-operated  with  me  (directly  and  indirectly),  during  my  successive  visits 
to  the  island,  to  bring  about  the  object  which  I  had  in  view,  I  have  incurred  a 
debt  which  will  not  be  easily  repaid.  The  generosity  moreover  with  which  he  has 
communicated,  without  reserve,  both  his  local  knowledge  in  the  departments  at 
which  I  have  been  labouring  and  the  result  of  his  long  experience  in  everything 
connected  with  the  country  itself,  demands  my  warmest  thanks;  whilst  his 
unbounded  hospitality,  not  only  to  myself,  but  to  hundreds  who  have  been 
similarly  exiled  under  his  control  (too  many,  however,  never  to  return),  must  not 
remain  unnoticed. 


Viii  PREFACE. 

If  the  follo^\•ing  pages  should  be  found  of  sixfficient  interest  to  attract  the 
attention  of  a  few  out  of  the  unfortunate  invalids  who  flock  to  Funchal,  winter 
after  mnter,  for  their  health,  and  with  whom  the  main  lamentation  which  every- 
where resounds  is  the  total  absence  of  the  ordinary  enjoyments  of  a  country  life, 
and  the  want  of  some  local  amusement  to  divert  theii*  thoughts  from  the  cmises 
of  their  lianislmient,  one  at  any  rate  of  the  objects  for  which  they  have  been 
compiled  will  have  been  fully  realized. 

London,  .Inly  14,  1854. 


INTEODUCTION. 


^VHEN  we  review  the  great  questions  arising  out  of  the  geographical  distribu- 
tion of  animals  and  plants,  there  can  be  no  doubt  whatsoever  that  the  close  inves- 
tigation of  any  given  area,  however  minute,  must  contribute  materially,  provided 
its  position  be  a  significant  one,  to  lighten  the  labours  of  those  more  comprehen- 
sive naturalists  who  are  able  to  wield,  with  a  master's  hand,  the  scanty  data 
gleaned  by  the  humbler  workers  in  the  science  to  a  practical  account.  And,  since 
it  has  been  said  that  whatsoever  falls  ■ndthin  the  sphere  of  knowledge  is  attached 
to  a  radius  and  tends  towards  the  centre,  there  is  reason  to  hope  that  no  amount 
of  truth,  once  faiiiy  arrived  at,  will  be  eventually  lost ;  but  that  it  will  sooner  or 
later  find  its  way  into  the  central  mass,  to  be  employed,  whensoever  chance  may 
require  it,  for  the  general  good.  Hence  it  is  that  we  are  encouraged,  in  every 
branch  of  observation,  to  register  what  we  see ;  and  to  feel  that  the  most  trivial 
facts,  if  faithfully  recorded,  may  become  the  basis  from  whence  the  soundest 
theories  may  arise, — such  theories  forsooth  as  have  ah'eady  arisen  from  the  con- 
templation of  circumstances  apparently  beneath  oiu*  notice,  and  which  have  grown 
up,  step  by  step,  into  trees  of  gigantic  dimensions,  to  embrace  at  last  large  prin- 
ciples within  their  shade. 

Such  being  the  case,  I  have  ventured  to  hope  that  the  examination  of  islands 
even  so  small  as  those  now  under  discussion  may  not  have  been  altogether  without 
profit.  The  intermediate  situation  of  Madeira,  which,  whilst  pertaining  artificially 
to  Europe,  has  nevertheless  much  in  common  with  the  north  of  Africa  (from 
which  in  distance  it  is  the  less  remote),  imparts  to  it  an  interest,  the  importance 
of  which  the  student  of  Zoological  geography  cannot  faU  at  once  to  recognise : 
and,  if  we  scan  the  results  arrived  at  in  the  following  pages,  we  shall  perceive  that 
there  is  positive  ground  for  the  belief  that  its  Coleopterous  fauna  is,  in  a  large 
measiu'e,  of  a  very  isolated  type.  Although  partaking,  in  the  main,  of  that  par- 
ticular stamp  which  is  usually  acknowledged  as  Mediterranean,  yet  the  number  of 
endemic  species  (and  even  of  genera)  would  seem  to  be  so  great,  whilst  tlie  ncAv 
modifications  wliich  have  been  brought  to  light  are  so  extremely  characteristic, 

b 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

and  adjusted  to  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  country  in  which  they  are  placed,  that 
we  cannot  resist  the  conclusion  that,  whatever  may  have  heen  the  extent  or  con- 
dition of  that  ancient  continent  of  which  these  several  Atlantic  clusters  are  the 
sure  witnesses,  that  portion  of  it  at  any  rate  which  the  Madeiras  may  be  supposed 
to  represent  was  not  only  singularly  rich  in  creations  adapted  specially  to  itself, 
but  also  that  the  various  forms  must  have  migrated  but  very  slightly  ere  the  land 
of  passage  was  destroyed, — seeing  that  many  of  them  had  apparently  not  even 
reached  those  points  of  its  area  which  are  now  the  detached  portions  of  the  actual 
group.  That  this  is  really  a  fact,  we  may  appeal,  intei'  alia,  to  such  insects  as  the 
Tarphii  (only  a  single  one  of  which,  out  of  15,  occurs  beyond  Madeii-a  proper),  to 
Argutor  and  Trechiis  (of  the  same  island),  to  Acalles  (of  which  12  members,  out 
of  13,  belong  to  the  central  mass),  to  the  aberrant  Atlantides  and  the  Anemophili 
(almost  exclusively  Porto  Santan),  or  to  Deucalion  (which  reigns  supreme  on  the 
nearly  inaccessible  heights  of  the  two  southern  Dezertas). 

Although  it  is  of  com-se  possible  that  some  few  out  of  the  270  species,  and  even 
of  the  11  genera,  which  I  have  treated  as  novelties,  may  have  l^een  ah-eady  made 
known,  yet  I  believe  it  will  be  fovmd,  on  inspection,  that  such  instances  are  rare ; 
whilst  concerning  the  claims  of  the  majority  of  them,  being  apparently  of  an 
endemic  natm'e,  there  cannot  be  the  slightest  doubt.  In  addition  to  these  270 
species,  there  are  11  which  had  been  pre\aously  characterized  as  Madeiran ;  thus 
raising  the  entire  num1)er  to  281, — which,  out  o/ 182,  it  must  be  admitted  is  a 
large  proportion  to  possess  cceii  the  chance  of  being  peculiar  to  these  islands.  The 
genera  of  the  present  volimie  amount,  in  aU,  to  213  :  one  of  these  {Cossyphodes) 
had  been  lately  described  as  jMad'eh-an  ;  and  9  at  least  (namely  Calobius,  Dactylo- 
sterimm,  Xenostrongylus,  Metophthalmus,  Jflicrochondrus,  Pecteropus,  Deucalion, 
ArthroUps  and  Macrostethus),  out  of  the  41  which  arc  indicated  as  new,  I  have 
reason  to  suspect  have  exponents  elscAvhere, — which  reduces  the  modifications 
which  may,  or  may  not,  he  endemic  (but  the  larger  portion  of  Avhich  probably  are) 
to  3-1.  Amongst  these  31,  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  are  Zargus,  Cossyphodes, 
Eitrops,  Aphanarthrum,  Leijjarthrmn,  Echinosoma,  Xenorchestes,  Gloeosoma,  and 
Ellipsodes. 

It  will  be  seen,  on  a  reference  to  the  Systematic  Catalogue  of  this  work,  that  the 
total  absence  of  numerous  genera  (and  even  of  whole  families)  which  are  looked 
upon  as  all  but  universal,  constitutes  one  of  the  most  striking  featm'cs  in  om* 
entomological  fauna.  Thus,  incredible  though  it  may  seem,  not  so  much  as  a 
solitary  \vitness  of  the  Cicindelidce,  Dujjrestida;  or  Pselaphidce  has  hitherto  been 
l)rought  to  light ;    whilst  the   great  genera  Carabits*,  Nebria*,  Silpha,  Necro- 

*  In  Dejean's  Catalogue  there  ia  a  Carahm  registered  as  Madeiran,  under  the  name  of  C  interruptus ; 
aud  a  Nebria  under  that  of  N.  dilatata :  but,  as  no  vestige  of  either  one  genus  or  the  other  has  come 
beneath  my  notice,  and  since  they  have  totally  escaped  the  researches  of  the  Ecv.  E.  T.  Lowe  for  a  period 
of  twenty-six  years,  as  also  of  the  late  Dr.  lleinecken  and  of  every  other  naturalist  (so  far  as  I  am  aware) 
subsequently  ;  I  have  not  the  slightest  hesitation  in  pronouncing  Dejean's  insects  (whatsoever  they  were) 


INTRODUCTION.  XI 

phorus,  Cetonia,  Telephoriis,  Tentyria,  Pimelia,  Acis,  Asida  and  Otiorhynchus  are 
altogetlier  wanting.  The  vast  race  of  the  Thaler ophagous  Lamellicorns  {vid.  p.  235), 
as  also  the  immense  department  of  the  Elateridce  {vid.  p.  239),  are  represented 
apparently  by  but  a  single  form, — as  are  also  the  SUphklie,  Telepliorklce,  Tenty- 
riadcB,  and  the  (Edemendcs. 

Of  the  13  primary  sections  into  which  I  have  distribvited  the  entire  Coleoptera, 
the  Bhyncoplwra  contains  the  largest  amount  of  species,  and  the  Eucerata  the 
smallest.     Arranged  numerically,  they  are  as  follows  :  Rhyncophora  (104),  Necro- 
pliaga  (80),  Geodeplmcja  (63),  Brachelytra  (71),  Friocerata  (35),  Atmchelia  (29), 
Coirlylocemfa  (22),  Fhytophaga  (21),  Pseudotrimera  (17),  Philhydrkla  (13),  Tm- 
clieUa  (11),  Hydradephaga  (7),  Eucerata  (6).     Now  there  is  an  anomaly  in  these 
proportions,  which  it  is  not  easy,  at  first  sight,  to  account  for, — namely,  that, 
whUst  Madeira  is  essentially  a  land  of  wood  and  streams,  the  Longicorns  and 
Water-beetles  should  be  the  least  shadowed  forth  of  the  whole.     As  regards  the 
latter  of  these,  however,  the  deficiency  is  not  difficult  to  understand, — the  rapid 
nature  of  the  rivers,  which  are  liable  to  sudden  inundations  from  the  mountains, 
and  to  deposit  their  contents  in  positions  distant  from  their  banks,  or  to  poiu'  in 
ceaseless  torrents  over  the  perpendicular  faces  of  the  rocks,  being  anything  but 
favourable  to  insect  life. 

Of  the  56  families  which  enter  our  lists,  the  CttrcnlioHidcc,  StaphyUnidce  and 
CarabidcB  (as  miglit  be  expected)  take  the  lead, — the  first  nmnbering  80  species, 
the  second  73,  and  the  thuxl  63.  The  next,  in  point  of  extent,  is  the  Colydiadce, 
— which  contains  19.  The  Galerucidce  has  13  ;  the  Lathridiadce  and  Coccinellidce 
12 ;  the  Apthodiadce  10 ;  the  Melyridce  7 ;  the  Dytiscida;,  Sisteridce  and  Ceram- 
bicidcB  6 ;  the  Chrysomelidce  4,  and  the  ScydnKBuidce  1. 

Of  the  genera  with  which  we  have  here  to  do,  Tarpthius  and  Homalota  (each  of 
which  have  15  representatives)  rank  first.  Then  comes  Atlantis  (which  has  14) ; 
Acalles  (13) ;  Ptinus  (10)  ;  Trechus  and  Helop)S  (9) ;  Bemhidium  and  L(Bmo- 
phlceus  (8) ;  Caulotrnpis,  Apion  and  Philonthus  (7) ;  Bromius,  Corticaria,  Apho- 
dius,  Longitarsus  and  Scymnns  (6)  ;  Lixiis,  Sitona,  Psylliodes,  Coccinella  and 
Oxytelns  (5),  &c. 

In  glancing  over  oru*  catalogue,  we  shall  be  struck,  apart  from  the  dearth  in  the 
Hydradephaga  and  Eucerata  (already  commented  upon),  by  the  great  scarcity  of 
the  flower-infesting  tribes, — which,  in  a  country  like  Madeira,  where  vegetation 
i&  redundant,  is  not  a  little  extraordinary.  Thus,  to  take  the  various  families,  in 
succession,  which  may  be  considered  as  par  excellence  falling  under  that  denomi- 


to  have  been  incorrectly  referred  (as  was  also,  I  imagine,  his  Melanerus  Amaroides)  to  the  islands  of  our 
present  gi-oup.  Tliey  may  possibly  have  been  Canarian,  or  (which  is  more  likely  stUl)  from  the  Azores ; 
but  until  fiu-ther  evadenee  than  that  of  a  mere  Catalogue  (formed  in  another  coiuitry,  and  subjected  to 
all  the  chances  of  imcertaia  information)  be  supplied,  I  confess  I  shall  not  be  inclined  to  regard  them  as 
otherwise  than  apocryphal. 

62 


xii  INTRODUCTION. 

nation,  wc  find  that  the  Phalocridce  are  attested  by  4  OUhri ;  the  entire  Thalero- 
phagous  Lamellicorns  by  a  single  Chasmatoptcrits ;  the  TeJephoridce  by  an  insig- 
nificant IlalUiodes ;  the  Melyridce  (which  is  the  best  indicated  of  the  whole)  by 
7  species  (contained  in  5  difierent  genera) ;  the  Cleridm  by  an  OjydHs  and  a 
Necrobia  (the  last  of  which  is  unquestionably  naturalized) ;  the  Ilordellidce  by  a 
solitary  Anaspis;  the  (Edemeridce  by  a  Stenaxis  ;  and  the  Crioceridce  by  a  Lema 
and  a  Crioceris  (of  which  the  latter,  if  not  the  former  also,  has  been  imported 
from  Em-ope). 

Two  of  the  principal  features  observable  throughout  the  Coleoptera  of  these 
islands,  are  the  general  obscureness  of  colom-ing  (gay  tints  being  exceedingly  rare) 
and  the  apterous  tendency.  As  regards  the  second  of  these,  so  strongly  is  it 
expressed,  that,  out  of  the  182  sjiecies  hitherto  detected,  178  are  either  altogether 
apterous,  or  else  have  theii"  wings  so  imperfectly  developed  that  they  may  be  prac- 
tically considered  as  such.  About  86  moreover  (out  of  the  482)  may,  I  imagine, 
have  been  accidentally  introduced  from  other  countries ;  and,  as  these  belong  well 
nigh  exclusively  to  the  winged  forms,  the  winged  species  which  are  in  all  probabi- 
lity tridij  indigenous  are  diminished  to  218, — thus  exceeding  by  onl}^  10  those 
which  are  either  apterous  or  nearly  so.  Numerous  genera  indeed  (as  Tarns, 
Loricera,  Calathus,  Olisthopus,  Argutor,  Trechus,  Hydrohius.  &c.)  which  are 
commonly  winged  arc  here  almost  invariably  apterous  :  whilst  of  the  converse  {i.  e. 
of  insects  which  have  their  wings  ample,  although  in  other  countries  they  are 
usually  obsolete)  there  is,  I  believe,  but  a  single  instance, — namely  Pristonychus 
(concerning  which,  vide  p.  218).  As  a  corollary  arising  out  of  this  peculiarity,  we 
should  a  priori  be  led  to  anticipate  that  a  large  section  of  the  Madeirau  Coleoptera 
would  be  of  a  very  local  character, — since,  where  the  means  of  self-dispersion  are 
reduced  below  the  ordinary  standard,  a  widely-acquired  range  is  of  coui-se  next  to 
impossible.  And  such,  on  investigation,  we  find  to  be  the  case, — as  a  glance,  in 
fact,  at  tlic  Toi)0(jrophicol  Tables  will  abundantly  convince. 

Respecting  the  proportions  which  the  several  islands  bear  to  each  other,  in  the 
niunber  of  species  observed  upon  them,  the  great  difllculties  attending  even  a  tem- 
porary sojourn  out  of  [Madeira  proper  should  be  borne  in  mind,  as  ser\-ing  to 
explain  in  some  measure  the  impeduuents  which  surround  us  in  arriving  at  any 
positive  data  on  the  subject.  Independently  hoAvever  of  tliis,  the  immense  super- 
ficies of  the  central  mass  as  contrasted  with  the  satellites  of  the  group, — containing 
as  it  docs  about  ten  times  the  area  of  Porto  Santo  (which  last  is,  in  its  tvu-n, 
gigantic  when  compared  with  the  barren  rocks  of  the  Dezertas),  and  not  only 
aboundmg  in  wood  and  water,  but  rising  to  nearly  four  times  the  height, — must 
naturally  give  it  an  enormous  preponderance  in  the  faima  of  the  entii'e  region. 
Still,  having  (at  three  dilferent  ]ieriods  of  the  year)  resided  for  more  than  a  month 
in  Porto  Santo,  for  the  sole  ])urpose  of  research,  and  having  twice  encamp(>d  for  a 
week  (in  the  winter  and  siunnier)  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  as  well  as  on  the  llheo 
Chao,  I  believe  that  I  am  at  any  rate  in  a  position  to  give  some  sort  of  an  ojiiuion 


INTRODUCTION.  XUl 

on  this  intricate  question  :  and  to  any  person  who  has  a  practical  knowledge  of  the 
localities  themselves,  I  think  that  the  following  numbers  (unequal  as  they  are) 
will  not  appear  to  be  inconsistent  with  the  opposite  dimensions  and  aspects  of  the 
various  portions  of  the  cluster  to  which  they  respectively  refer.  Thus,  in  Madeii-a 
proper  I  have  (up  to  the  present  period)  ascertained  432  species  to  have  occurred, 
in  Porto  Santo  111,  on  the  Dezerta  Grande  57,  on  the  Northern  Dezerta  (or  Ilheo 
Chao)  15,  and  on  the  Southern  Dezerta  (or  Ilheo  Bugio)  4.  Or,  if  we  choose  to 
regard  the  Dezertas  as  one,  the  group  will  separate  itself  into  three  natm'al  divi- 
sions ;  and  we  shall  have  for  Madeu-a  proper  432,  for  the  Dezertas  61,  and  for 
Porto  Santo  111.  Of  the  61  species  which  I  have  found  on  the  Dezertas,  44  have 
been  detected  in  Madeira  and  29  in  Porto  Santo.  Tlie  species  which  (so  far  as  I 
have  been  able  to  ascertain)  are  peculiar  to  Madeira  proper  are  340,  to  Porto 
Santo  32,  to  the  Dezerta  Grande  6,  to  the  Ilheo  Chao  3,  and  to  the  Ilheo  Bugio  0. 

The  only  insects  of  the  existence  of  which  I  have  been  enabled  to  satisfy  myself 
for  certain  on  ei-erij  island  are  the  Scarites  ahhreviatus  and  the  Laparocerus  morio  ; 
nevertheless  I  am  all  but  convinced  that  the  Calatlms  complanatus,  Sarpalus 
vivklus  and  the  Hadriis  cinerascens  (if  we  consider  the  H.  illqtus  as  its  Porto 
Santan  analogue)  are  equally  universal :  whilst,  at  the  same  time,  they  may  l^e 
regarded,  in  conjunction  with  the  Tarns  lineatus,  Dromlits  ohscuroyiittatus, 
OUsthopus  Maderensis,  Omias  ventrosus,  Helops  JPluto  and  confertus,  and  the 
Anthicus  trlstis,  as  amongst  the  species  which  are  the  most  abimdant  indicidually 
of  all  with  which  we  are  concerned. 

Taking  a  cursory  view  of  the  Coleoptera  here  described,  the  fauna  may  perhaps 
be  pronounced  as  having  a  greater  afiinity  with  that  of  Sicily  than  of  any  other 
country  which  has  been  hitherto  projierly  investigated.  Apart  from  the  large 
number  of  our  genera  (and  even  sj^ecies)  which  are  diffused  over  more  or  less  of 
the  entu'e  Mediterranean  basin,  this  is  especially  evinced  in  some  of  the  most  cha- 
racteristic forms, — such  as  Ajwtomiis,  Xenostrongylus,  Tarpliius,  Cholovocera,  JSolo- 
p>aramecus,  Bergimis,  LUargus,  Thorictus  and  Boromorphus.  There  is  moreover, 
strange  though  it  may  appear  to  be,  some  slight  (though  decided)  collective  assi- 
milation with  what  we  observe  in  the  south-western  extremity  of  oiu'  own  country 
and  of  Ireland, — nearly  all  the  species  which  are  common  to  Madeira  and  the 
British  Isles  being  found  in  those  particular  regions ;  whilst  one  j)oint  of  coin- 
cidence at  any  rate,  and  of  a  very  remarkable  natm-e,  has  been  fully  discussed 
{md.  p.  320)  under  Mesites.  Whether  or  not  this  partial  parallelism  may  be 
employed  to  further  Professor  E.  Porbes's  theory  of  the  quondam  approximation, 
by  means  of  a  continuous  land,  of  the  Kerry  and  Gallician  hills,  and  of  a  huge 
miocene  continent  extending  beyond  the  Azores,  and  including  all  these  Atlantic 
clusters  within  its  embrace,  I  will  not  venture  to  suggest :  nevertheless  it  is  im- 
possible to  deny  that,  so  far  as  the  Madeu'as  betoken,  everything  would  go  to 
favour  this  grand  and  comprehensive  idea.  Partaking  in  the  main  of  a  Mediter- 
ranean fauna,  the  northern  tendency  of  which  is  in  the  evident  direction  of  the 


XIV  INTRODUCTION. 

south-western  portions  of  England  and  Ireland,  and  with  a  profusion  of  endemic 
modifications  of  its  own  (bearing  witness  to  the  engorgement  of  this  ancient  tract 
with  centres  of  radiation  created  expressly  for  itself),  whilst  geology  proclaims  the 
fact  that  subsidences  on  a  stupendous  scale  have  taken  place,  by  which  means  the 
ocean  grou^js  were  constituted ;  we  seem  to  trace  out  on  every  side  records  of  the 
past,  and  to  catch  the  glimpses  as  it  were  of  a  veritable  Atlantis  from  beneath  the 
waves  of  time, — being  well  nigh  tempted  to  inquire, 

"  And  tliou,  fairest  Isle 

In  the  dayliglit's  smile, 
Hast  thou  sunk  in  the  boiling  ocean, 

"Willie  beyond  tliy  strand 

Rose  a  mightier  land 
From  tlie  wave  in  alternate  motion  ? 

"  Are  the  isles  that  stud 

The  Atlantic  flood 
But  the  peaks  of  thy  tallest  mountains, 

Wliile  repose  below 

The  great  waters'  flow 
Thy  towns  and  thy  towers  and  fountains  ? 

"  Have  the  ocean  powers 

Made  their  quiet  bowers 
In  thy  fanes  and  thy  dim  recesses  ? 

Or,  in  haunts  of  thine 

Do  the  sea-maids  twine 
Coral  wreaths  for  their  dewy  tresses  ? 

"  But  we  know  not  where, 

'Neath  the  desert  air, 
To  look  for  the  pleasant  places 

Of  the  youth  of  Time, 

Whose  austcror  prime 
The  haunts  of  his  childhood  effaces." 

Regarding  the  arrangement  which  I  have  adopted,  I  would  especially  advert  to 
the  great  assistance  which  I  have  derived  from  Mr.  West  wood's  admii-able  Intro- 
duction to  the  Modern  Classification  of  Insects, — a  work  the  merit  of  which  it  is 
dilficidt  to  overrate,  and  far  surpassing  every  other  in  our  own  coiuitry  (if  not 
elsewhere  also),  in  a  systematic  point  of  view,  for  the  soimd  impressions  which  it 
conveys,  and  for  the  masterly  manner  in  wliich  the  subject  has  been  treated  as  a 
ichole.  It  is  a  comparatively  easy  task  to  single  out  any  one  family  or  depart- 
ment, and  to  propound  new  doctrines  on  the  collocation,  inter  se,  of  the  various 
fragments  which  unite  in  composing  it ;  but  to  weigh  the  problem  in  extenso,  to 
balance  the  difficulties  of  conflicting  methods  from  beginning  to  end,  and  to  extract 


INTRODUCTION.  XV 

as  far  as  may  be  possible  the  good  from  all  (rejecting  both  what  is  superfluous  and 
bad),  is  indeed  a  Gordian  knot  requii-ing  a  Solon  to  untie.  And,  whilst  numerous 
portions  have  been  subsequently  taken  in  hand  by  others,  and  have  here  and  there 
been  modified  (for  better  or  worse),  the  general  plan  which  Mr.  Westwood  has 
selected  does  still  seem  to  offer  (when  contemplated  in  the  mass)  the  fewest  objec- 
tions, so  far  as  I  am  able  to  judge,  of  any  which  has  been  hitherto  proposed.  I 
would  mention  this,  not  because  I  have  altogether  followed  in  his  wake, — having 
departed  from  it  in  many  (perhaps  too  many)  instances,  —but  simply  by  reason  of 
the  fact  that,  having  made  his  volume  my  text-book  ab  Initio,  most  of  my  ideas 
on  the  subject  (and  many  even  of  the  changes  suggested)  have  arisen  from  a  study 
of  its  contents :  and,  although  I  have  not  chosen  to  consider  myself  as  bound 
implicitly  to  any  particular  author,  yet  I  think  it  due  to  Mr.  Westwood  to 
afiu-m  that  my  method  of  arrangement  has  been  in  a  very  large  measure  moulded 
out  of  his. 

The  13  primary  sections  which  I  have  made  use  of  are  those  adopted  by  Mr. 
Westwood ;  nevertheless  I  have  both  transposed  and  inverted  them,  according  as 
I  have  deemed  it  desirable  (or  where  newly-discovered  links  rendered  it  necessary) 
to  bring  certain  groups,  formerly  far  asunder,  into  juxtaposition.  Such  has  been 
the  case  with  the  Clssklce  and  Tomici, — a  proceeding  which,  on  account  of  the 
close  aflfinity  of  the  latter  with  the  Cossonides,  rendered  the  inversion  of  the  Rhyn- 
cophora  absolutely  necessary.  Then,  the  removal  of  the  Brachelytra  (from  the 
Pentamerous  departments)  to  the  end, — a  step  which,  after  much  reflection,  I 
have  thought  it  advantageous,  even  on  its  own  account,  to  take, — has  had  the 
happy  effect  of  bringing  AiUhrenus  (of  the  Dermestkla)  into  direct  contact  with 
the  Byrrhi,  with  which  it  has  so  much  in  common  ;  whilst  I  have  ventured  to 
employ  the  Scydmceniclce  (although  not  actually  Brachelytrous)  to  effect  a  passage 
from  Anthicus  to  the  Fselaphi  (which  apparently  however  have  no  exponent  in 
the  Madeira  Islands),  and  from  thence  (through  Falagria)  into  the  Staphylvnidce. 
The  Trogositklce  I  have  preferred  to  treat  as  a  distinct  family,  and  (for  reasons 
stated  at  page  154<)  as  more  akin  to  the  CucujMce  than  to  the  NltkliiUdce, — with 
which  it  is  now  usually  associated.  The  location  of  the  Anisotomidce  may  perhaps 
require  some  apology;  and  I  may  add  that  I  am  not  prepared  to  defend  the 
situation  which  I  have  assigned  to  it  as  of  necessity  the  most  natural  one.  I  do, 
rather,  in  fact  regard  it  as  in  reality  Necrophagous,  and  woiild  not  willingly 
disturb  the  position  (near  to  the  Silphida;)  which  it  is  generally  supposed  to 
occupy  :  still,  the  difficulty  has  been  felt  [vkl.  p.  484)  of  disconnecting  it  from  the 
Clypeastres ;  and  since  these  latter  are  almost  universally  acknowledged  as  insepa- 
rable from  the  Fseudotrimera  (an  hypothesis  however  which  I  am  by  no  means 
incHned  to  accept  as  capable  of  positive  demonstration,  though  I  have  tacitly 
endorsed  it  in  the  present  volume),  I  have  to  a  certain  degree  been  coerced,  con- 
trary to  my  inclinations,  in  regulating  its  site. 

It  may  perhaps  be  objected  that  I  have  sometimes  been  over-minute  in  de- 


XVI  INTRODUCTION. 

scribing  my  localities,  and  in  recording  the  precise  circumstances  imdcr  which 
many  of  the  species  were  observed.  And  indeed,  had  I  employed  myself  in 
writing  for  the  scientific  world  only,  far  removed  from  the  scene  of  action,  there 
would  liave  been  considerable  force  in  the  accusation, — for  it  can  clearly  matter 
but  little  to  the  universal  collector  to  know  even  ichat  iskoul  his  specimens  are 
peculiar  to  (and,  therefore,  a  fortiori,  the  exact  spot  in  that  island),  so  long  as  he 
be  fully  con^'inced  that  they  have  come  from  our  present  Group.  But  let  it  be 
remembered  that  one  of  my  principal  designs  in  the  following  pages  has  been,  not 
only  to  aflford  a  complete  catalogue,  to  the  general  naturalist,  of  Madeiran  Coleo- 
ptera,  but  also  to  jiut  into  the  hands  of  the  sojoiu'ner  there  for  a  short  period  (of 
which  there  are  several  huncbeds  every  winter  fi'om  England  alone,  independently 
of  those  from  other  countries)  a  full  and  intelligible  account  of  the  actual  stations 
in  which  he  ■ndll  probably  be  able  to  procm-e  the  several  insects  required.  By  this 
means,  indeed,  I  am  emboldened  to  hope  that  my  researches  may  be  tiu'ned  to 
some  practical  account  for  the  amusement  of  that  unfortunate  class  of  wanderers 
whose  lot  it  is  to  submit,  year  after  year,  to  an  eight  months'  exile  in  Funchal. 
For,  plainly,  to  point  out  one  way  (be  it  but  one)  in  which  even  a  few  stray  minds 
may  find  an  ample  field  to  sport  in  dm'ing  a  banishment  under  emergences  not 
the  most  enviable,  is  a  boon  which  ought  not  (for  the  sake  of  a  useless  brevity)  to 
be  overlooked,  in  dealing  with  a  subject  thus  voluntarily  undertaken  (however 
small  it  be,  and  imperfectly  performed)  for  the  general  good. 

And  to  those  who  are  resident  (as  occasionally  happens)  for  a  longer  season  than 
that  which  is  ordinarily  appointed  for  invalids,  and  who  have  health  and  strength 
sufficient  to  tempt  them  beyond  the  limits  within  which  the  more  cautious  adven- 
turers are  permitted  to  roam,  I  would  add  a  few  words,  ere  I  close  these  desultory 
remarks,  on  the  pleasures  of  a  Tent-life. 

It  will  doubtless  seem  an  insignificant  thing,  when  contemplated  here,  to  inves- 
tigate thoroughly  such  islands  as  those  which  we  are  now  discussing.  But  the 
rambler  in  situ,  who  knows  the  difficulties  attending  even  a  single  journey  to  the 
interior,  and  the  almost  physical  impossiblity  of  visiting  many  localities  except 
under  the  most  auspicious  circumstances  and  at  particular  times,  and  who  has 
persevered  in  vain  to  reach  distant  rocks,  and  failed  again  and  again  in  his  efforts 
to  obtain  a  landing  on  their  inhospitable  shores,  he  alone  is  in  a  position  to  imder- 
stand  aright  the  numerous  obstacles  which  are  likely  to  intercept  his  progress. 
Yet  such  impediments,  when  sm'mounted,  only  go  to  increase  the  satisfaction 
derived  from  the  object  attained,  and  give  to  the  explorer  who  has  succeeded  in 
overcoming  them  an  adtlitional  deliglit. 

The  acbnirer  of  Nature  who  has  passed  a  long  winter  at  the  mountains'  base, 
contented  merely  to  gaze  upon  the  towering  peaks,  which,  though  clear  and  cold 
at  night,  seldom  reveal  themselves  during  the  day  with  sufficient  constancy 
(thi'ough  the  heavy  canopy  of  cloud  which  hangs  aroimd  them)  to  warrant  an 
ascent,  hails  AWth  imbounded  joy  the  advance  of  spring, — knowing  that  the  time  is 


INTRODUCTION.  xvii 

at  hand  wlien  he  will  be  able  to  revel  at  large  in  this  Atlantic  paradise,  in  remote 
spots  seldom  visited  by  strangers,  and  at  altitudes  where  the  fierce  elements  of 
winter  shall  give  way  at  last  to  perpetual  sunshine  and  the  fresh  breezes  of  a 
calmer  sea.  There  is  something  amazingly  luxurious  in  betaking  oneself  to  Tent- 
life,  after  months  of  confinement  and  annoyance  (it  may  be  entirely, — 'partially 
it  must  be)  in  the  heat  and  noise  of  Funchal.  We  are  then  perhaps  more  than 
ever  open  to  the  favoiu'able  impressions  of  an  alpine  existence ; — and  who  can 
adequately  teU  the  ecstasy  of  a  first  encamjoment  on  these  invigorating  liills  !  To 
turn  out,  morning  after  morning,  in  the  solemn  stillness  of  aerial  forests, — where 
not  a  sound  is  heard,  save  ever  and  anon  a  woodman's  axe  in  some  far-off  tributary 
ravine,  or  a  stray  bird  hymning  forth  its  matin  song  to  the  ascending  sun ;  to  feel 
the  cool  influence  of  the  early  dawn  on  the  upland  sward,  and  to  mark  the  thin 
clouds  of  fleecy  snow  uniting  gradually  into  a  solid  bank, — aff'ording  glimpses  the 
while,  as  they  join  and  separate,  of  the  fair  creation  stretched  out  beneath ;  to 
smell  the  damp,  cold  vapour  rising  from  the  deep  defiles  around  us,  where  vegeta- 
tion is  stni  rampant  on  primaeval  rocks  and  new  generations  of  trees  are  springing 
up,  untouched  by  man,  from  the  decajing  carcases  of  the  old  ones  ;  to  listen  in  the 
still,  calm  evening  au"  to  the  humming  of  the  insect  world  (the  most  active  tenants 
of  these  elevated  tracts) ;  and  to  mark,  as  the  dayUght  wanes,  the  unnumbered 
orbs  of  night  stealing  one  by  one  on  to  the  wide  arch  of  heaven,  as  briUiant  as 
they  were  on  the  first  evening  of  thek  birth  ; — are  the  lofty  enjoyments,  all,  which 
the  intellectual  mind  can  grasp  in  these  transcendent  heights. 

It  is  needless  however  to  pursue  the  picture  further,  for  it  is  impossible  to  do 
justice  to  what  experience  alone  can  enable  us  to  appreciate.  And  let  not  any 
one  suppose  that  the  varied  objects  and  scenes  of  novelty  which  administer  to  our 
superior  feelings,  and  charm  the  eye,  in  these  upland  solitudes  are  adapted  only  to 
the  scrutiny  of  a  naturalist,  and  are  either  beneath  the  notice  of,  or  else  cannot 
be  sufiiciently  entered  into  by  the  general  mass, — for  such  is  by  no  means  the 
case.  A  single  trial,  we  are  convinced,  T\all  be  more  than  enough  to  prove  the 
reverse,  pro\dded  the  adventurer  be  not  altogether  insensible  to  perceptions  from 
without,  or  incurious  as  to  the  workings  of  the  external  universe  around  him. 
This  however,  we  need  scarcely  add,  is  a  sine  qua  non, — for  it  has  been  well  said 
that  "  he  who  wondereth  at  nothing  hath  no  capabilities  of  bliss ;  but  he  that 
scrutinizeth  trifles  hath  a  store  of  pleasure  to  his  hand  :  and  happy  and  wise  is  the 
man  to  whose  mind  a  trifle  existeth  not^ 

The  great  expense  necessarily  attending  the  pu.blication  of  a  work  Hke  the 
present  one  will  be  a  sufficient  guarantee  that  it  has  been  undertaken  purely  as  a 
"  labour  of  love,"  and  with  the  sole  aim  (within  its  prescribed  limits)  of  arriving 
at  the  truth.  How  far  I  have  succeeded  in  this  is  a  problem  which  must  lie 
solved  by  others :  meanwhile  I  apjpeal  boldly  to  observation,  in  situ,  as  the  test  by 
which  I  would  most  desire  to  be  judged, — having  but  httle  fear  of  the  experiment, 
and  believing  that  we  are  never  in  so  favourable  a  position  for  deciding  on  tlie 

c 


xviii  INTRODUCTION. 

relative  importance  of  Zoological  differences  as  when  the  local  circiimstances  con- 
nected mth  them  are  taken  into  account.  Where  I  have  overlooked  facts,  or 
failed  in  my  conclusions  concerning  them,  I  must  crave  that  indulgence  which  is 
never  denied  to  the  honest  inquirer  even  in  a  field  so  small  as  that  tlu-oughout 
which  my  researches  have  been  prosecuted, — researches  which  I  am  well  aware 
can  at  the  best  add  but  an  iota  to  our  knowledge, 

"  A  drop  dissevered  from  the  boimdless  sea." 


FAMILIARTJM     DIAGNOSES. 


Ordo  I.    COLEOPTERA. 


"Alee  quatuor;  anticis  cluris  coriaceis,  posticus  membranosas  (ante 

apicem  transverse  replicatas)  obtegentibiis. 
Os  ad  manducationem  factum. 
MetmnorpJwsis  completa."     (Van  der  Hoeven.) 


Sectio  I.  GEODEPHAGA 


Mandibula  longje,  exsertse,  ad  apicem  acutse. 

Maxillarum    lobus    externus    articulatus,    palpiformis  j    internus 

imgue  fixo  terminatus. 
Antenna  filiformes;  ll-articiilatse. 

Pedes  terrestrii  (ssepius  valde  cursorii) ;  tibiis  bicalcaratis. 
Tarsi  5-articulati. 


Fam.  1.  Caeabid^  ■< 


'  Mcmdibulce  baud  vel  leviter  (rarius  valde)  dilatatse. 
Ligula  porrecta,  saepius  cornea ;  paraglossis  aucta. 


I  Habitant  sub  lapidibus  foKisque  arborum,  dejectis,  hrnni  latitantes ;  pJe- 
\^         rwnque  valde  rapaces. 


1.  Tarus  (2). 

2.  Dromius  (6). 


Subf.  1.  BEACHnnDES. 

Hlj/fm  apice  truneata  (pygidium  vis  obtegentia),  saepius  depressa. 

Prothorax  plus  minusve  cordatus. 

Tibia  anticcs  intus  emarginataB. 

Tarsi  aniici  maris  le\-iter  dilatati,  subtus  parce  squamuloso-papillosi. 


3.  Scarites  (2). 

4.  Jpotomus  (1). 


Subf.  2.    SCAETTIDES. 

Elytra  sa?pius  elongata,  subcylindrica.   Mandibula  plerumque  valde 

deutatae. 
Prothorax  postice  contractus.     Mesotliorax  elongatus,  augustus. 
Antennce  articulo  primo  saepius  valde  elongate. 
TibicB  antica  intus  emarginata',  plerumque  pabnatte. 
Tarsi  in  uti-oque  sesu  simplices  (rarius  in  mare  dilatati). 

c2 


XX 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


5.  Calmoma  (1). 

6.  Xoliophilui  (1). 


7.  Lorieera  (1). 

8.  Eiirygtmthus  Q). 
3.  Zarijus  (3). 


10.  Pristoni/chits  {\). 

11.  Calal/ius  {3). 

12.  Anchomeniui  (2). 

13.  Olist/iopus  (Z). 

14.  Anjutor  (4). 

15.  Omaseus  (2). 

16.  ^/mara  (2). 


17.  Ani-iodactylm  {I). 

18.  Ilarpalus  (4). 

19.  Opiwnus  (1). 

20.  Slemlnphm  (2). 

21.  Bradycellm  (2). 

22.  Trechm  (9). 

23.  Thalansophilus  (1). 


24.  Bembidium  (8). 


Subf.  3.  Caeabibes. 

Palpi  articulo  ultimo  saepius  magno,  tnmoato,  subsecuriformi. 
T/Jw  omnes  uitegTiB  (uec  antieae  emargiuatoe). 
Tarsi  o«itci  maris  valde  dilatati. 

Subf.  4.  Haepaiides. 

Elytra  apiee  rotimdata  (pygidium  plenimque  obtegentia). 

Tibia  anticce  intus  emargiuata?. 

Tfwsi  maris,  modo  antici  modo  anteriores  dilatati. 

Div.  1.  CHL.a;NnDEA. 

Tarsi  antici  maris  art.  2''"'  vel  S*""'  dilatatis  (rotundatis  vel  qua- 
dratic), subtus  dense  spongiosis. 
Unguiculi  simplices.     Pedes  plerumque  longiores. 
Mentum  vel  dente  medio  in,structum,  vel  edentatum. 

Div.  2.  Pteeostichidea. 

Tarsi  antici  maris  art:.  2'°'  vel  3"""  dilatatis  (cordatis  vel  trian- 

gularibus),  subtus  biseriatim  setosis. 
Unguiculi  sa;pius  serrati. 

Mentum  dente  medio  (plerumque  bifido)  instructum,  rarius 
edentatum. 

Div.  3.  Habpalidea. 

Tarsi  anteriores  maris  art.  S"""  vel  4  dilatatis,  subtus  plerumque 

biseriatim  setosis.  , 
Unguiculi  sa-pius  simplices. 

Mentum  dente  medio  (plerumque  integro)  instructum,  rarius 
edentatum. 

Subf.  5.   BEiTBIDIADES. 

Palpi  articulo  ultimo  minutissimo,  subulate. 

Mentum  dente  medio  integro  instructum. 

TihicB  anticce  intus  emargiuatfe. 

Tarsi  a?itici  maris  ai-t.  2"""  (sed  praesertim  1°)  dilatatis. 


Sectio  II.  HYDRADEPHAGA 


^  Mandibul<B  breves,  fere  labi-o  opertae,  ad  apicem  latiusculae. 
Maxillarum  lobus  externus  avticulatus,   palpiformis  (rarius   e.x- 

articulatus,  rariss.  obsoletus). 
Antenna  filiformes  (rarius  subfusifornics) ;   11-articulatae. 
Pedes  natatorii  [antici  iuterdum  subambulatorii). 
Ta?-si  5-articulati  {anteriores  rarius  art.  4°  obsolete). 


F&m.  2.  Dttiscid^  . 

25.  Colymbeles  (1). 

26.  Agabus^i). 

27.  Hydroporta  (2). 


Fam.  3.  GYSiNiDiE 

28.  Gyrinu*  (1). 


'  Ma-xillarum  lobus  externus  palpiformis,  biarticulatus. 
Antennw  longiusculae,  filiformes.     Oculi  duo. 
Pedes  natatorii  (posfici  ad  motum  liorizontalem  solum  facti) . 
Tarsi  5-articulati  {anteriores  rarius  art.  4°  obsolete). 

Habitant  in  aquis. 

(Maxillarum  lobus  externus  exarticulatus  (interdum  obsoletus). 
Antenn<B  brevissimae,  subfusiformes.     Oculi  quatuor. 
Pedes  posteriores  natatorii  (antici  elongati,  subambulatorii). 
Tarsi  o-articulati. 

Habitant  in   aquis  quietis ;   superjicie   velocissime   natanies  {demergere 
•.  nescii). 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


XXI 


Sectio  III.  PHILHYDRIDA 


f  Mandibula  breves,  sjepius  subopertae,  robustse. 
Maxillarum  lohus  externus  exarticulatus :  palpi  maxillares  ple- 

rumque  elongati. 
Antenna  brevissimae,  clavatse  (rarius  capitatse) ;  6-11-articulatie. 
Pedes  subuatatorii  (rarius  omoiiio  tcrrestrii). 
Tarsi  5-articulati. 


f  3IandibulcB  ad  apicem  dentatse. 

Palpi  maxillares  brevissimi. 
-p,        .    p  Pedes  subuatatorii  {tihiis  cylindricis,  muticis). 

^   Tarsi  art.  4  baseoa  subaequalibus,  idtimo  valde  elongato. 


29.  Pamus  (1). 


Fam.  5.  Htdkophilid^ 

30.  Ochthebiiis  (1). 

31.  Calobius  (1). 

32.  Limnebius  (1). 

33.  Laccoblus  (1). 

34.  Hydrobius  (1). 

35.  Philhydrua  (1). 


Fam.  6.  Sph^eidiad^ 

36.  Dactylostemnm  (1). 

37.  Spharidium  (1). 

38.  Cercyon  (4). 


Sectio  IV.  NECROPHAGA 


Habitant  in  aquis  quietis  ;  plantis  adhcerentes  ;  {swperficie  interdv/ni  lente 
circumferuntur,  natare  nescii). 

Mandibulce  plerumque  ad  apicem  bidentatse. 

Palpi  maxillares  ssepius  longissimi. 

Pedes  subuatatorii  (tibiis  plus  muiusve  spiuosis,  rarius  uiuticis). 

Tarsi  art.  1°  brevissimo,  2°  arete  connato  ;  posteriores  sfepius  eiliati. 

Habitant  in  aquis  ;  plantis  aquatiois  vel  lapidibus  adhsrentes. 

'  Mandihidm  plerumque  edentatae. 
Palpi  maxillares  antermarum  longitudine. 

Pedes  modo  terrestrii,  modo  subaquatici  (tibiis  saepius  valde  spiuosis). 
Tarsi  art.  1°  elougato,  libero. 

Habitant   in  stercm-e,  vel  sub  quisquiliis  per  margines   aquarum ;  fo- 
L  dientes. 

Maxillarum  lobus  externus  exarticulatus  (rarius  obsoletus). 

Antenna  clavatae  vel  capitatae. 

Pedes  terrestrii  (interdum  subcontractiles) . 

Tarsi  saepius  5-articulati. 


Fam.  7.  SiLPniD.E 
39.  Catops  (1). 


■  MaxillcB  bilobffi. 
AntenncB  11-art.,  apicem  versus  seusim  incrassatae,  vel  clavatae   (clava 

4-5-art.). 
Abdomen  e  segmentis  ventraUbus  6  compositum. 
Pedes  saepius  subgraeiles,  leviter  elongati. 
Tarsi  6-articulati. 

Habitant   in   cadaveribus  putrescentibus,  quisquiliis,  vel  sub  lapidibus; 
vorantes. 

r  Maxilla  bilobse :  palpi  maxillares  art.  ultimo  minutissimo,  acieulari. 
Antenncs  11-art.,  capillares,  subclavatae  (clava  3-art.). 
Abdomen  e  segmentis  ventralibus  5-7  compositum. 
Corpus  minutissimum  ;  alis  lanceolatis,  amplissimis,  longissime  ciliatis. 
Pedes  gracUlimi. 
Tarsi  3-articuIati, 

Habitant  in  quisquiliis,  sub  foliis  arboriim  dejectis,  vel  in  terra  hmidd  : 
velocissime  cursitantes. 

r  MaxillcB  bilobae. 
Antenncs  11-art.,  clavatae  (clava  3-art.). 
Abdomen  e  segmentis  ventralibus  5  compositum. 
Fam.  9.  Phalaceid^ ■{  p^j^^  grucHes. 


Fam.  8.  PTiLiAB-a;   - 

40.  Acratrichis  (3). 

41.  Ptenidium  (1). 


42.  Olibrus  (4). 


Tarsi  5-articulati  (art.  4'°  minutissimo). 
.  Habitant  inter  flores  vel  in  graminosis ;  velocissime  cursitantes. 


XXll 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


I'ani.  10.   XlTIDrLID.T. < 

43.  Carpophilus  (3). 

44.  Nilidula  (4). 

45.  Pria  (1). 

46.  Meligelhes  (4). 

47.  Xenostrongylm  {\). 


J'":llli.  11.    COLYDIAD.E 


4S.  jTarpAiiM  (15). 

49.  Ciissijplmdes  (1). 

50.  r/(mxoma  (1). 

51.  Europs  (1). 

52.  iyc/iM  (1). 


Fam.  12.  TeogositidjE 
53.  IVogosita  (2). 


Fam.  13.  CrcujiDiE 

54.  Cryptamorpha  (I). 

55.  Ltemop/iUeus  (8). 

56.  Silvanujt  (3). 


Fani.  l-l.  Crtptophauiu-e 

57.  Cryplnp/iagtis  (2). 

58.  Diphyllua  (1). 

59.  Ilypocoprus  (1). 

60.  £/jAt«/emtu  (1). 


'  Maxillce  loho  singulo  instructse  (rarius  bilobae). 
Antennte  11-art.,  capitatse  (capitulo  ssepiiis  .3-art.). 
Abdomen  e  segmeutis  veutralibus  5  composituin. 
Pedes  robusti,  brenuseuli,  subcoiitractiles. 
Tarsi  5-articulati  (art.  4'°  minutissimo). 

Habitant  infloribus,  sub  eortice  arborum,  inter  fungos,  vel  etiam  in  ossibus 
{eartilaginem  arrodentes). 

'  Maxillm  bilobse. 
Antennce  lO-ll-art.,  clavatse  vel  eapitatas  (clava  sspius  2-  vel  3-art.). 
Abdomen  e  segmentis  ventralibus  5  compositimi. 
Pedes  parum  graciles,  saepe  subcontractiles. 
Tarsi  4-articulati  (rarius  subconici). 

Habitant  sub  truncis  corticeve  arborum  marcido,  inter  lichenes ;   vel  in 
tenebris  latentes. 

-Maxillce  lolo  singulo  instructas  {interna  obsoleto). 
Antennm  11-art.,  filiformes  vel  subclavatje. 
Corpus  plus  minusve  elongatum,  depressuiii. 
Pedes  sat  robusti,  pra^sertini  antici. 
Tarsi  sKpius  5-articulati  (art.  1°  miaimo). 

Habitant  circa  granaria  et  domes;  inter  eras  diversas per  commercium 
swpe  translatw. 

Maxillce  bOoba?  (lobo  interna  saepius  miuutissimo). 
Antennce  11-art.,  filiformes  vel  subelavatne. 
Corpus  plus  niiuusve  elongatiun,  plerimique  valde  depressmn. 
Pedes  pariun  graciles,  antici  s»pius  robustiores. 

Tarsi  saepius  5-art.,  iu  maribus  iatorduui  beteromeri ;  (art.  l°pleruinque 
miuiuio). 

Habitant  sub  eortice  arborum,  in  granariis  vel  circa  domos ;  commercium 
inferdum  sequentes. 

C  Maxilla  bilobae. 
Antenna  11-art.,  clavatse. 

Corpus  plus  minusve  oblongo-ovatum,  convexiusculum. 
Pedes  sa?pius  parum  graciles 
Tarsi  5-artieulati,  in  maribus  iaterdum  beteromeri. 


Habitant  in  fungis,  quisquiliis,  vel  etiam  in  domibus  ; 
destruentes. 


interdum  semina 


Fam.  15.  LA.TUEIDlA.BiE    - 

61.  Cliolovocera  (1). 

1)2.  I loloparamecus  (1). 

63.  Corlicaria  (6). 

64.  Lathridius  (3). 

65.  Meloplitlialmua  (1). 


Fara.  16.  Mtoetophagid.e 


f  Maxillce  bUobae  (lobo  interna  ssepius  obsoleto). 
Antennce  8-11-art.,  clavatse. 

Corpus  minutum,  plus  minusve  oblongo-ovatum,  convexum  vel  depressum. 
Pedes  subgracUes. 
Tarsi  saepius  3-articulati  (antici  interdmn  4-art.). 

Habitant  sub  lapidibus,  eortice,  in  loeis  subttrraneis,  vel  in  formicarum 
{^  nidis ;  currcntes. 


66. 
67. 
6«. 
69. 


liert/imm  (1). 
Microc/ioniinu  (I). 
Typ/ia^a  (1). 
Litargua  (1). 


Maxillce  bUobse. 

Antennce  11-art.,  clavatse. 

Corpus  plus  minusve  oblongo-ovatum,  convexiusculum,  pilosuni,  pictuin. 

Pedes  parum  graciles. 

Tarsi  4-articulati  (antici  in  maribus  saepius  3-art.). 

Habitant  intey  fungos,  sub  eortice  arborum,  vel  in  ligno  antiqvo  :  sctpius 
agiliter  moventes. 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


XXUl 


Fam.  17.  Dermestid^ 

70.  Dermestes  (1). 

71.  Attagerms  (1). 

72.  Anthrenus  (1). 


'  Maxillce  bOobre. 
Antennce  11-art.,  clavatoe ;  iu  fovea  prosterni  interdum  reponendse. 
Corpus  plus  minusve  oblougum  vel   ovatum,   crassimi,   ssepius   piloso- 

variegatum. 
Pedes  parum  graciles,  subcontractiles. 
Tarsi  5-articulati. 

Habitant  in  pellihus  et  circa  domos  ;  vel  (rarius)  inter  flores  in  aperto, 
volare  amantes. 


Sectio  V.  CORDYLOCERATA.. 


Maxillarum  lobus  externus  exarticulatus ;  internus  vel  minutus 

vel  obsoletus. 
Antenna  breves,  capitatae,  serrato-,  vel  lamellato-clavatEe  (ssepe 

geniculatae) ;  8-11 -art. 
Pedes  terrestrii  (ssepe  omnino  contractiles). 
.  Tarsi  5-articulati. 


Fam.  18.  Btrbhidje 

73.  Syncalypta  (3). 


Fam.  19.  Histeridje 

74.  Hister  (1). 

75.  Paromalus  (2). 

76.  Saprinus  (3). 


Fam.  20.  Thobictidjd. 

77.   Thoricttis  (1). 


Fam.  21.  ApuoDiADiE 

78.  Aphodius  (6). 

79.  Oxyomus  (2). 

80.  Psammodius  (2). 


Maxillce  bilobaj.     (Mandiiulce  vis  exsertae.) 

Antenna  11-art.,  clavatiB,  breves  ;  in  fovea  prosterni  reponendse. 

Corpus  ovatum,  crassum,  serieeo-piLosiuu  ;  prosterno  autice  producto ; 

alis  rarius  obsoletis. 
Pedes  robusti,   contractUes ;    (fe)noribus   tibiisqyie   longitudiaaliter   ex- 

cavatis) . 
Tarsi  5-articuIati,  ad  tibias  repoueudi. 

Habitant  in  graminosis,  sub  lapidibiis,  vel  in  arenosis ;  propter  Immum 
L  lente  repentes. 

Maxilla  biLobre.     {MandibulcB  saepius  magnfe,  exsertse.) 

Antennce  11-art.,  capitatse,  breves,  geniculatse  ;  scapo  longissimo,  in  fovea 

sub  margine  capitis  reponendo. 
Corpus  rotimdato-quadratum,   diu'um,   glaberrimum ;  prosterno   antice 

ssepius  producto  ;  elytris  trimcatis. 
Pedes  robusti,  contractUes  ;  {tibiis  plus  minusve  longitudiilaUter  excavatis 

et  dentatis). 
Tarsi  5-articulati,  ad  tibias  sfepius  reponendi. 

Habitant  in  cadaveribus  et  quisquiliis,   vel  etiam  sub  lapidibus  ;    lente 
repentes. 

r  Maxilla  bUobae.     {Mandibulce  vix  exsertae.) 
Antennce  11-art.,  capitatae,  brevissima?,  robustfe ;  ad  marginem  capitis 

reponendae. 
Corpus  obtuso-subovatum,  durum,  politissimimi ;  mesosterno  brevissimo, 

scutello  vix  observando  ;  alis  obsoletis. 
Pedes  robustissimi,  subcontractUes   {tibiis  setosis),  ad  basin  vakle  ap- 

proximati. 
Tarsi  5-articulati,  breves,  subeonici. 

Habitant  informicarum  nidis,  vel  sub  lapiidibns ;  latentes. 

r  Maxillce  biloba?.     {Mandibulce  labrumque  membranaceum  clypeo  operta;.) 
Antenna  9-art.,  lamellato-clavata?,  breves  ;  iu  fovea  ad  margiuem  capitis 

reponendse. 
Corpus  plus  minusve  oblongum,  couvexum  ;  scutello  distincto. 
Pedes  robusti,  subcontractUes  ;  {tibiis  anticis  trideutatis,  posterioribus 

setosis). 
Tarsi  5-articulati,  ad  tibias  reponendi. 

Habitant  in  stercore,  quisquiliis,  vel  in  arenosis ;  fodientes. 


XXIV 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


Fam.  22.  Trogid^ 

81.   Tro.r(l). 


Fain.  23.  GLAPHYiiiDiE 
82.  Chasmatopterus  {\). 


Sectio  VI.  PRIOCERATA 


Fam.  24.  Tueoscidje 

8,S.   Trixagus  (1). 


Fam.  25.  Elateeid.* 

84.  Co/itontef/ms  (1). 


Fam.  26.  Ctphonid.!; 

8;"!.  Eueinetut  (1). 


MaxiUce  bilobse.     (Mandibulcs  labriMnque  insequale  cnistaceiim  elj'peo 

baud  opertfe.) 
AntentKB  9-10-art.,   lamellato-clavatae,  breves  ;   in  fovea  ad  margineni 

cajjitis  repouendse. 
Corpus  ovatiun,  crassum,  tuberculato-rugosum  ;  scuteUo  distincto. 
Pedes  pariun  robusti,  subcontractiles ;    {tibiis  setosis,   anticis  obscure 

deutatis). 
Tarsi  5-articulati. 

Habitant  quisquilias  in  arenosis  ;  interdum  etiam  ad  ossa  allectee  (carfila- 
ginem  an-odentes). 

'  Maxillm  lobo  singula  dentato  iustructse.    {ALandibulw  subopcrtae.    Labrum 

crustaceum  essertiun.) 
AntenncB   9-10-art.,  lamellato-clavat*,  breves ;    in  fovea  ad  marginem 

ea^jitis  repoueiidse. 
Corpus   oblongiim,   subcouvexvim,   pilosum ;   scutello   distiucto ;   elytris 

leviter  trimcatis. 
Pedes  elongati ;  (tibiis  anticis  ad  apieem  internum  oblique  truncatis, 

excavatis) . 
Tarsi  5-articidati,  gracUes  ;  unguiculis  sspius  dentatis  vel  bifidis. 

L  Habitant  super  pJantas ;  jlores  foliaque  devorantes. 

'  Mawillarum  lobus  externus  exarticulatus. 

Antenna   mediocrcs,    filiformes,    serratse  vel    pectinatffi    (rarius 
clavatic) ;  sa'pius  11 -art. 

Corpus  modo  durum,  prostcrno  producto ;  mode  molle,  prosterno 

simplici. 
Pedes  terrestrii  (interdum  subcontractiles). 
.  Tarsi  plerumque  5-articulati. 

MaxillcB  bUoba;.     {MandibultB  leviter  exsertae.) 

AntenncB  11-art.,  clavatfe,  breves  ;  in  fovea  prosterui  reponendie. 

Corpus  ellipticum,  diu-um  ;  protliorace  &&  augidos  posticos  valde  producto, 

prostcrno  antice  producto. 

Pedes  gracUes,  contractiles. 

Tarsi  5-articulati,  gracUes,  recepti. 
I 

L  Habitant  infoliis  arborum,  inter  lichenes,  vel  in  arenosis  ;  currentes. 

r  Maxilltp  bUobse.     (Mandibul<s  ad  apieem  plerumque  fissce.) 
Antenna  11-art.,  plus  miuusvc  breves   et   serrato-filifonnes ;   in  fovea 

prosterui  sa'pius  rejioneudic. 
Carpus  plus  minusve  angusto-oblongum,  durum  ;  prothorace  ad  augulos 
posticos  valde  ])roducto,  2>rosterno  antice  et  posticc  producto  (postice 
i  s])iniformi,  spina  in  mcsosterniuu  I'ccepta). 

Pedes  breviusculi,  subcoutractUes. 

Tarsi  5-articulati,  simplices  vel  laminiferi ;  unguiculis  modo  simplicibus 
modo  serratis. 

Habitant  super  pJantas,  vel  in  ligno  antiquo ;  (dorso  inipositce)  resilicntes. 

Maxillw  bUobsB.     (Palpi  labiales  in  typicis  furcati,  sed  in  geuere  nostro 

simplices.) 
Antenna  11-art.,  breves,  fdiformes  vel  subscrrata-. 

Carpus  plus  minusve  ovalum  vel  hemispliipricum    (in  typicis  molle)  ; 
■^  prosterno  simplici. 

Pedes  sat  graciles,  postici  iutcrdum  saltatorii. 
Tarsi  5-articulati. 

Habitant  in  paludosis,  eel  etiam  sub  cortice  laxo  ;  interdum  agre  saltanftv. 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


XXV 


Fam.  27.  TELEPHOBiDiB 

86.  Malthodes  (1). 


L 


■  Maxillw  bilobaa.     {Mandihulce  graciles,  acute.) 

Antennm  10-11-art.,  mediocres,  filiformes ;  ad  basin  plus  minusve  ap- 
proximate. 

Cm-pus  sa^pius  elongato-lineare,  molle ;  prostemo  simplici ;  elyfris  Sfepe 

abbreviatis,  alas  detegentibus. 
Pedes  longiusculi,  subgraciles. 
Tarsi  5-articuIati,  articulo  penultimo  bUobo. 

Habitant  inter  flores  {prasertim  tmlelliferos),  velin  apricis graminosis ; 
heiie  volant es. 


Fam.  28.  MELyEiD.E 

87.  Malac/iius  (1). 

88.  Pecteropi(s  (3). 

89.  Dasyies  (1). 

90.  Melyrosoma  (2). 


-Maxillce  bilobae.     (Ifandibulce  latae,  ad  apicem  ssepius  acutfe,  bifida?.) 

Antenna!  11-art.,  breviusculse,  plus  minusve  serrato-iiliformes,  (ui  maribus 
interdiun  pectiaatfe). 

Cor2ms  plus  minusve  elongato-oblongum,  Isete  coloratum,  molle  ;  prosterno 

simplici ;  alis  amplissimis. 
Pedes  plermnque  longiusculi,  subgraciles. 
Tarsi  5-art.  (aliquo  articulo  imo  in  maribus  interdimi  producto)  ;  ungui- 

culis  membrana  auctis. 

.  Sahitant  inflorihiis  ;  apricitate  bene  volantes. 


Fam.  29.  Clehidje 

91.  Opilus  (1). 

92.  Necrobia  (]). 


MaxillcB  bilobse.     {Mandibulm  infra  apicem  saepius  unidentatse.) 
Antenna  11-art.,  breves,  plus  minusve  clavatfe  (rarius  serrato-filiformes) . 
Corpus  elongato-subcylindricum,  pilosimi,  lajte  coloratum,    pvmctatum, 

durusciilum  ;  prostertio  simplici. 
Pedes  longiusculi,  pariun  robusti,  rarius  subcontractUes. 
Tarsi  5-art.  (modo  omnes,  modo  aliquo  pari  uno  pseudotetrameri),  art.  3° 

vel  4°  saepius  bUobo. 


Habitant  inter  flores, 
ginem  rodentes). 


ligno  antiquo ;   vel  etiam   in  ossibus  (cartila- 


Fam.  30.  Ptinid.e 

93.  Ptinus  (10). 

94.  Mezium  (1). 

95.  Gmium  (1). 

96.  Anobium  (4). 


r Maxilla  'h^6hx>  (lobo  interno   lato).     (Mandibulce   dente  plus  minus\e 
medio,  obtuso  instructs.) 

Antenna:  11-art.,  breduscuL-e,  filiformes  vel  subclavatsB ;  saepe  ad  basin 
ajjprosimatse. 

Corpus  plus  minusve  orbiculato-ovatum  vel  oblongum,  diu-um  ;  prosterno 
J  simplici ;  capite  deflexo. 

Pe&s  longiusculi,  graciles  vel  robusti,  plenimque  subeontractiles ;  (tibiis 
simplicibus). 

Tarsi  5-articulati. 

Habitant  inter  pelles,  circa  domos  et  in  ligno  antiguo  ;  vel  inter  lichenes  in 
aperto  latentes. 


Fam.  31.  Cissidj: 

97.  Cm  (3). 

98.  Oclotemnus  (1). 

99.  Ptilinus  (1). 
100.  Rhyzoperiha  (1). 


^Maxilla  bilobae  {lobo  interno  pleriunque  minutissimo).     (Mandibula  ad 
apicem  ssepius  bidentatae.) 

Antenna  8-11-art.,  clavatae  (clava  laxa  3-art.),  breves,  distantes,  (rariss. 
flabeUato-serratae) , 

Corpus  subcylindi'icum,  durum ;  protliorace  antice  producto,  iuterdum 
rugoso,  prosterno  simjslici ;  capite  deflexo. 

Pedes  breviusculi,  subeontractiles  ;  {tibiis  simplicibus,  vel  apicem  versus 

externum  dentatis). 
Tarsi  4-,  vel  5-articulati. 

Habitant  in  fungis,  ligno  antiqno,  vel  {rarius)  circa  domos ;  sapius  tere- 
L  brantes. 

Cl 


XXVI 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


C Lahrum  ssepius  obsolutum. 
Maxilla  lobu  sinyulo  lato  cxarticulato  plerumque  instructae  {in- 

temo  obsolete). 
Antennce   sjepius    geniculate    (art.   1°   elongato),    capitatfe    vel 
clavatse;  y-12-art. 

SectioVII.  RHYNCHOPHORA.  \   Corpus  plus  minusve  elongato-ovatum  vel  cylindricum ;  capile 

(prEesertim  in  maribus)  rostrato. 
Pedes  terrestrii    (rarius    subcontractiles) ;    tibiis   uncinatis   vel 

simplicibus. 
Tarsi  pseudotetrameri  (i.  e.  5-art.,  art.  3°  bilobo  4"™  minutiss. 
^^  recipiente),  rariss.  simplices. 


I':iii\,  32.  ToMICID^S... - 

101.  Tomicus  (2). 

102.  Aphatiarthrum  (1). 
10.!.  Leiparlhrum  (4). 


f  Jllaaillce  lobo  singulo  lato  setoso  instructse  {interno  obsoleto).     {Mandi- 

hulcB  latae,  obtusae.) 
Lahrum  obsoletum.     Falpi  (prajsertim  maxiUares)  crassi,  couici.     Ligula 

elongata. 
Antennce  8-11-art.,  capitatoe,  breves,  geniculatae  (scapo  longissimo),  ad 

margiuem  capitis  iusertiB. 
Corpus  cyliudricum ;  protliorace  antice  producto,  saepius  rugoso ;  capite 

deflexo,  vix  rostrato. 
Pedes  brevissimi,  robusti,   subcontractiles ;    (Jihiis   saepius   compressis, 

extus  dentatis). 
Tarsi  5-  (rariss.  4-)  art.,  simplices  (art.  4°  saltern  minutissimo),  ad  tibias 

reponendi. 

^  Habitant  in  ligno,  vel  sub  cortice  arborum  ;  valide  terebrantes. 


Fam.  33.  Hylesinid.e 

104.  Phlceophthorus  {\). 

105.  Ilijlurgus  (2). 
lOG.  Hylastes  (2). 


Maxillce  lobo  singulo  lato  setoso  iustructte  {interna  obsoleto).     {Mandi- 

hulcB  latae,  obtusiP.) 
Labrum  obsoletum.    Palpi  (j)ra?sertiiu  maxiUares')  crassi,  couici.    Ligiila 

elongata. 
Antennw  8-11-art.,  capitata;,  breves,  geniculatae  (scapo  lougissimo),  ad 

marginem  capitis  iusertse. 
Corpus   ovatum   vel   cylindricum  ;  prothorace   leviter   producto,   rarius 

rugoso  ;  capite  deilexo,  seusini  rostrato. 
Pedes  breves,  robusti,  subcontractdes ;  (tibiis  saepius  compressis,  extus 

dentatis). 
Tarsi  pseudotetrameri,  ad  tibias  reponendi. 

■  Habitant  in  ligno,  vel  sub  cortice  arborum  ;  valide  terebrantes. 


Vnm.  34.    CUHCULIONID^B 


MaxillcB  lobo  singulo  lato  setoso  instructae  {interno  obsoleto).     {Man- 

dibiilcB  latae,  obtusiuscuLT.) 
Labrum  obsoletimi.     Palpi  crassi,  couici.     Ligula  elongata. 
Antennce  7-12-art.,  clavatie  vel  capitatae,  geniculata)  (scapo  longissimo), 

rostro  scrobiculato  insertae. 
Corpus  plus  minusve  elongato-ovatum,  convesum  ;  capite  saepius  deflexo, 

(iuterdum  valde)  rostrato. 
Pedes  modice  elongati,  rarius  subcontractdes;  {tibiis  vel  simplicibus, 

vel  ad  apicem  imciuatis). 
Tarsi  pseudotetrameri. 

Habitant  super  arbores  et  plantas  ;  folia,  semina,  vel  etiam  ramos,  destru- 
entes. 


rBostrum  cylindricum  vel  filiforme,  plerumque  elonga-"^ 

T^.      ,     I  turn  (rarius  1 

Div.  1.  ^     ,  , 

I  Antennce  ante  vel 


tum  (rarius  thoracc  brerius).      "  [ Mecorl.gncln. 


[^  oris)  iusertic. 


pone  medium  rostri  (nee  juxta  sinum 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


XXVU 


107.  Rhyncolus  (1). 

108.  Ph'ioeophngns  (1). 

109.  Caiilofriipis  (7). 

110.  Caiilopfdlus  {\). 

111.  Stenotis  (1). 

112.  Mesites  (2). 


U.S.  Sitophilus  (2). 


114.  Oon!«(l). 


115.  Cmiorhynchus  (4). 

116.  C»/!0*«(1). 

117.  Acalles  (13). 


118.  Tychitis  {i). 

119.  P;ssorfe«(l). 

120.  Unis{b). 


121.  Ct/phoscelis  (1). 

122.  Laporoceruf  (1). 

123.  Jllanfis  (14). 

124.  Omms  (3). 

125.  Jtiemophilus  (3). 

126.  Licheiiophagtcs  {2). 

127.  Scoliocertts  (2). 

128.  Trachyphlams  (1). 


Subf.  1.    COSSONIDES. 

.^m^ewMiB  breves ;/i«KCMZo7-art.;  eZaDasubsolida,adapicemspongiosa. 
Pe(?es  OM^ic*  ad  basin  distantes  vel  approximati. 

Subf.  2.  Ehtjtchophoeides. 

Antennce  mediocres ;  funiculo  6-  (rarius  5-)  art.  ;  elava  subsolida 

vel  2-art. 
Tedes  antici  plerumque  paulo  longiores. 

Subf.  3.    ClONLDES. 

Antenna  breviuscuae  ;  funiculo  5-art. ;  clavd  3-,  vel  4-art. 
Pedes  antici  ad  basiu  vel  approximati  vel  distantes. 

Subf.  4.  Cbtptoehtnchibes. 

Antenna  mediocres  ;  funiculo  7-art. ;  elava  4-art. 

Bostrmn  iuflexum,   iu    eaualiculam   pectoralem   distinetam   appli- 

candmn. 
Pedes  antici  ad  basin  distantes. 

Subf.  5.  Eeibhinibes. 

Antenna  mediocres  ;  funiculo  7-art.  ;  clava  4-art. 
Pedes  antici  ad  basin  approximati. 


Div.  2. 


f  Bostrum  plus  minusve  crassum  et  deforme,  brevius- 
euliun. 
Antenna  prope  apieem  rostri  (saepe  juxta  sinum  oris) 
L         insertse ;  ssepissime  12  art* . 


■  Braclii/rhi/nchi. 


129.  Eehinoaoma  (1). 


130.  Hypera  (3). 


131.  aemus  (1). 


132.  Sitma  (5). 


Subf.  6.  Ctclomides. 

Canalicula  antennalis  subrecta,  versus  medium  rostri  ascendens. 
Bostrum  breve,  subborizontale,  lineare,  teretiusculum  (nonnunquam 

apieem  versus  subattenuatum). 
Corpus  plerumque  brevius,  subovatiim,  apterum. 

Subf.  7.  Byesopsibes. 

Canalicula  antennalis  infra-ocularis,  cui-vata  vel  obUqua, 

Bostrum  breve,   iuflexiun,   in   canaUculam   pectoralem  plerumque 

appUcandum. 
Corpus  sajpius  ovatiuu,  convexum,  inaequale,  squamosum,  apterum  ; 

scuteUo  nullo. 
Tarsi  plerumque  angustati,  setosi. 

Subf.  8.    MOLTTIDES. 

Canalicula  antennalis  infra-   (vel   subinfra-)  ocularis,  curvata   vel 

obliqua. 
Bostrum  longius,  deflexum,  subcylindricum,  paulo  areuatum. 
Corpus  plus  minusve  oblongum,  squamosum  et  pubescens,  apterum 

vel  alatum. 

Subf.  9.  Cleonides. 

Canalicula  antennalis  infra-ocularis,  curvata  vel  obUqua. 
Bostrum  longiusculum,  deflexum,  apice  saepius  subincrassatum. 
Corpus  plerumque  sat  magnum,  squamosum  et  pubescens,  alatum 
vel  apteriuii. 

Subf.  10.  Beachtbeeides. 

Canalicula  antennalis  infra-ocularis,  curvata  vel  obliqua. 

Bostrum  breve  (interdiun  brevissimum),  subborizontale,  fere  capitis 

latitudine,  plauiuseulum. 
Corpus  elongato-oblongum  (rarius  ovatum),  alatum  vel  aptenun. 

d2 


XXVUl 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


Fam.  35.  Attelabid.e 

133.  Apion  (7). 

134.  ^ulelet  (1). 


■Maxilla  loho  singula  lato  setoso  instructae  (interno  obsolete).   {Mandibul<e 

lata?,  obtusiusculiB.) 
Labrum  obsoletiim.     Palpi  crassi,  coiiici. 

Antenna  il-12-art.,  clavata?  vel  subfiliformes,  rectae,  rostro  vis  scrobi- 
eulato  insertie. 

Corjms  sfepius  ovatuin,  convexum  ;  capite  subdefleso,  (saepissime  valde) 

rostrato. 
Pedes  modice  elongati ;  (tibiis  plerumque  simplicibus). 
Tarsi  pseudotetrameri. 

Halitant  super  plantas  et  arbores ;  folia  dcvorantes. 


Fain.  36.  BKrcHiD.s 


r- Maxilla  bilobae.     (Mandibul<s  robustae,  acutiuseulae.) 
Labrum  distinetiim.     Palpi  sat  elongati,  filiformes. 
Antennce  ll-art.,  subfiliformes  vel  ciavatfe,  rectae,  rostro  baud  scrobicu- 
lato  insertae. 

Cmpus  rotundato-ovatxun,  convexum  ;   capite  deflexo,   le\"iter  rostrato, 

lato  ;  elytris  saepius  abbreviatis. 
Pedes  modice  elongati ;  {tibiis  plerumque  simplicibus)  :  postici  iuterdimi 

vaUdiores. 
Tarsi  pseudotetrameri. 

Habitant  super  plantas,  semina  destruentes ;  inter  lichenes,  vel  (rarius) 
sub  cortice  arborum  laxo. 


135.  Xetiorchestes  (1). 


Subf.  1.  Ajs'thkibides. 

Antenna  apieem  versus  plerumque  clavatse,  (in  maribus  iuterduin 

lougiores) . 
Oculi  integri. 
Pedes  postici  baud  validiores  (scd  rariss.  subsaltatorii). 


136.  liruchus  (3). 


Subf.  2.  Betjchibes. 

Antenna  filiformes,  aut  apieem  versus  leviter  incrassatse  et  saepius 

subscrrataj. 
Oculi  limati  (i.  e.  intus  profuude  emarguiati). 
Pedes  postici  plerumque  validiores. 


Scctio  VIII.  EUCERATA 


Labrum  exsertum  (rariss.  obsoletum). 

MaxiUarum   lobus   externus   exarticulatus ;    intemus   distinctus 

(rariss.  obsoletus). 
Antenna  plus  minusvc  longissimac,  filiformes  vel  setaceae  (rarius 

serratag) ;  ssepius  1 1  -art. 
Corpus   plerumque    maguuui,   elougatum ;    oculis  saepius   lutus 

emargiuatis. 
Pedes  terrestrii,  lougiores;   {femoribus  SKpe  clavatis). 
Tarsi  pseudotetrameri. 


Fam.  37.  Cehambicid.! 

137.  Stromatium  (1). 

138.  P/iymalodes  l\). 

139.  niabifwlm  (I). 

140.  Trichofents  (1). 

141.  ayim{l). 

142.  Deucalion  (1). 


Maxilla  bUobae  {lobe  interno  sat  magiio),  submembranacea;. 

Antenna  sjepius  ll-art.,  lougissima;,  filiformes  vel  serrata>,  ad  margiuem 

oeulorum  iutemum  insertae. 
Corpus  magnum,  plus  ininusve  paraUelum ;  capite  modo  porrecto,  modo 

deflexo. 
Pedes  clougati ;  (Jemoribus  plus  minusve  clavatis) . 

Habitant  intra  lignum  antiquum,  sub  cortice,  vel  injloribus  ;  sapius  bene 
volantes. 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


XXIX 


Sectio  IX.  PHYTOPHAGA 


Maxillarum  lobus  externus  seepius  subarticulatus,  pseudopalpi- 

formis. 
Antenrue   brcviusculse,    filifornies   vel    leviter    incrassatae,    plus 

lainusve  approximatse ;  ssepius  11 -art. 
Corpus  ovale,  crassura  (rarius  elongatum),  ssepius  Isete  coloratuni 

et  glabi'um. 
Pedes  terrestrii ;  {postici  interdum  saltatorii) . 
Tarsi  pseudotetrameri. 


Fam.  38.  Ceioceeid^. 

143.  Lema  (1). 

144.  Crioceris  (1). 


- MaxiUis  bilobiE  (lobis  latis  subsequalibus,  externa  hand  palpiformi),  sub- 

membranacea^. 
Atitennce  11-art.,  apicem  versus  ssepius  vis  incrassatae,  ad  basin  parum 

distautes. 
Corpus  plus  Tninusve  elongato-oblongum,  paralleluin,  pictum  ;  abdomine 

amplo. 
Protliorax  elytris  angustior,  ssepius  subcylLndricus. 
Pedes  sat  elongati ;  {femorihus  posticis  interdum  inerassatis,  dentatis  ; 

tibiis  saepe  subcurvatis). 

Habitant  in  plantis,  prcesertim  subaquaticis,  vel  inter flores  ;  folia  et  ramos 

destruentes. 


Fam.  39.  Cassidid^: 

145.  Cassida  (2). 


' MaxillcB  bilobas  (loho  ej;r  angusto,  recto,  subpalpiformi ;  inf  parvo),  cum 

labio,  membranaceaB. 
AntenncB   11-art.,   breves,   apicem   versus   sensim   inerassati'e,  ad  basin 

approximatae. 
Corpus  latimi,  subtus  deplanatimi,  plus  minusve  rotmidatum ;  prosterno 

antice  le^■iter  producto. 
Protliorax  et  elytra  ad  latera  valde  producti ;    illo  semicirculari,  caput 

obtegente. 
P«c?es  breves,  retractiles  ;  #«>■« is  latiuscuUs  (art.  3°  longe  bUobo,  4"™  5'"°""'- 

ineludente) . 

Habitant  super  folia  plantarum,  pracipiie  in  locis  hiimidiusculis ;  lente 
repentes. 


Fam.  40.  GrALEErciD^ 

146.  Haltica  (2). 

147.  Longi/arsics  (6). 

148.  Psylliodes  (5). 


f  Ifaxillcs  bdobse  (lobo  exf  angusto,  fracto,  subpalpiformi;  into'  lato, 
magno),  membranaceae. 

AntenncB  11-  (rariss.  10-)  art.,  longiusculae,  subfUiformes,  ad  basin  ap- 
proximatae. 

Corpus  plus  miuiisve  ovatum,  convexiuscidum. 

Protliorax  et  elytra  basi  latitudiue  ^■ix  aequales. 

Pedes  sat  gracdes,  longiusculi  ;  (femoribus  posticis  saepissime  inerassatis, 
saltatoriis). 

Habitant  super  folia  plantarum,  prcesertim  in  graminosis ;  plerumque  for- 
titer  salientes. 


Fam.  41.  CHETSOMELiD.a; 

149.  Mniophilosoma  (1). 

150.  Cryptocephahts  (1). 

151.  Chrysornela  (1). 

152.  Gastrophysa  (1). 


^  Maxillce  bdobae    {lobo   exf   sfepius    subpalpiformi,    incurvo),   submein- 

branaceae. 
AntenncB  11-art.,  breviusculae,  filiformes  vel  leviter  incrassatae,  ad  basiu 

distantes. 
Corpus  rotuudato-,  vel  subcylindrico-ovatuni,  convesum,  crassum,  saepe 

splendore  suj)erbiens. 
Protliorax  et  elytra  basi  latitudine  aequales. 
Pedes  sat  robusti,  subretractUes  ;  tarsis  latiuscuUs. 

Habitant  in  foliis  plantarum  ;  apricitate  gaudentes. 


XXX 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


Sectio  X.  PSEUDOTRIMERA. 


Fain.  42.  Coccixellidje 

153.  Coccinetla  (5). 

154.  Sci/7Hnus  (6). 

155.  Khyzobius  (1). 


Fain.  43.  Cortiophid:e ^ 

156.  Cli/peaster  (1). 

157.  Arthrolip/i  (1). 

158.  Smcoderus  (\). 

159.  Cnrylophus  (1). 
IGO.   Gloeosoma  (I). 


C Maxillarum  lobus  extemits  exarticulatus ;  internus  iuterdum  ob- 

soletus. 
Antenna  plus  minus ve  brevissimse,  clavatae  (rarius  subfiliformes) ; 

ssepius  11 -art. 
Corpus  ovale  vel  hemisphsericum,  glabrum  aut  tenuiter  pubescens. 
Pedes  terresti-ii  (sajpius  subcontractiles). 
Tarsi  pseudotrimeri  (i.  e.  4-art.,  art.  2°  bilobo,  3""  minutiss.  re- 

cipiente). 

^Maxilla  bilobse.     (Mandibula   ssepius  apice  bifidas  et  dcnte  sub-basali 

iutemo  instructae.) 
AntcnncB  ll-art.,  breAnssimse,  clavatae,  ad  basin  distantes. 
Corpus  plerumque  hemispharicuin,  supra  convexum,  subtus  deplanatuni, 

Sfppius  Isete  maculatiini. 
Prothorax  et  elytra  basi  latitudine  iequales. 
Pedes   subeontraetiles ;   unguiculis  ssepius  dente  basali  armatis  (rarius 

apice  bifidis). 

Habitant  svper  folia plantariim,  in  cultis,  vel  ad  vias  ;  Aphides  devoranies. 

Maxilla  lobo  sinpilo  imgnsto,  elongate,  recto,  apice  denticulato,  instructae 

(interna  obsoleto). 
Mandibiilee  plerumque  apice  denticulate,   per  marginem  iutemmn   in- 

terdum  crcnulatte. 
Antennrs  9-11-art.,  breriusculae,  elavata;  vel  subclavatae,  ad  basin  distantes 

vel  subapproximatae. 
Corpus  ovatum  vel  hemispliiericuiii,  minutiim,  saepius  supra  et  subtus 

subcouvexum  ;  alls  plei'uiiique  amplis  eiliatis. 
Prothorax  et  elytra  basi  latitudine  aequales  ;  illo  ad  latera  et  antice  pro- 

dueto,  caput  obtegente. 
Pedes  gracUes,  subcontractUes ;  (postici  valde  distantes). 
Tarsi  4-articulati,  simplices. 

Habitant  inter  pJantas  {prcccipue  Endogenas)  sub  f  bra  stirpium,  vel  sub 
folia  dejecta;  cursitantes. 


Sectio  XI.  ATRACHELIA 


Fam.  44.  Anisotomidjs 

161.  Slagonomorp/ia  (1). 


MandibulcE  saepius  ad  apicem  bifidae,  et  in  medio  fisso-sinuatse. 
Maxillarum  lobus  externus  exarticulatus :  palpi  max.  art.  ultimo 

saepius  sccuriformi. 
Antenna  plerumque  breviusculaj,  filiformes,  apice  leviter  incras- 

satae  (rarius  clavatae) ;  saepius  sub  frontis  margine  insertae 

et  ll-art. 
Corpus  durum,  plerumque  baud  pilosum  et  obscure  coloratum  > 

capite  in  cavo  prothoracico  usque  ad  oculos  immerse. 
Pedes  terrestrii ;  tibiis  bicalcaratis,  et  saepius  ad  apicem  minute 

spinulosis. 
Tarsi  beteromeri  (i.  e.  anteriores  5-,  postici  4-art.) ;  rariss.  omnes 

5-,  vel  4-art. 

Maxilla  bdobae  (rariss.  lobo  singulo  instructae).     (Mandibulce  apice  in- 

tegrae  vel  bifida?.) 
Antenna  9-11-art.,  breviuseulae,  cbivatae  (articulo  clavae  seeundo  saepe 

niiuuto). 
Corpus  plus  minusve  orbiculato-ovatxim,  glabrum  ;  capite  sa;pe  ad  pectus 

arete  appbcando. 
Prothorax  et  elytra  valde  convexi,  basi  l.itituduie  aequales. 
Pedes  subeontraetiles ;  {tibiis  plus  minusve  curvatis  et  spinosis). 
Tarsi  modo  4-,  modo  5-articulati,  mode  beteromeri. 

Habitant  in  innbrosis  humidis,  sub  truncis  arborum  marcidis.  vel  inter 
quisquilias ;  cursitantes. 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


XXXI 


Fam.  45.  Diapeeid^ 

162.  Ellipsodes  (1). 

163.  Phaleria  (1). 


' MaxiUce  bilobae   {lobo  inf  simplici).      Mentum\iAs\  plerumque  angus- 
tatum. 
AnteniicB  ll-art.,  breviusculfe,  apicem  versus  plus  minusve  moniliformes 

et  iiicrassatfe. 
Corpus  elliptieum  vel  ovatum,  alatum  vel  apterum,  plerumque  glabrum, 
■^  convexum,  colore  inetallico. 

Pedes  breviusculi ;  tihiis  interdum  spinulosis ;  tarsis  u7i(/uicuUsqae  siin- 
pUcibus  {his  rariss.  denticulatis). 

Habitant  in  fungis,  sub  cortice  arborvmi  laxo,  vel  etiam  sub  lapidibus ; 

latentes. 


Fam.  46.  Tenebeionidj;. 

161.  Cerandria  (1). 

165.  Tribolium  (1). 

166.  Boromorphus  (1). 

167.  Calcar{\). 

168.  Tenebrio  (2). 

169.  Alphilobim  (1). 


Fam.  47.  Opatbid^ 

170.  Opatrum  (2). 

171.  Hadrus(i). 


Fam.  48.  Blapsib^  . 

172.  Macrostethus  (\). 

173.  Blaps{2). 


Fam.  49.  Tentteiad.s 

174.  Hec/eter  (1). 


Fam.  50.  Helopidj; 

175.  Helops  (9). 


' MaxillcE  bilobse  {lobo  inf  simplici).     Mentum  basi  plenunque  leviter  an- 

gustatum. 
AnteniKs  ll-art.,  breves,  apicem  versus  plus  minusve  moniliformes  et 

leviter  incrassatai. 
Corpus  Uueari-elougatum  (rarius  ovale),  plerumque  alatum,  depressius- 

culum,  colore  obscuro. 
Pedes  longiuscuH,  robusti ;  tarsis  unffuicuUsque  simplicibus. 

Habitant  in  domibus,pistrinis  mercatorumque  repositoriis  {prcssertim  inter 
farinas')  ;  scepe  commercium  seqttentes. 

'Maxilla;  biloba?  (lobo  inf  plerumque  simplici).     Clypeus  antice  ssepius 
profuude  bilobus. 
Antenna  ll-art.,  breviusculae,  apicem  versus  plus  minusve  moniliformes 
et  vix  incrassatse. 
<!   Corpus  oblongum  vel  ovale,  apterum  vel  alatum,  depressiusculum,  in- 
terdiuu  pilosum,  colore  obscuro. 
Pedes  longiuscidi,  sat  graciles  ;  tai'sis  unguiculisqae  simplicibus. 

Habitant  in  aridis  maritimis,  prmsertim  sub  lapidibus,  vel  ad  graminum 
radices ;  latentes. 

Maxilla  bilobse  {lobo  inf  saepius  biuncinato). 

Antenncs   ll-art.,  breviusculse,  apicem   versus   moniliformes   et   leviter 

incrassatse. 
Corpus   maguum,   elougatum,    crassiun,   plerumque    apterum,   nigrum; 

elytris  counatis. 
Pedes  elongati ;  tarsis  unguiculisqae.  simplicibus. 

Habitant  circa  domes,  vel  {prcecipue  in  cavernis)  per  oram  maritimam  ; 
lucem  fugientes. 

'Maxillce  bOoba;  {lobo  inf  saepius  simplici):  palpi  max.  art"  ult"  minus 

inflato.     Mentum  amplum. 
Antennm  ll-art.,  breviusculfe,  filiformes,  vel  apicem  versus  vis  incra^f- 

satse. 
Corpus  magnum,  plus  minusve  crassum,  plerumque  aptenmi,  nigrum  ; 

elytris  ssepius  counatis. 
Pedes  elongati ;  tarsis  unguictdisque  simplicibus. 

^Habitant  in  cavernis  maritimis,  vel  sub  lapidibus  in  aperto ;  sese  abdentes. 

(  Maxilla  bilobiE  (lobo  inf  sspius  simplici,  obtuso).    Mentum  minuseulum, 
subquadratiun. 
Antenna  ll-art.,  longiusculae,  fiUformes,  apicem  versus  \ax  sensim  in- 

crassatse. 
Corpus  magnum,  ss'pius  oblongo-ovatum,  convexum,  alatum  vel  apterum  ; 

elytris  liberis  vel  counatis. 
Pedes  elongati;   tarsis  anterioribus  in  maribus  saepe  leviter  dilatatis ; 
wnguicuUs  simplicibus. 
^  Habitant  sub  lapidibus,  cortice  laxo,  vel  in  cavernis ;  sese  occultantes. 


XXXll 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


SectioXII.  TRACHELIA 


Mandibula  ad  apicem  bifidse  vel  integrre,  in  medio 
sinuatfe. 


siepe 


Film.  .51.    QiDEMERID.K 
170.  Stenarh  (1). 


Fam.  52.  Meloid.t.   > 

177.  Meloe{3). 
17«.  Zonith  {!). 


i'ain.  53.  Moedellid^    < 

179.  Anaspk  (1). 


l";im.  51. 


AMiiicxD.r,      < 


180.  ArUhicta  (4). 

181.  XyUtphihts  (\). 


Maxillarum  lobus  exf"  exarticulatus ;  int'"  simplex,  obtusus. 
Antenna  plerumque  longiusculae,  filiformes  (rariss.  pectinatae) ; 

ssepius  11 -art. 
Corpus  plus  minusve  moUe  et  Isete  coloratum,  plerumque  ala- 

tum ;   capite  postice  lato,   truncato,  in   cavo  prothoracieo 

usque  ad  oculos  baud  inimerso. 
Pedes  terrestrii;    tibiis  srepius  bicalcaratis   [calcariis  interduni 

mobilibus,  sequalibus). 
Tarsi  heteromeri  (art.  penultimo  ssepe  bilobo). 

"" Maxillw  bilobse  (apice  interdum  longe  pencillatae)  :  palpi  maa:.  filiformes, 
vel  art"  idt°  seciu-iformi. 

Antenna  10-12-art.,  longiuscidae,  filiformes,  vel  etiam  setaceas. 

Corpus  angusto-elongatuin,  la^te  coloratum  ;  capite  porrecto  ;  prothorace. 

elytris  (postice  subatteuuatis)  augustiore. 
Pedes  elongati ;  femoribus  masculis  sjepe  incrassatis  ;  tarsis  plerumque 

art"  penult"  bilobo  ;  unguicuUs  simplicibus. 

~  Habitant  injlorihus;  apricitate  volare  gaudentes. 

Ma-xiU<B  bilobae  :  palpi  max.  subfiliformes  (art"  idt"  vix  inflate). 

Antenna  ll-art.,  longiuscula;,  filiformes,  vel  in  medio  incrassatse  (in 
maribus  interdum  coutortre) . 

Corpus  magnum,  interdum  pictum  vel  apterum  ;  capite  defleso  ;  elytris 
Siepe  abbreviatis,  complicantibus. 

Pedes  elongati ;  calcariis  sa>pe  ina^qualibus ;  tarsis  simpHeibus ;  ungui- 
cuUs bifidis  (interdiun  pectinatis). 

Habitant  super  folia  plantarwm  liwmilmm,  pigrcB ;  vel  inter  arboresflo- 
resque,  bene  volantes. 

Maxillw  bUobfe  :  palpi  max.  art"  ult"  plerumque  securiformi. 

Antenna  ll-art.,  brcWusculae,  filiformes ;  vel  apicem  versus  subserratse, 

pectinatiB  aut  flabellata;. 
Corpus  arcuatiun,  pietum,  subtus  subcarinatiun ;  capite  inflexo ;  elgtris 

acuminatis,  s»pe  abbreviatis. 
Pedes  (prjcsertini  postici)  elongati ;  calcariis  longis ;  tarsis  simplicibus  ; 

unguicuUs  simplicibus  vel  bifidis. 

_  Habitant  injloribus  (pracipue  umbelUJ'eri^)  ;  vix  assultim  festinantes. 

' Maxillm  bilobse  :  palpi  max.  art"  ult°  magno  securiformi. 

Antenna  ll-art.,  breviusculae,  apicem  versus  sensim  incrassatae. 

Corpus  parvum,  plus  minusve  elongatum  et  pictum  ;  capite  peduneulato  ; 

prothorace  basi  eonstricto. 

Pedes  breviusciili,  gracUes  ;  tarsis  art"  penult"  ssepius  bilobo  ;  unguicuUs 
simpUcibus. 

Habitant  in  graminosis  et  sub  lapidibus,  vel  inter  flores ;  sese  interdum 
congregantes. 


Sectio  XI 11 .  BRACHELYTRA. 


Maxillarum  lobus  extemus  exarticulatus. 

Antenna  breviuscula^,  filiformes,  vel  leviter  incrassatae  (rariss. 
clavatse);  9-11-art. 

Corpus  plus  minusve  angusto-clongatum  •  capite  plerumque 
baud  immcrso  ;  elytris  abbreviatis  (rariss.  integris),  abdo- 
men magnum,  durum,  mobile  detegcntibus. 

Pedes  terrestrii ;  tibiis  sa-jiius  bicalcaratis. 

Tarsi  plerumque  5-art. ;  sed  interdum  1.  5.  5  ;  vel  omnes  4-,  aut 
etiam  3-art. 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


XXXlll 


Fam.  55.  Sctdm^dnidje 

182.  ScydnKBnus  (1). 


Fam.  56.  SiAPHrLTNiDiE  < 


183.  Falagria  (1). 

184.  Tackyusa  (1). 

185.  Xenomma  (3). 

186.  Hrmalofa  (15). 

187.  O.vj/poda  (1). 

188.  Almchara  ^4). 

189.  OUgota  (1). 


190.  Somatium  (1). 

191.  Conurus  (3). 

192.  Tac/ii/jiorus  (2). 

193.  Hahrocerus  (1). 

194.  Tachinns  (1). 

195.  Trichophya  (1). 

196.  Mycetoporus  (1). 


197.  OMras  (2). 

198.  Xantholinus  (2). 

199.  Staphylmus  (1). 

200.  Philunthus  (7). 


201.  Achenium  (1). 

202.  Lathrobium  (1). 

203.  Lilhocharis  (3). 

204.  Rugilus  (1). 

205.  Sunius  (2). 

206.  Mecognatkus  (1). 


Maxilla;  bilobse.     Pa/j)j  art"  ult"  minutissimo,  subulato. 

Antenna!  ll-art.,  longiiisculfe,  sensim  clavat®  (clavii  lasa,  3-  vol  4-art.). 

Corpus  miniitum,  ovatimi ;  prothorace  basi  constricto  ;  elytris  abdomen 

totum  tegentibus. 
Pedes  longiusculi,  graciles. 
T«r«i  5-art.,  simplices. 

Habitant  in  graminosis,  cultis,  vel  inter  muscos ;  interdum  una  cum  for- 
micis  degentes. 

Maxillce  bilobfe.     Palpi  art"  ult"  vel  elongate,  vel  parvo  subulato  (rariss. 
seciu'iformi). 

AntenncB  ssepiiis  11-  (rarms  10-,  rariss.  9-)  art.,  filiformes  vel  leviter 

iuerassatse,  iuterdum  geniculata\ 
Corpus  elongatiim  (rarius  ovatum)  ;  protliorace  vel  elj-trorum  latitudine, 

vel  lis  (abbreviatis)  vix  angustiore. 
Pedes  lougiusci.ili  vel  breviusciili  ;  {anteriores  plerumqiie  paiilo  bre\-iores, 

vaUdiores). 
Tarsi  S-S-art. ;  vel  ant'  4-,  et posf  5-art. ;  (sed  plerumque  omnes  5-art.). 

Habitant  in  quisquiliis,  per  margines  aquarmn,  vel  in  stercore ;  scepius 
valde  voraces. 

Subf.  1.  Aleochaeides. 
MandibwlcB  ssepius  muticse.     Palpi  max.  art°  iilt"  parvo,  subidato. 
AntenncB  11-   (rarius  10-)  art.,  ad  ocidorum  margiuem  internum 

insertfe,  rectae,  subfiliformes. 
Ligula  angusta,  porreeta,  plerumque  apice  bifida. 
Corpus  parvum,  ssepius  liueare,  depressiuseulum  ;  Idbro  integro. 
Tarsi  5-  (rarius  4-)  art. ;  vel  antici  4-,  et  posteriores  5-art. :    {antici 
nonnunquam  dilatati). 

Subf.  2.  Tachtpoeibes. 

MandibulcB  ssepius  muticse.    Palpii  max.  art"  ult"  vel  parvo  subulato, 

vel  prscedente  sequali. 
AntemicB  11-  (rarius  10-)  art.,  infra  ocidos  sub  frontis  margine  iu- 

sertie,  rectse,  subfiliformes. 
Ligula  lata,  plerumque  biloba. 

Corpus  pai'vum,  ssejiius  fusiforme,  convexiusculiun  ;  labro  integro. 
Tibia  (vel  omnes,  vel  jjosteriores  solum)  ssepius  spiuulosje. 
Tarsi  5-  (rarius  4-)  art. :  {antici  ssepe  dilatati). 

Subf.  3.  Staphtlinides. 
MandibulcB  sfepius  medio  dentatse.     Palpi  max.  art"  idt"  prseeedente 

subsequali. 
AntenncB  ll-art.,  in  frontis  margine  anteriore  insertse,  ssepe  genicu- 

latfe  et  leviter  incrassatse. 
Ligula  parva,  biloba  vel  iutegra. 

Corpus  plerumque  magnum,  Uneare,  depressiuscidum  ;  labro  bilobo. 
TibicB  (vel  omnes,  vel  posteriores  solum)  ssepius  sjjinidosse. 
Tarsi  5-art. :  {antici,  prsesertim  in  maribus,  ssepe  dilatati). 

Subf.  4.  P^debides. 

MandibulcB  tenues,  elongatse,  medio  dentatse.     Palpi  max.  art"  ult° 

minuto,  saspius  subulato. 
AntenncB  ll-art.,  iufi-a  oculos  sub  frontis  margine  insertsB,  plerumque 

rectse,  filiformes. 
Ligula  bUoba,  lobis  modo  approximatis  modo  distantibus. 
Corpus  parvusculiim,   ssepius   angusto-filiforme ;    labro  bilobo,  vel 

bidentato. 
Prothorax  immarginatus.     Sctitellum  distinctum,  triangulare. 
Tarsi  5-art. :  {antici  iuterdiun  dilatati). 


XXXIV 


FAMILIARUM  DIAGNOSES. 


207.  Slenux  (4). 


208.  Platijsthetus  (2). 

209.  Oxylelus  (5). 

210.  Trogophlceus  (1). 


211.   Omaliiim  (2). 


212.  ileffart/iriis  {\). 

213.  Metopsia  (1). 


Subf.  5.  Stehtdes. 

Mandlbulce  tenues,  elongatoe.  pone  apicem  valde  unideutatse. 
Palpi  max.  art"  1°  elongato,  ult"  iniuutissimo  {yrs.  observaudo). 
Antennm  ll-art.,  inter  oculos  (in  fronte)  plerumque  insertse,  reetse, 

clavatse. 
LiguJa  levissime  mento  afSxa(quare,  insecto  moriente,  cum  cesophago 

ssepe  prolabitur) . 
Corpus   parvusculum,    filiforme ;   capite  maguo ;    lahro   intcgro    vel 

denticulato. 
Prothorax  immarginatus.     Scutellum  vis  distinctum.     Coxa  antica: 

minuta;. 
Tarsi  5-  (rarius  4-)  art.,  graciles. 

Subf.  G.    OxYTELIDES, 

Mandihulcd  validiores,  sa?piu3  dentata;.     Palpi  max.  art"  ult"  j)le- 

rumque  subidato. 
AntenntB  11-  (rarius  10-)  art.,  sub  froutis  margiuc  laterali  insertae, 

saepe  refracta;,  subiucrassatse. 
LiguJa  apice  sLuuata,  vel  bUoba  (rarius  integra). 
Corpus  parvum,  liueare,  subcylindi'icum  vel  depressimi ;  labro  mem- 

braua  utrinque  acumiuata  aueto. 
Tarsi  3-  (in  speeiebus  aberrautibus  5-)  art.,  plenunque  gracUes. 

Subf.  7.  Omaliakes. 
Mandibulw  breves,  sapius  muticse.     Palpi  max.  filiformes,  art"  ult° 

lougiusculo. 
Antennce  ll-art.,  sub  frontis  margins  laterali  inserts,  recta?,  apicem 

versus  vis  iucrassata". 
Ligula  lata,  bUoba.   Maxillarum  lohus  internus  unco  comco  armatus. 
Corpitts  parvum,  Uueari-oblongum,  depressum ;  fronte  oceUis  duobus 

iustructa. 
Elytra  pectore  longiora,  angidis  exterioribus  apicalibus  rotundatis. 
Tarsi  5-art. :  {aiitici  rarius  subdQatati) . 

Subf.  8.    PEOTErNIDES. 

Mandibulce  breves,  mutica>.  Palpi  max.  filiformes,  art"  ult"  lougi- 
usculo. 

AiiteniicE  11-  (rai-ius  9-)  art.,  sub  frontis  margine  laterali  insertae, 
reetae,  subclavatse. 

Ligula  biloba  (rariss.  integra).  Maxillarum  hints  internus  unco 
(iuterdum  dupUce)  armatus. 

Corptts  parvum,  saepius  ovatum,  latiusciilum,  depressinu  ;  fronte 
rarius  ocello  iustructa. 

Elytra  pectore  lougiora.     Coxae  antica  cylindricsB,  baud  exsertse. 

Tarsi  5-  (vel  3-)  art.,  bre^^useuli. 


CATALOGUS    TOPOGRAPHICUS. 


Sectio  I.  GEODEPHAGA. 

Fam.  1.  Carabidae. 

(Subf.  1.  Brachinides.) 

1.  Tarus,  Clairv. 

1.  liueatus,  Schon 

2.  sutm-alis,  Dej 


Dromius,  Bon. 

3.  insularis,  Woll.. . 
■  sigma,  Rossi,  a. 
4.^ ,  |3. 


5.  avenieolus,  M^oll 

6.  obscuioguttatus,  {Anders.)  Dufts. 

7-  negrita,  IVoll 

8.  glabiatus,  {Meg.)  Dufts 


(Subf.  2.  Scaritides.) 

3.  ScARiTES,  Fab. 

Tabbreviatus,  {Koll.)  Dej.  a. 

9J 


y- 


10.  Uumeralis,  Woll. 


4.  Apotomus,  Hoffm. 
1 1 .  rufus,  Rossi  . . 


(Subf.  3.   Carabides.) 

5.  Calosoma,  Weber 

12.  Maderse,  Fab 


(J.  NoTioPHiLus,  Dum. 
1.3.  gemiaatus,  Dej. 


(Subf.  4.  Harpa/ides.) 

(Div.  1.   Chlecniidea.) 
7.   LORICERA,  Lat. 

14.  WoUastonii,  Javet    


8.    EURYGNATHUS,  Woll. 

]  r    f  Latreillei,  Lap 

■  t ,  var.  /3. 


9.  Zargus,  Woll. 

16_  Schaumii,  Woll. 
17    Desertfc,  Woll  . . 


1  q'  /  pellucidus,  Woll. 


(Div.  2.  Pterostichidea.) 
10.  Pristonychu.s,  Dp/. 

19.  alatus.  Woll 


11.  Calathus,  Bon. 

20.  viviiUis,  Fab 

C  coniiilanatus,  {Koll.)  Dej.  a 

(3 

• 7 


21. 


22.  fuscus.  Fab. 


12.  Anchomenus,  Ban. 

no  J  pallipes,  Fab. . .  . 

'  \ ,  vai 

2-1.  marginatiis,  Linn. 


13.  Olisthopus,  Dej. 

oc  /  Maderensis,  Woll 

■  \ ,  var. ; 


26.  Erica;,  n-oW 

27.  elongatus,  Woll. 


14.  Argutor,  {Meg.)  Steph. 

28.  robustus,  Woll.     . . 

29.  gracilipes,  Woll.    .  . 

30.  dilaticollis,  Woll.  .  . 


31 


■{ 


curtus,  Woll. 


-,  var.  /3. 


15.  Omaseus,  (Ziegl.)  Steph. 

32.  nigerrimus,  Dej.  . .  . 

33.  Wollastoui,  Heer  . .  . 


16.  Amara,  Bon. 


04    rtrivialis,  Gyll 

"''^-l ,  var. /3.. 

35.  superans,  Woll 


(Div.  3.  Harpalidea.) 
17.  Anisodactylus,  Dej. 

36.  binotatus,  Fab 


18.  Harpallls,  Lat. 

on  /  attenuatus,  Steph 

'  I  • — — ■ — ■ ,  var. 

38.  litigiosus,  Dej 

39.  distinguendus,  Duffs.  . . 

{vividus,  Dej.  a 
^ 
y 


19.  Ophonus,  {Ziegl.)  Steph. 
41.  obscurus,  Fab 


20.  Stenolophus,  {Meg.)  Steph. 

42.  Teutonus,  Schr.    

43.  dorsalis.  Fab 


S 


XXXVl 


CAT2VLOGUS  TOPOGRAPHICUS. 


21.  Bbadycellus,  Erich. 

44.  fulvus,  Mshm    

r  /  exc-ultus,  H'olt 

^■\ ,  var.  3- 


45. 


22.  Trechl-s,  Clairr. 

4C.  timicola.  IV'oll 

,-   r  nigrocruciatiis,  IV'oll. 


■{ 


flavomar<»inatus,  IV  oil. 


var.  fi. 


48 

49.  (lilutiis,  n'oK. 

r,,   r  umbricola,  IVoll 

•""■  1 ,  var.  /3. 

51.  quailrieollis,  tt'oll 

52.  custos,  H'oll 

53.  alticola,  VV'oll 

54.  cautus,  VV'oll 


-,  var.  3. 


23.  Thalassophilus,  WoU. 
55.  Whitei,  Wall 


24. 


(Subf.  .).  Bembidiades.) 

BEMiiinifM,  Lat. 

56.  bistriatum,  {Meg.)  Dufts.    . 

57.  curvimanum,  JVoll 

5^.  Luoasii,  Diiral 

59.  obtusum,  Sturm    

Atlaiiticum,  Jl'oU.  a 

,  0 


60. 


61.  tabellatum,  Woll. 

62.  elougatura,  Dej. 

63.  Schmidtii.  Woll. 


Sectio  II.  IIYDRADEPIIAGA. 

Fani.  2.  Dytiscida. 

25.  CoLYMnETES,  Clairv. 

64.  Lanio,  Fab 

26.  Agabus,  Leach 

65.  bi])iistulatiis,  Ijinn 

/-/-   f  uebiilosus,  Forst 

\'  I ,  var.  ^ 

67.  Mailerensis,  H'oll 

27.  IIvDROPORus,  Clairv. 

68.  vijiilaus,  Holt 

69.  contlueiis.  Fab 

Fani.  3.  Gyrinidae. 

28.  GvRlNUS,  Linn. 

70.  uatator,  Linn 


Sectio  III.  PniLlIYDllIDA. 

Fnm.  4.  Pamidse. 

29.  Parnu-s  Fab. 

71.  prolifcricoriiis,  Fab 


Fam.  .").  Hydrophilidae. 

30.  OcHTHEBius,  Leach 

72.  4-foveolatus,  (Mots.)  Woll. 

31.  Calobils,  Woll. 

73.  Heeri,  Woll 


32.  LiMXEBits,  Leach 

74.  grandicollis,  Woll. 

33.  Laccobius,  Erich. 

75.  minutus,  Linn. . .  . 


34.  HvDROBirs,  Leach 

76.  cuiiglobatiis,  Woll. 


35.  Philhydbus,  Sol. 

-„  J  melanocephalus,  Oliv 

''•L ,  var.  a. 


Fam.  6.  Sphaeridiadse. 

36.  Dactylosternum,  Woll. 
78.  Roussetii,  Woll 


37-  SPH.ERIDIUM,  Fab. 

79.  bipustulatum,  Fab. 


38.  Cercyon,  Leach 

80.  inquiiiatiim,  Woll 

81.  fimetarium,  Woll 

O.J   r  ct'iitriniaculatum,  Sturtn 


83.  qiiisquilium,  Lin 


Sectio  IV.  NECROPHAGA. 

Fam.  7.  SilpMdae. 

39.  Catops,  Payk. 

84 .  velox,  Sj>ence    


Fam.  8.  Ptiliadae. 

40.   ACRATUICHIS,  Mots. 

85.  umbricola, /I  0//.  .. 

86.  fasoicularis,  Ilerbst 

87.  pumilaj  Erich 


41.  Ptenidium,  Erich. 

88.  apicale,  {Sturm)  Gillm. 

Fam.  9.  Phalacridae. 

42.  Olibri  s,  Erich. 

89.  Cinerarias  Woll 

90.  l)i(()lor,  Fab 

91.  liquidus,  Erich 

92.  cousiiuilis,  Mshm     . .  . . 


Fam.  10.  Nitidulidae. 

43.  CARroPHii.rs.  [Leach)  Steph. 

93.  inutihitius,  (Hoffm.)  Erich. 

94 .  auropilosus,  1 1  oil 

95.  hcmipterus,  Linn 


44.  NiTiDi'LA,  Fab. 

96.  flexuosa,  0/ir.  . . 

97.  4-pustulata,  Fab. 


CATALOGUS  TOPOGRAPHICUS. 


xxxvu 


98.  discoidea,  Fab. 

99.  obsoleta.  Fab.. 


45.  Pkia,  [Kirby)  Staph. 

100.  Dulcamarae,  Scop. 


■]6.  Meligethes,  (Kirby)  Steph. 
1Q1   J  Isoplexidis,  ]Voll. 


-,  var.  /3. 

102.  tristis,  (Schilpp.)  Sturm 

103.  picipes,  Sturm    

1  j^ .  J  varicollis,  IVoll 


-,  vai-.  13. 


47.  Xenostrongylus,  Woll. 
105.  histrio,  IVoll 


Fam.  11.  Colydiadae. 

48.  Tarphius,  (Germ.)  Erich. 

106.  parallelus,  H'oll 

107.  Lowei,  IVoll 

108.  inornatus,  Wall 

109.  spinipes,  Woll 

110.  sylvicola,  IVoll 

111.  rotundatus,  (I'oW.  .. 

112.  Lauri,  IVoll 

113.  compactus,  IVoll.   .. 

114.  nodosus,  JVoll 

115.  cicatricosus,  JVoll.  . . 

116.  testudinalis,  Woll. . . 

117.  tnineatus,  IVoll 

118.  echinatus,  IVoll 

119.  brevicoUis,  JVoll.    . . 

120.  rugosus,  IVoll 


49.   COSSYPHODES,  IVestw. 

121.  WoUastonii,  JVestw. 


50.  Phlceosoma,  Wall. 

122.  elliptieum,  JVoll. 


51.  EuROPS,  JVoll. 

123.  impressicollis,  JVoll. 

62.  Lyctus,  Fab. 

124.  brunneus,  Steph.    . . 


Fam.  12.  Trogositidse. 

53.  Trogosita,  Oliv. 

125.  niauritanica,  Linn. 

126.  serrata,  JVoll 


Fam.  13.  Cncujidse. 

54.  Cryptamorpha,  JFoW. 

127.  Mus»,  JJ'oll 

55.  L^MOPHLCEUS,  (Dej.)  Erich. 

128.  Donacioides,  JVoll 

129.  granulatus,  JJ'oll 

130.  vermiculatus,  JVoll 

131.  pusillus,  Schiin 

132.  feiTugineus,  (Creutz.)  Steph. 

133.  clavicollis,  JVoll 

134.  axillaris,  JVoll 

135.  Stenoides,  Woll 


56.  SiLVANUS,  hat. 

136.  Siirinamensis,  hinn.  .  . 

137.  dentatus,  Mshm 

138.  adyena,  (Kunze)  JValtl. 

Fam.  14.  Cr3rptophagicL8e. 

57.  Cryptophagus,  Herbst 

139.  affinis,  Sturm 

483.  Nitiduloides,  JVoll.    . . 

58.  Diphyllus,  Redt. 

140.  lunatus,  Fab 


59.  Hypocoprus,  Mots. 

141.  Motschulskii,  JVoll. 


60.  Ephistemus,  (JJ'estio.)  Steph. 

142.  dimidiatus,  Sturm 

143.  alternans,  fVoll 


Fam.  15.  Lathridiadae. 

61.  Choloyocera,  Mots. 

144.  Madera,  (JJ'estw.)  JVoll.  .. 

62.  Holoparamecus,  Curtis 

145.  niger,  (Chevr.)  Aube 

63.  CORTICARIA,  Mshm 

146.  rotulicoUis,  JVoll 

147.  crenicollis,  Mann 

148.  fidva,  ( Cherr.)  Mann 

149.  rotuudicoUis,  JJ^oll 

150.  cuita,  JVoll 

151.  Fagi,  HoM 

64.  Lathridius,  Herbst 

152.  assimilis,  Mann 

153.  miuutus,  Linn 

154.  tiansveisus,  Oliv 

65.  Metophthalmus,  (Mots.)  JVoll. 

155.  asperatus,  JVoll 

Fam.  16.  Mycetophagidae. 

66.  Bekoinus,  (Dej.)  Erich. 

156.  Tamarisci,  (Dej.)  JVoll.  . .  . 


67.  MiCROCHONDRUS,  (Gue'r.)  JVoll. 
157.  domuum,  (Guer.)  Woll.. .  . 


68.  TYPH.5SA,  (Kirby)  Steph. 
158.  fumata,  Linn 


69.  LiTARGUS,  Erich. 
159.  pictus,  JVoll. 


Fam.  17.  DermestidsB. 

70.  Dermestes,  Linn. 

160.  vulpinus.  Fab. 

71.  Attagenus,  Lat. 

161.  megatoma.  Fab. 

72.  Anthrenus,  Geoffr. 

162.  varius,  Fab.    . . 


XXX^Ill 


CATALOGUS  TOPOGRAPHICUS. 


Sectio  V.  CORDYLOCEEATA. 

Fam.  18.  Byrrhidae. 

73.  SV.NCALYPTA,  (Dillw.)  Stepk. 

16.3.  capitata,  IVoll 

Ifi-I.  ovulit'ormis,  H'oll 

1()5.  horrida,  IVoll 


Fam.  19.  Histeridae. 

74.  HisTER,  Lhiii. 

16().  major,  Linn. 


75.  Paromalts,  Erich. 

1()7.  minimus,  (Dej.)  Aube 
1()8.  pumilio,  Erich 


7().  Saprixur,  Erich. 


169. 


r  iiitiduliis.  Fab. 


-,  var.  (3. 


170.  chalcites,  Illig. 

171.  mctallicus,  Herbst  . 

Fain.  20.  Thorictidae. 

77.  Thorictls,  Germ. 

172.  Wcstwoodii,  >KoH. 


Fam.  21.  Aphodiada. 

78.  .Vi>HODiis,  lllig. 

17.'i.  lIy(lroclia;ris,  Fab.. 

\'4.  nitidnlus,  Fab.    . .  . 

1 75.  nifus,  lllig 

176.  lividus,  Oliv 

177-  Pedrosi,  do//.    .. 

178.  granarius,  Linn.. .  . 


79.  OxYOMUS,  (Esch.)  De  Casteln. 

179.  Ileincckeni,  f\'oU 

180.  brevicoUis,  JVoU 


80.    PsAMMODIt'S,  Gyll. 

181.  sabulosus,  (Dej.)  Mulst 

182.  ca;siis,  Pnz 


Fam.  22.  Trogidae. 

SI.  Trox,  Fab. 

18.3.  scaber,  Linn 

Fam.  23.  Glaphyridae. 

82.  Chas.matoi'terus,  (Dej.)  Lai. 
1 84 .  uigrocinctus,  IVoll 


Sectio  VT.  PRIOCERATA. 

Fam.  2).  Throscidae. 

83.  Trixagis,  Kuf/ell. 

185.  gracilis,  H'oll 

Fam.  25.  Elateridae. 

84.  COPTOSTETIICS,  l\'oll. 

186.  femoratus.  Wall 

Fam.  26.  Cyphonidae. 

85.  EUCINETUS,  Schiipj). 

187.  ovum,  IVoll 


I 


Fam.  9.7.  Telephoridae. 

86.  Malthodes,  Kies. 

188.  Kiesenwetteri,  iVoll. 

Fam.  28.  Melyi-idae. 

87.  Malaciiils,  Fab. 

189.  militaris,  WoU 


88.  Pecteropts,  H'oll. 

}  lladerensis,  IVoll. 


190. 


191.  nigosus,  Wall. 

'  rostratus.  Wall.  a. 


,  var.  B. 


192.|; 


89.  Dasytes,  Payk. 

193.  illustris,  {Mots.)  IVotl. 


90.  Melyrosoma,  Woll. 

194.  oceanicum,  Woll. 

195.  Artemisia;,  Woll. 

Fam.  29.  Cleridae. 

91.  Opilus,  Lat. 

196.  mollis,  Linn.  . .  . 


92.  Necrobia,  Oliv. 

197.  nificoUis,  Thung. 

Fam.  30.  Ptinidae. 


93. 


Ptinvs,  Linn. 

198.  advena,  Woll 

199.  mauritanicus,  Lucas 

200.  Dawsoni,  Woll 

201.  pinguis,  Woll 

202.  orbatus,  Woll 

203.  nodulus.  Woll 

204.  pilula,  Woll 

f  albopictus,  Woll.  a. 

B. 


205. 


206.  longicornis,  Woll. 

207.  fragilis,  Woll 


94.  Mezium,  (Leach)  Curtis 
208.  sulcatum.  Fab.    . .  . 


95.  GiBBiLM,  Scop. 
209.  scotias,  Fab. 


96.  .\xoBifM,  Fab. 

210.  vdatum,  Woll.    . . 

211.  jiaiiiooum,  Linn... 

212.  striatum,  Olir.    . . 

213.  Ptilinoides,  Woll. 


Fam.  31 
97 


Cissids. 


Ci.s,  Lnl. 

214.  Wolla.stouii,  Mellie     

215.  fuscipcs.  (Cheer.)  Mellii 

216.  Lauri,  do// 


98.  Octotemxvs,  Mellie' 
217-  opacus,  Mellie' 


99.  Ptiunus,  Geoffr. 

218.  cylindripimiis,  IVoll. 


CATALOGUS  TOPOGRAPHICUS. 


XXSIX 


100.  Rhyzopertha,  Steph. 
219.  pusilla,  Fab.    . .  . 


Sectio  VII.  RHYNCHOPHORA. 

Fam.  32.  Tomicidse. 

101.  ToMicus,  Lat. 

220.  villosus,  Fab 

221.  T>ohrmi,  IVoll 


102.  Aphanarthrum,  M'oH. 
222.  Euphorbia:,  JVoll. 


103.  Leiparthrum,  WoU. 

223.  maiidibulare,  JVoll.     . . 
[  bitul)eiculatum,  IVoll. 


1- 


22J. 


225.  cm-tum,  Wall.. .  . 

226.  Artemisiae,  ll'oll. 


-,  var.  fi. 


Fam.  33.  Hylesinidae. 

104.    PHLCEOPHTHORr.S,  l\'olL 

227.  perfoliatus,  IVoll.    .  . 


105.  Hylurgus,  Lat. 

228.  ligniperda.  Fab. 

229.  piuiperda,  Linn. 


106.  Hylastes,  Erich. 

230.  Trifolii,  MM. 

231.  clavus,  IVolt. 


Fam.  34.  Curculionidae. 
(Div.  1.  MecorhyncU.) 

(Subf.  1.   Cossonides.) 

107.  Rhy'NCOLUS,  (Creutz.)  Germ. 

232.  tenax,  Woll 

108.  PHLfEOPHAGus,  Schon. 

233.  sulcipennis,  Woll 


109.  Caulotrupis,  IVoll. 

234.  lacertosus,  JVoll.    . 
(  lucifugus,  JVoll.  a. 

235. ^- 

y. 

L d. 


236.  impius,  JVoll 

237.  terebrans,  JVoll 

OQQ  /  Chevrolatii,  JJ'oll 


239.  opacus,  JJ^oll. 

,y,r,   (  comcollis,  Jl^oll 

■  \ ,  var.  (i. 


110.  Caulophilus,  JJ'oll. 

241.  sculptiiratus,  JVotl. 

111.  Stenotis,  JVoll. 

242.  acicula,  JJ'oll 


112.  Mesites,  Schiin. 

■  Euphorbife,  JJ'oll 

243.  -1  ,  var.  /3. 

,  var.  y. 


c,.,   J  lladerensis,  JJ'oll. 

■  L ,  vai-.  I 


(Subf.  2.  Rhynchophorides.) 

113.  SiTOPHiLUS,  Schiin. 

245.  granarius,  Linn 

246.  Oiyza;,  lyj'nn 


(Subf.  3.   Cionides.) 

114.  CiONUs,  Clairv. 

247.  pulcheUus,  Herbst  . .  . 


(Subf.  4.   Cryptorhynchides.) 

115.  Ceutorhynchus,  (Sckujip.)  Schon. 

248.  Echii,  Fai 

249.  quadridens,  Pnj 

250.  nigroterminatus,  JJ'oll 

251.  lineatotessellatus,  JJ'oll 


116.  CcELiODES,  Schiin. 

252.  fuliginosus,  Mshm  . . 

117.  AcALLES,  Schiin. 

253.  saxicola,  JJ'oll 

254.  pulverulentus,  JJ'oll. 

255.  oblitus,  JJ'oll 

256.  nodiferus,  JJ'oll 

257.  Vau,  JJ'oll. 


258. 


r  terminalis,  JJ'oll. 


\- 


259.  oruatus,  JJ'oll.. 

260.  dispar.  JJ'oll 

261.  albolineatus,  JJ'oll... 

262.  globulipeunis,  JJ'oll. 

263.  lunulatus,  JJ'oll 

264.  cylindricolbs,  JJ'oll. 

265.  WoUastoui,  Chevr. . . 


-,  var.  /3. 


(Subf.  5.  Erirhirddes.) 

118.  Tychius,  {Germ.)  Schon. 

266.  robustus,  JJ'oll 

267.  albosquamosus,  JJ'oll. 

268.  filirostris,  JJ'oll 


119.  PissoDES,  Germ. 

269.  notatus.  Fab. 


120.  Lixis,  Fab. 

270.  Cheiranthi,  JJ'oll.   . . 

271.  Chawneri,  JJ'oll 

272.  vectiformis,  JJ'oll.  . . 

273.  angustatus,  Fab 

274.  nititarsis,  Schiin 


(Div.  2.  Brachyrhynchi.) 

(Subf.  6.   Cyclomides.) 

121.  Cyphoscelis,  Woll. 

275.  distorta,  JJ'oll 


122.  Laparocbrus,  Schon. 
276.  mono,  Schon. . .  . 


123.  Atlantis,  JJ'oll. 

277.  ckvatus,  JJ'oll.    . . 
'27S.  lamellipes,  JJ'oll.. . 

279.  calcatrix,  JJ^oll.   . . 

280.  noctivagans,  JVoll. 

281.  lauripotens,  JJ'oll. 

282.  australis,  JJ'oll.   .. 

283.  vespertimis,  Jl'oll. 

284.  lauatus,  H'oW 


< 

a 


xl 


CATALOGUS   TOPOGRAPHICUS. 


285.  navicularis,  Jl'oll. 
28().  incoustans,  U'oll. 

287.  mcndax,  U'oll.    . . 

288.  iustabilis,  U'nll.   .. 
Qoq   f  excclsus,  Jl'ort. 


/  excel 
290. 1 


var.  p. 


Seliauinii,  U  oil 

,var.3.(=291  huj.op.) 


124. 


25. 


12«. 


O.MIAS,  (Germ.)  Schiin. 
2.92.  veutrosus,  IVoll.. 
29.1  aencscens,  IVolt.  . 

Waterhousei,  U'oll. 


29-1. 1' 


Ane.moi'hilus,  U'oll. 

295.  orassus,  U'oll 

296.  siibtessellatus,  U'oll. 

297.  trossulus,  Wall 


var.  /3. 


LlCHENOI'HAGrS,  U'oll. 

298.  fritillus,  U'oll 

299.  acuminatus,  U'oll. 


127.    SCOLIOCERUS,  U'oll. 

300.  Madenr,  U'oll. 

301.  cunipes,  U'oll. 


128.  TRACHYPiiLfEUS,  Germ. 
302.  scaber,  Linn 


(Subf.  7.  Hi/rsopsides.) 

129.  ECHINOSOMA,  fToW. 

303.  porcellus,  fl'o/? 


(Subf.  8.  Molytides.) 

1.'50.  Hypera,  Germ. 

30-1.  lunata,  H'oH 

305.  inuriiia,  Fuh 

306.  viuiabilis,  Herbst     ... . 


(Subf.  9.  Cleonides.) 

131.  Cleonus,  Schiin. 

307.  plicatus,  Oliv 


132. 


(Subf.  10.  Brachy derides.) 

Sitona,  Germ. 

gressoria,  Fab 

latiju'iinis,  Schbn 

■anibrica,  (A.'4y)  Steph.  . .  . 

liiicata,  Jjiiin 

humeralis,  (Kby)  Steph.    . 


308. 
309. 
310. 
311. 
312. 


Fam.  35.  Attelabidae. 
133.  Ai'loN,  Herbst 


313.  vcriialc,  Fab 

31-1.  sa<;ittiferuiii,  ]\'oll 

315.  Malva.  F«6 

316.  frumentariiim,  7y(nn 

chalybeipenne,  (Schiin.)  U'oll.. 

;  var.  /3. 


31 


318.  Wollastoni,  Chei-r.  . . 

319.  rotim(li])eune,  U'oll. 


134.  AuLETES,  Schiin. 

■  Maderensis,  U'oll 

320.  ^ ,  var.  0. 

,  var.  y. 


»■{: 


Fam.  36.  BrucMdae. 

(Subf.  1.  Anthribides.) 

135.  Xenorchestes,  Wall. 

321.  saltitans,  U'oll 


(Subf.  2.  Bruchides.) 

136.  Bruchls,  Geoffr. 

3'2'2.  rutimanus,  Schiin 

323.  subellipticus,  U'oll.     . . 

324.  lichenicola,  U'oll 


Sectio  VIII.  EUCERATA. 

Fam.  37.  Cerambicidae. 

137.  Stromatium,  Serv. 

325.  imicolor,  Oliv 


138.  Phymatodes.3/h/67 

vaiiabilis,  Linn. 


r,,-,r   f  vaiiabilis,  J 


var.  ^. 


139.  Blabixotus,  U'oll. 

327.  spinicoUis,  U'oll. 

140.  Trichoferi  s.  U'oll. 

328.  seue.x,  U'oll.    .  .  . 


141.  Clytus,  Fa*. 

329.  Arietis,  Linn . 


142.  Deucalion,  U'oll. 

330.  Desertarum,  Wolt. 


Sectio  IX.  PHYTOPHAGA. 

Fain.  38.  Crioceridae. 

143.  Lema,  Fab. 

o.ji  /  melanopa,  Linn. 


,  var.  /3. 


144.  Crioceris,  Geoffr. 

332.  Asparagi,  Linn 

Fam.  39.  Cassididae. 

145.  Ca.ssida,  Linn. 

33.5.  ncbulosa,  Linn 

334.  hcmisplia;rica,  Herbst 

Fam.  40.  Galerucida. 

146.  IIaltica.  Geoffr. 

335.  siibtilis,  U'oll 

336.  Salicaria",  Payk 


147-  Longitarsus,  I/o^ 

337.  Isoplexidis,  U'oll. 

338.  Cinerari:r,  U'oll. 
.339.  saltator.  U'oll 


CATALOGUS   TOPOGRAPHICUS. 


Xli 


340.  lutescens,  Gyll.  . 
oji    f  nervosus,  H'oH.. 


342.  nubigena,  Wall. 


148.  PsvLLioDES,  Lat. 

343.  chnsocepliala,  Linn 

344.  hospes.  Wall 

345.  umbratilis,  Woll 

■  vehemens,  Woll 

346.  ■{ ,  var.  /3. 

var.  y. 


34".  tarsata,  Woll. 


Fam.  41.  Clirysomelidae. 

149.  Mniophilosoma,  Woll. 
348.  l»ve,  Woll 


150.  Cryptocephalus,  Geoffr. 
349.  crenatus,  Woll 


151.  Chrysomela,  Linn. 
350.  Fragaria;,  Woll. 


152.  Gastrophvsa,  (Chevr.)  Redt. 
351.  Polygoni,  Linn 


Sectio  X.  PSEUDOTRIMERA. 

Fam.  42.  Coccinellidae. 

153.  CocciNELLA,  Linn. 

352.  mutabilis,  Scriba    

353.  7-p"iictata,  Linn 

354.  14-pustulata,  Linn 

orr   f  testudiuea,  ( Hein.)  Woll 

■  t — — ,  var.  0. , 


356.  GenistsE,  Woll. 


154. 


ScYMNUS,  Kugell. 

or-   f  Duranta;,  Woll 

'  ■  I ,  var.  /3. 


oro  /  marginalis,  Rossi 


359. 


arcuatus,  Rossi,  a. 


,  var.  /3. 


360.  flavopietus,  Woll.    . . 

361.  mmimus,  Rossi  . .  . . 

362.  Limnichoides,  Woll. 


155.  Rhyzobius,  Stepk. 
3g3   flitiira,  F«6. 


Fam.  43.  CoiylophidEB. 

156.  Clype,\ster,  (Anders.)  Redt. 
364.  pusillus,  Gi/ll 


157-  Arthrolips,  Woll. 

365.  piceum,  {Kimze)  Comolli 


..    * 


158.  Sericoderus,  Steph. 

366.  lateraUs,  [Meg.)  Gyll. 

159.  CoRYLOPHUs,  (LeacA)  S^epA 

367.  tectiformis,  Woll 

160.  Glceosoma,  Woll. 

368.  velox,  Woll 


Sectio  XI.  ATRACHELIA. 


Fam.  44.  Anisotomidse. 

161.  Stagonomorpha,  Woll. 

369.  spba;rula,  Woll 

370.  unicolor,  Woll.    . .  . 


Fam.  45.  Diaperidse. 

162.  Ellipsodes,  Woll. 

q-i    /  glabratus,  Fab 

•^'^■\ ,  var.3. 

163.  Phaleria,  Lat. 

372.  ciliata,  Woll 


Fam.  40.  Tenebrionidae. 

164.  Cerandria,  (Dej.)  Lucas 
373.  cornuta,  Fab 


165.  TjnaoLiVM,  MacLeay 
374.  ferrugineum,  Fab. 


166.  Boromorphus,  (Mots.)  Woll. 
375.  Maderae,  Woll 


167.  Calc\k,  (Dej.)  Lat. 

376.  elongatus,  Herbst 


168.  Tenebrio,  Linn. 

377.  molitor,  Linn.. 

378.  obsciu-us,  Fab. 


169.  Alphitobius,  Steph. 

379.  diaperinus,  Kugell.. 


Fam.  48.  Blapsidae. 

172.  Macrostethus,  Woll. 

385.  tiiberculatus,  Woll. 


173.  Blaps,  Fab. 

38o.{!2!!!iif!!;Var:0.:::: 

387.  fatadica,  (CreM<s.)S<Mrm 


Fam.  47.  Opatridae. 

170.  Opatrim,  Fab. 

380.  fuscum,  Herbst * 

381.  errans,  iVoll 


171.  Uaduvs,  (Dej.)  Woll. 

382.  alpinus,  Woll 

383.  cinerascens,  {Dej.)  Woll. 

384.  illotus,  Woll 


/ 


xlii 


CATALOGUS  TOPOGRAPHICUS. 


ih. 


Fam.  49.  Tentyi-iadae. 

17t.   Hegf.ter,  Lut. 

.iSM.  clongatus.  Olic 


Fam.  .iO.  Helopidae. 

175.  IIei.oi'.s,  Fub. 

I  Vulcanus,  Woll. 


:m. 


;w().  ■[ 

.•S91.  1 
.392.  i 

.•«3. 1 


y. 

8. 

confertus,  iVoll.  a. 

a. 


.391.  Pluto,  Woll 

.392.  infeinus,  iUll 

liieit'u<;us,  Woll 

,  var.  i3. 

394  /  congregatus,  Woll.  a.   . 

•jiic   f  futilis,  Woll.  a 

.396.  cinnamoineus,  /f  0//.  .  .  . 
.397.  Portosanctanus.  Woll.    . 


000 


Sectio  XIT.  TUACHELIA. 

Fam.  51.  (Edemeridae. 

176.  Stknaxi.s,  Schmidt 

398.  Lowei,  Woll 

Fam.  ;V2.  Meloidae. 

177-  Meloe,  Liiiii. 

39i).  austrinus,  Woll 

40().  rugosus.  Mshm   

401.  flavicomus,  IVoll 

178.  ZoNlTls,  Fab. 

402  /  4-puuctata,  Fab 

Fam.  53.  Mordellidae. 

179.  Anasims,  iicnff'r. 

403  i  ProtPus,  Woll 

'  ■  I ,  var.  (3 

Fam.  54.  Anthicidae. 

180.  Anthicis.  Pin/k. 

404.  instal)ilis,(  Hq/fm.)  ScAniit//  .. 

40.").  litoralis,  lieer 

40(!.   hispidus,  Rossi    

,.,-    {  tnstis,  Schmidt 

' '  I ,  var.  ^ 

181.  Xvi.oPHii.is,  (Boiielli)  Lot. 

408.   pallosoous.  Woll 


Sectio  XIII.  BRACHELYTRA. 
Fam.  55.  Scydmaenidae. 

182.    SCYDM.KMS.  Lnl. 

409.  Ilolfon,  Schnum     


Fam.  .")().  Staphylinidae. 

(Subf.  1 .    Aleoc/tariden.) 

183.  Falagria,  (Leach)  Muiiii. 

410.  obscura,  Grav 


we; 


184.  Tachyisa,  Erich. 

411.  raptoria,  IVoll.     . . 

185.  Xexomma,  Woll. 

412.  ])lamfrous.  U  oil. 

413.  fonniciinim.  Woll. 

414.  (ilit'onue,  Woll.   .. 


186. 


IIoMALOT.\,  Mniin. 

,,r  J  sanguiuolcnta,  (to//. 


,  var.  /3., 

416.  granulosa.  JVolI 

417.  obliquepunctata,  l\  oil 

41S.  luticola.  Woll 

419.  gregaria,  Erich 

420.  Philontboides,  Woll 

421.  currens,  Woll 

422.  tautiUa.  Woll 

423.  pU-bfia,  Woll 

424.  sodalis.  Erich 

425.  umbratilis,  Woll 

426.  insiguis,  Ji'oll 

427.  atramentaria,  [Kby)  Gyll. . . 

428.  longicoruis,  Grav 

429.  lividipenuis.  Maun 


187.  OxYPODA,  Mann. 

430.  litigiosa,  Heer 


188. 


Aleochara,  Grav. 
431.  Armitagei,  Ji'oll.. 
4.32.  tristis,  Grav.    .  .  . 


^Qo  J  nitida,  Grav 

•  I ,  var.  3. 

404.  morion,  Grav 


189.  Olioota.  Mann. 

435.  iuflata,  Mann  . 


190. 
191. 

192. 

193. 
194. 
195. 
196. 


(Subf.  2.  Tachyporides.) 

Somatium,  Woll. 
436.  auale,  Woll 


CONURUS,  Stfph. 

437.  pubcscens.  Payk. . 

438.  pcdicularius,  Grav. 
j.,n   finontioola,  Woll. 

Taciiyporus,  Grav. 

440.  ccler.  Wall 

441.  bruuueus.  Fub. 


var.  3. 


IIabrocerus,  Erich. 

442.  capillaricornis.  Grav. 

Taciiinus,  Grav. 

443.  Silphoidcs,  Linn.    .  . 


TRinioPHVA.  Mann. 
444.   Iluttoni,  Woll. 

MvcETOPORVS,  Mann. 
441  /  P'"0"us>  Erich. 


var. /3... 


CATALOGUS  TOPOGRAPHICUS. 


xliii 


(Subf.  3.  Staphylinifles.) 

197.  Othius,  (Leach)  Steph. 

446,  stri<;ulosiis,  Woll 

447.  Jansoni,  Woll 


198.  Xantholinus,  Dahl 

448.  punctulatus,  Payh.. 

449.  linearis,  Oliv 


199.  Staphylinus,  hinn. 
4.50.  maxillosus,  LiHn. 


2(10.  Philonthus,  (Leach)  Steph. 

451 .  a!iicus,  Rossi 

452.  umbratilis,  Grav 

453.  sordidus,  Grav 

454.  bipustulatus,  Pnz 

455.  varians,  Pyk 

456.  atenimus,  Grav 

457.  filiformis,  Woll 


(Subf.  4.  Pcederides.) 

201.  AcHENiUM,  [Leach)  Curtis. 
458.  Hartungii,  Heer 


202.  Lathrobium,  Grav. 

459.  multipunetatutn,  Grav. 


203.  Lithocharis,  (Dej.)  Lacord. 

460.  fuscula,  (Zieyl.)  Lacord. 

461 .  ocliracea,  Gruc 

462.  melanocephala,  Fab.  ... 


204.  RuGiLus,  (Leach)  Curtis 
463.  affinis,  Erich 


205.  SuNius,  (Leach)  Steph. 

464.  augustatiis,  Payh.  . 

465.  bimaculafus.  Erich. 


206.  Mbcogn'athus,  M'oll. 
466.  Chima>ra,  IIV;//. 


(Subf.  5.  Stenides.) 

207.  Stenus.  Lat. 

467.  guttula,  M'Ml 

468.  providus,  Erich 

469.  undulatus,  Woll 

4yQ  /  Hceri,  Woll 


var.  li. 


(Subf.  6.  Oxytelides.) 

208.  Platysthetus,  Mann. 

471.  spinosus,  Erich 

472.  fossor,  Woll 


209. 


OXYTELUS,  Gruii. 

473.  piccus,  Linn 

474.  sculi>tus,  Grav 

475.  complanatus,  Erich. 

476.  nitidulus,  Grav 

477.  glareo-sus,  Woll.  .  .  . 


210.  Trogophlceus,  Mann. 
478.  nanus,  WoU.    . .  . 


211 


(Subf.  7.   Omaliades.) 

Omalium,  Grav. 

479.  ocellatum,  Woll 

480.  granulatum,  Woll 


(Subf.  8.  Profeitiides.) 

212.  Meoarthkus,  (Kby)  Steph. 
481.  longiconiis,  Well 


213.  Metopsia,  Woll. 

482.  ampliata,  M'oll. 


<U  I    QJ 


INSECTA    MADERENSIA. 


OrdoI.  COLEOPTERA. 

Sectio  I.  GEODEPHAGA. 

Fam.  1.  CAKABID^. 
(Subf.  1.  BEACHIXIDES.) 

Genus  1.  TARUS. 

Clairville,  Ihit.  Helv.  ii.  94  (1806). 

Corpus  mediocre,  oblongo-ovatum,  depressum  :  prothorace  subcordato  :  elytris  apice  truncatis :  alls  (in 
speciebusMadercusibus)  obsoletis.  Antenna  filiformes,  capita  protboraceque  paido  longiores,  articulo 
primo  sequeutibus  robustiore,  secundo  brevi.  Labrum  transverso-quadi-atum,  antice  vk  emargi- 
natum  et  setis  paucis  longis  instructum,  angulis  anticis  rotundatis.  Mandibulce  incui-vse  acutse. 
Maxilla  bilobae :  lobo  externa  palpiformi  biarticulato  :  interna  acuto  incurvo,  apice  imeinato,  intus 
valde  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares  subtiliformes,  articulo  ultimo  elongato  subfusiformi  apice  truncate  : 
labiales  longiusculi,  articulo  xiltimo  magno  subsccm-iformi.  Mentum  transversum,  antice  profunde 
emarginatum  et  dente  medio  brevi  integro  instructum.  Ligula  cornea,  apice  truncata  pilisque 
duabus  aucta ;  paraglossia  membranaceis  apice  rotundatis,  ei  sequalibus.  Pedes  longiusculi :  t arsis 
anticis  in  maribus  \ix  dilatatis  :  wiguiculis  serratis. 

The  entire  central  tooth  of  the  emargination  of  its  mentum,  added  to  its  elongated 
labial  palpi,  with  theii'  large  subsecuriform  terminal  joiat,  will  be  sufficient,  ajiart 
from  external  differences  readily  apparent,  to  distinguish  Tarns*  from  other  allied 


*  The  names  of  Tarus  and  Cymindis  were  proposed  at  tlie  same  time,  the  former  by  Clairville,  the  latter 
by  Latreille,  for  the  present  genus  ;  and  the  second  of  the  above  titles  is  the  one  more  generally  recognised 
by  recent  coutinental  entomologists.  Since  neither  of  them,  however,  possess  claims  in  point  of  priority,  I 
have  preferred  retaining  the  first,  as  open  to  the  fewest  objections,  Kv^irSis  having  been  origiuaUy  appHed  by 
Homer,  and  early  Ionic  writers,  to  a  certain  bird  supposed  to  be  of  the  Falcon  tribe. 

B 


2  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

groups.  The  Tari  are,  for  the  most  part,  prettily  coloiu'ecl  insects,  their  elytra 
being  more  or  less  ornamented  with  longitudinal  lines  or  stripes.  They  reside, 
principally,  beneath  stones,  and  delight  in  open  grassy  spots. 

1.  Tarus  lineatus. 
T.  piceo-niger  punctatus,  elyti'is  punctato-striatis,  prothoracis  latcribus,  clytrorum  margine  exteriore 

vittaque  clongata  subconfluenti,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  32^-4. 

Carahus  lineatus,  Sehou.  Syn.  Lis.  i.  179.  t.  3.  f.  5  (180G). 
Ci/mindis  Uneata,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  i.  207  (1825). 

vittata,  Dalil.  in  litt. 

Lehia  lineola,  Dufour,  Ann.  Gen.  Soc.  Phys.  ^^.  322  (1843). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  Maderac,  tempore  hiberno  et  vernali,  vulgatissimus. 

T.  dark  piccous-black,  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  deeply  and  rugosely  punctm-ed ;  the 
latter  channelled,  rather  wide  anteriorly,  and  with  the  extreme  lateral  edges  dull  testaceous. 
Elytra  somewhat  short,  expanded  behind  the  middle,  regularly  and  finely  striated,  the  strise 
minutely  and  uniformly  punctiu-ed,  the  interstices  also  punctured ;  with  the  lateral  margin,  and 
a  longitudinal  vitta  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  (especially  the  former)  confluent  with  it,  broadly 
testaceous, — lea\ing  a  wide  band  down  the  suture,  constricted  at  the  apex,  and  a  narrow  lateral 
postmedial  stria,  abbreviated  at  both  ends,  of  the  same  colour  as  the  head  and  prothorax,  viz. 
piceous-black.     Legs,  palpi  and  antenna  testaceous. 

The  Madeiran  specimens  of  this  insect  differ  from  Spanish  and  Algerian  ones,  in 
my  collection,  in  bciug  slightly  shorter,  in  having  their  head  and  the  disk  of  theu' 
prothorax  somewhat  darker,  and  in  theu*  elytral  striae  being  less  deeply  impressed. 
In  all  other  respects  they  agree  sufiiciently  well  with  the  ordinary  Eui-opean  type. 
The  T.  lineatus  is  a  species  more  especially  peculiar  to  Mediterranean  latitudes, 
being  foimd  in  the  south  of  France,  Italy,  Sicily,  and  on  the  coast  of  Earbary. 
Dejean,  however,  mentions  that  it  has  been  also  taken  in  the  south  of  Russia. 
From  the  T.  suturalls  it  differs  in  its  rather  smaller  size,  more  darkly  painted 
surface,  in  its  wider  prothorax  (which,  -odth  the  head,  is  more  rugosely  pimctvu-ed 
and  less  polished),  and  by  its  elytral  striae  being  more  decidedly  pimctate  than  is 
the  case  in  that  species.  Its  ehi;ra,  moreover,  when  A-iewed  l)eneath  the  microscope, 
appear  uniformly  and  finely  reticulose, — a  sculptvu'c  \vhich  is  scarcely  perceptible 
in  the  T.  suiumlis,  except  imder  a  far  liigher  magnifying  power.  It  is  an  exceed- 
ingly common  insect,  dm-iug  the  autumnal,  Avintcr,  and  early  spring  months, 
tlu-oughout  the  movmtamous  districts  of  Madeii-a,  occurring  for  the  most  part 
beneath  stones  in  open  grassy  spots  towards  the  highest  peaks.  On  the  lofty 
uplands  between  the  Pico  dos  Arieros  and  the  Pico  da  Lagoa,  as  also  on  the  Paul 
da  Serra,  and  on  the  precipitous  slopes  at  the  edges  of  the  Ciu'ral  das  Frcu'as,  it  is 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  3 

extremely  abundant ;  and  it  lias  been,  likewise,  taken  by  Professor  Heer  near  the 
Mount  Cliureli.  It  makes  its  appearance  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  lasts  until 
the  following  spring.  I  have  not  observed  it  in  any  of  the  other  islands  of  the 
group. 

2.  Taras  sutiu-alis. 
T.  testaceus  leviter  punctatus,  elytris  striatis,  capite  prothoraceque  parvo  rufo-ferrugineis,  elytrorum 

siitoi-a  lineolaque  postica  abbreviata  obscui'e  fuscis. 
Long,  coi'p.  lin.  4-4i. 

Cymindis  suturalis,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  i.  206  (1825). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  locis  arenosis  ad  oram  maritimam  ins.  Portus  Sancti,  tempore  vemali,  vulga- 
tissimus  :  unicum  exemplai"  etiam  ad  summum  cacumen  ins.  Desertse  Grandis  mense  Januario 
A.D.  1849  inveni. 

T.  pale  testaceous,  elongate.  Head  and  prothorax  narrower  tlian  in  the  last  species,  and  more  finely 
punctured  and  polished,  rufo-testaceous ;  the  latter  channelled,  small,  and  romided  behind. 
Elytra  slightly  longer  and  narrower  than  in  T.  lineatus,  depressed,  regularly  and  distinctly 
striated,  the  striae  impunctate,  the  interstices  rather  deeply  punctured ;  the  suture,  especially 
posteriorly,  a  short  stria  springing  from  it  behind  the  middle  (and  extending,  anteriorly,  about 
half-way  to  the  base),  and  a  narrow  lateral  one,  distinct  behind  but  vanishing  in  front,  more  or 
less  obscurely  fuscescent,  or  piceous-black. 

The  present  Tarns,  which  has  been  hitherto  known  as  peculiarly  Egyptian,  is 
evidently  very  nearly  alKed,  in  a  natiu-al  arrangement,  to  the  T.  Uneata ;  and  so 
it  was  considered  by  Dejean,  who,  in  his  Species  general  des  Coleopteres,  in  1825, 
placed  the  two  insects  ahnost  in  juxtaposition.  It  is  interesting  therefore  to  find 
both  of  them  inliabiting  the  Madeira  Islands,  and  to  remark  moreover  that  they 
are  the  only  Tavl,  so  far  at  least  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  which  the  group 
produces.  The  T.  suturalis  is  exceedingly  abundant  iu  Porto  Santo,  occui'ring 
beneath  stones  in  diy  sandy  spots  about  the  sea-shore,  particularly  to  the  east  and 
west  of  the  Cidade  and  on  the  Campo  de  Baxo.  It  would  seem  to  be  especially 
common  during  the  winter  months.  It  does  not  exist,  apparently,  in  Madeii'a 
proper,  being  there  replaced  by  the  previous  species  :  but  on  the  extreme  summit 
of  the  Dezerta  Grande  I  detected,  dui-ing  January  1849,  a  single  specimen  in  the 
cre-vice  of  a  weather-beaten  rock.  It  is  a  common  insect  on  the  shores  at  Alex- 
andria, from  whence  I  possess  a  fine  series  collected  by  my  friend  Dr.  H.  Schaum 
of  Berlin. 

Genus  2.  DROMIUS. 

Bonelli,  Observat.  Ent.  i.  tah.  synopt.  (1813). 

Corpxis  parvum,  oblongo-ovatum,  depressum :  protlwrace  subcordato  :  elytris  apice  truncatis :  ahs 
mode  amplis,  modo  (ut  in  speciebus  nostris  plurimis  obtinet)  obsoletis.  Antenna  filiformes, 
capite  prothoraceque  paulo    longiores,  articulo  primo  sequentibus  robustiore,  secundo  brevi, 

B  2 


4  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Labrum  transverso-quadratum,  antice  setis  paucis  longis  instructum.  Mandibula  incurvee  acutae, 
basi  subdenticulatK.  Maxilla  bilobse  :  lobo  externo  palpiformi  biarticulato  :  intcmo  acuto  incurvo, 
apice  uncinate,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  articulo  ultimo  elongate,  in  maxillaribus  ovato  apice 
truncate,  in  labiulibus  subacuminato-ovato.  Mentum  transversuni,  antice  profunde  emarginatuui 
et  dente  medio  nuUo  instructum.  Ligula  cornea,  apice  retundata  ciliata  pilisque  duabus  longis 
aucta;  paraghssis  ci  connatis,  subcoriaceis.  Pedes  longiusculi :  <arm  articulo  quarto  integro : 
unguiculis  serratis. 

Dromius  contains  some  of  the  smallest  of  the  known  Carahklce ;  and  from 
Torus,  the  only  other  Madeiran  genus  of  the  subfamily  Brachinides,  it  may  be 
readily  knoAvn  by  the  comparatively  minute  size  of  the  species  ■which  compose  it, 
by  the  absence  of  a  central  tooth  to  the  emargination  of  its  mentum,  by  the  rounded 
apex  of  its  ligula,  and  by  the  acuminated  terminal  joint  of  its  labial  and  maxillary 
palpi,  especially  the  former.  Althoixgh  occurring,  more  or  less  abundantly,  in 
most  parts  of  the  world,  it  is  especially  a  European  genus  ;  the  species  being  found 
principally  beneath  the  bark  of  trees,  amongst  moss,  in  crevices  of  the  earth,  and 
imder  stones.  They  are  extremely  active  in  theu'  movements,  running  with  the 
utmost  velocity  (whence  indeed  their  name) ;  and  they  are  occasionally,  like  the 
Tari,  very  gregarious. 

3.  Dromius  instdaris,  WoU. 

D.  lineari-elongatus  testaceus  parce  pubescens  subopacus,  capita  prothoraceque  rufo-testaceis,  hujus 

disco,  elytrorum  sutvu'a  fasciaque  pone  medium  abbreviata  nigro-fuscis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2j-2f . 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  insulis  Maderje,  Desertse  Grandis,  et  Desertse  Borealis,  ajstate  rarissimus. 

D.  elongate,  somewhat  broad  and  parallel,  testaceous,  nearly  opake,  covered,  especially  on  the  elytra, 
with  exceedingly  fine,  short,  erect,  distant  hairs.  Head  large,  broad,  ovate,  dark  rufo-testaceous, 
lengituchnally  strigose  between  the  eyes.  Prothorax  subquadrate,  narrowed  behind,  about  as 
broad  in  front  as  the  base  of  the  elytra,  deeply  channelled,  rufo-testaceous  with  the  disk  darker. 
Elytra  elongate,  parallel,  deeply  striated,  the  strife  impunctate,  or  ^>'ith  a  few  indistinct  irregular 
impressions  on  the  outer  ones;  the  suture,  and  an  abbreviated  transverse  fascia  behind  the 
middle,  fuscous  or  black.      IVings  obsolete.     Claws  very  powerfully  toothed  intei'nally. 

This  large  and  interesting  Dromius  is  perhaps  one  of  the  rarest  and  most  truly 
indigenous  insects  which  the  Madeu-a  Islands  have  hitherto  produced.  It  would 
appear  to  represent  the  common  D.  linearis  of  Northern  and  Central  Euroi^e, 
partaking  liowever,  almost  equally,  of  the  D.  loiigiceps  likewise, — althoiigh  at  the 
same  time  abundantly  distinct,  specifically,  from  them  both.  In  its  large  size,  and 
in  the  impunctate  striae,  dark  sutui'e  and  obscui-e  post-medial  fascia  of  its  el}i;ra, 
it  approaches  the  latter ;  nevertheless  it  recedes  from  it  altogether  (apart  from  its 
more  opake  and  pubescent  surface,  and  the  less  apical  position  of  its  elytral  patch) 
in  its  broader  and  more  ])arallel  form,  less  elongated  antennae,  and  in  its  wider  and 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  5 

shorter  liead  and  prothorax  :  whilst  from  the  former  (with  which  it  agrees  hetter 
in  the  length  of  its  antennae,  the  shape  and  colom-  of  its  head  and  prothorax,  and 
in  its  striated  forehead)  it  is  no  less  evidently  removed  hy  its  much  larger  size, 
more  parallel  outline,  hroader  head,  opake  suhpuhescent  surface,  and  by  the  im- 
punctate  striae,  dark  suture,  and  abbreviated  fascia  of  its  elytra.  It  is,  apparently, 
extremely  rare,  although  widely  distributed  throughout  the  islands  of  the  group. 
I  have  captured  it  twice,  from  under  stones,  on  the  Dezerta  Grande  (on  the  great 
western  promontory  beyond  the  head  of  the  northern  valley), — during  May ;  twice 
on  the  Ilheo  Chao,  or  Elat  Dezerta, — in  June ;  and  once  in  Madeira,  at  the  Feijaa 
de  C6rte, — at  the  beginning  of  August :  aU  in  1850. 

4.  Dromius  sigma. 
D.  testaceus  nitidus,  capite  nigro-fusco,  elytris  substriatis,  sutura  fasci^que  media  dentate  fuscis. 
Var.  a.  prothorace  rufo-testaceo  immaculato  (ins.  Partus  Sanctus). 
Var.  /3.  paulo  longior,  prothoracis  disco  infuscato  (ins.  Madera). 

Var.  y.  subopacus,  prothorace  toto  et  elytrorum  basi  fasciaque  media  latissima  fuscis  (ins.  "  Ilheu 
de  Fora,"  justa  promontorium  Sancti  Laurentii  Maderse). 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l|-2. 

Carahus  sigma,  Eossi,  Fna  Etrus.  i.  226  (1790). 
Dromius  sigma,  Dej.  Spec.  Col.  i.  235  (1825). 

fasciatus,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  vii.  42  (1827). 

sigma,  hipetinifer  et  Sfurmii,  Bab.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Land.  i.  85  (1836). 

sigma,  Heer,  Col.  Sel v.  9  (ISil). 

Habitat  insulas  Maderenses,  sub  lapidibus,  bine  inde  non  infrequens  :  varietas  a.  una  in  Portu  Sancto 
et  nusquam  nisi  ilHc  occurrit :  varietas  /3.  montibus  Maderse  propria  est :  varietatis  y.  unicum 
exemplar  vidi,  in  insula  quadam  jvurta  promontorium  Sancti  Laurentii  Maderse  "Ilheo  de  Fora" 
dicta  a  meipso,  d.  19  Mart.  a.d.  1849,  repertum. 

D.  pale  testaceous.  Head  narrow  and  rather  elongated,  dark  brownish-black,  or  black.  Prothorax 
subquadi'ate,  a  little  narrowed  behind,  deeply  channelled.  Elytra  most  obscm-ely  striated,  the 
humeral  angles  considerably  roimded-oflf;  the  suture,  and  a  nan-ow  submedial  zigzag  fascia,  dark 
fuscous.      Wings  obsolete. 

Var.  a.  shining;  the  prothorax  rufo-testaceous  and  immaculate.  (The  state  peculiar  to  Porto 
Santo.) 

Var.  /3.  a  little  longer,  shining ;  the  prothorax  rufo-testaceous,  with  its  disk  and  anterior  por- 
tion darkly,  and  the  region  of  the  scutellum  obscui'ely,  infuscate.  (The  state  peculiar  to 
Madeira.) 

Var.  y.  opake ;  the  entire  prothorax,  and  the  base  of  the  elytra,  fuscous ;  and  the  transverse  fascia 
of  the  latter  extremely  broad.      (Captured  on  the  Ilheo  de  Fora.) 

Scattered  sparingly,  though  principally  at  lofty  altitudes,  tliroughout  Madeii-a 
and  Porto  Santo.      In  the  former  I  have  taken  it  from  beneath  stones  at  the 


6  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

edges  of  the  Cui-ral  das  Freiras,  and  on  the  northern  limits  of  the  Paul  da  Serra, 
— near  the  extreme  head  of  the  Ptibcii'o  do  Inferno ;  and  it  has  been,  likewise, 
captured  by  Mr.  Kousset  on  the  Pico  d'An'ibentao,  above  Fimchal.  It  is  an 
insect  of  wide  Em-ojiean  distribution,  ranging  from  Lapland  to  the  Mediterranean 
shores;  and,  licnce,  its  comparative  rarity  in  oiu*  island  group  would  seem  to 
imply  that  it  has  there  reached,  in  aU  probability,  one  of  its  most  southern  loca- 
tions,— an  hypothesis  which  the  consideration  that,  whUe  in  higher  latitudes  it  is 
confined  mainly  to  the  lowest  elevations,  its  normal  Madciran  limits  are  apjoarently 
from  about  1500  to  6000  feet  above  the  sea,  would  go  far  to  corroborate.  By  a 
reference  to  the  above  diagnosis,  it  will  l)e  seen  that  the  typical  European  state  of 
the  D.  sigma  does  not  occur  at  all  in  Madeu'a  proper,  l)ut  only  in  Porto  Santo. 
True  it  is  that  the  modifications  in  the  several  islands  present  but  slight  diS'er- 
ences  inter  se ;  nevertheless,  being  constant,  I  would  lay  particular  stress  upon 
them,  since  they  go  very  materially  to  prove  that  the  effects  of  isolation  on 
external  insect  form  are  even  more  important,  if  possible,  than  those  of  latitude. 
That  this  is  the  case,  in  the  present  instance,  appears  clear  from  facts  so  minute 
as  these.  Por,  out  of  the  many  specimens  which  have  come  under  my  observation 
from  various  countries  of  Europe,  if  there  is  one  point  more  constant  than  another 
in  this  otherwise  A^ariable  species,  it  is,  I  believe,  vmder  all  circumstances,  its  im- 
maculate prothorax.  Now  while  this,  we  may  almost  say  essential,  character 
obtains  ia  Porto  Santo,  in  Madeii'a  it  does  not  hold  good :  the  prothorax  there  is 
invariably  infuscate  in  the  centre ;  and  on  a  small  adjacent  rock  it  is  entii'ely  dark. 
Nor  let  any  one  suppose  that  details  apparently  so  trivial  are  beneath  oui'  notice, 
or  the  mere  result  of  chance,  since  it  is  by  the  observation  of  such-like  points,  and 
by  marking  theu*  development  according  to  the  cu'cumstances  of  the  several  lo- 
calities in  which  they  obtain,  that  we  arc  alone  able  to  appreciate  thcii'  importance, 
and  so  to  form,  in  a  A\'idcr  and  geographical  sense,  a  correct  estimate  of  theii" 
value. 

5.  Dromius  arenicolus,  WoU. 
D.  latus  ater  nitidus,  elytris  substriatis,  lateribus,  gutta  elongata  obliqua  humcrali  fasciaquc  trans- 
versa, subapicali  pallidis,  tibiis  tarsisquc  piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^—2. 

Habitat  sub  lajjidibus  in  locis  arenosis  Portus  Sancti,  prsesertim  per  cram  maritimam,  tempore  vernali 
\'ulgatissimus. 

D.  broad,  deep  black,  shining,  sometimes  with  an  obscure  seneous  tinge.  Head  broad.  Prothorax 
short,  subcordatc,  much  narrowed  behind.  Ehjtra  rather  faintly  striated,  with  the  lateral 
margin,  an  elongated  obhque  humeral  \itta  or  stria  (confluent  with  it),  and  a  transverse  fascia  a 
little  before  the  apex,  very  pale  testaceous.  Wings  obsolete.  Tibite  and  tarsi  piceous.  The  pale 
jiortions  of  the  elytra  are  sometimes  indistinct,  though  never  absent ;  and  occasionally  they  are 
altogether  confluent. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  7 

Somewhat  allied  to  the  D.  albomaculatus,  Lucas,  from  Algeria  (as  may  be  seen 
by  a  reference  to  the  splendid  work  on  the  insects  of  that  country,  published  by 
the  French  Government, — p.  18.  pi.  2.  fig.  8),  though  at  the  same  time  with  abun- 
dant specific  characters  to  separate  it  therefrom.  The  present  Dromius  is  peculiar 
to  Porto  Santo,  in  which  island  I  captured  it  in  great  profusion,  fi'om  beneath 
stones,  dm'iag  April  and  May  1848 ;  as  also,  subsequently,  in  December  of  the 
same  year,  and  in  April  1819.  It  is  found  in  dry  exposed  spots  of  a  low  elevation, 
being  especially  abundant  on  the  level  of  the  sea-shore  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Cidade,  and  on  the  open  plain  of  the  Campo  de  Baxo.  It  is  the  Porto  Santan 
representative  of  the  D.  obscuroguttatus ;  and  distinct  as  it  is  in  coloiu^ing  from 
that  insect,  I  am  by  no  means  prepared  to  assert  that  it  may  not  be,  in  reality,  a 
local  modification  of  it,  brought  about  by  isolation  through  a  long  series  of  ages  on 
a  calcareous  soil.  As  such  a  concession,  however,  would  at  once  entail  a  host  of 
difficulties  regarding  the  validity  of  other  "  species  "  (even  of  European  genera) 
similarly  circumstanced ;  and  siace  out  of  many  hundred  specimens  which  have 
come  beneath  my  notice,  not  a  siagle  intermediate  liak  has  hitherto  occurred  to 
connect  the  two,  I  do  not  ventiu'e  to  amalgamate  them ; — suffice  it  to  record  my 
conviction,  in  this  brief  remark,  that  if  the  time  ever  should  arrive  in  which  the 
real  effects  of  latitude  and  climate  on  external  insect  form  are  better  appreciated 
than  is  now  the  case,  the  present  Dromius,  along  with  other  insects  innumerable 
in  positions  nearer  home,  vnR  in  all  probability  be  doomed,  as  species,  to  sink. 

6.  Dromius  obscurogmttatus. 

D.  latus  atro-subseneus,  elytris  substriatis  macula  obscui'issima  humerali  pallida,  tibiis  tarsisque  piceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Lehia  obscurofjutfata,  (Anders.)  Diift.  Fna  Austr.  ii.  249  (1812) . 
Dromius  spilotus,  Dej.  Spec.  Col.  i.  240  (1825). 

impunctatus,  (Kby.)  Stepli.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  i.  23  (1828). 

ohscuroguttatus,  Ericli.  Kiif.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  32  (1837). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  superioribus  IMaderje,  tempore  biberno  et  vernali  copiosissimus. 

D.  broad,  deep  black,  witb  an  seneous  tinge.  Head  broad.  Prothorax  short,  subcordate,  much 
narrowed  behind.  Elytra  very  faintly  striated,  with  an  extremely  obscm-e,  somewhat  oblique 
patch  at  the  anterior  lateral  angles  paler.      Wings  obsolete.     Tibice  and  tarsi  piceous. 

Apart  from  its  somewhat  smaller  size  and  fainter  striae,  the  present  species  may 
be  at  once  known  from  the  B.  arenicohis  by  the  total  absence  of  pale  patches  on 
its  elytra, — excepting  a  most  obscure  spot,  sometimes  scarcely  apparent,  towards 
their  humeral  angles.  It  is  a  common  European  insect ;  and  the  Madeii-an  speci- 
mens recede  from  the  ordinary  ones  in  being  slightly  larger,  and  in  having  their 
elytra  more  obscurely  striated,  with  the  humeral  patch  less  distinct :  then-  entii-e 
surface  moreover  is  of  a  deeper  black,— a  difference  which  is  especially  perceptible 


8  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

on  the  legs.  I  liave  hitherto  observed  it  in  no  islands  of  the  group  except  Madeii'a 
proper,  and  only  there  at  high  elevations, — where  however  it  is  extremely  abun- 
dant. It  occurs  in  the  greatest  profusion,  from  the  end  of  the  summer  to  the 
early  spring  months,  beneath  stones,  in  the  lofty  mountain  district  between  the 
Pico  da  Lagoa  and  the  Pico  dos  Ai-icros ;  as  also  on  the  flat  alpine  plain  of  the 
Paul  da  Serra,  from  5000  to  6000  feet  above  the  sea.  Although  so  common 
throughout  Eiirope,  it  is  perhaps,  when  geographically  considered,  one  of  the  most 
interesting  of  the  Madciran  Coleoptera,  as  affording  another  and  even  more 
striking  example,  not  only  of  the  modification  of  form  in  a  normally  northern  insect 
when  on  its  southern  limit  (the  result,  however,  perhaps  more  strictly,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  varieties  of  the  D.  sigma,  of  isolation  rather  than  of  latitude) ;  but  as 
showing,  likewise,  how  a  species  abundant  on  the  low  sandy  shores  and  sheltered 
sea-cliffs  of  more  temperate  regions  finds  its  position  here  only  on  the  summits 
of  the  loftiest  mountains.  It  is  true  that  the  aberration  from  the  tj'pical  state,  as 
in  the  D.  sigma,  is  not  in  the  present  instance  very  considerable ;  yet,  when  the 
cii'cumstances  producLng  it  are  taken  into  account,  I  am  persuaded  that  the 
difference  is  exactly  of  that  nature  on  which  too  great  stress  cannot  possibly  be 
placed,  when  discussing  the  general  question  of  geographical  distribution  as  having 
a  tendency,  more  or  less  directly,  to  affect  both  colour  and  form.  It  is  well  kno^^-n 
to  naturalists  that  a  multitude  of  insects  from  the  New  "World,  receding  from  then- 
Em-opean  analogues  merely  in  certain  excessively  minute  characters,  have  usually 
Ijeen  pronounced  at  once  as  new  to  science,  first  because  those  differences  are  con- 
stant, and  secondly  because  the  specimens  have  been  received  from  the  other  side 
of  the  Atlantic.  And  yet  in  instances  like  the  present,  as  in  many  others  which 
Ave  shall  have  occasion  to  notice, — in  an  island  which,  while  it  belongs  artificially 
to  Europe,  is  yet,  natm'ally,  sufficiently  distinct  from  it  as  to  form  at  any  rate  a 
step])ing-stone  to  the  coast  of  Afi-ica  and  the  mountains  of  Barbary, — species 
similarly  cu'cumstanced  are  not  necessarily  received  as  new  (and  rightly  so,  I  ap- 
prehend), though  in  every  respect  affording  differences  not  ovlj  analogous  to  those 
already  mentioned,  but  in  many  cases  positively  identical  with  them.  If  however 
a  specific  line  of  demarcation  does  of  necessity  exist  between  the  creatures  of  the 
Old  and  New  AVorlds,  the  problem  yet  remains  unsolved,  so  long  as  intermediate 
islands  present  parallel  modifications,  where  that  line  is  to  be  di-a-sAii.  Meanwhile, 
how  far  geographical  varieties  of  this  kind,  concerning  the  non-specific  claims  of 
wliich  confessedly  but  little  doubt  can  exist,  may  lead  to  the  explanation  of  the 
Transatlantic  ones  just  referred  to,  I  will  not  venture  to  suggest.  Yet  certain  it  is 
that  tlic  one  case  bears  directly  on  the  other;  and  that,  if  we  can  prove  that 
common  European  insects  when  isolated  in  the  ocean  become  in  nearly  all  cases 
more  or  less  modified  externally  in  form,  there  is  at  least  presumptive  evidence 
that  the  law  Avill  hold  good  on  a  wider  scale,  and  may  be  extended  not  only  to  the 
Atlantic  itself,  but  even  to  cotmtries  beyond  it.  The  differences  of  the  present 
Dromins  from  its  more  nortlicrn  representatives  arc,  as  just  stated,  small ;  never- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  9 

theless,  since  they  are  fixed,  those  naturalists  who  do  not  believe  in  geographical 
iufluence,  might  choose  to  consider  them  of  sufficient  importance  to  erect  a  new 
species  upon.  But  after  a  careful  comparison  of  this  Avitli  other  insects  similarly  . 
circumstanced,  I  am  convinced  that  the  modifications  in  question  are  merely  local 
ones,  and  such  as  may  he  reasonably  accounted  for  by  the  combined  agencies  of 
latitude  and  isolation,  and  the  consequently  altered  habits  of  the  creatm-e,  which  is 
thus  compelled  to  seek  alpine  localities  in  Ueu  of  its  natural  ones : — observations 
which  I  have  been  induced  to  enter  into  here  somewhat  at  length,  as  likely  to 
apply  in  numerous  other  cases  hereafter  to  be  considered. 

7.  Dromius  negrita,  WolL 
D.  atei-  vel  obscurissime  subijeneo-ater,  capite  majore,  prothorace  subquadrato,  elytris  obsolete  stnatis- 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  1|. 
Habitat  ad  vias  vel  sub  lapidibus  Maderfe,  autumno  sat  frequens. 

D.  deep  black,  or  with  a  very  obscure  aeneous  tinge,  shining.  Head  rather  large  and  broad.  Pru- 
thorax  subquadrate,  rounded  behind,  with  a  deep  central  channel.  Elytra  very  obscurely  striated. 
TVmgs  small. 

Known  from  the  B.  ohsmrocjuttatus  by  its  smaller  size,  darker  and  more  flat- 
tened siu'face,  and  by  the  entke  absence  of  pale  patches,  whether  at  the  shoulders 
or  elsewhere.  It  is  very  nearly  allied  to  the  follo^\dng  species,  but  may  be  distin- 
guished from  it  by  its  somewhat  larger  bulk,  more  robust  head  and  prothorax,  the 
latter  of  which  is  not  quite  so  much  narrowed  behind  as  in  that  insect,  and  by  its 
elytral  striae,  although  obsciu-e,  being  sufficiently  apparent.  It  is  tolerably  abun- 
dant throughout  Madeii-a,  between  the  Limits  of  about  from  1000  to  3000  feet 
above  the  sea ;  and  it  may  be  frequently  observed  darting  rapidly  across  pathways, 
or  in  grassy  spots  amongst  dead  leaves,  in  company  with  the  D.  glahratiis.  In  the 
pine-woods  of  the  Curral  das  Romeii-as,  above  Funchal,  I  took  it  very  plentifuUy 
during  the  autumn  of  18i7 ;  and,  subsequently,  at  the  Ribeii-o  Frio  in  August. 

8.  Dromius  glabratus. 

D.  angustus  ater  vel  obscure  subicneo-ater,  capite  minore,  prothorace  subcordato,  elytns  Isevibus. 

Long.  corp.  liu.  1^;. 

Lebia  r/lahrata,  (Meg.)  Duft.  Fna  Austr.  ii.  248  (1812). 
Dromius  glabratus,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  i.  244  (1825). 

,  Stcph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  i.  25  (1828). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Heh.  11  (1841). 

Habitat  bine  inde  sub  lapidibus  vel  ad  vias  in  insulis  Maderse,  Portus  Sancti,  ac  Desertse  Grandis,  toto 
anno  frequens. 

D.  deep  black,  or  with  an  obscure  seneous  tinge,  exceedingly  shining.     Head  slightly  smaller  and 
narrower  than  in  the  last  species.    Prothorax  short,  subcordate,  a  little  smaller  than  in  the  D.  iie- 

C 


10  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

yrita,  and  rather  more  rounded  behind;  deeply  channeled.     Elytra  usually  unstriatedj  though 
occasionally  with  indications  of  strise  just  perceptible.      Wings  sufficiently  ample. 

Tlio  smallest  of  the  Madeiran  Dromii,  differing  from  the  last  species  in  its 
sUghtly  narrower  and  shorter  head  and prothorax,  the  latter  of  which  is  more  suh- 
cordate  than  is  the  case  in  that  insect,  and  in  its  usually  total  fi-eedom  from  ehiiral 
strise.  It  is  common  throughout  the  islands  of  the  group,  or  at  any  rate  in 
Madeira,  Porto  Santo,  and  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  in  all  of  which  I  have  captui*ed 
it  ahimdantly,  although  generally  at  a  rather  low  elevation.  It  is  universal 
throughout  Europe ;  and  occurs  also  in  Algeria  and  in  the  Canary  Islands. 


(Suhf.  2.  SCAEITIDES.) 
Genus  3.  SCARITES. 

Fabricius,  Syst.  Eat.  2i9  (1775). 

Corpus  magnum,  oblongum,  subdepressum :  mesothorace  cylindrico  elongato  angusto  :  prothorace 
antice  lato  truncate,  postice  contracto :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna  filiformes,  apicem  versus  pilosse 
et  vix  incrassatre,  in  maribus  longiuscula; ;  articido  primo  valde  elongato  subflexuoso-conico, 
secundo  breviore  (tcrtii  quartique  conjunctim  fere  longitudinc),  quiuto  ad  ultinium  pilosissimis 
subrcqualibus.  Labrum  breve  transversum  trilobum,  lobis  externis  pihs  incui'vis  ciUatis,  omnibus 
setis  paucis  mediis  longissimis  intra  marginem  instructis.  Mandibula  maximee,  validjc,  porrectae, 
iutus  fortiter  dentatee.  Maxilla  bilobre,  elongatse,  flexuosse:  loho  externa  palpiformi  biai-ticulato : 
interno  apicc  incurvo,  intus  valde  et  dense  ciliato.  Palpi  filiformes,  articulo  ultimo  subcylindi'ico. 
Mentum  jugiilo  connatum,  transversum,  trilobum,  lobo  medio  carinato  et  ad  apicem  acuto  inflexo. 
Ligula  brevis,  lata,  pilosissima,  emarginata.  Pedes  robusti :  tibiis  anticis  valde  palmatis,  inter- 
^  mediis  ante  apicem  externum  spinis  (plerumque  duabus)  armatis,  posticis  simphcibus :  ta)-sis  in 
utroque  sexu  unguiculisquc  simplicibus. 

Some  of  the  largest  Carabideous  insects  are  included  in  the  genus  Scarifes  ;  the 
species  of  which  may  be  at  once  known  by  their  narrow,  cylin(U-ical  mesothorax, 
which,  by  disconnecting  the  prothorax  from  the  base  of  the  elytra,  causes  the 
former,  which  is  itself  usually  roimded  off  behind,  to  appear  pedunculated.  Their 
strongly  palmated  fore-tibisc  enable  them  to  bui'row  into  the  ground  willi  consider- 
able dexterity,  and  their  greatly  developed  mandibles  give  them  no  slight  ad- 
vantage over  the  smaller  insects  on  which  they  feed.  They  are  chiefly  nocturnal 
in  then-  habits,  residing  Ijcneath  stones,  logs  of  wood,  or  imder  dead  leaves,  from 
which  in  the  daytime  they  seldom  wander ;  and  on  being  exposed  to  the  light 
they  quickly  recede  into  their  bmi'ows,  out  of  which,  from  their  great  depth,  it  is 
not  always  easy  to  extricate  them.  In  the  mountains  of  Madeira,  where  detached 
blocks  of  basalt  lie  confusedly  together,  and  become  gradually  overgro-mi  with 
vegetation,  the  caverns  thus  formed  are  well  adapted  for  the  residence  of  tlie 
Scantidce ;  and  we  accordmgly  find  the  single  species  which  (although  not  peculiar 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  11 

to  them,  yet  which)  alone  ascends  to  a  sufficient  altitude  to  embrace  those  regions, 
in  the  greatest  profusion.  It  occupies  the  loftiest  peaks  of  nearly  all  the  islands, 
and  was  probably  once  abundant  over  the  entire  ancient  continent,  whatever  its 
limits  may  have  been,  of  which  the  Madeu'an  Group  forms  but  an  isolated  part. 
There  are  traces  of  it  in  the  Canary  Islands,  from  whence  occasional  specimens 
have  been  brought,  and  which,  from  the  want  of  local  data  and  of  sufficient 
numljers  to  reason  upon,  have  in  their  turn  been  severally  regarded  as  distinct. 
The  fact  however  is  that  the  species  in  question  is  an  extremely  variable  one, 
assuming  diiferences  of  size  according  to  the  altitude  at  which  it  lives,  and  differ- 
ences of  sculpture  according  to  the  cu'cumstances  of  the  spot  on  which  it  is  isolated. 
That  such  is  actually  the  case,  a  careful  observation  of  the  many  minute  changes 
which  the  insect  has  undergone  in  the  varioiis  islands  and  altitudes  of  the  Madeu'an 
Group  will,  I  think,  prove  to  a  demonstration.  ~Eoy  it  is  impossible  to  su.pposo 
that  every  rock  contains  its  own  species,  that  is  to  say,  has  had  a  separate  creation 
expressly  for  itself, — a  conclusion  at  which  we  must  assuredly  arrive,  if  small  and 
even  constant  differences  are  of  necessity  specific.  Rejecting  therefore  this  hypo- 
thesis as  utterly  untenable,  and  as  contrary  to  all  experience,  we  are  driven  to 
acknowledge  that  isolation  does,  in  nearly  every  instance,  in  the  course  of  time, 
affect,  more  or  less  sensibly,  external  insect  form; — which  being  admitted,  we 
have  at  once  an  intelligible  principle  whereby  to  account  for  modifications  innu- 
merable, each  of  which,  when  viewed  simply  as  a  difference,  independently  of  the 
circumstances  producing  it,  might  have  been  regarded  as  sufficient  to  erect  a 
"  species  "  upon,  had  the  desu*e  for  multiplying  them  overbalanced  the  love  of 
truth. 

9.  Scarites  abbreviatus. 

S.  ater  nitidus  subdepressus,  elytris  ovatis  impunctato-striatis,  marginibus  granulatis  et  seriato-tuber- 

culatis,  angulis  Lumeralibus  vix  prominentibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  8^—16. 

Var.  a.,  politissimus ;  elytris  brevi-ovatis,  margin  e  basali  nigose  granulato  tiiberculisque  distinctis 

obsito. — Long.  9-13  lin.  (ins.  Madera). 
Var.  (3.  politus ;    elytris  brevi-ovatis,  margine  basali  obsoletissime  granulato  tuberculisque  parvis 

obscuris  obsito. — Long.  8i-13  lin.  (ins.  Partus  Sanctus). 
Var.  y.  politus ;   elytris  ovalibus,  margine  basali  parce  granulato  tuberculisque   obsito. — Long. 

10-12  lin.  (ins.  Ilheo  de  Fora  dicta). 
Var.  I.  politus ;  elytris  elongato-ovalibus,  margine  basali  obsoletissime  granulato  tuberculisque  valdc 

distinctis  obsito,  tuberculo  humerali  majore. — Long.  12-16  bn.  (ins''  Deserta  Borealis  et  Deserta 

Grandis) . 

Scarites  ahlreviahis,  (Kollar)  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col  i.  379  (1825). 
Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  insulis  Madcrensibus,  sat  frequcns  :  in  Madera  propria  atque  in  Deserta 

c2 


12  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Grandi  montes  inde  a  1000'  s.  in.  usque  ad  cacumina  prsecipuc  occupat ;  sed  in  Portu  Sancto, 
Deserta  Boreali,  et  in  insula  prope  promontorium  Sancti  Laurentii  Maderse  "  Ilheo  de  Fora  "  dicta 
fere  ad  maris  litus  descendit. 

S.  black,  shining,  slightly  depressed.  Head  large,  with  two  deep  longitudinal  depressions  on  the  fore- 
head. Prothorax  transverse,  wide  in  front,  narrower  and  rounded  posteriorly,  with  an  impressed 
transverse  line  behind  the  front  margin,  and  a  channel  down  the  disk.  Elytra  ovate,  with  the 
humeral  angles  a  little  prominent,  but  not  projecting  beyond  the  outer  margin,  deeply  striated, 
the  striae  being  impunctate ;  with  the  entire  margin  (basal  as  well  as  lateral)  thickly  and  more  or 
less  coarsely  granulated,  aud  with  a  single  row  of  tubercles  (more  or  less  distinct)  throughout. 
Antenna  and  le^s  (especially  the  tibia  and  tarsi)  piceous ;  the  last  seven  joints  of  the  former 
densely  clothed  with  a  fine  yellowish  pubescence,  and  the  latter  thickly  fringed  with  strong 
golden  or  rufous  bristles. 

Var.  a.  extremely  shining.  Elytra  short,  ovate,  expanded  behind  the  middle;  the  basal  margin 
thickly  and  coarsely  granulated,  and  with  a  row  of  distinct  tubercles.     {Madeira.) 

Var.  /3.  shining.  Elytra  short,  ovate,  expanded  behind  the  middle  ;  the  basal  margin  with  scarcely 
perceptible  granules,  but  with  a  row  of  rather  distinct  tubercles.     [Porto  Santo.) 

Var.  y.  shining ;  with  the  head  and  prothorax  rather  narrower  than  in  the  other  varieties.  Elytra 
rather  longer,  and  a  little  expanded  about  the  middle ;  the  basal  margin  granulated  (though  not 
very  distinctly),  and  with  a  row  of  tolerably  distinct  tubercles.     [Ilheo  de  Fora.) 

Var.  8.  shining,  very  large.  Elytra  long,  and  a  little  expanded  about  the  middle ;  the  basal  margin 
with  scarcely  perceptible  granules,  but  with  a  row  of  exceedingly  distinct  tubercles,  the  outer  or 
humeral  tubercle  being  the  largest.     [Northern  and  Central  Dezertas.) 

This  is  the  commou  Scarltes  of  the  Madeira  Islands,  and  it  may  be  known,  in 
all  its  varieties,  from  the  S.  hmneraUs  by  its  brighter  surface  and  less  parallel 
form,  by  its  humeral  angles,  although  a  little  prominent,  never  projecting  beyond 
the  outer  edge  of  its  elytra,  and  by  the  more  granulated  margins  of  the  latter, 
which  have,  in  every  case,  a  row  of  tubercles,  more  or  less  distinct,  along  their 
entire  lengtli,  lateral  as  well  as  basal.  It  ranges  from  the  sea-shore  to  the  extreme 
summits  of  the  loftiest  mountains.  In  Madoii-a  proper,  however,  it  is  most  abun- 
dant between  the  Kmits  of  about  2000  to  5000  feet  a1)ove  the  sea  ;  whilst  in  Porto 
Santo,  the  Plat  Dezerta,  and  on  the  Ilheo  de  Pora  it  descends  to  the  level  of  the 
shore.  On  tlic  Dozerta  Grande  it  is  attached  principally,  as  in  Madeira,  to  the 
higher  altitudes,  Ijcing  extremely  common  in  the  fissu^res  of  the  weather-beaten 
rocks  of  the  most  elevated  peaks ;  where  the  specimens  moreover  attain  a  very 
large  size, — although  they  are  scarcely  perhaps  so  gigantic  as  those  on  the  nortliern 
island,  in  which  the  average  length  is  from  13  to  16  lines.  The  Madeiran  speci- 
mens are  smaller,  and  more  shining,  than  any  of  the  other  varieties. 

10.  Scarites  humeralis,  Woll. 
S.  ater  plenimque  opacus  depressus,  elytris  elongato-ovatis  impunctato-striatis,  marginibus  granulatis 

et  apiccm  versus  solum  obscure  sei-iato-tuberculatis,  angulis  humcralibus  valde  promincntibus. 
Long,  corp.lin.  11-15. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  ins.  Portus  Sancti,  cum  prjccedenle  sed  illo  multo  rarior. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  13 

S.  black,  usually  opake,  depressed.  Head  rather  large,  with  two  deep  longitudinal  depressions  on  the 
forehead.  Prothorax  transverse,  wide  in  front,  narrower  and  rounded  posteriorly,  with  an  im- 
pressed transverse  line  behind  the  front  margin,  and  a  channel  down  the  disk.  Elytra  elongate- 
ovate,  with  the  humeral  angles  very  prominent  and  distinctly  projecting  beyond  the  outer  margin, 
deeply  striated,  the  striae  being  impunctate ;  with  the  entire  margin  (basal  as  well  as  lateral) 
most  minutely  and  obscurely  granulated,  and  with  a  single  row  of  tubercles  (always  minute)  to- 
wards the  apex  only.     Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  previous  species. 

Readily  distinguished  from  tlie  S.  abhremattis,  Avitli  wMcli  however  I  had  for 
some  time  eoufotmded  it,  by  its  more  elongated,  depressed,  and  straightened  form, 
usually  opake  surface,  by  its  prominent  humeral  angles  which  project  perceptibly 
beyond  the  outer  margin  of  its  elytra,  and,  more  especially,  hj  the  minuteness  of 
the  granules  and  the  total  absence  of  tubercles,  except  at  the  extreme  apex,  along 
the  edges  of  the  latter.  Although  the  above  characters  are  more  than  suiRcient, 
of  themselves,  to  establish  the  species,  yet  the  fact  that  it  is  found  in  company  with 
the  S.  abbreviatus  is  additional  evidence,  were  such  necessary,  that  it  is  in  reality 
distinct,  and  no  local  variety  of  that  insect.  It  seems  to  be  peculiar  to  Porto 
Santo,  where  it  occurs,  beneath  stones,  along  with  the  car.  (3.  of  the  aS*.  abbreviatus, 
in  the  low  sandy  plains  near  the  coast.     It  is  however  by  far  the  rarer  of  the  tAvo. 


Genus  4.  APOTOMUS. 

(Hoffmansegg)  Illiger,  Mag.firr  Ins.  vi.  348  (1807). 

Corpus  parvum,  subcylindrico-oblongum,  pubescens  :  mesothoi-ace  cylindi-ico  elongate  angusto  :  protho- 
mceparvo  subgloboso,  postice  constricto  :  alis  obsoletis.  yin/en?!«  longiusculfe  filiformes,  articulo 
primo  crassiusculo  vk  elongato,  secundo  reliquis  subsequalibus  cyliudricis  breviore.  Labium 
Iseve  transversum  emarginatum,  angulis  anticis  leviter  productis.  Mandibula  vix  porrectae. 
Maxilla!  bilobs,  intus  ciliatEe.  Palpi  filiformes  :  maxillares  longissimi,  articulo  ultimo  elongato- 
cylindrico :  labiales  breviores,  articulo  ultimo  acuminato  piloso.  Mentuni  jugulo  connatum, 
transversum,  antice  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  acuto  instructum.  Pedes  longissimi :  tibiis 
simplicibus  baud  palmatis,  posterioribus  ad  apicem  oblique  excavato-truncatis  spinisque  munitis  : 
tarsis  articvdo  primo  elongato,  anticis  in  maribus  leviter  dilatatis :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

The  little  genus  Apotomus  is  confined  chiefly  to  Mediterranean  latitudes,  and 
the  two  or  three  species  of  which  it  is  composed  appear  to  be  nowhere  abundant. 
The  A.  rufiis, — the  only  Madeu-an  representative, — has  been  recorded  in  Spain, 
Portugal,  Italy,  Sicily,  the  south  of  France,  and  in  Algeria :  and  I  possess,  like- 
wise, specimens  from  Corfu ;  as  also  a  species  very  nearly  allied  to  it  from  Egypt, 
collected  at  Cau-o  by  my  friend  Dr.  H.  Schaum  of  BerHn.  The  group  recedes  from 
the  typical  Scaritides  in  having  the  tibiae  simple  and  unpahnated,  the  maxillary 
palpi  extremely  long,  and  the  terminal  joint  of  the  labial  ones  pilose  and  acumi- 
nated,— a  cu'cumstance  which  caused  Latreille  to  place  it  near  to  BembicUum,  in 
which  the  palpi  are  distinctly  subulatcd.  It  is  evidently  however  more  nearly 
allied  to  Difomus,  a  position  universally  conceded  to  it  by  recent  entomologists. 


14  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Unlike  Scarites,  the  species  are  extremely  active,  running  with  the  utmost  velocity. 
They  are  very  voracious,  and  reside  principally  l)eneath  stones  in  moist  spots.  In 
the  south  of  Europe  they  are  usually  taken  at  the  edges  of  rivers  and  streams,  Imt 
the  only  specimen  wliich  I  have  myself  captured  in  the  Madeu'a  Islands  was  in  a 
decidedly  di'y  locality. 

11.  Apotomus  rufas. 

A.  rufo-ferrugineus  pubescens,  elytris  profunde  punctato-striatis,  pcdibus  elongatis  testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Scarites  rvfiis,  Eossi,  Fna  Etrus.  i.  229.  pi.  4.  f.  3  (1790). 

,  Oliv.  Ent.  iii.  30. 15  (1795). 

Apotomus  rufus,  Hoffimansegg,  HI.  Mag.  fur  Ins.  vi.  348  (1807). 

,  Dej.  S/iec.  (les  Col.  i.  450  (1825). 

,  Bndle,  Hist.  iTa^.  des  Ins.  v.  88  (1835). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibiis  pvope  urbem  Fuuchalensem  Maderse,  rarior  :  species  a  meipso  semel  tantuBi,  ad 
Praya  Formoza  d.  8  Mai.  a.d.  1818,  rcperta ;  sed  nupcr  ad  oram  niaritimam  juxta  Gorgulho 
Januario  ineunte  el.  Dom.  Hear,  Turici,  detexit. 

A.  rufo-testaceous,  ^•cl•y  pubescent.  Head  and  prothorax  exceedingly  shining ;  the  former  narrow ; 
the  latter  small  and  globose,  constricted  behind,  and  with  a  slight  dorsal  channel  which  is  more 
particularly  apparent  in  front.  Elytra  somewhat  cylindrical,  regularly  and  deeply  punctate- 
striated.     Antenna  dusky  testaceous.     Legs  long,  and  very  pale. 

Apparently  rare.  The  only  specimen  which  I  have  myself  liitherto  captm-cd  was 
from  beneath  a  stone,  on  the  8th  of  May  1848,  on  the  rocky  ledge  immediately 
above  the  Praya  Formoza,  near  Funchal.  It  has  been  subsequently,  however, 
taken  by  Professor  Heer,  at  the  Gorgulho,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  same  spot ;  as  also 
by  M.  Rousset.  It  rims  with  extreme  rapidity,  and  has  more  the  appearance,  at 
first  sight  and  when  in  motion,  of  a  j)ale-coloiu'ed  ant  than  of  a  Coleojiterous 
insect. 

(Subf.  3.  CAR^UBIDES.) 
Genus  5.  CALOSOMA. 

Weber,  Observat.  Entom.  20  (script.  Callisoma)  (1801). 

Co)-pus  magnum,  parallelo-ovatum  :  prothorace  brevi  transverso :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  filiformes, 
apicem  versus  pilosse,  in  maribus  capite  prothoraceque  paulo  longiores,  in  foeminis  breviores ; 
articulo  jirimo  robusto,  sccundo  brevi,  tertio  elongato,  reliquis  subncqualibus.  Labntm  breve 
transversum  bilobum,  lobis  ciliatis.  Mandibula  exsertee  substriolata;,  intus  ad  basin  dcntc  obtuso 
instructse.  Maxillee  biloba; :  lobo  externa  palpifonni  biarticulato :  interna  apice  subito  incui-vo 
acutissimo,  intus  valde  et  dense  ciliato.  Paljn  longissimi,  articulo  ultimo  subsecuriformi-truncato. 
Mentum  transversum  trilobum,  lobo  medio  brevi  aouto.  Ligula  brc\issima,  pilosa  ;  paraglossis 
coriaccis,  ci  contiguis  caniquc  supcrantibus.  Pedes  longiusculi,  robusti :  tibiis  intus  baud  emar- 
ginatis  :  tarsis  anticis  in  maribus  articuhs  quatuor  valde  dilatatis  :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  15 

The  present  genus  contains  insects  of  a  large  size,  most  of  which  are  more  or  less 
brilliantly  ornamented  with  metallic  tints ;  which  even  in  the  black  species  are 
scarcely  ever  altogether  absent,  being  there  replaced  by  minute  golden  punctm-es, 
or  lines.  The  only  representative  which  the  Madeira  Islands  possess  belongs  to 
this  latter  division.  The  Calosoniata  are  exceedingly  voracious ;  and  may  be  often 
observed  either  crawling  rapidly  over  the  ground  in  grassy  spots,  or  else  mounting 
the  trunks  and  branches  of  trees,  where  they  can  obtain  with  greater  facility  the 
smaller  insects  and  larvae  on  which  they  subsist.  It  is  one  of  the  most  mdely 
distributed  genera  in  the  world ;  nevertheless  the  species  composing  it  are  not  so 
numerous  as  might  be  expected.  North  and  South  America,  the  "West  Indian 
Islands,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  China,  Siberia,  and 
even  the  little  island  of  St.  Helena,  have  however  each  of  them,  like  Em'ope,  their 
peculiar  forms.  The  Madeu-an  species  is  found  thi'oughout  central  and  southern 
Europe,  but  is  nowhere  abundant ;  nevertheless  it  would  seem  to  be  commoner  in 
Mediterranean  latitudes  than  elsewhere.  It  occurs  likcAvise  in  the  Canarian 
Group. 

12.  Calosoma  Maderse. 

C.  nigrum,  elytris  substriatis  obsolete  transversim  undulato-rugosis  punctisque  viridi-seneis  seriatim 

impressis,  tibiis  posterioribus  inctu'vis. 

Long.  Corp.  liu.  10^-13. 

Carahiis  Madera,  Pab.  S;/st.  Ent.  237  (1775). 

Indagator,  Fab.  Mant.  Ins.  i.  197  (1787), 

Jiorteiisis,  Eossi,  Fna  Etrus.  i.  205. 1. 1.  f.  3  (1790). 

■  auropimctatus,  Eossi  {nee  Payk.)  Mant.  i.  75  (1792). 

Maderce,  et  Indagator,  Oliv.  Ent.  iii.  35.  31  et  42  (1795). 

Maderce,  et  Calosoma  Indagator,  Fab.  Sgst.  Eleu.  i.  175  et  211  (1801). 

Calosoma  Indagator,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  ii.  205  (1826). 
— ,  Heer,  Col.  Helv.  33  (1841). 

Habitat  in  montibus  JIaderee  Portusque  Saucti,  sestate  et  autumno  frequens :  ad  Eibeiro  Frio  per 
plures  annos  copiosissime  colligebat  Rev.  Dom.  Lowe ;  atque  etiam  a  Cabo  Gerajao  prope  Funcbal 
cl.  Dom.  Heer,  Turici,  mibi  nuper  communicavit. 

C.  black,  veiy  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prothor ax  rather  roughly  punctiu-ed  ;  the  latter  short  and 
small,  regidarly  rounded  at  the  sides,  and  with  a  very  obscure  longitudinal  channel  which  vanishes 
in  front.  Elytra  finely  striated,  the  strise  usually  punctui-ed,  but  both  punctures  and  striae  occa- 
sionally almost  obsolete ;  the  interstices  with  minute,  transverse,  curved  reticulations,  having 
much  the  appearance  of  imbricated  scales ;  with  three  rows  of  bright  golden  or  greenish  im- 
pressed points.     Four  hinder  tibice  long  and  sUghtly  curved*,  the  anterior  ones  short  and  robust. 

The  Carabus  Maderce  and  Carabus  Indagator,  both  of  Fabricius,  are  unquestion- 


*  It  seems  to  have  been  overlooked  by  Dejeau,  as  well  as  by  the  other  uatiu-alists  who  have  described 
the  present  msect,  that  it  is  not  merely  the  intermediate  tibis  which  are  ciun-ed,  but  the  hinder  ones  also. 


16  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

ably  the  same  species ;  and  as  the  former  was  estahKshed  first,  we  are  bound,  in 
right  of  jjriority,  to  retain  oui"  present  insect,  specifically,  under  that  name,  although 
the  latter  is  the  one  by  which  it  has  been  hitherto  universally  recognised.  It 
appears  however  that  the  insect  was  first  descril)ed  by  Eabricius,  from  a  Madeiran 
specimen  in  the  Banksian  collection,  in  the  year  1775,  as  Carabus  Maderce ;  and 
that  in  1787  he  gave  the  name  of  Carabus  Indagator  to  examples  of  the  same  fi-om 
Barbary.  There  is  no  doubt  whatsoever  that  the  two  insects  are  one  and  the  same 
species.  There  is  not  the  remotest  difference  between  them  in  any  single  respect, 
except  that  the  head  and  prothorax  of  the  Madeii-an  specimens  are  a  little  more 
roughly  jiunctured  (nevertheless  abnost  imperceptibly  so)  than  is  the  case  in  the 
Eui'opean  and  African  ones.  And  we  can  only  sujipose,  either  that  Fabricius  de- 
scribed them  hastily  (as  indeed  would  appear  to  be  the  case,  since  he  registers  them 
])otli  as  apterous,  whereas  they  are  powerfully  winged)  and  without  comparison 
Uiter  se ;  or  else  that  the  single  Madeiran  example  from,  which  he  A.vii\\  up  his 
diagnosis  chanced  to  be  some  slight  aberration  from  the  normal  tyjic.  The  former 
of  these  suppositions,  however,  is  probably  correct ;  for  although  no  tUlference 
whatever  exists  between  the  insects  in  question,  yet  in  1801  he  places  them,  in  his 
Systema  Eleutheratorum,  in  different  genera,  retaining  the  Maderce  as  a  Carabus, 
and  raising  the  Iiidagalor  to  the  rank  of  a  Calosoma  !  Be  the  cause  of  the  mistake 
however  what  it  may,  it  is  probable  that,  having  once  described  them  as  distinct, 
th(>y  wcvc  never  afterwards  re-examined,  but  wcyg  retained  as  such  m  the  whole  of 
his  later  works, — from  Avhence  they  have  been  transcribed  into  nearly  every  cata- 
logue that  has  been  subsequently  published.  Being  an  insect  which  finds  its  maxi- 
mum in  Mediterranean  latitudes,  it  \Aould,  even  a  priori,  seem  far  from  unlikely 
that  Madeira  and  the  opposite  coast  of  Barbary  should  produce  it  in  common  :  and 
such,  on  investigation,  we  find  to  be  the  case.  It  occiu"s  likewise  in  Spain,  Italy, 
the  south  of  France,  and  in  the  Canary  Islands.  The  Calosoma  Indagator  of 
Gyllenhal,  and  of  other  northern  entomologists,  is  not  the  Fabrician  species, 
but  the  Carabus  auropimctatus  of  Paykvill, — nearly  allied  to  it.  The  true  C.  Inda- 
gator of  Fabricius  (/.  c.  our  present  species,  Maderce, — by  which  name  it  must 
stand)  does  not  occur  apparently  in  northern  Eurojoe  at  all. 

It  is  tolerablv  abundant  throughout  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo,  both  at  interme- 
diate  and  lofty  altitudes.  In  the  former,  it  has  been  taken  in  great  i)rofusion  by  the 
llev.  R.  T.  Lowe  at  the  llibeiro  Frio,  particvdarly  during  August  of  1819,  and  I  have 
myself  captured  it  sparingly  in  the  same  district.  Dm-ing  my  encampment  in  the 
upland  region  of  the  Fanal,  in  July  1850,  I  observed  it  in  considerable  numbers, 
both  there  and  on  the  Serra  of  Seisal,  crawling  rapidly  over  the  short  grass  in  the 
hot  sunshine,  especially  after  showers.  I  have  not  myself  detected  it  1)elow  the 
elevation  of  about  3000  feet  above  the  sea;  nevertheless  I  possess  specimens 
collected  by  Professor  Heer,  at  the  end  of  May,  on  the  Cabo  Gerajao,  near  Funchal ; 
and  others  by  M.  Rousset,  on  Ihe  lUieo  de  Baxo  of  Porto  Santo, — the  lowest  alti- 
tudes, so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  which  it  has  hitherto  been  found. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  17 

Genus  6.  NOTIOPHILUS. 

Diuneril,  Consid.  gen.  sur  les  Ins.  169  (1823). 

Corpus  parvum,  parallelo-oblongunij  politissimum :  cap'ite  lato,  oculis  maximis  promincntibus  :  pro- 
thorace  trausvcrso-quadrato  :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  filiformes,  breviusculae.  Labrum  rotundatum, 
margine  antico  parce  ciliato.  Mandibulce  arciiatse  acutse,  margine  interno  dentato.  Maxilla 
bilobse :  lobo  externa  palpiformi  biarticulato :  interno  incurvo  acutOj  intus  ad  basin  valde  ciliato. 
Palpi  robustij  articiilo  ultimo  subovato-truncato.  Mentum  transversum  trilobum,  lateribus  rotun- 
datis,  lobo  medio  brevi  emarginato.  Ligula  antice  dilatata,  in  medio  acute  producta ;  paraglossis 
angustis  incurvis,  ligulam  vix  superantibus.  Pedes  sat  graciles  :  tibiis  iotus  baud  emarginatis : 
tarsis  anticis  in  maribiis  articulis  tribus  vix  dilatatis  :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

The  singular  little  insects  whicli  compose  the  genus  NotiopJiilus  are  well  known 
by  tlieii"  depressed,  brilliantly  polished  surfaces,  parallel  outline,  large  transverse 
heads,  prominent  eyes,  and  by  theu'  square  prothoras.  Although  specifically  not 
very  numerous,  yet  abounding  as  they  do,  individually,  throughout  the  whole  of 
Europe,  they  must  be  familiar  to  almost  every  eye,  theu'  small  glittering  bodies  so 
often  observed  darting  across  our  pathways,  or  by  the  field-sides,  especially  after 
showers,  either  from  beneath  clods  of  earth  or  out  of  crevices  of  the  soil,  sparkling 
like  coats  of  mail  to  the  sun,  giving  them  a  character  peculiarly  their  own.  They 
are  extremely  variable  both  in  theii-  sculptiu'e  and  hue,  being  subject  to  consider- 
able local  modifications,  though  more  particularly  affected,  it  would  appear,  by 
altitude.  Thus,  for  instance,  in  our  own  country,  the  common  representative  of 
the  plains  is  found  likewise  on  the  summits  of  the  mountains,  but  at  that  elevation 
it  becomes  liable  to  great  alternations  of  colour,  ranging  from  pale  brassy-brown, 
Avith  the  apex  testaceous,  mto  deep  black.  The  sculptm'e  however,  perhaps,  is 
nearly  as  much  dependent  on  other  circumstances,  for  its  modification,  as  on  alti- 
tude, since  it  seems  tolerably  clear  that  proximity  to  the  sea-shore,  especially 
where  the  localities  are  saHne,  will  frequently  produce  a  more  faintly  impressed 
surface, — a  peculiarity  indeed  which  I  have  remarked  in  other  insects  besides  the 
Notiophili. 

13.  Notiophilus  geminatus. 

N.  viridi-ffineus  nitidus,  protborace  quadi-ato,  dense  prsesertim  ad  latera  punctato,  elytris  leviter  punc- 

tato-striatis  plaga  longitudinali  suturali  nitidissima,  tibiis  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2\-2h- 

Notiophilus  geminatus,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  v.  589  (1831). 

Habitat  in  montibus  Maderse  ac  Desertse  Grandis,  prsesertim  ad  vias  vel  sub  lapidibus,  hinc  inde  non 
infrequens, 

N.  brassy-brown,  usually  with  a  greenish  tinge.  Head  wide,  with  deep  longitudinal  striae  between  the 
eyes,  which  are  large  and  prominent.  Prothoro.x  short,  transverse-quadrate,  slightly  produced  in 
the  centre  of  the  front  margin,  and  with  a  deep  longitudinal  channel;  punctured  all  over,  though 
obscurely  so  on  the  disk.     Elytra  much  depressed,  finely  punctate-striated,  the  second  interstice 

D 


18  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

irom  the  suture  extremely  broad  and  much  pohshed.     Tibice,  and  base  of  antenna  testaceous. 
Apex  of  the  latter,  the  femora,  and  tarsi  black. 

A  somewhat  rare  insect  in  Madeira,  where  I  have  only  taken  it  sparingly,  and 
at  an  altitude  from  about  3000  to  4000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  few  examples 
which  I  possess  are  principally  from  the  mountain-slopes  at  the  edges  of  the 
Curral  das  Freu'as :  it  has  however  been  captiu'cd  by  M.  Rousset  on  the  Pico 
d' Ai'ribentuo,  above  Punchal.  On  the  Dezerta  Grande,  Avhere  the  specimens  attain 
a  larger  size,  it  is  far  more  abundant,  occurring  in  tolerable  profusion  beneath  the 
small  cluster  of  fir-trees  which  have  been  planted,  in  the  red  volcanic  soU,  on  the 
flat  portion  of  the  summit  near  to  the  commencement  of  the  western  promontory. 
It  is  found  throughout  Southern  Eiu'ope,  and  in  the  north  of  ^yrica ;  and  it  has 
been  recorded  by  "\^'cbb  and  Berthelot  in  the  Canary  Islands. 


(Subf.  4.  HARPALIDES.) 
(Div.  1.  CHLiENIIDEA.) 

Genus  7.  LOEICERA. 

Latreille,  Gen.  Crust,  et  Ins.  i.  224  (1806). 

(Subgenus  ELLIPT0S03IA,  Woll)     (Tab.  I.  fig.  2.) 

Corpus  mediocre,  elongato-ovatum  :  prothorace  subcordato  :  elytris  (in  Loricera  typica  parallelo-ovatis, 
sed  in  nostr^)  ellipticis :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna  (I.  2  a)  ciuratse  setacea;,  articulis  quinque 
baseos  setis  longissimis  munitis,  rehquis  dense  pilosis  setisque  debilioribus  paulatim  evanescen- 
tibus  instructis :  articulo  primo  longissimo  robusto  subfusiformi,  secundo  brevi  subnodoso,  tertio 
(in  specie  nostra)  valdc  elongate  trinodoso,  quarto  paulo  brenore  binodoso,  quinto  (secuudo  sub- 
jequali)  subclavato,  reliquis  lougitudine  subsequalibus  (sexto  obconico,  sequeutibus  subcyliudi-icis) . 
Labrum  (I.  2  b)  porrectum,  subovatum,  postice  late  truncatum  et  antice  truucato-emarginatum. 
MandibulcB  (I.  2  c)  curtae  acutissimse  incuiTa:,  basi  intus  denticulatse,  extus  (in  nostra)  profunde 
fissa;.  Maxilla  (I.  2  d)  biloba;,  cxtus  ad  basin  spinoso-fiss?e  :  lubo  externa  paljnfomii  biarticulato  : 
interna  apice  acutissimo  intlexo,  intus  valdc  sctoso-ciliato.  Palpi  elongati  iiliformcs,  articulo 
ultimo  elongato  subfusiformi-truucato ;  labiates  (I.  2  e)  articulo  penultimo  valdc  elongato  sub- 
curvato,  intus  leviter  binodoso  pilisque  longissimis  duabus  aucto.  Mentum  transversum,  antice 
profunde  emarginatuin  et  (in  typicA  dente  medio  obtuso,  scd  in  specie  Maderensi)  dcnte  medio 
nullo  instructuui,  lobis  rotundatis  et  ad  latera  externa  pilosis.  Ligula  apice  leviter  acuminata ; 
paraglossis  eam  vix  superantibus.  Pedes  (in  typica  breviusculi,  sed  in  nostr&),  pnesertim  postici, 
longissimi :  tarsis  anticis  in  maribus  articulis  tribus  baseos  valde  dilatatis  :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

The  Madeiran  representative  of  the  common  Loricera  xnUcornis  is  one  of  the 
rarest  and  most  interestui£r  of  all  the  indigenous  Carabidee.  "VMiilst  totaUv  distuict 
from  that  insect  in  species,  it  even  recedes  from  it  genericaUy  in  some  respects ; 
and  I  am  by  no  means  convinced  that  it  has  not  as  great  a  claim  to  constitute  a 
genus  as  many  other  forms  have  which  arc  noAV  universally  admitted, — although 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  '  19 

in  reality  they  are  but  offshoots,  in  like  manner,  from  central  groups.  Trvie  it  is 
that  the  singular  structiu-e  of  its  antenna?  (which  have  nevertheless,  however, 
peculiarities  of  theii'  own  in  the  proportions  of  then-  joints)  would  tend  to  identify 
it  T\dth  Loricera  ;  but  still  there  is  no  reason  why  that  very  character  may  not  be 
typical  of  a  small  cluster  of  collateral  forms,  in  precisely  the  same  manner  as  is  the 
case  with  Habrocerus  and  Tricliophya  amongst  the  StaphyUmdce.  To  say  nothing 
of  the  modifications  sufficiently  evident  in  some  of  its  antennal  articulations 
(amongst  which,  however,  the  very  long  and  trinodose  thu'd  one  should  be  par- 
ticularly noticed),  our  present  insect  differs  from  Loricera  proper,  primarily,  in 
the  construction  of  its  mentum,  which  has  no  uidication  whatsoever  of  a  tooth  in 
the  centre  of  its  emargination,  and  has  its  lobes  moreover  externally  pilose  and  in- 
ternally increased  by  a  small  lateral  projection..  The  oater  fissures,  likemse,  of  its 
maxilljB  are  different  from  those  of  the  true  Loricera ;  its  mandibles  have  a  deep 
external  incision  at  their  base  ;  its  upper  lip  is  very  distinctly  trimcated  and  emar- 
ginated  at  the  apex ;  and  the  penultimate  joint  of  its  labial  palpi  is  much  elongated, 
subflexuose,  and  has  the  rudiments  of  nodules  on  its  inner  edge.  In  its  outward 
aspect  also  the  insect  unquestionably  recedes  from  Loricera,  its  elliptical  elytra 
and  extremely  elongated  legs  giving  it  a  very  peculiar  appearance.  StiE,  I  have 
thought  it  better,  in  the  present  instance,  not  to  isolate  it ;  and  have  merely  pro- 
posed a  subgeneric  name,  in  case  that  future  investigations,  as  is  not  improbable, 
should  bring  to  light  other,  collateral,  forms,  ranging  beneath  a  similar  type,  and 
so  render  its  separation  desirable. 

14.  Loricera  WoUastomi.    (Tab.  I.  flg.  2.) 
It.  piceo-brunnea,  elytris  ellipticis  impunctato-striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  4. 

Loricera  Wollastonii,  Javet,  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Ent.  ile  France  (2'*'>'«  serie)  x.  2.3  (1852). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis,  vel  ad  fontes,  per  regionem  Maderse  sylvaticam, 
inde  a  3500'  s.  m.,  toto  anno ;  rarissima. 

L.  dark  piceous-brown,  slightly  sbining.  Head  and  prothorax  with  a  greenish  or  seneous  tinge ;  the 
former  broad,  with  a  depression  down  the  forehead,  and  constricted  behind  the  eyes,  which  are 
prominent ;  the  latter  narrow,  cordate,  with  a  deep  fovea  on  each  side  behind.  Elytra  elliptical, 
much  rounded  off  at  the  shoulders  and  acuminated  posteriorly,  flattened,  deeply  striated,  the 
striffi  being  impunctate,  and  with  three,  sometimes  obsolete,  depressions  down  the  disk  of  each. 
Mouth,  legs,  and  antenna  testaceous. 

Apparently  extremely  rare,  although  widely  distributed  thi-oughout  the  sylvan 
districts  of  Madeu-a,  above  the  altitude  of  about  3500  feet.  It  occm-s  under  stones 
and  fallen  tunber  in  moist  spots,  especially  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  minute 
trickling  streams  which  issue  from  out  of  the  crevices  of  the  rocks  in  the  dense 
ravines  of  a  hi^h  elevation.     I  fii-st  discovered  it,  on  the  18th  of  February  1849, 

d2 


20  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

near  the  upper  extemity  of  the  Boa  Ventura  :  and  in  May  1850  I  again  detected  it, 
beneath  logs  of  wood,  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada  of  the  Ribeu-o  Frio ;  and  dui'ing 
my  encampment  in  the  lofty  uplands  of  the  Cruzinhas  and  the  Fanal,  in  July  of 
the  same  year,  I  obtained  several  specimens  from  beneath  dead  leaves  and  under 
the  decaying  trimks  of  trees  with  which  those  remote  forest  regions  everywhere 
aboiind. 

Genus  8.  EURYGNATHUS,  WoU.    (Tab.  I.  fig.  1  et  3.) 

Corpus  magnum,  oblongo-ovatum,  depressum,  Licino  affine  :  capita  magno,  in  fceminis  latiore  et  ple- 
rumque  maximo :  prothorace  subquadrato :  ehjtris  connatis :  alls  nullis.  Antenrue  filiformes, 
capite  prothoraceque  vix  breviores,  articulo  primo  robusto,  secundo  brevi,  tei-tii  apice  et  sequen- 
tibus  pilosis.  Labrum  (I.  1  a,  et  I.  3  a)  transversum,  anticc  setosum  integrum.  Mandibula 
validffi  latfe  robustse  crassae  obtusissimae,  superficie  superiore  insequali,  intus  baud  dentatse. 
Maxilla  (I.  3  b)  bilobae,  breves  :  lobo  externa  palpiformi  biarticulato :  interna  flexuoso,  parum 
obtuso,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  articulo  pcnultimo  elongato,  ultimo  subsecuriformi-truncato. 
Mentum  (I.  3  c)  transversum,  antice  profuude  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  nullo  instructum. 
Ligula  ampla  elongato-quadrata,  apice  integra ;  paraglossis  ei  aqualibus.  Pedes  elongati,  vix 
robusti :  tarsis  aniicis  in  maribus  (I.  1  b)  articulis  primo  et  secundo  valde  dilatatis  (illo  elongato- 
subquadrato,  hoc  breviore  transverso-quadrato),  tertio  quartoque  parvis ;  ultimo  in  omnibus 
elongato  subelavato  :  ungidculis  simplicibus. 

A  €vpv<;  latus,  et  yvddo^  mandibulum. 

The  singular  insect,  so  abundant  in  Porto  Santo,  from  which  the  above  diagnosis 
has  been  di'a^vn,  ymtglit  prima  facie  be  mistaken  for  a  gigantic  Licinus  ;  neverthe- 
less a  closer  inspection  will  at  once  show  that  it  possesses  many  important  distinc- 
tions which  must  tend  to  separate  it  altogether  from  that  genus.  Thus,  for 
instance,  its  mandibles  are  extremely  broad,  obtuse,  and  thick,  -n-ithout  any  appear- 
ance of  teeth  internally  ;  its  upper  lip,  unlike  that  of  Licimts,  is  perfectly  entii-e  ; 
its  ligula  is  more  elongated ;  and  its  inner  maxillary  lobe  is  short,  and  blunt  at 
the  apex.  Its  greatest  pecidiarities,  however,  arc  unquestionably  external  ones, 
for,  in  addition  to  its  apterous  body  and  connate  elji;ra  (in  both  of  which  respects 
it  recedes  from  Licimis),  it  presents  a  most  anomalous  character, — and  one  un- 
paralleled in  any  other  Coleopterous  form  "with  wliich  I  am  acquainted, — in  the  fact 
that  the  females  have  the  head  usually  greatly  developed  and  broad,  wliilst  in  the 
males  it  is  comparatively  narrow  and  small.  So  unusual  a  circumstance  as  this 
led  me  to  suppose,  before  I  had  seen  the  insect  in  suificieut  profusion,  that  there 
were  two  distinct  species,  and  that  I  had  only  obtained  one  sex  of  each  :  Init  diu-ing 
my  residence  in  the  island  of  Porto  Santo,  in  the  ^\'inter  of  1818,  I  had  an  oppor- 
tunity not  only  of  obser-vdng  them  in  situ,  but  also  in  coitu ;  and  of  remarking 
likewise,  from  the  examination  of  many  hunchvd  specimens,  that  the  (Ulatcd  tarsi 
(the  essential  characteristic  of  the  males)  invariably  accompanied  tlie  small  heads, 
— and  vice  versa.  It  was  not,  however,  in  every  instance  that  the  heads  of  the 
females  were  largely  developed;    nevertheless  the  tendency  to  become  so  was 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  21 

apparent  in  them  all,  and  in  about  two-thircls  of  the  entire  number  ■\vliieh  came 
beneath  my  notice,  it  was  literally  immense.  This  character  is  so  remarkable,  that 
we  should  naturally  have  expected,  even  a  priori,  that  others  would  be  found,  in 
conjunction  with  it,  of  sufficient  importance  to  establish  the  lAcimis  Latreillei  of 
Laporte  as  a  distinct  genus. 


15.  Eurygnathus  Latreillei.    (Tab.  I.  fig.  l  et  3.) 

E.  ater  nitidus,  prothorace  subquadrato  angulis  posticis  punctatis,  elytris  ovatis  striatis,  striis  vix 
punctatis,  antennarum  apice  pedibusque  piceis. 
Fmm.  capite  plerumque  latiore  magno. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  9i-12. 

Var.  /3.  opacus,  prothorace  latiore  lateribus  valde  recurvis,  angulis  posticis  vix  punctatis,  elytris 
parallelo-ovatis,  punctato-striatis.     (Ins.  Deserta  Grandis.) 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  11-13. 

Licinus  Latreillei,  Laporte,  Utud.  Ent.  i.  83  (1834). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  Portu  Sancto,  tempore  hiberno  et  vernali,  vulgaris :  varietatem  /3.  in  insula 
Desertse  Grandis  soli,  nieuse  Januario  a.d.  1849,  inveni. 

C  deep  black,  shining.  Eyes  small,  remote  from  the  prothorax,  wbicb  is  subquadrate,  and  a  little 
narrowed  behind,  with  the  lateral  edges  (especiaUy  posteriorly)  recurved  upwards ;  with  a  longitu- 
dinal channel  down  the  disk,  and  with  a  few  large,  shallow,  scattered  punctures  towards  the  basal 
angles.  Elytra  deeply  striated,  the  strioe  being  scarcely  perceptibly  punctate.  Antenna  (the  basal 
portions  of  the  first  and  second  joints  excepted),  palpi,  a  depressed  segmental  space  behind  the 
labrum,  and  the  feet,  more  or  less  brown  or  piceous. 
Vai-.  /3.  larger  and  more  parallel,  opake ;  the  prothorax  rather  wider,  especially  in  front,  with  its 
edges  more  broadly  recurved  and  its  hinder  angles  less  distinctly  punctured ;  whilst  the  elytral 
striae  are  more  perceptibly  punctate.     (The  state  peculiar  to  the  Dezerta  Grande.) 

A  common  insect  beneath  stones  in  Porto  Santo,  dui-ing  the  winter  and  early 
spring  months.  I  have  usually  found  it  in  greater  profusion  towards  the  eastern 
extremity  of  the  island  than  in  any  other  position,  especially  on  the  grassy  slopes 
of  the  Pico  de  Baxo  (the  high  conical  hiU,  on  the  coast,  to  the  eastward  of  the 
Cidade),  and  in  the  dry,  sandy,  fossUiferous  district  immediately  below  it,  to  the 
north,  knowTi  as  the  Zimbral  d'Areia, — at  the  mouth  of  the  Kibeii'o  de  Serra  de 
Fora.  On  the  open  plain  of  the  Campo  de  Baxo,  which  extends  across  the  island 
to  the  westward  of  the  iovna.,  it  UkcAvise  occvirs,  though  more  sparingly  :  whilst  on 
the  large  adjacent  limestone  rock  of  the  Ilheo  de  Baxo,  where  I  first  discovered  it, 
it  is  tolerably  abuudant.  The  specimens  on  the  Dezerta  Grande  assume  a  distiact 
variety, — the  insect  ha-ving  apparently  become  modified  by  long  isolation  on  that 
island,  where  it  not  only  attains  a  much  larger  size  than  in  Porto  Santo,  but  is 
invariably  also   more   parallel  and  opake,  has  the  sides  of  its  prothorax  more 


22  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

recurved,  with  the  punctures  towards  the  lateral  angles  almost  obsolete,  and  the 
striae  of  its  elytra  somewhat  more  evidently  pimctate.  It  is  exceedingly  rare  on 
the  Dezerta  Grande,  the  only  spot  in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it  bcuig, 
under  stones,  at  the  upper  edge  of  the  precipitous  gorge  which  descends  to  the 
eastern  shore  from  the  immediate  head  of  the  long  northern  vaUey.  On  the  Flat 
Dezerta,  or  Ilheo  Chao,  I  have  not  succeeded  in  detecting  it ;  nor  as  yet  in  any 
part  of  Madeira  proper. 

Genus  9.  ZARGUS,  TTW.     (Tab.  I.  fig.  4,  5  et  6.) 

Corpus  mediocre,  clongato-ovatum,  deprcssum,  Calatlio  habitii  generali  proximum  sed  ab  eo  certe 
distinctum  :  pruthorace  subcordato  :  ehjtris  plus  minusve  inteiTupto-striatis  :  alls  obsolctis.  An- 
tennee  filiformes  gi-acillimse,  capite  prothoraceque  paulo  longiores,  articulo  primo  elongate  sat 
robusto  clavato,  secimdo  brevij  tertio  primo  breviore.  Labrum  (I.  4  a)  prominulum  transversum, 
antice  profunde  bilobum,  lobo  quoque  seta  longissima  apicali  instnicto.  Mandibula  porrectse 
elongatse  angustatas^  ad  apicem  subito  intlex;e  acutse,  infra  apicem  dente  magno  acuto  basi 
latissimo  munitaj,  margine  interno  valde  ciliato.  Maxilla  (1.46)  bilobse,  angusto-elongatse : 
lobo  externa  pali)ifornii  biarticulato,  articulo  primo  elongato  flexuoso,  secundo  crassiorc  clongato- 
subovato :  interno  huic  paulo  longiore,  angusto  recto,  ad  apicem  subito  ineurvo  acutissimo,  intus 
dense  ct  fortiter  ciliato.  Palpi  elongati  subfiliformcs  :  maxiUares  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo 
elongato  subcurvato,  tertio  quartoque  longitudine  fequabbus,  hoc  elongato  fusiformi-ovato :  la- 
hiales  (I.  4  c)  c  scapis  ligulaj  connatis  surgentcs,  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  tertioque  sub- 
ajqualibus,  illo  setis  duabus  internis  aucto,  boc  elongato  fusiformi-subovato.  Mentum  transver- 
sum, antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  nullo  instructum.  Ligula  elongata  apice 
truncata,  membranacea,  in  media  parte  antica  subcornea  setisque  duabus  omata;  paraglossis 
tcnuissimis  acuminatis,  cam  supcrantibus.  Pedes  longiusculi,  gracilcs  :  tarsis  anticis  in  maribus 
(I.  4(f,  4e)  articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  valde  dilatatis  subtus  lacinioso-papillosis  (primo 
obtriangulari  angulis  anticis  rotundatis,  secundo  tertioque  subrotundatis),  quarto  parvo  triangu- 
lari ;  ultimo  in  omnibus  elongato  subclavato  :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

Huic  generi  nomen  dedi  in  honorem  Zargo,  insignis  viri  Lusitanici,  qui,  a.d.  1419,  !Maderam  primus 
invenisse  apud  historic  scriptores  memoratur. 

There  is  perhaps  no  genus  which  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  establish,  in  the 
present  work,  for  the  reception  of  new  Coleopterous  forms  from  the  ]\[adeira 
Islands,  more  interesting,  or  which  may  be  said  to  be  better  defined  or  more 
strictly  uidigcnous,  than  the  present  one ;  for  not  only  docs  it  differ  in  many  of  its 
most  essential  characters  from  the  subfamily  Uarpalides  (to  wliich,  nevertheless, 
it  evidently  belongs),  but, — if  we  except  a  portion  of  the  Scaritides, — it  recedes,  in 
its  powerfully  dentate  and  ciliated  mandibles,  fi'om  every  member  of  the  entire 
Carabidce  \nih.  which  I  am  acquainted.  "VMiilst  however  there  can  be  no  doubt 
but  that  it  is  correctly  referred  to  Wxa  Uarpalides,  its  exact  position  therein  is  not  at 
first  sight  altogether  intelligible.  From  the  Fterosticliidea  (the  second  of  the  three 
great  divisions  of  the  HarpaUdes),  to  some  of  the  genera  of  Avliich,  particidarly 
Calatlnis,  it  most  nearly,  in  its  outward  aspect,  approximates,  the  rounded  form  of 
its  dilated  tarsal  joints,  which  are  densely  clothed  beneath  with  ragged  appendages, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  23 

arranged  promiscuously  and  not  distributed  in  a  double  row ;  added  to  the  un- 
toothed  emargination  of  its  mentum,  its  simple  claws,  its  deeply  bilobed  upper  lip, 
membranaceous  Ugula,  and  its  largely  developed  paraglossre,  entirely  remove  it. 
And  although  the  first  four  of  the  above  details  (namely,  the  structure  of  its  male 
foot,  above  and  below,  its  unserrated  claws,  and  its  mentimi  destitute  of  a  central 
tooth)  point  to  the  Chlceniidea  as  its  more  natm^al.  location ;  yet  the  remaioing 
three  (namely,  the  remarkable  form  of  its  upper  Hp,  its  thin  imperfect  ligula,  and 
its  ample  paraglossae),  in  addition  to  its  porrected,  strongly  dentate,  and  ciliated 
mandibles,  are  altogether  as  unrepresented  in  that  division  as  they  are  iu  the 
Pterostlchldea,  and  would  seem  almost  to  debar  it  from  entrance  even  there.  Still 
there  is  no  other  section  of  the  Harpalides  which,  as  usually  defined,  could  so  Avell 
receive  it ;  and  since  it  is  necessarily  a  choice  between  difiiculties  in  assigning  it  a 
position  at  all,  we  must  be  content  to  accept  that  one  which  offers  the  fewest 
obstacles  to  its  admission.  Whilst  therefore  it  must  needs  present  anomalies 
wherever  it  be  placed,  yet  I  believe  that  it  wiU  be  found,  upon  the  whole,  lohen  at 
the  end  of  the  Chlceniidea  (and  immediately  before  the  commencement  of  the 
Pterostichidea)  to  be  nearest  to  those  genera  with  which  it  has  the  greatest 
affinity*.  And  strange  as  it  may  appear  in  a  geographical  poiat  of  view,  I  am 
inclined  to  suspect  that  it  has  perhaj)s  a  closer  connection  with  the  little  genus 
Homethes,  Newman,  from  Australia,  than  with  any  other  form  liitherto  discovered. 
The  Zargi  are  extremely  voracious,  and  have  as  much  the  habits  as  they  have  the 
external  aspect  of  the  Calathi.  They  reside,  almost  exclusively,  beneath  stones 
in  grassy  spots,  and  are  more  particularly  abundant  at  low  and  intermediate 
altitudes. 

16.  Zar^s  Schaumii,  Wall.    (Tab.  I.  fig.  5.) 

Z.  nigro-piceus,  supra  piceus  opacus  valde  depressus,  protliorace  subelongato  angusto  cordato  niar- 
ginibus  infuscatis,  elytris  profunde  interrupto-striatis,  lateribus  antenuisque  infuscatis,  pedibus 
pallidis. 

Loug.  Corp.  lin.  5-5|. 

Habitat  in  graminosis  Madcrse,  sub  lapidibus,  uon  infrequens :  in  Madera  australi  iuter  500'  et  3000' 
s.  m.  prsedominat,  sed  in  Madera  boreali  usque  ad  maris  litus  descendit. 

Ob  gratias  mihi  amicissime  oblatas  banc  speciem  Zargi  eximiam  in  bonorem  Entomologici  peritissimi 
H.  Schaum,  M.D,,  Berolini,  stabilivi. 

Z.  beneatb  dark  piceous-black ;  above  piceous,  opake,  and  exceedingly  flattened.  Mouth  prominent, 
and  rufo-piceous.     Prothorax  narrow,   somewhat  elongated,    cordate,  widest   in   front,    much 


*  Ti'ue  it  is  indeed  that  its  extremely  membranaceous  ligula,  with  the  minute  subcomeous  centre, 
finds  an  analogue  in  the  genus  Bracldnus  ;  and  that  the  papillose  under  surface  of  its  male  tarsi,  its  un- 
toothed  meuttmi,  simple  claws,  and  subclavate  palpi  are,  likewise,  severally  represented  in  the  other 
genera  of  the  Braclunides ;  nevertheless  I  cannot  persuade  myself  that  it  has  any  real  aflSnity  whatsoever 


24  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

wrinkled,  and  vnih  an  obscure  longitudinal  channel ;  the  margins  broadly  infuscate,  a  good  deal 
flattened,  and  recurved,  especially  behind.  Elytra  ovate,  very  much  depressed,  most  finely  and 
minutely  gi-anulated,  and  very  deeply  striated, — the  strife  interrupted  at  regular  intervals,  and 
consisting  of  a  series  of  elongated  impressions  which  cause  the  surface  to  appear  pitted  or  em- 
bossed ;  the  lateral  margins  obscurely  infuscate,  and  with  a  series  of  large  ocellated  impressions. 
Antenna  and  legs  long  and  slender  ;  the  former  fuscous  ;  the  latter,  especially  the  femora,  very 
pale  testaceous. 

A  very  elegant  and  peculiar  insect,  and  at  once  distinguished  from  tlie  other 
Zargi  by  its  large  size,  flattened  form,  piceous  hue,  by  its  long,  slender  legs  and 
antennae,  by  its  subcordate  and  comparatively  elongated  prothorax,  and  by  its 
deeply  pitted  elytra.  It  is  found,  beneath  stones,  in  most  parts  of  Madeira,  though 
seldom  above  the  altitude  of  about  3500  feet.  On  the  northern  side  of  the  island 
it  descends  to  the  sea-shore,  but  on  the  southern  its  range  does  not  commence  so 
low.  It  occurs  very  plentifully  at  times,  making  its  appearance  about  the  end  of 
summer  and  lasting  until  the  following  spring.  On  the  western  slopes  of  the  Pico 
do  Cardo,  near  Tunchal,  in  the  Chestnut-wood  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Mount  Church, 
as  also  in  the  north  of  the  island,  at  the  Passo  d'Areia  near  Sao  Vincente,  on  the 
level  of  the  beach,  I  have  myseK  captured  it  in  considerable  abundance.  It  seems 
to  be  a  species  peculiar  to  Madeira  proper,  it  not  having  been  hitherto  observed  in 
any  of  the  other  islands  of  the  group. 

17.  Zargus  Desertse,  Woll.    (Tab.  I.  fig.  4.) 

Z.  piceo-niger  opacus  depressus,  prothorace  parvo  angusto  rotundato-subcordato  marginibus  obscu- 
rissime  subinfuscatis,  elytris  leviter  subinterrupto-striatis,  lateribus  antennisque  subinfuscatis, 
tarsis  fuscis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  4-4|. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  ins.  Desertse  Grandis,  una  cum  Calatho  complaiiato  dcgens, — Januario 
exeunte  a.d.  1849  a  meipso  detectus. 

Z.  black,  with  a  very  slightly  piceous  tinge,  opake,  and  depressed,  though  not. quite  so  much  so  as 
the  last  species.  Mouth  exceedingly  prominent,  and  piceous.  Prothorax  short,  small,  much 
rounded  at  the  sides,  being  widest  about  the  middle,  slightly  wrinkled,  and  with  a  tolerably 
distinct  longitudinal  channel ;  the  margins  very  naiTowly  and  most  obscurely  infuscate,  scarcely 
at  all  flattened,  and  very  slightly  recurved  behind.  Elytra  ovate,  less  depressed  than  in  the 
Z.  Schaumii,  most  finely  and  minutely  granuled,  and  lightly  striated, — the  stria:  having  gene- 
rally a  little  tendency  to  be  interrupted,  though  far  less  so  than  is  the  case  in  the  last  species ; 
the  extreme  lateral  margins  most  obscxirely  infuscate,  and  with  a  series  of  large  ocellated  im- 


with  the  insects  of  that  division  of  tlie  Caralicla,  since  its  entire  general  habit  recedes  from  them  altogether, 
and  bespeaks,  m  every  respect,  an  intimate  relation  to  the  JI(n-j)alides.  Added  to  which,  the  largely- 
expanded  and  rounded  joints  of  its  male  tarsi  wovdd,  even  alone,  at  once  remove  it  from  the  whole  race  of 
the  Brachinides. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  25 

pressions.     Antenna  and  legs  shorter  and  rather  more  robust  than  those  of  the  Z.  Schaumii ; 
the  former  fuscous  ;  the  latter  piceous,  with  the  tarsi  rufo-fuscous. 

An  exceedingly  well-marked  species,  intermediate,  both  in  size  and  sciili^ture, 
between  the  Z.  Scliaumii  and  the  Z.  pellncklus,  though  with  abundant  distinctive 
characters  of  its  own.  Its  dark,  black  hue  (its  extreme  margins,  its  mouth,  and  its 
tarsi  being  alone. somewhat  fuscescent),  added  to  its  short,  laterally-rounded  pro- 
thorax  (which  is  widest  about  the  middle),  and  its  lightly  impressed,  scarcely 
interrupted  elytral  striae,  will  serve  prinid  facie  to  separate  it  from  the  rest  of  the 
genus;  whilst  from  the  Z.  Schaumii  in  particular  its  shorter  legs  and  antennae, 
and  its  less  depressed  form  will  still  fui'ther  tend  to  remove  it.  It  occm's  exclu- 
sively, so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  where  I  captured 
it  m  tolerable  abundance,  in  company  with  Calatlms  complanatus,  during  January 
1849,  from  beneath  stones  at  the  head  of  the  great  northern  valley.  They  are 
extremely  active,  and  apparently  very  voracious  (as  indeed  their  prominent,  thickly 
ciliated  mandibles  would  seem  to  indicate),  attacking  indiscriminately  everytliing 
with  which  they  may  chance  to  be  enclosed,  not  even  sparing  theii'  own  kind.  I 
possess  a  remarkable  example  of  a  hybrid  between  the  Z.  Desertce  and  the  C.  com- 
planatus, in  which  one  of  the  elytra  is  that  of  an  ordinary  Calatlms,  whilst  the  other 
is  much  shorter  and  precisely  that  of  the  former  insect :  the  claws  moreover  are 
very  imperfectly  formed,  and  some  of  them  are  not  developed  at  all.  It  was'taken 
under  a  stone,  in  company  with  a  profusion  of  specimens  of  the  two  species  in 
question,  of  which  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  it  is  the  common  progeny. 

18.  Zargus  pellucidus,  Woll.    (Tab.  I.  fig.  6.) 

Z.  nigro-piceus,  supra  luteo-infuscatns  nitidus  subdepressus,  prothorace  parvo  angusto  subquadrato 
marginibus  pallidis,  elytris  diluto-infuscatis  striatis,  lateribus,  antennis  pedibusque  pallidis. 
Var.  (3.  vis  major  et  obscurior  (ins.  Deserta  Grandis). 
Long.  corp.  lin.  Z\-'i^. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  IMaderse,  in  eonvallibus  umbrosis  declivibusque  humidiusculis,  tempore  hiberno 
et  vernali,  rarissimus  :  var.  /3.  in  ins.  Deserta  Grandi  et  tantum  illic  occurrit,  qua  mense  Januario 
A.D.  1849  duo  specimina  in  rupium  fissuris  apricarum  detexi. 

Z.  beneath  dark  piceous-black ;  above  yellowish-brown,  though  of  an  unequal  or  irregular  intensity 
in  different  parts,  which  gives  it  a  diluted  or  somewhat  transparent  appearance ;  shining,  and 
about  as  much  depressed  as  the  last  species.  Mouth  prominent,  and  pale  testaceous.  Prothorax 
very  small,  narrow  and  subquadrate,  a  little  wider  before  than  behind,  with  very  slight  indications 
of  wrinkles,  and  with  a  deep  dorsal  channel ;  the  margins  broadly  and  distinctly  pale,  leaving  a 
square  patch  on  the  disk  alone  dark.  Elytra  ovate,  a  little  more  depressed  than  in  the  Z.  Deserta, 
regularly  and  rather  deeply  striated, — the  striaj  having  apparently  no  tendency  to  be  interrupted  ; 
with  two  small  depressions  on  the  disk  of  each,  and  occasionally  one  or  two  extra,  irregular  ones, 
which  however  appear  to  be  accidental  rather  than  typical ;  the  lateral  margins  (particularly  the 

E 


26  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

large  ocellated  impressions)  always,  and  the  shoulders  and  suture  occasionally,  more  or  less  pale. 
ATitenn<2  and  legs  slender,  but  not  very  long,  and  exceedingly  pale  testaceous. 
Var.  jS.  a  little  larger  and  darker.     (The  state  peculiar  to  the  Dczerta  Grande.) 

An  extremely  rare  insect,  and  known  at  once  from  the  other  Zargi  here  de- 
scribed by  its  comparatively  small  size,  by  its  shining,  yollowish-bro^^Tl  and  iiTegn- 
larlv  clouded  sui-face,  by  its  niiuutc,  narrow,  and  snl)quacbate  prothorax,  wliieh 
has  the  margins  broadly  and  distinctly  pale,  and  by  its  elytra  being  imiformly 
striated,  and  free  from  the  pitted  appearance  which  is  so  evident  in  the  Z.Schanmii, 
and  is  indicated,  thovigh  more  obscurely,  in  the  last  species  also.  It  would  seem 
to  be  of  the  greatest  rarity,  the  only  four  specimens  which  have  as  yet  come  beneath 
my  observation  ha\dng  been  captured  l)y  myself, — two  in  Madeira  proper,  amongst 
small  stones  and  vegetation  at  the  base  of  the  damp  perpendicular  rocks  about 
half-way  up  the  Ribeu'o  de  Santa  Luzia,  dvu-iug  the  early  spring ;  and  two  on  the 
Dczerta  Grande,  from  out  of  the  cracks  of  the  exposed  weather-beaten  eminences 
of  red  volcanic  soU  (so  well  known  to  all  who  have  landed  on  the  island  by  their 
loose  rotten  struct  m'c,  and  worn,  rounded  forms)  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  great 
northern  valley,  dm-ing  January  1849. 


(Div.  2.  PTEROSTICIilDEA.) 
Genus  10.  PRISTONYCHUS. 

Dejean,  Species  des  Col.  iii.  43  (1828). 

Corpus  sat  magnum,  elongato-ovatum,  depressiusculum :  prothorace  subcordato :  alis  (in  typicis 
obsoletis,  sed  in  specie  Maderensi)  amplissimis.  Antenna  filiibrmes,  capite  prothoraceque  paulo 
longiores,  articulo  primo  sequentibus  robustiore,  sccundo  brcv-i.  Labrum  quadi-atum,  antice 
leviter  emarginatum  et  setis  paucis  longissimis  instructum,  angulis  anticis  rotundatis  ciUatis. 
Mandibidm  incurvoe  acutie,  intus  basi  denticulatre.  Maxilla  bilobse  :  loho  extenw  palj)iformi 
biarticulato  :  internn  acuto  incurvo,  apice  uncinato,  intus  valde  eiliato.  Palpi  iililbrmes,  articulo 
ultimo  fusifornii-truncato.  Mcnium  transversum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dente  medio 
brevi  bifido  instructum.  Ligida  cornea,  apice  truncata  pihsque  duobus  longissimis  aucta  :  para- 
fflossis  mcmbranaceis  linearibus,  earn  longe  superantibus.  Pedes  longi,  graciles  :  tarsis  anticis  in 
maribus  articulis  primo,  sccundo  et  tertio  leviter  dilatatis,  triangularibus  et  subtus  biseriato- 
setosis :  unguiculis  basi  leviter  serratis. 

Pristoiii/c/iKS  in  nearly  all  piu'cly  structural  points  is  coincident  with  CaUdhus, 
its  more  elongated  paraglossic,  which  are  linear,  and  stretch  out  to  a  considerable 
distance  beyond  the  apex  of  its  ligula,  added  to  its  less  powerfully  serrated  claws, 
being  apparently  the  sole  distinctive  characters,  apart  from  external  ones,  a\  hich 
remove  it  from  that  genus*.     In  real  fact  however,  the  whole  of  this  section  of  the 

*  I  have  not  seen  it  elsewhere  remarked,  but  I  imagine  that  it  is,  in  all  probability,  owing  to  the  want 
of  this  prolongation  of  the  pai-aglossa;  in  Calathus  that  the  ligula  of  that  genus  is  described  by  Erichsou, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  27 

Carahidce  presents  so  few,  and  such  sliglit  modifications  in  the  oral  organs  that  it 
is  positively  necessary  to  depend  in  a  great  measm-e  on  outward  details  even  for 
generic  purposes,  unless  we  are  content  to  amalgamate  many  grovips  which  are 
universally  received.  As  some  compensation  however  for  the  deficiency  in  struc- 
tm'al  differences,  the  Frlstonychi  are  most  easily  separated  from  the  Calathi  exter- 
nally, being  not  only  larger  and  darker  insects  (their  colour  being  for  the  most 
part  black,  with  a  violet  or  pm-plish  tinge),  and  with  much  longer  legs,  but  their 
prothorax  is  in  every  instance  more  or  less  narrowed  behind,  instead  of  (as  is  the 
case  with  the  latter)  in  front.  The  Fristoiii/cM  are  of  a  more  darkling  nature 
than  the  Calathi,  being,  like  the  genus  Spliodrus,  often  found  in  houses,  or  at  any 
rate  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  habitations  :  and  even  when  this  is  not  the  case, 
the  same  kind  of  propensity  seems  to  be  indicated  by  the  peculiarity  of  the  localities 
which  they  select, — a  marked  preference  being  sho^vn  for  caves,  and  other  partially 
sheltered  spots,  beneath  the  stones  in  which  they  frequently  delight  to  congregate. 

19.  Pristonychus  alatus,  WoU. 

P.  alatus,  niger,  prothorace  subcordato,  elytris  subpuuctato-striatis  obscure  cyaneis,  antennis  pedi- 

busque  plus  minusve  picescentibus,  tibiis  in  utroque  sexu  rectis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  6-9. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  colliuis  Maderpe  maritimis  atque  in  cavernis  tufae,  sat  frequens  :  ad  Ribeiro 
Secco  prope  ui'bem  Funclialensem  d.  13  Feb.  coUegit  cl.  Dom.  Heer,  necnon  baud  procul  a 
Sancta  Cruce  egoniet  deprebensi :  in  insula  Portu  Sancto  usque  ad  maris  litus  descendit,  qua 
prope  oppidum  mense  Decembri  exeunte  a.d.  1848  copiosissime  legi. 

P.  dark  piceous-black,  and  very  sligbtly  shining;  above  witb  an  obsciu'e  bluish  tinge,  especially  on 
the  elytra,  where  it  is  occasionally  comparatively  brilliant.  Head  and  prothorax  nan-ower  than 
the  elytra  ;  the  former  with  two  deep  longitudinal  impressions  on  the  forehead  ;  the  latter  sub- 
cordate,  with  an  obscure  dorsal  channel,  and  with  a  deep  longitudinal  fovea  on  either  side  at  the 
base.  Elytra  striated,  the  striae  being  most  obscurely  punctured.  JVings  greatly  developed.  Legs 
palpi  and  antenna  more  or  less  picescent ;  the  apex  of  the  last,  and  the  tarsi,  brownish.  Tibia,  in 
both  sexes,  straight,  and  very  slender.     Claws  distinctly  serrated. 

Eor  a  long  time  I  had  conceived  the  present  JPristonychus  to  be  identical  Avith 
the  European  P.  subcijaneus,  for  it  bears  so  strong  a  resemblance  primd  facie  to 
that  insect,  that,  without  exainination,  it  is  not  easy  to  separate  the  two.  A  more 
careful  inquiiy  however  has  since  convinced  me  that  the  Madeiran  species  is  un- 
questionably distinct,  since  the  structui'al  differences  wliich  it  exhibits  are  such  as 
can  scarcely  be  accounted  for  by  the  agency  either  of  isolation  or  of  latitude.   Thus, 

and  by  most  entomologists  after  him,  as  "  ligula  apice  rotmidata."  In  real  troth  the  hgula  of  Calathus 
is  as  much  ti-uucated  in  front  as  that  of  Pristonychus  and  of  the  allied  genera ;  but  the  fact  of  its  para- 
glossae  being  short,  and  consequently  not  projecting  at  the  angles,  gives  the  entire  labium  a  somewhat 
roimded  appearance  anteriorly. 

E  2 


28  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

in  its  largely  developed  ^ings  it  recedes,  I  believe,  from  e-\-ery  Pristonycluts  yet 
described,  whilst  its  straightened  and  slender  tibia?,  in  both  sexes,  will  serve, 
additionally,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  P.  subcyanens,  in  which  the  intermediate 
and  hinder  pair  (especially  the  former)  are  decidetlly  curved,  as  well  as  more 
densely  ciliated  towards  their  internal  ajiex.  The  claws,  moreover,  of  the  P.  alatus 
are  more  powerfully  serrated  at  then-  base  than  is  usual  in  the  other  representatives 
of  the  genus.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  a  very  abundant  insect  in  Madeii'a,  although 
pretty  generally  distributed  along  the  southern  coast  in  positions  sKghtly  elevated 
above  the  shore.  On  the  liills  between  Machico  and  Sancta  Cruz  I  have  captm-ed 
it,  not  uncommonly,  diu'ing  the  winter  months ;  and  it  has  been,  likewise,  taken 
by  Professor  Heer  in  the  llibeu'O  Secco,  near  Eunchal.  In  Porto  Santo  it  is  com- 
Ijaratively  plentiful,  where,  at  the  end  of  December  1848,  I  obtained  it  in  con- 
siderable profusion  from  the  vicinity  of  the  Cidade. 

Genus  11.  CALATHUS. 

Bonelli,  Observ.  Ent.  i.  tah.  sgn.  (1809). 

Corpus  mediocre,  elongato-ovatum,  plcrumque  depressiim  :  prothorace  subquadrato,  antice  ssepius 
angustato  :  alis  (in  tj-jiicis  amplis,  sod  in  speciebus  Maderensibus)  obsok-tis.  Antenna  filiformes, 
capite  prothoraceque  paulo  longiores,  articulo  primo  sequentibus  robustiorc,  secundo  bre\i,  tertio 
primo  multo  longiore.  Labrum  quadi-atum,  antice  leviter  emarginatum  et  setis  paucis  longissimis 
instructum,  angulis  anticis  rotundatis  ciliatis.  Mandibula  breves  incurvre  acutte,  intus  basi  den- 
ticulatEG.  Maxilla  biloboe :  loho  externa  palpiformi  biarticulato :  interna  acuto  incurvo,  apice 
uncinate,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  filiformes,  articulo  ultimo  subfusifonni-truncato.  Mentum 
transversum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dcnte  medio  bre\-i  bifido  instruetum.  Ligula 
cornea,  apice  truneata  pilisqiie  diiobus  longissimis  aucta ;  parar/lossis  menibranaccis,  ei  asqualibus. 
Pedes  longiusculi,  graciles  :  farsis  anticis  in  niaribus  articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  le\iter 
dilatatis,  subtriangularibus  :  unguiculis  valde  serratis. 

The  distinctions  between  the  present  genus  and  the  last  have  been  already 
pointed  out,— theu'  main  difference,  so  far  at  least  as  theii"  oral  organs  are  con- 
cerned, consisting  in  the  form  and  development  of  their  respective  paraglossae, 
and  the  consequent  modifications  in  the  general  aspect  of  then-  labia.  So  greatly 
indeed,  in  the  parts  of  theu"  mouth,  do  the  whole  of  these  immediate  groups 
resemble  each  other,  that  both  Calathus  and  Pristouychits  approximate  almost  as 
much  to  Argntor  as  they  do  inter  se;  and,  in  fact,  if  that  genus  could  be  severed 
from  Ptei'oslichits,  it  would  constitute,  in  the  structure  of  its  trophi,  a  very  gradual 
passage  between  the  two,  since  its  paraglossae  are  shorter  and  less  porrccted  than 
those  of  tlic  latter,  but  more  developed  than  those  of  the  former, — wliilst  in  the 
truncation  of  their  ligula?  the  whole  three  are  almost  coincident.  Externally  how- 
ever both  Pyistoiiychits  and  Calathus  recede  very  e"\"idently  from  Argvtor,  though 
especially  perhaps  in  having  their  fore-tibitc  and  male  tarsi  less  dilated  than  is  the 
case  Avith  the  latter  and  its  allied  groups.     The  Calathi  reside  principally  beneath 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  29 

stones  in  grassy  spots,  and  in  Madeira  are  most  abundant  at  intermediate  and 
lofty  altitudes. 

20.  Calathus  vividus. 

C.  apterus  fusco-piceus,  prothorace  augusto  elongato-quadi'ato  lateribus  valde  reflexis  ferrugiiieis, 

elytris  ovatis  profunde  striatis,  siugulo  punctis  tribus  vel  quatuor  impresso,  antennis  pedibusque 

longissimis  testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  6-7. 

Carahus  vividus,  Fab.  (testibus  D.D.  Scliaum,  AVestermann  et  Scbiodte)  Syst.  Eleu.  i.  194  (1801). 
Sclion.  Syn.  Ins.  i.  199  (1806). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis  in  montibus  JMaderse,  sat  frequens. 

C.  apterous,  light  brownish-piceous,  rarely  dark ;  the  males  slightly  shining,  the  females  opake. 
Head  and  pruthurax  elongated  ;  the  latter  narrow  and  nearly  parallel,  mth  the  sides  usually  much 
reflexed  and  ferruginous ;  longitudinally  channelled  in  the  centre,  and  with  a  large  impunctate 
fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  ovate,  broadest  about  the  middle,  deeply  striated,  and 
each  with  three  or  four  usually  distinct  impressions  down  its  disk  near  the  third  stria  from  the 
suture.  Legs  and  antenna  exceedingly  long,  and,  with  the  palpi,  usually  pale  ferruginous,  or 
testaceous. 

The  present  species  may  be  cUstinguished  from  every  variety  of  the  C.  con/p/a- 
natiis  by  its  larger  size,  by  the  greater  length  of  its  legs  and  antennse,  and  by  its 
narrow,  elongated,  parallel  prothorax,  which  has  the  lateral  margins  usually  much 
recurved.  The  colour  also  is  generally  somewhat  paler  than  in  that  insect,  and  its 
legs  and  antennse  are  more  testaceous.  It  is  decidedly  rarer  than  either  of  the 
other  Madeiran  Calathi,  nevertheless  it  is  sufficiently  abundant  in  certain  districts 
of  a  lofty  elevation.  I  have  taken  it  near  the  summit  of  the  Pico  Ruivo,  at  al)out 
6000  feet  above  the  sea ;  and  it  was  captured  by  Professor  Heer  on  the  Pico  dos 
Bodes  and  at  the  Jardina  de  Serra,  ia  1851.  That  the  insect  is  correctly  identified 
I  am  enabled  to  state  on  the  authority  of  my  fi'iend  Dr.  H.  Schaimi  of  Berlin,  wlio 
examined  the  original  type  in  the  Royal  Museum  of  Copenhagen  in  the  year  1815. 
This  conclusion  has  been  recently  corroborated  by  a  communication  from  M.  Dohrn 
of  Stettin,  who  forwarded  my  own  specimens  for  comparison  to  Copenhagen,  where 
they  were  pronounced,  by  both  "VYestermann  and  Schiodte,  to  be  imquestionably 
the  true  Carohus  vividus  of  Fabricius.  It  is  -wi'ongly  stated  in  the  Systemu  Eleu- 
tliemtorum  to  be  winged,  since,  like  the  rest  of  the  Madeiran  Calathi,  it  is  invari- 
ably apterous  :  and  had  not  the  original  tyjies  been  stUl  in  existence,  it  would  ha-\e 
been  impossible  to  have  recognised  oiu^  present  insect  in  the  miserably  poor 
diagnosis  there  given  of  it,  which  would  seem  indeed, — if  it  conveys  the  slightest 
idea  of  anything  at  all,  being  equally  applicable  to  about  two-thirds  of  the  entire 
CaraUdce, — to  be  better  adapted  perhaps  to  the  Sarpalus  which  Dejean  erro- 
neously, though  not  unnaturally,  afterwards  referred  to  it,  than  to  the  Calathvs 
now  under  consideration. 


30  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

21.  Calathus  complanatus. 
C.  apterus  piceuSj  prothorace  subquadi-ato  antice  et  posticc  leviter  angustato  lateribus  subreflexis  vix 
fernigineis,  elytris  ovatis  profimde  striatis,  singulo  piinctis  tribus  vel  quatuor  impresso,  antennis 
pedibusque  ferrugineis. 
Long.  cor]),  liu.  4J-5|. 

Vw.  a.  depressus  piceus,  in  utroque  sexu  prsesertim  foemineo  subopacus,  prothorace  angustato. 

Long.  5-5i  lin.     {Madera;  usque  ad  4000'  s.  m.  prsedominans.) 
Var.  /3.  depressus  nigro-piceus  leviter  angustatus,  in  utroque  sexu  prajsertim  fcEminco  subopacus, 

prothorace  angustato.     Long.  5-6  hn.     {Deserta  Grandis.) 
Var.  y.  valde  depressus  piceus  latiusculus  brevis,  mare  parum  nitido,  fcemina  valde  opaca,  prothorace 

latiusculo.     Long.  4^5i  hn.     [Partus  Sancttis.) 
Var.  8.  subconvexus  piceus  latus  breviusculus,  in  utroque  sexu  prjesertim  raasculo  nitidus,  pro- 
thorace lato.    Long.  4|— 5  hn.    {Madera;  a  4000'  s.  m.  usque  ad  cacumina  montium  ascendens.) 
Long.  corj).  hn.  4>-G. 

Calathis  complanatus,  (Kollar)  Dej.  Spec,  dcs  Col.  iii.  73  (1828). 

Habitat  insulas  Maderenses,  sub  lapidibus  trancisque  arborum  projectis,  ubique  vulgatissimus,  ab  ora 
maritimS,  usque  ad  cacumina  montium  ascendens. 

C.  apterous,  usually  dark  piccous ;  the  males  slightly  shining,  the  females  more  or  less  opake.  Head 
and  protliorax  less  elongated  than  in  the  C.  vividus ;  the  latter  subquadrate,  slightly  narrowed 
both  before  and  behind,  with  the  sides  less  reflexed  than,  and  not  so  ferruginous  as,  in  that 
species ;  longitudinally  channelled  in  the  centre,  and  with  an  impunctate  fovea  on  either  side  at 
the  base.  Elytra  ovate,  broadest  about  the  uiiddle,  deeply  striated,  and  each  with  three  or  four 
rather  obscure  impressions  down  the  disk  near  the  thu-d  stria  from  the  suture.  Legs  and  antenna 
much  shorter  than  in  the  last  species,  and,  with  the  paljii,  generally  dark  ferruginous. 

Var.  a.,  depressed,  piccous;  prothorax  narrow;  both  sexes,  especially  the  female,  nearly  opake. 
{Madeira  :  the  typical  state  below  4000  feet.) 

Var.  /3.  depressed,  dark  piccous,  not  quite  so  wide  as  the  last,  and  the  elytra  rather  more  faintly 
striated ;  prothorax  narrow ;  both  sexes,  especially  the  female,  nearly  opake.      [Dezerta  Grande.) 

Var.  7.  exceedingly  depressed,  piccous,  generally  broader  in  proportion  and  shorter  than  the  other 
varieties;  prothorax  rather  wide,  and  a  little  convex  anteriorly;  the  males  very  distinctly  shining, 
the  females  exceedingly  opake.     {Porto  Santo.) 

Var  8.  rather  cou\ex,  light  piccous,  broad  and  short ;  prothorax  wide,  convex  in  front ;  both  sexes 
shining,  especially  the  male,  which  is  often  very  bright.  {Madeira  :  the  usual  state  in  the  loftiest 
altitudes.) 

The  present  insect  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  variable  of  all  the  Madcu-an 
Colcoptcra,  there  being  scarcely  an  altitude  or  a  single  rock  which  has  not  its  own 
modification  of  it,  although  the  aberrations,  it  is  true,  are  oftentimes  but  small. 
Stni,  since  their  outer  limits  are  exceedingly  far  apart,  they  become,  in  the  general 
question  concerning  the  influence  of  locality  on  insect  form,  extremely  important, 
and  show  but  too  clearly  how  great  a  number  of  so-caUed  species  might  be  erected 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  31 

on  a  single  one,  when  they  are  not  viewed  in  the  mass,  and  where  only  a  few 
examples,  received  from  a  distant  country  and  without  any  local  data  to  reason 
from,  constitute  the  whole  of  our  knowledge  concerning  them.  I  have  not  of 
course  attempted,  in  the  ahove  diagnosis,  to  indicate  all  the  varieties  of  this  pro- 
tean species,  for  they  are  so  numerous  that  such  would  be  impossible ;  but  I  have 
endeavoured  to  alight  vipon  those  more  prominent  forms  which  are  characteristic 
of  the  islands  and  altitudes  in  which  they  severally  obtain.  Nevertheless  they 
must  be  regarded  only  as  resting-points  on  the  way,  since  the  intermediate  linlvs, 
and  even  occasionally  perhaps  monstrosities  at  either  extremity,  can  be  supplied 
without  difficulty  by  observation  on  the  spot.  It  will  be  perceived  that  those 
specimens  which  have  been  isolated  on  the  Dezerta  Grande  have,  as  usual,  attained 
a  somewhat  larger  size  than  those  on  the  other  islands ;  whereas  the  Porto  Santan 
representatives,  in  addition  to  the  flatter  surface  which  they  have  assumed,  have 
slightly  diminished  in  stature  :  whilst  in  the  less  uniform  island  of  Madeira,  where 
alone  we  have  sufficient  altitude  to  influence  them,  we  observe  a  range  of  structm'e 
proportionably  large, — in  length,  breadth,  colour  and  sculpture,  according  to  the 
cii'cumstances  of  the  respective  districts. 

22.  Calathus  fuscus. 

C.  sub-alatus  piceus,  prothorace  quadrato  antice  leviter  angustato  lateribus  ferrugineis,  elytris  sub- 

parallelis  siibtiliter  striatis,  singulo  punctis  duobus  impresso,  antennis  pedibiisque  testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  5. 

Gar abus fuscus,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  158  (1792). 

■ amhiguus,  Payk.  Fna  Suec.  i.  165  (1798). 

Harpalus  fuscus,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  126  (1810). 
Calathus  fuscus,  Dej.  Spec,  ties  Col.  iii.  71  (1828). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  superioribus  Maderse,  inde  a  3500'  s.  m.,  copiosissime. 

C.  apterous,  or  with  the  wings  very  rudimentary ;  piceous,  the  males  exceedingly  shining,  the  females 
rather  more  opake.  Head  and  prothurax  much  polished  ;  the  latter  quadrate,  wide  behind  and  a 
little  narrowed  in  front,  with  the  sides  scarcely  at  all  reflesed,  though  brightly  ferruginous ;  lon- 
gitudinally but  not  deeply  channelled  in  the  centre,  and  with  a  very  shallow  impunctate  fovea  on 
either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  nearly  parallel,  slightly  broader  in  the  middle  than  at  the  base, 
finely  striated,  and  each  with  two  imjjrcssions  on  the  disk,  the  anterior  one  being  near  the  third 
stria,  and  the  posterior  one  near  the  second,  from  the  suture.  Legs,  antennce  and  palpi 
testaceous. 

A  conxmon  European  insect,  at  once  distinguished  from  the  two  preceding  species 
by  its  comparatively  parallel  form,  wide  prothorax,  glossy  sm"face,  by  its  shorter 
legs  and  antennge,  and  by  its  more  finely  striated  elytra,  which  have  only  two 
punctures,  and  those  often  very  indistinct,  upon  the  disk  of  each.  It  occurs 
abundantly  beneath  stones  in  the  mountains  of  Madeira,  though  only  at  liigh 
altitudes,  making  its  appearance  at  about  3000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  ascending 


32  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

to  the  summits  of  the  loftiest  peaks.  Diu'ing  the  autumnal  and  "winter  months  I 
have  observed  it  in  the  greatest  profusion  in  the  elevated  region  between  the  Pico 
da  Lagoa  and  the  Pico  dos  Arieros ;  and  on  the  extreme  summit  of  the  Pico 
Ruivo,  6100  feet  above  the  sea,  in  the  middle  of  the  siimmer.  It  is  abundant  in 
most  parts  of  Eui'ope,  being  recorded  in  Sweden,  Germany,  France,  S^vitzerland, 
Russia  and  Dalmatia.  In  cooler  latitudes  it  would  appear  to  seek  the  lower 
lands, — in  England  being  found  more  particularly  on  the  southern  coasts  ;  and  on 
the  sandy  sea-shores  in  Wales.  The  Madeiran  specimens  differ  from  their  more 
northern  representatives  in  having  their  wings  either  very  rudimentary  or  else 
entirely  obsolete. 

Genus  12.  ANCHOMENUS. 

Bonelli,  Ohservat.  Enf.  i.  tah.  sipi.  (1809) . 

Corpus  mediocre  vel  uiinusculum,  elongato-ovatum  :  prothorace  vel  (iit  in  typieis)  angustato  sub- 
cordato  angulis  posticis  subrectis,  vel  (ut  in  aberrantibus)  latiore  subtransverso  angulis  posticis 
rotundatis :  alls  modo  (ut  in  spccicbus  nostris)  amplis,  modo  obsoletis.  Antennce  filiformes, 
capite  protlioraccque  paulo  lougiorcs,  articulo  primo  sequentibus  robustiore,  secundo  brevi,  tertio 
primo  longitudine  sequali.  Labrum  quadratum,  antice  \i\  cmarginatum  et  setis  paucis  lon- 
gissimis  instructum.  Mandibulce  incurvBe  acutffi,  intus  basi  denticulatse.  Maxilla  biloba; :  lobo 
externa  palpifornii  biarticulato  :  intcrno  acuto  incurvo,  apice  uncinato,  intus  valde  eiliato.  Palpi 
filifornics  :  maxillareti  articulo  ultimo  subf'usiformi-truncato  :  lahudes  articulo  ultimo  vel  (ut  in 
typieis)  subacuminato,  vel  (ut  in  aberrantibus)  subfusiformi-truncato.  Mentum  transversum, 
antice  profunde  cmarginatum  et  dente  medio  acuto  integro  instructum.  Ligula  cornea,  apice 
truncata  pilisque  duobus  longissimis  aucta;  paraglossis  membranaceis,  ei  subsequalibus.  Pedes 
graciusculi :  tarsis  anticis  in  maribus  articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  dilatatis  :  unc/uiculis 
simplicibus. 

Lilvc  so  many  of  the  allied  genera,  Anclwmemis  does  not  in  its  oral  organs 
present  any  very  decided  modifications  peculiarly  its  ovm, — its  principal  character 
consisting  in  the  shape  of  the  central  tooth  of  the  cmargination  of  its  mentum, 
which,  instead  of  being  bihd,  is  acute  and  entu-e.  In  external  aspect  the  species 
ha^'c  a  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  under  two  tyjies  of  form,  which  however, 
since  they  merge  imperceptibly  into  each  other,  cannot  be  considered  as  of  more 
than  sectional  importance.  In  the  first  of  these,  which  are  usually  looked  upon 
as  the  normal  members  of  the  group,  the  prothorax  is  comparatively  narrow  and 
subcordate,  and  with  the  hinder  angles  well  defined  and  more  or  less  approaching 
to  right  angles ;  the  labial  palj)i  moreover  arc  slightly  acuminated  at  theii-  apex : 
whilst  in  the  second  the  prothorax  is  broader  and  more  transverse,  the  posterior 
angles  are  consideral)ly  rounded,  and  the  terminal  joint  of  the  labial  palpi  is,  like 
tliat  of  the  maxillary  ones  of  both  divisions,  subfusiform-truncate.  Tliis  latter 
group  has  been  ordinarily  knoAvn  under  the  generic  name  of  Agonnm,  but  its 
distinctions  are  so  gradually  lost  sight  of  in  those  of  the  foi'mer  that  it  cannot 
possibly  be  retained  as  separate,  although  in  coimtries  where  the  intermediate 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  33 

links  do  not  exist,  it  may  be  convenient  to  regard  it  as  at  any  rate  a  section  of 
Anchomenus  proper.  In  the  only  two  Madeiran  specimens  which  I  have  hitherto 
been  able  to  detect,  it  so  happens  that  we  have  a  typical  representative  of  each  of 
these  divisions ;  and  hence  the  above  remarks  seem  almost  necessary,  in  order  to 
account  for  the  juxtaposition  of  insects  apparently  so  dissimilar  under  a  common 
genus.  The  Anchomenl  occm-  beneath  stones  in  damp  localities,  and  are  especially 
partial  to  the  margins  of  streams  and  swampy  imdi-aiiied  spots. 

§   I.    Protliorax  angustatus  subcordatus,  angulis  posticis   subrecfis :  palpi  labiales  a.vticuh  ultimo  sub- 

acuminato. 

23.  Anchomenus  palUpes. 

A.  nigro-piceus,  prothorace  postice  punctato,  elytris  striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  pallidis. 

Var.  /3.  piceus,  elytrorum  margine,  antennis  pedibusque  pallidis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3^. 

Carabus  obhngus,  Fab.  i:nt.  Si/sf.  i.  140.  72  (sed  vid.  71)  (1792). 

pallipes.  Fab.  Syst.  Eleu.  i.  187  (1801). 

albipes,  Illig.  Mag.fdr  Iiisekt.  i.  .54  (1801). 

Ancliomenus  albipes,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  v.  175  (1824). 

palUpes,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iii.  119  (1828). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  58  (1841). 

Habitat  per  litora  fluviorum  atque  in  locis  humidis  Maderse,  sub  lapidibus,  toto  anno  vadgaris. 

A.  pitcby-black,  slightly  shining.     Head  and  prothorax  much  narrower  than  the  elytra ;  the  latter  a 
little  convex,  subcordate,  with  an  obscure  dorsal  channel,  and  coar.sely  punctured  behind.    Elytra 
striated,  the  strise  being  impunctate.     Antenna,  palpi  and  legs  pale  testaceous. 
Var.  /3.  less  deeply  black,  with  the  margins  of  the  elytra,  and  occasionally  also  the  suture,  pale  fer- 
ruginous. 

Rather  a  common  insect,  beneath  stones,  at  the  edges  of  most  of  the  small 
moimtaiu  streams  of  Madeira,  though  more  particularly  abundant  between  the 
limits  of  from  2000  to  4000  feet  above  the  sea.  I  have  not  myself  observed  it  ia 
the  other  islands  of  the  group,  but  I  possess  an  old  and  pale-colom-ed  specimen 
from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heiaecken,  and  labelled  as  a  "  Stomis,"  which 
appears  to  have  been  taken  in  Porto  Santo.  It  is  universal  throughout  Eiu-ope, 
and  occurs  likewise  in  Als^eria. 


"^O^ 


§  II.  ProtJiorax  latior,  plus  minusve  transversiis,  angulis  posticis  rotundatis  :  pa^pi  labiales  artieulo  ultimo 
{ut  in  maxillaribus)  subfusiformi-truiicato.     (Agonum,  Bon.) 

24.  Anchomenus  marginatus. 
A.  aeneo-viridis  depressus,  prothorace  postice  utrinque  impresso,  elytris  subpunctato-striatis,  singulo 

punctis  tribus  impresso,  margiue  tibiisque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  4i-4i. 


34  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Cardbus  marginatus,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  (nee  Sifst.  Nat.)  222  (1761). 

,  Fab.  Eiit.  Syst  i.  158  (1792). 

Sarpaliis  marginatus,  GyU.  Fna  Suec.  ii.  154  (1810). 
Agonum  marginatum,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iii.  133  (1828). 
,  Ei-ich.  Klif.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  109  (1837). 

Habitat  snb  lapidibus  in  liumidis  cditioribus  Madera;,  rarissime ;  a  meipso  ad  Lagoam  Fanalensem 
mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  inventus. 

A.  green,  with  an  seneous  tinge,  and  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  broader  than  those  of  the 
last  species,  but  nevertheless  narrower  than  the  elytra;  the /o/v«e?- very  green ;  the  latter  de- 
pressed, the  sides  and  hinder  angles  rounded,  with  a  dorsal  channel,  and  with  a  deep  impunctate 
fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base ;  the  extreme  lateral  margins  sometimes  obscurely  pale.  Elytra 
very  delicately  granulated ;  striated,  the  strife  with  very  minutely  impressed  points ;  with  three 
large  impressions  down  the  disk  of  each,  the  anterior  one  of  which  is  on  the  third  stria,  and  the 
two  posterior  ones  on  the  second,  from  the  suture ;  the  margins  broadly  testaceous.  Antenna  at 
base,  and  the  femora,  somewhat  piceous.  Tibia,  except  at  the  extreme  apex,  testaceous.  Tarsi 
and  apex  of  antenna  usually  piccous-black. 

Although  SO  ahundant  an  insect  throughout  Europe  and  in  Algeria,  the  A.  mar- 
ginatus is  ajiparcntly  of  the  greatest  rarity  in  Madeh-a,  occurring  only  at  a  very 
lofty  elevation.  The  upland  district  of  the  Fanal  (ahout  5000  feet  above  the  sea)  is 
the  only  region  in  wliich  I  have  hitherto  observed  it,  where,  during  my  encamp- 
ment in  July  1850,  I  eaptui-ed  several  specimens  from  beneath  stones  in  moist 
spots,  especially  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  Ribeiro  Fundo  and  at  the  bottom  of 
the  round  crater-like  basin,  known  as  the  Lagoa,  immediately  before  the  descent 
of  the  movintain-road  towards  Porto  Moniz. 


Genus  13.  OLISTHOPUS.    (Tab.  I.  fig.  7,  8.) 

Dcjean,  Spec,  des  Col.  iii.  17G  (1828). 

Corpus  minusculum,  plus  minusve  elongato-ovatum :  prothorace  subcordato,  angulis  posticis  rotun- 
datis :  alis  (in  spcciebus  Maderensibus)  obsoletis.  Antenna  filiformes,  capite  prothoraceque 
paulo  longiores,  articulo  primo  scquentibus  robustiore,  secundo  brevi,  tertio  priuio  longitudine 
sequali.  Lahrum  (I.  Sa)  quadi-atum,  antice  integrum  et  setis  paucis  longissimis  instructum. 
Mandifmla  acutrc  rcctiuscula;.  Maxilla  (I.  8  b)  bilobse :  lubo  externa  palpiformi  biarticulato  : 
interna  acuto  incurvo,  apice  uncinato,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  articulo  ultimo  fusiformi-acumi- 
nato.  Mentum  (I.  8  c)  transversum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  uuUo  instruc- 
tum. lAgula  cornea,  apice  truncata  pilisque  duobus  longis  aucta ;  para^/ossis  membranaceis,  earn 
paulo  superantibus.  Pedes  graciusculi :  tarsis  anticis  in  maribus  (I.  8  d)  articuhs  primo,  secundo 
et  tertio  Icviter  dilatatis  :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

The  Olisthopl  in  outward  aspect  approach  some  of  the  aberrant  members  of  the 
last  genus ;  nevertheless  they  recede  from  the  Anchomenl  altogether  in  having  no 
central  tooth  to  the  cmargination  of  tlieu-  mentmn.  The  species,  which  are  few  in 
number,  arc  usually  extremely  shining  and  of  a  broA\'nish-brassy  tinge.      They 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  35 

would  seem  to  play  a  rather  important  part  amongst  the  Carahidce  of  these  islands, 
the  whole  three  species  being,  apparently,  not  only  peculiar  to  Madeira,  hut  two 
out  of  them  being  so  excessively  abundant  A\dthin  their  restricted  limits,  as,  in  all 
probability,  to  answer  some  especial  purpose  in  the  insect  economy  of  those  remote 
regions.  They  reside  beneath  stones  and  the  bark  of  trees,  principally  at  a  lofty 
elevation,  making  their  appearance  in  the  autumn  and  lasting  until  the  end  of  the 
following  spring. 

35.  OUsthopus  Maderensis,  WoU.    (Tab.  I.  fig.  7.) 

O.  ovatus  subconvexiis  uigro-  vel  aeneo-fuscus,  prothorace  rotundato,  elytris  striatis,  singulo  punctis 

tribus  impresso,  interstitiis  obsoletissime  granulatis,  margine  et  sutura  plus  minusve  nifo-flaves- 

centibus,  antennis  pedibusque  pallido-testaceis. 
Var.  (3.  major  rufo-fuscus  opacus,  prothoracis  lateribus,  elytrorumqiie  margine  et  suturS,  late  flaves- 

centibus,  singulo  punctis  tribus  obsoletissime  impresso,  interstitiis  distincte  granidatis.     (Ins. 

Deserta  Grandis.) 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3g^. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  Maderse,  a  2000'  s.  m.  usque  ad  cacumina  ascendens,  tempore 
hiberno  et  vernali,  copiosissimus :  var.  /3.  sola  in  Deserta  Grandi,  et  tantum  illic,  nisi  fallor, 
occurrit,  qua  mense  Januario  a.d.  1849  plurima  specimina  in  summa  insula  detexi. 

O.  ovate,  very  shining,  a  little  convex,  usually  dark  brassy-brown,  or  else  brassy-black.  Head  and 
prothorax  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  surface ;  the  former  elongated ;  the  latter  rather  large,  wide 
in  front,  and  much  rounded  posteriorly,  rugosely  punctured  at  the  sides  and  behind,  and  with  a 
channel  Aovra.  the  disk ;  the  extreme  margin  very  obscurely  paler.  Elytra  finely  striated,  the 
interstices,  under  a  high  magnifying  power,  being  most  minutely  granuled ;  with  three  more  or 
less  distinct  impressions  down  the  disk  of  each  near  to  the  third  stria  from  the  suture  ;  the  margins, 
especially  about  the  shoulders,  distinctly,  and  the  sutui'c  more  or  less  obscurely  fuscescent.  Legs, 
antenna  and  palpi  pale  testaceous. 
Var.  /3.  larger  and  opake ;  reddish-brown,  the  margins  of  the  prothorax  and  elytra,  and  the  suture 
of  the  latter,  broadly  and  distinctly  pale :  the  prothorax  scarcely  at  all  punctured  behind :  the 
interstices  of  the  elijtra  very  distinctly  granuled,  and  tlie  three  impressed  points  on  the  third  stria 
of  each  from  the  suture  almost  obsolete.     (The  state  peculiar  to  the  Deserta  Grande.) 

I  had  for  a  long  time  considered  the  present  Olisthopns  to  be  identical  with  the 
O.  glahratus,  of  Brull^,  from  the  Canary  Islands,  of  which  indeed  I  still  think  it 
not  impossible  that  it  may  turn  out  eventually  to  be  a  local  state.  Nevertheless, 
not  having  been  able  to  procure  specimens  for  comparison,  and  since  the  present 
species  by  no  means  answers  to  the  short  and  unsatisfactory  description  given  by 
Brulle  in  the  Sistoire  Ncdurelle  cles  lies  Canaries  of  Webb  and  Berthelot,  I  am 
induced  to  retain  it  as  separate,  until  at  any  rate  fiu-ther  e\ddence  shall  decide  the 
point.  In  the  absence  in  fact  of  actual  examples  to  judge  from,  it  is  impossible 
to  reconcile  the  Madeiran  insect  with  the  diagnosis,  as  there  enimciated,  of  the 

f2 


36  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Canarian  one.  Thus,  for  instance,  no  mention  is  made  whatsoever  of  the  pale 
suture,  which  (though  occasionally  ohscure)  is  never  absent  from  the  O.  3Iaderensls  : 
nor  can  I  at  all  recognise  the  greatly  produced  humeral  angles  of  the  elytra,  and 
the  fiexuose  hinder  margin  of  the  prothorax,  wliich  in  that  description  constitute 
two  of  the  most  important  features.  The  elytral  strise,  likewise,  are  said  to  be 
deep,  and  the  interstices  convex,  neither  of  Avhich  is  the  case  in  those  of  our 
present  insect, — which  woiild  appear  moreover  to  be  larger  than  the  one  there 
detailed.  Hence,  I  conclude,  either  that  the  two  are  in  reality  distinct,  or  else 
(assimiing  M.  BriUle's  diagnosis  to  be  a  generally  correct  one)  that  the  Canarian 
form  is  a  very  decided  variety  as  compared  with  the  !Madeiran  one.  Be  this  how- 
ever as  it  may,  the  Avant  of  any  certain  information  on  the  subject  renders  it  not 
only  desu'able,  but  even  necessary  not  to  amalgamate  them.  The  O.  Madei'ensis 
may  be  at  once  known  from  the  O.  ErlccB  by  its  larger,  broader,  more  ovate,  and 
convexer  body,  by  its  darker  colour,  wider  and  more  posteriorly-rounded  pro- 
thorax,  and  by  the  three  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each  of  its  elytra  being 
smaller  and  less  evident  than  those  of  that  species.  It  is  usually  also  more  glossy, 
and  its  pale  elytral  margins  are  sometimes  only  ajiparent  at  the  shoulders,  since 
the  lighter  colour  has  always  a  tendency  to  vanish  posteriorly.  In  their  liabits 
the  two  species  are  altogether  dissunilar,  the  first  occurring,  almost  exclusively, 
under  stones  in  open  grassy  spots,  Avhilst  the  second  harbours  beneath  the  bark 
and  fibre  of  trees  -within  the  sylvan  regions.  The  O.  Maderensis,  moreover, 
inhabits  a  wider  extent  of  country,  not  only  making  its  appearance  at  a  lower 
elevation  than  the  O.  EriccB,  but  ranging  to  a  higher  one.  The  former  indeed 
may  be  said  to  commence  at  2500  feet  above  the  sea,  and  to  continue  to  the 
summits  of  the  loftiest  peaks ;  whereas  the  latter  is  not  found  in  any  profusion 
below  4000,  and,  after  passing  through  its  maximum  at  an  even  higher  level,  it 
almost  ceases  at  an  altitude  of  about  5000  feet.  Ovu*  present  Olisthopus  seems  to 
be  more  particularly  abundant  from  the  end  of  the  summer  to  the  following  spring, 
existing  in  large  numbers  on  most  of  the  grassy  mountain  slopes  and  exposed 
upland  districts  of  the  interior  of  the  island,  in  company  with  the  numerous  other 
insects  which  delight  in  such  localities.  The  var.  ft,  from  the  Dezerta  Grande,  is 
particularly  interesting,  as  not  only  supplying  another  example  of  the  results  of 
isolation  on  external  form,  but  as  showing,  in  addition,  the  singular  tendency 
which  most  of  the  insects  cxhiljit  on  that  rock  to  attain  a  somewhat  larger  than 
the  average  size.  So  great  indeed  is  the  change  which  the  O.  JIadereiisis  has 
undergone,  through  a  long  scries  of  ages,  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  that  had  tlie 
case  been  a  solitary  one,  I  should  not  have  hesitated  in  regarding  the  specimens 
obtained  from  thence  as  specifically  distinct ;  nevertheless,  with  the  knowledge 
both  of  the  modifying  eff'ects  of  isolation,  and  also  of  the  kind  of  modification 
essentially  ])oculiar  to  that  island,  I  am  perfectly  satisfied  that  it  is  a  mere  local 
state,  although  a  very  remarkable  one,  and  has  no  claim  whatsoever  to  be  other- 
wise considered. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  37 

26.  Olisthopus  Ericse,  TT'oU     (Tab.  I.  fig.  8.) 

O.  elongato-ovatus  depressus  fusco-aeneus,  prothorace  elongato-rotundato,  elytris  striatis,  singiilo 
piinctis  tribus  magnis  profunde  impresso,  interstitiis  distincte  granulatis,  margine  et  sutura  plus 
minusve  flavescentibus,  antennis  pedibusque  pallido-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2i-2|^. 

Habitat  per  partem  Maderse  sylvaticam,  prsecipue  sub  cortice  Erica  scoparia,  L.,  et  E.  arborea,  L., 
inter  4000'  et  5000'  s.m.  crescentiunij  sestate  non  infrequens :  in  regione  Fanalensi  necnon  ad 
Cruzinhas  abundat,  qua  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  copiosissime  deprehensi. 

O.  narrower  than  the  last,  elongate-ovate,  sliining,  depressed,  and  pale  brassy-brown, — occasionally 
almost  Ecneo-testaceous,  and  sometimes  with  a  slight  metallic  splendour  of  blue  or  green.  Head 
and  prothorax  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  surface ;  the  former  shorter  than  that  of  the  0.  Made- 
rensis;  the  latter  narrow,  and  attenuated  posteriorly,  nevertheless  with  the  hinder  angles  not 
completely  rounded  oiF;  very  rugo^ely  punctured  at  the  sides  and  behind,  and  with  a  deep 
channel  down  the  disk ;  the  sides  sometimes  a  little  pale.  Elytra  faintly  striated,  the  interstices 
distinctly  granuled ;  with  three  very  large  and  distinct  impressions  down  the  disk  of  each  near  to 
the  third  stria  from  the  sutm-e ;  the  margins  and  suture  more  or  less  distinctly  and  broadly  pale, 
the  lighter  colour  being  occasionally  so  much  diffused  as  to  leave  an  elongated  \'itta  on  the  disk 
alone  slightly  darker.     Legs,  antenna  and  palpi  very  pale  testaceous. 

The  smaller  size,  and  narrower  and  flatter  body  of  the  present  species,  added  to 
its  paler  and  more  metallic  surface,  more  quadrate  prothorax,  and  the  larger  and 
deeper  punctures  down  the  disk  of  each  of  its  el}"tra,  will  be  sufficient  to  separate 
it  at  first  sight  from  the  last.  Its  interstices,  moreover,  are  more  evidently 
granuled  than  those  of  the  O.  Maderensis,  its  prothorax,  at  the  sides  and  behind, 
is  more  roughly  punctured,  and  its  antennae  are  distinctly  shorter.  It  is  also  by 
far  the  rarer  insect  of  the  two,  or  at  any  rate  more  local,  its  range,  as  already 
stated,  being  both  smaller  and  confined  to  portions  of  the  island  less  easy  of 
access.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  ever  very  abimdant  either  below  the  altitude  of 
4000,  or  above  5000,  feet,  although  dm-ing  the  winter-time  I  have  taken  occa- 
sional specimens  so  low  do^ii  in  the  Boa  Ventura  as  about  the  midway  point 
between  the  coast  and  the  Bocca  das  Torrinhas,  which  is  scarcely  elevated  perhaps 
more  than  2500  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  evident  however  that  it  attains  its 
maximum  in  a  much  loftier  region,  since  on  many  of  the  extensive  Serras  between 
the  Limits  of  4000  and  5000  feet  it  exists  in  actual  profusion.  Diu-ing  my  encamp- 
ment at  the  Cruzinhas,  in  July  1850,  I  had  an  opportunity  of  witnessing  this,  on 
a  large  scale,  in  the  dense  forest  uplands  known  as  the  Serra  de  Seisal.  That 
district  is  principally  clothed  with  the  gigantic  Tree  Heaths  {Erica  scoparia,  Linn., 
and  JE.  arhorea,  Linn.) ;  and  beneath  the  fil^rous  outer  envelope  of  these  the  O.  Ericce 
literally  swarmed.  Nor  indeed  did  it  preponderate  in  any  one  particular  spot, 
but  extended  over  the  whole  of  those  sylvan  tracts.  It  is  a  remarkably  active 
insect ;  and  the  only  successful  way  in  which  I  could  seciu^e  them  was,  by  placing 
a  large  net  beneath  the  trunks  and  branches  of  the  trees  (an  operation  which  their 
singularly  distorted  and  flexuose  forms  rendered  extremely  easy),  and  peeling  off 


38  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

promiscuously  the  clry,  loosely-attached,  external  fibre,  when  the  OUsthopi  would 
fall  out  hj  hundi-eds  from  beneath  it.  They  were  generally  accompanied  by  the 
pupa  and  imago  of  a  minute  Blatta,  which,  if  possible,  was  even  the  more  agUe  of 
the  two.  They  were  seldom  to  be  obtaiaed  by  any  other  means,  although  aberrant 
specimens  might  here  and  there  be  seen,  beneath  stones,  or  the  chippings  of 
timber, — the  too  frequent  indications  of  the  woodman's  axe  in  those  remote 
regions. 

27.  OUsthopus  elongatus,  WoU. 

O.  parallelo-ovatus  depressus  fusco-seueus,  prothorace  subquadi-ato-rotundato,  elytris  striatis,  singulo 

punctis  tribus  impresso,  margine  obscure  siibflavescenti,  antennis  pedibusquc  pallido-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2|. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  pinetis  Madera,  necnon  in  collibus  apricis  maritimis,  bine  inde  autumno  non 
infrequens. 

O.  elongate-ovate  aud  considerably  parallel,  a  little  shining,  depressed,  and  brassy-brown.  Head 
and /jroMorr/a' rather  darker  than  the  elytra;  the.  former  somewhat  short;  the  latter  subquadrate, 
and  with  the  hinder  angles  a  little  rounded,  rugosely  punctured  at  the  sides  and  behind,  and 
with  a  channel  down  the  disk.  Elytra  distinctly  striated,  with  three  rather  large  impressions 
down  the  disk  of  each  near  to  the  third  stria  from  the  suture ;  the  margins,  especially  at  the 
shoulders,  obscurely  fuscescent.     Let/s,  antenna  and  paljii  pale  testaceous. 

Apart  from  minor  characteristics  sufiiciently  apparent,  the  O.  elongatus  may  be 
known  from  its  Madeu'an  allies  by  its  narrower  aud  more  parallel  outline,  and  by 
its  subquadrate,  concolorous  prothorax.  It  would  seem  to  be  the  representative 
in  these  islands  of  the  European  O.  fuscatus,  although  at  the  same  time  pre- 
senting too  many  distinctive  peculiarities  of  its  own  to  allow  of  its  being  identified 
with  that  insect.  Thus,  it  recedes  from  it  in  its  much  smaller  size,  narrower  and 
more  parallel  form,  in  its  pale  teneous  surface,  in  its  more  quacbate  and  rather 
shorter  prothorax,  and  in  its  less  deeply  striated  elytra.  Nevertheless  it  has 
clearly  a  greater  affinity  with  the  ordinary  OUsthopi  of  more  northern  latitudes 
than  either  of  the  other  species.  It  is,  apparently,  not  very  common,  and  con- 
fined to  lower  altitudes  than  the  O.  Ericce  and  the  O.  3Iaderensis,  occurring, 
beneath  stones,  either  on  the  grassy  slopes  in  the  viciaity  of  the  coast,  or  else  in 
the  pine-woods  of  intermediate  elevations.  I  have  obser^'cd  it  fi-equcntly,  dm-ing 
the  autumnal  months,  on  the  exposed  sunny  cliffs  towards  the  Brazen  Head,  and 
in  the  fii*-plantations  below  the  Palheiro,— a  position  in  which  it  has  been  likewise 
captm*ed,  subsequently,  by  M.  Rousset. 

Genus  14.  ARGUTOR. 

(Megerie)  Steph.  W.  Brit.  Ent.  i.  102  (1S28). 

Coifus  mediocre,  plus  minusve   oblongo-quadratvim,  dcpressum :   prothorace  quadi-ato,   postice   (in 
nostris  saltern)  lato :  alts  modo  amplis,  mode  (ut  in  speciebus  Maderensibus)  obsolctis.    Antenna 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  39 

filiformes,  capite  protlioraceque  paulo  longiores,  articulo  primo  sequentibus  robustiore,  secundo 
brevi.  Labrum  traasverso-quadratum,  antice  vix  emarginatum  et  setis  paucis  longissimis  in- 
structum,  angulis  anticis  rotundatis  ciliatis.  Mandibulce  incurvje  acute,  intus  basi  denticulatse. 
Maxilla  bilobse  :  lobo  externo  palpiformi  biarticulato :  inteimo  acuto  incurvo,  apice  uncinato, 
intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  filiformes,  articulo  ultimo  fusiformi-truucato.  Mentum  transversum, 
antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  brevi  bifido  instructum.  Ligula  cornea,  apice 
truncata  pilisque  duobus  longis  aucta ;  paraglossia  membranaceis  liberis,  earn  paulo  superantibus. 
Pedes  robusti :  tibiis  masculis  *  (in  speciebus  Maderensibus)  modo  intermediis,  modo  posteri- 
oribus  plus  miuusve  cui-vato-dilatatis  et  intus  ante  apicem  interdum  ampliato-distortis :  tarsis 
anticis  in  maribus  articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  dilatatis,  cordatis  et  subtus  biseriato-setosis : 
unguiculis  simplicibus. 

Both  Argutor  and  Omaseus,  although  formerly  located  far  apart,  are  now 
universally  allowed  to  be  but  sections  of  the  great  genus  Pterostichus ;  and 
perhaps  rightly  so,  since  it  must  be  admitted  that  theu-  distinctive  characters  are 
(like  those  iadeed  of  all  the  subdivisions  of  the  latter,  as  now  received,)  so  small, 
and,  being  merely  external  ones,  merge  into  each  other  by  such  slow  and  imper- 
ceptible degrees,  that  it  is  impossible,  except  under  a  very  lax  system  and  some- 
what unaginary  laws,  to  regard  any  of  them  as  of  generic  importance.  Neverthe- 
less, since  it  is  equally  true  that  the  several  subsidiary  modifications  into  which 
the  Tterostichi  have  a  tendency  to  distribute  themselves  are  well  enough  defined 
in  their  normal  states  to  be  made  use  of  with  much  convenience,  for  more  than 
subsidiary  purposes,  in  countries  where  the  intermediate  connecting  links  do  not 
exist,  and  since  the  few  representatives  of  the  entu-e  group  which  I  have  hitherto 
detected  in  the  Madeka  Islands  belong  essentially  to  Argutor  and  Omaseus  as 
formerly  enunciated,  I  have  preferred  in  the  present  instance  keeping  them  sepa- 
rate,— deeming  this  brief  remark  as  sufficient  to  point  out  how  far  they  have  any 
real  claims  for  isolation  when  a  wider  system  of  arrangement,  so  as  to  embrace 
the  whole  of  then-  allies  kno^vn  to  science,  is  entered  upon.  The  Madeiran  species 
of  Argutor  differ  very  materially  from  those  of  boreal  and  temperate  climates,  as 
radiating  from  a  larger  and  apterous  type  which  appears  to  attain  its  maximum 
in  Mediterranean  countries,  though  especially  perhaps  in  the  north  of  Africa,  on 
the  elevated  Serras  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  m  the  Pyi-enees.  To  this  section 
belong  the  A.  Abaxoides,  Amaroicles,  Barbara,  Hispanica,  and  other  such-Hke 
forms,  which  would  abnost  seem,  prima  facie,  to  merit  the  right  of  removal  from 

*  Species  hujus  generis  quae  insulas  Maderenses  colunt  secundum  tibiarura  maris  structuram  hoc  modo 
apte  dissolvi  possimt : 

§  I.  TiUce  intermedin  ante  apicem  intus  valde  ampUato-distortcB. 

1.  Tibi»  posticae  ad  apicem  dilatatse robustus. 

2.  Tibiae  posticse  ad  apicem  fere  simplices dilatieollis. 

§  II.  TibicB  intermedicB  aid  simplices,  aut  ante  apicem  intus  dbscurissime  ampliato-distortce. 

3.  Tibiae  posticse  ad  apicem  simplices gi-acilipes. 

4.  Tibiae  posticae  ad  apicem  obscure  dilatataj cm'tiis. 


40  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  smaller  members  of  the  group.  After  a  careful  exammation,  however,  of  their 
oi-al  organs,  I  can  perceive  nothing  in  structiu-e  which  intlieates  the  slightest 
aljerration  from  the  normal  state ;  and  it  is  probable  therefore  that  there  may  be 
many  specific  gradations  yet  undiscovered  in  the  mountains  of  central  Eiu'ope, 
wliich  will  unite  the  comparatively  gigantic  individuals  of  the  south  viixh.  the 
minute  ones  of  northern  regions.  Some  such  steps  indeed  do  actually  occiu"  in 
the  SavIss  Alps,  where  I  have  taken,  at  a  high  altitude  near  the  head  of  the 
St.  Gothard  Pass,  species  (the  A.  sjiadicens,  Dej.,  for  instance,  and  the  ^.  alpestris, 
Heer)  having  much  the  habits  and  outline  of  our  present  type,  but  inferior  as 
regards  size. 

The  Ai'gutors  of  Madeira,  although  not  positively  peculiar  to  the  upland  por- 
tions of  the  island,  are  more  particularly  abundant  between  the  limits  of  from 
2000  to  4000  feet  above  the  sea.  On  the  southern  side  indeed  they  seldom  make 
their  appearance  below  1500  feet,  although  in  the  north,  where  the  climate  is  con- 
siderably colder,  I  have  observed  occasional  specimens,  dui'ing  the  winter  months, 
even  on  the  level  of  the  shore.  In  both  instances  however  they  begin  to  diminish 
in  numbers  above  4000  feet,  and  at  5000  they  have  usually  ceased.  The  sylvan 
district  in  fact,  properly  so  called,  may  be  said  to  be  tlieir  range ;  a  definition  how- 
ever which,  while  it  is  actually  true  as  regards  altitude,  is  only  partially  so  as 
regards  position, — since,  in  addition  to  their  normal  habitat,  beneath  stones,  logs 
of  wood,  and  fallen  leaves,  Avithin  the  forest  regions,  they  do  also  occiu*  on  the 
grassy  slopes  and  moist  cloudy  plains  of  the  ojien  covmtry.  Up  to  the  present 
period  I  have  not  remarked  a  single  Argutor  in  any  of  the  other  islands  of  the 
group,  from  which  indeed  it  is  far  from  imjiossible  that  the  genus  may  have 
partially  at  any  rate,  if  not  entu-ely,  disappeared  since  the  destruction  of  the  ancient* 
timber,  which  is  recorded,  at  least  in  Porto  Santo*,  to  have  been  once  luxTiriant. 

28.  Argntor  robustus,  Woll. 
A.  robustus  nigro-piceus  subconvexus,  prothorace  quadrato,  elytris  profunde  striatis  singulo  punctis 
duobus  minutissimis  imprcsso,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-piceis. 
Mas,  nitidus,  elytris  parallelis ;  tibiis  intermediis  curvatis  ante  apicem  intus  valde  ampliato-distortis, 

posticis  subrectis  ad  apicem  dilatatis. 
Fcem.  subopacus,  elytris  ovatis ;  tibiis  posterioribiis  simplicibus. 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  5:^-6j. 

Habitat  per  regioncm  Madera;  sylvaticam,  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis,  pi-resertirn  a 
.2000'  usque  ad  5000'  s.  m.,  toto  auno  frequens. 

A.  robust,  dark  piccous,  and  a  little  convex.    Protlwrax  large,  quadrate,  with  a  slight  dorsal  channel, 
and  with  a  distinct  subpuuctatc  fovea  on  cither  side  at  the  base.      Elytra  deejily  striated,  the 


*  Cf.  Hktaria  Insulana  das  Wios  a  Portugal  Sugeytas  no  Oceano  occidental.     Composita  par  Antonio 
CordvTo  da  Compagnia  do  Jcsu :  Lisboa,  1717. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  41 

striae  impunctate,  and  the  interstices  convex ;  mtli  two  exceedingly  minute  impressed  points  on 
the  disk  of  each,  the  anterior  one  being  near  the  third  stria,  and  the  posterior  one  near  the 
second,  from  the  suture.     Antenna,  palpi  and  leys  rufo-piceous  ;  the  last  strong  and  robust. 

Male,  shining,  and  with  the  elji:ra  parallel;  the  intermediate  tibia  slightly  curved,  greatly  ddated 
at,  and  suddenly  distorted  internally  a  little  before,  the  apex ;  and  with  the  hinder  ones  nearly 
straight,  likewise  (though  less  powerfully)  dilated  at  theii-  apex,  but  not  distorted  internally. 

Female,  rather  opake,  and  with  the  elytra  ovatCj  being  somewhat  expanded  posteriorly ;  and  witli 
the/oM?'  hinder  tibia  simple. 

This  large  Argutor  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  remainder  of  tlie  genus  here 
described  by  its  robnster  form  and  more  quadrate  prothorax  (which  has  moreover 
the  basal  fovese  perceptibly,  although  not  deeply,  ptmctured),  and  by  its  four 
hinder  m.ale  tibiae  being,  all  of  them,  especially  the  intermediate  ones  (which  are, 
likeA\ise,  curved  and  inwardly  distorted),  suddenly  and  distinctly  dilated  at  their 
apex.  The  degree  of  tlilatation  and  curvatiu'e  indeed  of  their  fotu-  hinder  tiljise, 
added  to  the  relative  amount,  and  the  peculiarity,  of  the  distortion  of  the  imier 
edge  of  the  intermediate  pau",  is  at  once  sufficient  whereljy  to  distinguish  the  males 
of  all  the  Madeiran  species  from  each  other ;  but  the  females,  in  which  these  tibial 
modifications  do  not  hold  good,  are,  inter  se,  proportionably  less  easy  of  identifica- 
tion. The  females  of  the  present  insect,  however,  may  be  easily  recognised  by 
theu"  large  size,  those  of  the  A.  gixtcilipes  alone  even  approaching  them  in  statui-e, 
with  which  however  they  cannot  possilily  be  confounded,  theii"  thick  and  less 
parallel  bodies,  added  to  their  more  powerful  legs,  at  once  preventing  such  a  con- 
tingency. The  A.  robustus  is  by  no  means  an  uncommon  species  thi'oughout 
Madeu-a,  occurring  beneath  stones  and  dead  leaves  in  most  parts  of  the  island, 
especially  Tvithin  the  sylvan  districts  and  between  the  altitudes  of  al)out  2000  and 
5000  feet  above  the  sea. 

29.  Argutor  gracilipes,  WoU. 

A.  parallelo-oblongus  angustus  gracilis  nigro-piceus  depressus,  prothorace  subquach-ato,  elytris  striatis 
singulo  punctis  duobus  minutissimis  impresso,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-piceis,  tibiis  poste- 
rioribus  in  utroque  sexu  simplicibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  5-5|-. 

Habitat  in  iisdem  locis  ac  prsecedens  sed  illo  paulo  rarior :  in  Madera  boreah  usque  ad  maris  litus 
descendit,  qua  per  oram  maritimam  prope  Sao  Vincente  tempore  hiberno  sub  lapidibus  observavi. 

A.  parallel-oblong,  slenderer  and  nan'ower  than  the  last  species,  dark  piceous,  depressed ;  the  males 
shining,  the  females  somewhat  less  so.  Prothorax  rather  short,  subquadrate,  slightly  narrowed,  and 
with  the  angles  a  little  produced,  in  front ;  with  a  dorsal  channel,  and  with  a  distinct  impunctate 
fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  elongate,  parallel,  or  sometimes  just  perceptibly 
attenuated  behind,  deeply  striated,  although  not  quite  so  coarsely  so  as  the  last  species,  the  stria; 
impunctate,  and  the  interstices  a  little  convex ;  with  two  exceedingly  miaute  impressed  points  in 
the  same  positions  as  those  on  the  A.  robustus.  Antenna,  palpi  and  legs  rufo-piceous  ;  the  last 
long  and  slender,  and  with  the  four  hinder  tibire  simple  in  both  sexes. 

G 


42  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

An  exceedingly  well-defined  insect,  and  one  wMch  may  be  readily  recognised  by 
its  comparatively  slender  and  more  parallel  form,  and  by  its  foiu'  binder  tibiae 
being  simple  in  botli  sexes.  In  fact,  witb  the  exception,  of  course,  of  the  dilata- 
tion of  the  anterior  tarsi,  the  sole  difference  between  the  males  and  the  females 
is  that  the  former  are  just  perceptibly  the  more  shining  of  the  two.  In  its  large 
size  it  recedes  from  all  the  Madeu-an  Ai'gutors  except  the  A.  robiistus,  from  which 
nevertheless  its  more  depressed  and  narrower  body,  added  to  its  much  slenderer 
legs,  will,  apart  from  the  structm'c  of  its  tibiae,  at  once  remove  it.  It  is  not  quite 
so  abu^ndant  as  that  species,  although  widely  distrilmted  over  the  island  at  inter- 
mediate altitudes.  On  the  northern  side  indeed  it  descends  to  a  low  elevation, 
since  I  have  observed  it,  diu-ing  the  winter  months,  at  the  Passo  d'^U'eia  near 
Sao  Viucente  beneath  stones  on  the  level  of  the  sea-shore.  On  the  southern,  how- 
ever, I  l)elieve  it  seldom  occurs  below  the  elevation  of  about  1500  feet. 

30.  Argutor  dilaticoUis,  Woll. 

A.  oblongo-ovatus  latus  nigro-piceus  valde  depressus,  prothorace  subquadrato  postice  lato,  elytris 
Icviter  striatis  singulo  punctis  duobus  distinctis  impresso,  antenais  pedibusque  rufo-piceis. 
Mas,  nitidus ;  tibiis  intermediis  longe  ante  apicem  iatus  valde  ampliato-distortis,  posticis  subrectis 

fere  simplicibus. 
Fcem.  vix  minus  nitidus ;  tibiis  posterioribus  simplicibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  4^-5. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  foliisque  arborum  dejectis  per  partem  Maderse  sylvaticam  restate  non  infrequens  : 
ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  abundat,  qua  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  copiose  deprebensi. 

A.  broad,  oblong-ovate,  robust,  dark  piceous,  and  mucli  depressed.  Prothorax  large,  subquadi'ate, 
usually  very  broad  bebind  and  a  little  narrowed  in  front ;  witb  a  slight  dorsal  channel,  and  with 
a  somewhat  obscure,  impunctate  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  ovate,  broad  at  the 
extreme  base  and  attenuated  posteriorly,  where  moreover  there  is  scarcely  any  appearance  of 
trimcation  or  of  excavation ;  finely  striated,  the  stria;  impunctate,  and  the  interstices  much  flattened ; 
with  two  very  distinctly  impressed  points  in  the  same  positions  as  those  of  the  last  species. 
Antenna,  palpi  and  legs  rufo-piceous  ;  the  last  robust. 

Male,  shining;  the  intermediate  tibice  considerably  curved,  a  good  deal  dilated  at,  and  suddenly 
distorted  internally  a  long  way  before,  the  apex ;  and  with  the  kinder  ones  straight  and  almost 
simple. 

Female,  scarcely  less  shining ;  and  with  the  four  kinder  tibia  simple. 

The  present  Argutor  and  the  foUo^^•ing  one,  from  then-  smaller  size  and  com- 
paratively ovate  forms,  are  not  likely  to  be  confoimded  with  either  of  the  pre- 
ceding species,  and  it  is  consequently  only  necessary  to  be  able  to  distinguish  them 
inter  se.  The  males  can  of  course  be  at  once  recognised  from  the  characters 
given  ill  thcii-  respective  diagnoses, — the  iutermeiUate  tibia?  being  much  curved  in 
those  of  the  A.  dilaticoUis,  and  with  the  ianer  edge  considerably  distorted  or 
developed  at  a  distance  from  the  apex ;  whilst  in  those  of  the  A.  ciirtm  the  whole 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  43 

posterior  four  are  nearly  simple.  But  there  is  a  mucli  greater  difl&culty  in  sepa- 
rating tlie  females,  since,  from  then'  similarity  of  outline,  the  smaller  varieties  of 
the  former  and  the  larger  ones  of  the  latter  do  certainly  approach  each  other  at 
times  very  closely,  and  might  almost  be  supposed,  were  it  not  for  the  great  struc- 
tui'al  peculiarities  afforded  by  the  males,  to  belong  to  one  and  the  same  species. 
Still,  even  in  the  case  of  the  females,  it  is  only  in  these  intermediate  links,  Ijeing 
the  extremes  of  each,  aberrant  in  the  opposite  directions,  that  there  is  any  real 
difficulty  in  separating  the  two,  since  tyjiicalhj  the  prothorax  of  the  A.  dilaticolUs 
is  so  much  wider  behind,  in  both  sexes,  than  is  the  case  with  that  of  the  A.  curtns, 
and  its  elytra  are  so  much  broader  at  their  extreme  base  and  more  attenuated 
posteriorly  (there  being  moreover  scarcely  any  tendency  to  the  apical  excavation 
which  is  more  or  less  apparent  in  nearly  all  the  states  of  the  A.  curttis),  and  the 
entire  insect  is  so  mvich  flatter,  larger,  and  more  robust  (especially  in  the  deve- 
lopment of  its  legs),  that  in  its  normxd  state  even  the  female  characters  are  easUy 
grasped.  But,  as  touching  the  externally  approxunating  varieties  of  each  above 
mentioned,  I  must  confess  that,  after  a  careful  examination  of  more  than  eighty 
specimens  in  my  possession,  there  are  but  few  points  on  whicli  to  lay  hold  in 
drawing  the  liiie  of  demarcation  between  them ;  and  I  think  perhaps  that  the 
somcAvhat  less  truncated  ehi:ra  and  more  robust  legs  of  the  A.  dilaticolUs  are  the 
most  important  facts  to  be  observed,  in  such  sjyecimens,  while  endeavoiu-ing  to 
identify  them.  And  we  may  here  just  remark,  that  the  near  resemblance  of  the 
insects  in  question,  in  these  intermediate  but  fortunately  not  very  numerous 
female  links,  does  not  in  any  way  affect  their  specific  validity,  which  is  already 
proved  to  a  demonstration  by  the  invariable  structiu'al  differences  in  the  tiluoe  of 
theu'  respective  males.  And,  proceeding  therefore  on  the  positive  conviction  that 
differences  do  exist,  even  though  we  may  not  always  be  able  at  once  to  appreciate 
them,  we  are  compelled  to  attach  the  greatest  weight  to  minute  (and,  in  ordinary 
cases,  perhaps  trivial)  characters  which  may  afford  the  slightest  clue  towards  a 
right  adjustment  of  the  specimens  before  vis. 

The  A.  dilaticolUs  is,  apparently,  much  rarer  than  any  of  the  other  Madeu'an 
representatives  of  the  genus,  being  found  principally  beneath  stones  and  logs  of  wood 
in  the  dense  ravines  of  intermediate  altitudes,  especially  towards  the  north  of  the 
island.  During  my  encampment  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  in  July  1850,  I 
captured  it  in  comparative  abundance  throughout  the  whole  of  that  remote  district. 

31.  ArgTitor  curtus,  WoU. 

A.  oblongo-ovatus  graciusculus  nigro-piceus  subdepressus,  prothorace  subquadrato  postice  ssepius 
latiusculo,  elytris  leviter  striatis  singulo  pucctis  duobus  sat  distinctis  impresso,  antenuis  pedi- 
busque  nifo-pieeis. 
Mas,  nitidus ;  tibiis  intermediis  leviter  cun'atis  ante  apicem  intus  obscurissime  anipliato-distortis, 
posticis  vix  eurvatis  ad  apicem  obscure  dilatatis. 

g2 


14  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Foem.  paulo  magis  depressus,  interduni  subopacus ;  tibiis  posterioribus  simplicibus. 
Var.  /3.  paulo  angustior  coiivexiusculus,  prothorace  subelongato,  elytris  apice  minus  truncatis. 
Long.  coij).  lin.  3|-4|. 

Habitat  in  convallibus  declivibusque  Maderse  humidiusculis,  praesertim  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arbo- 
runi  ])rojectis,  tempore  vernali  frequens. 

A.  oblong-ovate,  narrowei'  tban  the  last  species,  and  less  robust,  piceous,  or  dai'k  piceous,  and  some- 
times with  a  just  perceptible  aeneous  tinge.  Prothorax  subquadrate,  not  quite  so  broad  behind 
as  that  of  the  last  si)ccies,  and  more  narrowed  anteriorly ;  \\\t\\  a  slight  dorsal  channel,  and  with 
an  iuipunctate  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base, — about  which  however  a  few  exceedingly  obscure 
and  irregular  punctures  are  souiutimes  evident.  Elytra  ovate,  in  most  instances  broadest  a  little 
behind  the  extreme  base,  and  rather  more  truncated  at  the  apex  than  those  of  the  A.  diluticullis, 
where  they  are  usually  also  (especially  in  the  case  of  the  females)  a  little  excavated ;  finely 
striated,  the  striaj  impunetate,  and  the  interstices  sometimes  rather  convex  (and,  although  tlatter 
in  the  females  than  in  the  males,  never  so  much  depressed  as  those  of  the  A.  dilaticol/is) ;  with 
two  distinctly  impressed  points  in  the  same  positions  as  those  of  the  other  species.  Antenna-, 
palpi  and  k(/s  rufo-piceous ;  the  las-f  slenderer  than  those  of  the  A.  diliiticollis. 
Male,  shining;  with  the  intermediate  tibice  slightly  curved,  a  little  dilated  at,  but  most  obscurely 
distorted  a  little  before,  the  apex ;  and  with  the  hinder  ones  also  slightly  cm-ved,  and  a  little 
dilated,  though  not  distorted,  at  tlieir  apex. 
Female,  a  little  more  depressed,  and  sometimes  (though  not  always)  slightly  opake ;  the  elytra  rather 
more  distinctly  excavated  at  their  a])ex,  and  with  the  interstices  a  little  tlatter;  with  the  four 
hinder  tibia  simple. 
Var.  /3.  a  little  narrower  and  darker,  without  any  indication  of  the  obscure  aeneous  tinge  which  is 
just  perceptible  in  most  of  the  other  specimens.  Prothorax  slightly  longer.  Elytra  more  oval 
and  narrow,  the  widest  jiart  being  about  the  middle,  instead  of  immediately  behind  the  front 
margin ;  and  less  truncated  behind.  Both  sexes  equally  shining,  and  their  intermediate  tibise 
less  pilose  internally. 

Notmthstandiny  the  uiKloubted  specific  clilTereuce  between  the  present  insect 
and  the  last,  as  proved  not  only  by  the  very  dissimilar  structure  of  theu-  male 
tibite,  but  also  by  the  well-defined  aspects  of  their  respective  normal  forms,  their 
females,  as  already  stated,  are  apt  occasionally  to  become  difficult  to  sepai'ate, 
()\\ing  to  the  near  approximation  in  size  and  outline  of  some  of  their  extreme 
aberrant  specimens.  As  regards  these  female  varieties,  they  have  been  ali*eady 
discussed ;  and  it  will  l)e  sufficient  therefore  to  remark  here,  that  the  A.  curtns, 
tjqiically,  may  be  at  once  recognised  from  that  species  by  its  smaller  size,  narrower 
and  less  depressed  form,  by  its  usually  somewhat  apically-truncated  or  excavated 
elytra,  and  by  its  slenderer  legs.  It  is  \A"idely  distributed  over  the  mountain  regions 
of  Madeira,  and  in  the  moist  dense  ra'STJies  of  a  high  elevation,  although  nowhere 
very  abundant.  Towards  the  upper  extremity  of  the  liil)eu'o  de  Santa  Luzia, 
diu'in^  the  early  spring,  I  have  found  it  more  commonly  perhaps  than  in  any 
other  locality, — principally  amongst  the  loose  stones  and  grass  at  the  immediate 
base  of  the  lofty  perpendicular  rocks  by  which  that   iiarro\\-  gorge  is  laterally 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  45 

enclosed.     The  var.  (5.  is  somewhat  scarcer  than  the  ordinary  state,  and  confined 
more  exchisively  to  the  higher  altitudes. 

Genus  15.  OMASEUS.    (Tab.  I.  fig.  9.) 

(Ziegler)  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  i.  112  (1828). 

Corpus  mediocre,  plus  minusve  elongato-oblongum,  ssepius  convexiusculum  :  prothorace  subcordato  :  alls 
modo  (ut  in  speciebus  Maderensibus)  amplis,  modo  obsolctis.  Anlennie  filiformes,  capitis  pro- 
thoracisque  longitudine,  articulis  primo  et  tertio  reliquis  longioribus  subsequalibvis  (illo  robus- 
tiorc),  secundo  brevi.  Lahrum  trausverso-quadi-atum,  antice  vix  emarginatum  et  setis  jjaucis 
longissimis  instructum.  Mandibula  incui-vge  acutse,  intus  basi  denticulatse.  Maxilla  bilobae  : 
loho  externo  palpiformi  biarticulato :  interno  acuto  incurvo,  apice  miclnato,  intus  valde  ciliato. 
Palpi  filiformes,  articulo  ultimo  truncato,  in  maxillaribus  breviusculo,  in  lahialibus  elongato. 
Mentum  transversum,  autice  jirofunde  emarginatimi  et  dente  medio  brevi  bifido  instructum. 
Ligula  cornea,  apice  truncata ;  paruglossis  membranaceis  liberis,  earn  paulo  superautibus.  Pedes 
robusti :  tarsis  anticis  in  maribus  articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  dilatatis,  cordatis  et  subtus 
biseriato-setosis :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

Although,  as  above  stated,  the  present  genus  and  the  last  cannot  strictly  be 
looked  upon  as  distinct,  since  in  their  oral  organs  they  differ  in  no  essential  respect, 
and  even  externally  merge  into  each  other  by  gradations  almost  imperceptible ; 
yet  their  normal  aspects  are  so  dissimilar,  that  I  have  preferred,  since  none  of  the 
Madeiran  species  are  aberrant,  treating  them  here  as  separate.  And  indeed,  when 
thus  viewed,  detached  from  the  intermediate  connecting  links,  they  are  so  readily 
identified,  and  possess  so  few  outward  points  in  common,  that  they  would  seem  in 
reality  to  be  altogether  isolated  groups.  The  large  elongated  outline  and  the  deep 
black  colour  of  Oniaseus  proper  contrast  sufiiciently  with  the  shorter,  comparatively 
broader,  more  quadrate,  and  depi'essed  body,  and  the  piceous  hue  of  Aryiitor,  as 
represented  in  these  islands,  to  render  the  chance  of  confounding  them  inter  se 
utterly  impossible. 

32.  Omaseus  nigerrimus. 
O.  elongatus  ater  subuitidus  convexiusculus,  prothorace  subquadrato  basi  utrinque  foveolato,  elytris 

apice  rotundatis  profunde  subpunctato-striatis    singulo  punctis  tribus    magnis  valde  distinctis 

impresso,  pedibus  elongatis  robustis. 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  7. 

Feronia  nifferrima,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  m.  291  (1828). 
Pterostiehus  simplieipunctatus,  Kollar,  in  litf. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  locis  humidis  Maderae  australis,  rarissimus  :  exemplar  unicum,  prope  Funchal, 
egomet  tantum  deprehcnsi,  sed  alteram  a  cl.  Dom.  Heiuecken  M.D.  olini  captum  in  mnseo 
Loweano  vidi ;  necnon  tertium,  ad  Eibeiro  de  Joao  Gomez  lectum,  nuperrime  communicavit 
Dom.  Rousset. 

O.  elongate,  deep  black,  sligbtly  shining,  and  a  little  convex.     Head  large,  elongate,  irnpuuctate,  and 


46  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

with  two  very  deep  longitudinal  impressions  between  the  eyes.  Prothorax  large,  subquadrate, 
slightly  rounded  and  narrowed  behind,  broadly  margined,  the  margin  (especially  towards  the 
posterior  angles)  being  much  recun^ed  j  convex  in  front ;  with  a  longitudinal  channel  down  the 
disk,  and  a  deep,  wide,  punctured,  rounded  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  nearly 
parallel,  rounded  posteriorly,  deeply  striated,  the  strise  being  scarcely  perceptibly  punctate  ;  and 
with  three  large  and  distinctly  impressed  points,  or  fovese,  down  the  disk  of  each,  of  which  the 
anterior  one  is  near  to  the  third  stria,  and  the  two  hinder  ones  to  the  second,  from  the  suture. 
Legs  long  and  robust. 

The  present  insect  is  closely  allied  to  the  common  O.  aterrinms  of  northern  and 
central  Europe,  of  which  it  is  not  impossible  that  it  may  be  in  reality  but  a  geo- 
graphical variety.  Still,  it  is  usually  retained  as  a  species,  and  as  such  therefore  it 
must  stand.  It  differs  from  the  O.  aterrinms  in  being  larger  and  less  sliining,  lq 
having  its  prothorax  less  quackate  (the  sides  and  hinder  angles  being  a  little  more 
rounded),  by  its  elytra  being  more  deeply  striated,  Init  ^^•ith  the  striae  less  evi- 
dently punctate,  and  by  the  three  fovese  down  the  disk  of  each  being  much  smaller. 
It  has  been  foimd  in  Spain,  on  the  Pyrenees,  and  in.  Tangier ;  but  in  Madeira  it  is 
extremely  rare.  I  have  myself  taken,  hitherto,  but  a  single  specimen, — from  be- 
neath a  stone  in  a  boggy  piece  of  ground  in  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe's  garden  at  the 
Levada.  I  possess  however  one  more  example,  lately  communicated  by  ^M.  Rousset 
from  the  Ribeiro  de  Joao  Gomez,  near  Fimchal ;  and  I  have  seen  a  third,  in  the 
collection  of  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  which  was  captured  many  years  ago  by  the  late 
Dr.  Heinecken. 

33.  Omaseus  Wollastoni.    (Tab.  I.  fig.  9.) 

O.  elongatus  ater  nitidissimus  depressus,  prothorace  subeordato  basi  utrinque  bifoveolato,  elj-tris  apice 

aeuminatis   profunde   punctato-striatis    singulo   punctis    nullis    impresso,    pedibus   brevioribus 

gracilioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  6a. 

Pterostichus  WoUastoni,  Hcer,  i)i  litt. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  Maderje  australis,  in  collibus  declivibusque  niaritimis,  rarior  :  species  valde 
distincta,  et  a  Entomologo  pcritissimo  Os''°  Heer,  Turici,  super  promontorium  Cabo  Gerajao 
dictum  d.  25  Feb.  a.d  1851  primo  inventa,  unde  etiam  nuperrime  communicavit  Dom.  Rousset. 

O.  elongate,  narrower  than  the  last  species,  deep  black,  exceedingly  shining,  and  depressed.  Head 
small,  short  and  narrow,  much  constricted  behind  the  eyes,  which  are  very  prominent ;  punctured, 
though  sparingly  so  upon  the  disk,  and  with  two  short  and  very  obscure  longitudinal  impressions 
between  the  eyes.  Prothorax  small,  subcordatc,  much  narrowed  behind,  and  rounded  at  the 
sides,  with  the  extreme  hinder  angles  produced  into  a  minute  tooth,  narrowly  margined,  the 
margin  not  being  recurved  ;  depressed,  punctured  behind ;  with  a  longitudinal  channel  dowTi  the 
disk,  and  two  distinct,  narrow,  rugosely-punctured  fovese  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra 
nearly  parallel,  acuminated  behind,  deeply  striated,  the  stria:  being  distinctly  punctate ;  and 
without  any  indications  of  impressed  ])oints,  or  fovese,  on  their  respective  disks.  Legs  slenderer 
and  shorter  than  those  of  the  last  species :  the  setae  at  the  extreme  apex  of  the  tibue  (especially 
of  the  four  hinder  ones)  golden-yellow. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  47 

The  discovery  of  this  very  distinct  and  beautiful  Omaseus  is  due  to  my  friend 
Professor  Heer  of  Zurich,  who,  during  his  residence  in  IMadeii'a  in  the  winter  of 
1850-51,  captiu'ed  several  specimens  from  beneatli  stones  on  the  Cabo  Gerajao,  or 
Brazen  Head;  in  Avhich  locality  it  has  been  subsequently  taken  by  M.  E-ovisset. 
It  is  one  of  the  few  Coleopterous  insects  which  appear  to  have  escaped  my  obser- 
vation during  my  repeated  researches  in  these  islands.  It  may  be  at  once  distin- 
guished from  the  O.  nigerrimus  by  its  slenderer,  more  shining  and  depressed  body, 
by  its  much  smaller  head  and  prothorax  (the  latter  of  which  is  more  subcordate, 
much  more  narrowly  margined ;  and  has  moreover  two  fovese  on  either  side  at  its 
base,  and  its  extreme  hinder  angles  produced  into  a  minute  tooth),  by  its  shorter 
and  more  delicate  legs,  and  by  its  elytra  having  no  appearance  whatsoever  of  im- 
pressed foveas  on  their  disks,  and  thek  striae  very  distinctly  punctm"ed. 

Genus  16.  AMARA. 

Bonelli,  Ohservat.  Ent.  i.  (1809). 

Corpus  minusculum,  plus  minusve  ovale  :  prothorace  saepiiis  subquadrato :  alls  amplis.  Antennce 
filiformes,  capitis  prothoracisque  longitudine,  articulo  primo  sequentibus  robustiore,  secundo 
brevi.  Lahrum  quadratum,  antice  leviter  emarginatum  et  setis  paucis  longissimis  instructum. 
Mandibula  breves  validse,  intus  basi  denticulatse.  Maxilla  bilobae :  lobo  externa  palpiformi  bi- 
articulato  :  interno  acuto  iucurvo,  apice  uncinato,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Pulpn  filiformes,  articulo 
ultimo  fusLformi-subtruncato.  Mentuni  transversum,  antice  profuude  emarginatum  et  dente 
medio  bifido  (rarius  integro)  instructum.  Ligula  membranacea,  apice  truncata  pilisque  duobus 
longis  aucta ;  paraglossis  earn  baud  superantibus.  Pedes  validiusculi  :  tarsis  aiiticis  in  maribus 
articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  dilatatis  :  uiiguiculis  simplicibus. 

The  Amarce,  so  abundant  in  our  own  country  and  throughout  the  whole  of 
Europe,  are  too  famUiar  to  every  eye  to  requii-e  comment.  Then*  sinning  brassy 
surfaces  and  more  or  less  oval  forms,  seen  so  constantly  darting  across  oiu-  path- 
ways, in  fields  and  by  the  road-sides,  in  the  hot  sunshme,  are  associated  with  our 
earliest  recollections,  and  can  have  scarcely  failed  to  have  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  most  unobservant.  In  the  details  of  tlieh'  mouth  they  recede  but  slightly  from 
the  allied  genera ;  but  their  external  aspect  is  fortunately  so  weU  defined  as  to 
render  us  independent  of  structm*al  characters  even  in  our  generic  definition  of 
them.  I  have  hitherto  detected  but  two  species  in  the  Madeii'a  Islands,  one  of 
which  however  would  appear  to  be  peculiar  to  the  group. 

34.  Amara  triviaUs. 
A.  ovalis  fenea,  prothorace  antice  angustato  angulis  posticis  acutis,  basi  impunctato  utrinque  foveolato, 
elytris  striatis,  antennarum  basi  rufo-ferruginea,  tiljiis  rufo-piceis. 
Var.  /3.  caerulescenti-,  vel  viridescenti-micans,  nitida. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3i. 


48  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Harpalus  trivialis,  Gyll.  (nee  Duft.)  Ins.  Snec.  ii.  140  (1810). 
Amara  trivialis,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iii.  4G4  (1828). 

,  Erich.  Kqf.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  87  (1837). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Heh.  94  (1841). 

Habitat  ad  vias  vel  sub  lapidibus  Maderse  Portusque  Sancti,  usque  ad  4000*  s.  m.,  hinc  indc  non 
infrequens. 

A.  somewhat  parallel-oval,  slightly  depressed,  very  shining,  and  seneous.  Head  rather  narrow.  Pro- 
thorax  narrowed  in  front,  with  the  posterior  angles  acute  and  somewhat  produced,  concolorous ; 
obscurely  channelled  down  the  centre ;  impunctate,  mth  a  narrow  distinct  fovea,  or  impressed 
line,  on  either  side  at  the  base,  and  sometimes  a  very  obscure  smaller  one  towards  the  hinder 
angles.  Elytra  finely  striated,  the  striae  being  most  minutely  and  almost  imperceptibly  punc- 
tured. Antenna  vdth  the  first'  three  joints  and  the  base  of  the  fourth  bright  rufo-ferruginous. 
Tihia  dull  rufo-piceous.  Femora,  tarsi  and  apex  of  antenna  nearly  black. 
rVw.  /3.  with  the  upper  surface  adorned  with  more  or  less  of  a  dark  bluish,  or  gi'cenish  metallic 
splendour. 

The  size,  form,  colour  and  sculptiu'e  at  once  clistinguish  tliis  common  Eiu-opean 
Amara  from  the  following  one.  It  is  a  species  of  very  Avide  geographical  range, 
occurring  in  all  parts  of  Europe,  and  in  Algeria ;  and  it  has  been  likewise  recorded 
from  Si1)cria  and  North  America.  It  is  hj  no  means  an  al)undant  insect  in 
Madeira,  although  distributed  sparingly  over  the  island  fi'om  the  gardens  of 
Funchal  up  to  the  mountain  slopes  of  the  Great  Curral.  At  the  Ribeu'o  Frio  I 
have  found  it,  during  the  winter  and  spring,  in  comjiarative  profusion, — especially 
crawling  across  the  road  diu'ing  the  gleams  of  sunshine,  after  rain.  In  Porto 
Santo  I  have  likewise  captured  it,  though  somewhat  rarely. 

35.  Amara  superaus,  Woll. 

A.  oljlongo-ovalis  lata  picea,  prothorace  antice  latiusculo  angulis  posticis  subobtusis,  basi  punctate 

utrinque  bifoveolato,  elytris  striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  4. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  superioribus  Maderae,  ultra  5000'  s.  m.,  tempore  hiberno  et  vernali, 
rarissime :  Amara  valde  indigena,  ct  propc  summum  montem  Pico  dos  Arieros  dictum  mensibus 
Januario  ct  Februario  a.d.  1819  a  mcipso  detecta. 

A.  oblong-ovate,  broad,  slightly  depressed,  shining,  and  piceous.  Head  rather  wide.  Prothorax 
somewhat  broader  in  front  than  behind,  with  the  ])osterior  angles  slightly  obtuse,  and  the 
extreme  lateral  margin  a  little  rufesccut ;  obscurely  channelled  down  the  centre ;  coarsely  and 
deejily  punctured  behind,  and  with  two  distinct  fovea;  on  either  side  at  the  base,  the  inner  ones  of 
which  are  the  largest.  Ehjtra  faintly  striated,  the  striae  being  impunctate.  Legs  and  antenna 
uniformly  pale  rufo-ferruginous. 

A  large  and  truly  indigenous  Amara,  and  apparently  extremely  rare,  the  only 
spot  in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it  being  the  exposed  alpine  ridge,  over- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  49 

looking  the  Meyo  Metada,  between  the  Ice  House  Peak  and  the  Pico  dos  Arieros, 
at  an  elevation  of  between  5000  and  6000  feet  above  the  sea,  where,  dm-ing  January 
and  Pebruary  of  1849,  I  detected  sevei-al  specimens,  in  company  with  Trechus 
alticolus,  beneath  stones.  It  would  seem  to  be  the  representative  in  these  islands 
of  the  European  A.  patricia,  which  I  have  captuxed  in  situations  precisely  similar 
on  the  Swiss  Alps.  It  presents  however  abundant  distinctive  characters  to 
separate  it  from  that  insect,^as,  for  iastance,  its  more  parallel  and  flattened  form, 
the  impunctate  and  comparatively  lightly  impressed  striae  of  its  elytra,  and  the 
less  acute  posterior,  and  more  produced  anterior  angles  of  its  prothorax ;  added  to 
which,  its  uniformly  pale  piceous  hue  would  tend  even  further  to  separate  it. 
Prom  its  size  and  general  outline  it  might  at  first  sight  be  almost  mistaken  for  a 
Sarpalus ;  nevertheless  its  male  tarsi  being  dilated  in  the  anterior  pau'  alone  is  of 
course  at  once  sufiicient,  apart  from  less  e\ddent  diiferences,  to  remove  it  from  the 
whole  of  that  extensive  group. 


(Div.  3.  HARPALIDEA.) 
Genus  17.  ANISODACTYLUS. 

Dejean,  Spec,  des  Col.  iv.  132  (1829). 

Cor])us  mediocre,  oblongum :  prothorace  subquadrato  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  filiformes,  capitis  pro- 
thoracisque  longitudine,  articulo  primo  sequeutibus  robustiore,  secundo  brevi.  Labium  quadra- 
turn,  antice  leviter  emarginatum  et  setis  paucis  longissimis  instructum.  Mandibula  breves,  dente 
medio  iuterno  obtuso  armatse,  basi  denticulatse.  Maxillce  biloba; :  lobo  externo  palpiformi  biarti- 
culato:  interna  acuto  incurvo,  apice  iincinato,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  filiformes,  articulo 
ultimo  fusiformi-subtruncato.  Mentum  transversum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dente 
medio  nullo  instructum.  Ligula  apice  trancata;  paraglossis  coriaceis  acuminatis.  Pedes  validi : 
tarsis  anterioribus  in  maribus  articulis  quatuor  subtus  dense  spongiosis,  secundo,  tertio  et  quarto 
valde  dilatatis,  primo  minore  :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

Anisodactyhis  differs  from  Barpalm  in  having  the  first  joint  of  the  fom-  anterior 
tarsi  of  its  males  small  and  narrow,  whilst  the  following  three  are  greatly  dilated : 
then*  under  surface  moreover  is  destitute  of  the  double  row  of  seta?  usually  apparent 
in  the  present  division  and  in  the  Fterostichidea,  beuig  densely  spongiose  instead, 

in  which  respect  it  assimilates  the  typical  members  of  the  Chlaniidea.     Its 

mentum,  likewise,  has  no  tooth  in  the  centre  of  its  emargiaation,  a  structure  of 
extremely  rare  occ\irrence  amongst  the  Harpali,  in  which  the  tooth,  although 
obtuse  and  short,  is  nearly  always  distinct. 

36.  Anisodactylus  binotatus. 
A.  ater,  antennarum  basi  et  palporum  tarsorumque  apice  rufo-ferrugineis,  elytris  profunde  striatis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  5-5  i. 

n 


50  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Caralus  binotatus,  Fab.  Enf.  Si/st.  i.  151  (1792). 
Harpalus  hinotatus,  Gryll.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  122  (1810). 
Anisodactylus  hinotatus,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iv.  140  (1829). 
,  Heer,  Fna  Col  Helv.  100  (1841). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  per  litora  rivTiloram  atque  in  locis  humidis  Maderse,  infra  3000'  s.  ni.,  toto  anno 
vulgaris. 

A.  elongate,  deep  black ;  the  males  slightly  shining,  the  females  a  little  opake.  Head  with  two 
irregular  longitudinal  impressions  between  the  eyes,  and  sometimes  with  a  very  obscure  rufous 
spot  in  the  centre  of  its  forehead.  Prothurax  subquadrate,  a  little  narrowed  posteriorly,  the 
hinder  angles  nearly  right  angles;  with  a  longitudinal  channel  down  the  disk,  and  a  large, 
shallow,  roughened  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  elongate,  rather  convex,  deeply 
striated,  the  stripe  being  impunctate,  and  the  interstices  convex  and  likewise  impunctate.  Legs 
deep  pitchy-black.  Antenna  at  base  and  extreme  ape.x,  palpi  at  apex,  and  the  tarsi  also  at  apex, 
rufo-ferruginous. 

A  most  abundant  insect  throughout  Eurojie  and  the  north  of  Africa ;  and 
tolerably  common  in  most  parts  of  Madeii'a  below  the  altitude  of  about  3000  feet 
above  the  sea,  where  it  occurs  beneath  stones  at  the  edges  of  the  streams.  At  the 
Curral  das  Romeiras,  and  in  the  other  raiines  above  Funchal,  I  have  at  times 
observed  it  in  considerable  profusion. 

Genus  18.  HARPALUS. 

LatreiUe,  Gen.  Crust,  et  Ins.  i.  201  (180G). 

Corpus  mediocre,  oblongum  :  prothorace  subquadrato,  postice  plus  minusve  attenuate  :  alis  ssppius 
amplis,  sed  in  specie  Maderensi  una  obsoletis.  Antenna  tiliiormes,  capitis  prothoracisque  longi- 
tudinc,  articulo  prime  scqvientibus  robustiore,  secundo  bren.  Labrum  subquadi-atum,  antice 
leviter  emarginatum  et  setis  paucis  longissimis  instructum,  angulis  anticis  rotundatis  ciliatis. 
Mandilmlu'  breves  acuta;,  dentc  medio  brevi  interno  obtuso  instructae,  basi  subdenticulatae. 
MaxilUe  biloba; :  lubo  exienio  palpiformi  biarticulato  :  interno  acuto  incurvo,  apice  uncinate,  intus 
valde  ciliato.  Palpi  filiformes,  articulo  ultimo  fusiformi-subtruncato.  Mentum  transversum, 
antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  brevi  obtuso  (rarissime  obsoleto)  instructum.  Ligula 
cornea  angusta,  apice  truncata ;  pai-aylossis  amplis  membranaceis  rotundatis,  earn  j)aulo  supcran- 
tibus.  Pedes  validi :  tarsis  anterioribus  in  maribus  articulis  quatuor  dilatatis,  subtus  biseriato- 
setosis  :  unguiculis  simpUcibus. 

The  present  genus,  so  AAddely  distributed  over  the  world,  has  apparently  Imt  foui* 
representatives  in  the  Madeu-a  Islands,  thi-ee  of  which  arc  common  Em-opean 
species,  whilst  the  other,  which  belongs  to  an  altogether  dilferent  type  of  form,  is 
peculiar  to  this  region.  There  is  but  little  fear  of  confoimding  the  Harpcdi  Avith 
any  other  insects  witl\  wliich  we  are  here  concerned,  theii'  oblong  bodies,  and 
usually  l)lack  or  obscure  surfaces,  added  to  the  four  powerfully  dilated  anterior 
tarsi  of  their  male  sex,  beins;  of  themselves  sufficient  wherel)v  to  distim^uish  them 
from  the  allied  groups. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  51 

§  I.  Aim  ampla ;  elytra  libera ;  mentwm  dente  medio  hrevi  obtuso  instrtictvm. 

37.  Harpalus  attenuatus. 

H.  elongato-oblongus  niger,   prothorace  subquadrato  basi  attenuate,   angulis  posticis  subrectis  et 
utrinque  distincte  foveolato,  elytris  profunde  striatis,  antennis  fusco-ferrugineis,  tibiis  tarsisque 
rufo-piceis. 
Var.  /3.  paulo  longior  et  nitidior.     (Ins.  Deserta  Grandis.) 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3^—4^. 

Harpalus  aUeimafus,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Mnt.  i.  1.52  (1828). 

consentaneus,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iv.  302  (1829). 

desert  us,  Steven,  in  litt. 

Sardeus,  Dalil,  in  litt. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  Maderae  necnon  in  ins.  Desert^  Grandi,  sat  vulgaris. 

H.  elongate-oblong,  black ;  the  males  shining,  the  females  opake.  Head  rather  wide,  with  the  impres- 
sions  between  the  eyes  exceedingly  obscure.  Prothorax  subquadrate,  and  with  a  deep  dorsal 
channel ;  narrowed  towards  the  base,  where  it  is  very  rugosely  punctured  and  with  a  distinct 
fovea  on  either  side ;  the  hinder  angles  nearly  right  angles.  Elytra  elongate-subovate,  deeply 
striated,  the  strife  being  impunctate ;  and  each  with  a  very  minutely  impressed  point,  on  the 
third  interstice,  behind.  Antenna  and  palpi  dull  ferruginous,  tibia  and  tarsi  rufo-piceous. 
Var.  13.  slightly  larger,  and  both  sexes  a  little  more  shining.  (The  state  peculiar  to  the  Deserta 
Grande.) 

The  present  Sarpalus  is  closely  allied  to  the  following  one,  but  differs  from  it 
in  its  uniformly  smaller  size,  in  its  somewhat  less  convex  and  more  elongated  pro- 
thorax  (in  which,  also,  the  central  channel  and  basal  foveae  are  more  evident,  and 
the  hinder  angles  better  defined),  in  its  more  coarsely  striated  elj^ra,  and  by  its 
femora  being  usually  of  a  deeper  black,  which  causes  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  to  appear 
very  distinctly  rufescent.  It  is  rather  a  common  insect  in  Madeii-a,  occm-ring 
beneath  stones  on  the  grassy  mountain- slopes,  especially  between  the  Ihnits  of 
from  2000  to  3000  feet  above  the  sea.  On  the  Dezerta  Grande  it  is  likewise 
tolerably  abundant,  where  however  the  specimens  are  a  little  larger  and  more 
elongated,  and  just  perceptibly  more  shinmg.  It  is  a  species  of  very  wide  geogra- 
phical range,  being  recorded  in  England,  Erance,  Dalmatia,  the  Caucasus,  Sardinia, 
Spain,  the  Canary  Islands,  and  in  Algeria;  and  existing  I  believe  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  Europe.  I  possess  specimens  from  the  Scilly  Islands,  captm-ed  by  the 
late  E.  Holme,  Esq.,  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford. 

38.  Harpalus  htigiosus. 

H,  elongato-oblongus  niger  antice  subangustatus,  prothorace  convexo  transverso-quadrato  basi  vix 
attenuate,  angulis  posticis  obtusiusculis  et  utrinque  vix  foveolato,  elytris  striatis,  antennis  fusco- 
ferrugineis,  femoribus  piceis,  tibiis  tarsisque  rufo-piceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  4J-5|. 

h2 


52  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Harpahts  litigiosui,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iv.  361  (1829). 
,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  Ill  (1841). 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  in  saxosis  planiu.sculis  prope  sinum  Praya  Formoza  dictum  tempore  vcr- 
uali  A.D.  1848  a  meipso  sub  lapidibus  iuveutus  :  in  Portu  Sancto  semel  tautum  legi. 

H.  elongate-ovate,  black,  and  somewhat  narrowed  anteriorly;  both  sexes  almost  equally  shining. 
Head  rather  wide,  with  the  impressions  between  the  eyes  more  distinct  than  those  of  the  last 
species.  Prothorax  subquadrate,  rather  wide  and  short,  convex  in  front,  and  with  its  extreme 
margins  often  most  narrowly  and  obscurely  rufescent ;  with  an  indistinct  dorsal  channel ;  a  little 
rounded  at  the  sides,  and  less  narrowed  towards  the  base  than  in  the  H.  abbreriatus,  where  it  is 
distinctly  punctured  and  transversely  impressed,  but  with  the  foveae  exceedingly  shallow  and 
obscure ;  the  hinder  angles  more  obtuse,  or  at  any  rate  rather  more  roxmded  and  less  defined 
than  those  of  the  last  species.  Elytra  elongate-subovate,  rather  less  deeply  striated  than  in  the 
last  species,  the  strife  not  being  perceptibly  punctate ;  and  each  with  a  very  minutely  impressed 
point,  on  the  third  interstice,  behind.  Antennce  and  legs  nearly  the  same  as  those  of  the  H.  ab- 
breviatus;  but  the  latter  rather  longer,  and  with  the  femora  more  piceous. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  species  in  its  larger  size,  in  its  rather  more  anteriorly- 
narrowed  outline,  in  its  proportionably  somc^^hat  shorter,  convexer,  and  less 
posteriorly  attenuated  prothorax  (on  which,  moreover,  the  central  channel  and 
Mnder  fovese  are  exceedingly  indistiact),  in  its  more  tinely  striated  elytra,  and  in 
its  femora  being  usually  of  a  less  decided  black.  It  Avould  seem  to  be  a  scarce 
insect  in  Madeu-a,  or  at  any  rate  extremely  local,  the  only  spot  in  which  I  have 
observed  it  being  the  Ioav,  rocky,  and  comparatively  flattened  ledge  immediately 
above  the  Praya  Formoza,  near  Funchal, — where  however  diu'ing  the  spring  of 
1848  I  captiu-ed  it,  from  beneath  stones,  in  tolerable  abundance.  In  Porto  Santo 
I  have  taken  hitherto  but  a  single  example.  It  occurs  sparingly  thi'oughout 
central  and  southern  Europe,  and  is  recorded  in  Switzerland,  Prance  and  Dalmatia. 

39.  Harpalus  distinguendus. 

H.  elongato-oblongus  niger,  supra  aut  viridis  aut  viridi-aeneus,  prothorace  subquadrato  basi  leviter 
attenuato,  angulis  posticis  subrectis  et  utrinque  distincte  foveolato,  elytris  striatis,  femoribus 
plerumque  nigrescentibus,  tibiis  ad  basin  ferrugineis,  ad  apicem  tarsisque  rufo-piccis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  4^5. 

Carahus  distinguemlus,  Duft.  Fna  Aust.  ii.  76  (1812). 
Harpalus  dUtinguendus,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iv.  274  (1829). 

,  Ei-ich.  Kaf.  der  Mark'.  Brand,  i.  48  (1837). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  106  (1841). 

Habitat  ad  vias  vel  sub  lapidibus  jNIaderie,  sat  vulgaris  :  in  Portu  Sancto  praedominat,  vineta  cam- 
posque  aridos  prope  oppidum  colcns. 

H.  elongate-ovate,  beneath  black,  above  green,  brassy,  or  brassy-green ;  shining,  especially  the  males. 
Head  moderate,  with  two  impressions  between  the  eyes.    Prothorax  subquadi-ate,  and  the  extreme 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  53 

lateral  margins  generally  obscurely  and  narrowly  rufescent ;  a  little  narrowed  towards  the  base, 
where  it  is  coarsely  punctured  and  with  a  distinct  fovea  on  either  side;  the  hinder  angles  almost 
right  angles.  Elytra  somewhat  parallel- ovate,  deeply  striated,  the  stripe  being  sometimes  very 
obscurely  punctate,  the  interstices  impunctate ;  a  little  excavated  at  the  apex,  and  each  with  a 
very  minutely  impressed  point,  on  the  third  interstice,  behind.  Femora  usually  dark :  tibia  at 
base  ferruginous ;  their  apex,  and  the  tarsi,  more  or  less  rufo-piceous,  or  piceous.  Antennte 
fuscous,  with  the  base  bright  rufo-ferruginous. 

The  H.  distinguendus  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  common  European  S.  ceneus, 
and,  although  easily  separable  from  it  when  in  its  normal  state,  yet  the  frequent 
occurrence  of  connecting-  Links  between  the  two  would  seem  to  imply  that  it  may 
perhaps,  in  reality,  be  biit  a  local  variety  of  that  species.  Still,  it  is  usually 
acknowledged  to  be  distinct,  and  as  such  therefore  I  would  retain  it,  more  espe- 
cially since  the  Madeu'an  specimens  are  in  their  general  aspect  exceedingly  typical 
ones.  It  differs  from  the  K.  (enetis  in  having  its  elytra  only  just  perceptibly  ex- 
cavated at  their  apex,  and  in  theii-  submarginal  interstices  beiag  unpunctm-ed  and 
almost  free  from  pubescence,  in  its  hinder  prothoracic  angles  being  less  obtuse,  in 
the  prothorax  itself  being  more  deeply  punctured,  and  foveolated,  towards  the 
base,  and  by  its  femora  being  for  the  most  part  darkly  coloured, — whereas  in  the 
JS.  ceneus  it  is  the  tendency  of  the  legs  to  be  altogether  pale.  It  is  a  common 
insect  throughout  Madeii-a,  occui-ring  beneath  stones  at  nearly  all  elevations ;  and 
in  Porto  Santo  it  is  even  more  abundant  still,  where  I  have  at  times  observed  it 
in  the  low  sandy  vineyards  behind  the  sea-beach  in  the  greatest  profusion.  It  is 
found  in  most  parts  of  central  and  southern  Europe,  and  is  recorded  by  Dejean  as 
having  been  brought  even  from  the  Brazils. 

§  II.  Ala  nullcB ;  elytra  interdum  subconnata ;  mentiim  deiite  medio  nulla  instructum. 

40.  Harpalus  vividus. 
H.  oblongus  piceus,  vel  nigro-  vel  fusco-piceus,  prothorace  transverso-subquadrato  basi  attenuato, 
angvdis  posticis  rectis  et  utrinque  plus  minusve  leviter  foveolato,  elytris  striatis,  singulo  ad  apicem 
suturalem  extremum  obUque  truncato,  antennis  pedibusque  pallidis. 

Var.  a.  angustus  convexiusculus  plerumque  fusco-piceus;  mas  politus,  foemina  ssepius  subopaca; 
prothorace  ad  basin  valde  attenuato,  chstincte  et  creberrime  punctulato  et  utrinque  sat  profunde 
foveolato ;  elytris  liberis  subovatis  profunde  striatis,  interstitiis  convexiusculis,  antennis  pedibus- 
que pallido-ferrugineis.  Long.  4i-5T  lin.  (Per  regionem  Maderee  sylvaticam  varietas  prjedo- 
minans.) 

Var.  /3.  latior  depressus  piceus  vel  ferrugineo-piceus ;  mas  politissimus,  foemina  polita ;  prothorace 
omnino  latiore  ad  basin  attenuato,  obsolete  punctulato  et  utrinque  foveolato;  elytris  ssepius 
connatis  truncato-subovatis  striatis,  interstitiis  depressis,  antennis  pedibusque  ferrugineis. 
Long.  4f-5i  lin.  (Status  Desertam  Grandem  et  Desertam  Borealem  colens  :  necnon  per  oroiu 
maritimam  atque  in  sumniis  montibus  Madera  plus  minusve  obtinens.) 


54  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Var.  y.  latus  dcpressus  plerumque  nigro-piceus ;  mas  subopacus,  foemina  opaca ;  prothorace  lato  ad 
basin  minus  attenuato,  impunctato  et  utrinque  vix  foveolato ;  elytris  sfepius  comiatis  truucato- 
subovatis  leviter  striatis,  interstitiis  depressis,  antennis  pedibusque  diluto-fermgineis.     Long. 
4f-55-  lin.     (Portui  Sancto  insulisque  parvis  adjacentihus  propria.) 
Long.  corp.  lin.  4|-5J, 

Harpalics  vividus,  Dcj.  (nee  Fab.  18U1),  Spec,  des  Col.  iv.  332  (1829). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  omnium  insularum  Maderensium,  ab  era  maritima  usque  ad  cacumina  montium 
copiosissime  ascendens. 

H.  oblong,  of  either  a  dark-,  or  a  more  or  less  brownish-piceous,  occasionally  (especially  when  imma- 
ture) almost  ferruginous,  usually  depressed ;  the  males  more  or  less  shining,  the  females  gene- 
rally, though  not  always,  a  little  opake.  Head  rather  large,  with  scarcely  any  indications  of  the 
usual  longitudinal  impressions  between  the  eyes.  Prothorax  more  or  less  subquadrate,  and 
narrowed  posteriorly ;  also,  in  most  of  the  varieties,  more  or  less  punctured  towards  the  base, 
and  with  a  fovea  on  either  side, — both  the  punctures  and  fovepe  having  a  tendency  in  the  several 
states  to  become  more  and  more  obsolete ;  generally  with  the  extreme  lateral  margins  obscurely 
and  narrowly  rufescent.  Elytra  more  or  less  ovate,  and  striated,  the  striae  being  impunctate ;  a 
little  excavated  behind,  and  each  of  them  obliquely  truncated  off  at  its  extreme  apex,  causing  the 
two  to  divaricate  very  minutely  at  the  extremity  of  the  suture ;  and  each  of  them  with  a  most 
minutely  impressed  point,  on  the  third  interstice,  behind.     Legs,  antenna  and  palpi  ferruginous. 

Var.  a.  comparatively  narrow  and  rather  convex,  generally  of  a  brownish-piceous  hue ;  the  males 
shining,  the  females  a  little  opake.  Prothorax  narrow,  and  much  attenuated  behind,  closely, 
finely,  and  distinctly  punctured  towards  the  base,  and  with  a  deep  fovea  on  either  side.  Elytra 
not  soldered  together,  subovate,  and  a  little  acuminated  behind,  deeply  striated,  and  the  inter- 
stices rather  convex.  Legs,  antenna  and  jmlpi  \'ery  pale  ferruginous.  {Madeira :  the  typical 
state  throughout  the  sylvan  districts.) 

Var.  (3.  distinctly  broader  and  more  depressed,  piceous,  and  sometimes  with  more  or  less  of  a  ferru- 
ginous hue ;  both  sexes  shining,  the  males  being  very  highly  polished.  Prothorax  broader  than 
in  var.  a,  and  not  quite  so  much  attenuated  behind,  most  obscurely  punctured  towards  the  base, 
the  punctures  being  almost  evanescent,  and  the  fovea;  more  obscure.  Elytra  generally  soldered 
together,  a  little  broader  and  shorter,  in  proportion,  than  those  of  the  var.  a,  and  more  truncated 
both  before  and  behind,  less  deeply  striated,  and  the  interstices  flattened.  Legs,  antenna  and 
palpi  fcrniginous.  {Northern  and  Central  Dezertas ;  and  more  or  less  apphcable  to  the  maritime 
and  alpine  specimens  of  Madeira.) 

Var.  y.  of  nearly  the  same  form  as  the  var.  (3,  but  darker,  being  usually  piceous-black,  and  de- 
pressed ;  both  sexes  opake,  though  especially  the  female.  Prothorax  broad  and  subquadrate, 
being  less  attenuated  behind  than  in  cither  of  the  other  varieties,  impunctate,  and  the  basal  foveae 
almost  obsolete.  Elytra  generally  soldered  together,  broad  and  short,  much  truncated  both  be- 
fore and  behind,  lightly  striated,  and  the  interstices  flattened.  Legs,  antenna  and  palpi  darker 
than  in  the  other  varieties,  being  dusky-ferruginous.  {Porto  Santo,  and  the  small  adjacent 
islands.) 

A  truly  indigenous  species ;  and  since  it  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  variable  with 
which  we  have  here  to  do,  it  may  be  well  selected  as  an  example  of  the  modifying 
influence  of  isolation  and  local  cii'cumstances  on  external  insect  form.     "Whether 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  55 

we  consider  its  peculiarity  to  the  Madeiran  group,  or  the  singular  type  of  struc- 
ture which  it  chsplays,  it  may  appropriately  be  termed  the  Harpalus  of  this  region  : 
and,  judging  from  its  existence  on  every  rock,  large  or  small,  and  at  aU  altitudes, 
and  from  its  capability  of  adapting  itself  to  contingencies  of  every  kind,  we  are  led 
to  believe  that  it  was  probably  abundant  over  a  great  portion  of  that  ancient  con- 
tinent of  which  these  islands  are  amongst  the  many  surviving  witnesses.     Ranging 
from  the  sea-shore  to  the  extreme  summits  of  the  loftiest  moimtains,  accom- 
modating itself  at  one  time  to  a  low  barren  rock  of  twenty  yards  circumference, 
tenanted  only  by  Helopidce,  Hadri,  Lizards  and  Gulls,  at  another  to  the  deep 
wooded  ravines  of  intermediate  altitudes,  around  which  the  clouds  perpetually 
cUng  and  where  vegetation  and  decay  are  ever  rampant,  or  harbouring  beneath 
the  rough  basaltic  blocks  of  the  weather-beaten  peaks,  6000  feet  above  the  sea, — 
we  should  naturally  expect,  a  priori,  to  discover  some  slight  modifications  of  out- 
ward structure  according  as  the  respective  localities  differed  in  condition.     And 
such  we  find  to  be  everywhere  the  case.     I  am  satisfied  moreover  that  it  is  only 
by  a  careful  observation  on  the  spot  that  an  insect  like  the  present  one  can  be  pro- 
perly understood ;  for  to  anybody  acquainted  with  it  practically  in  aU  its  phases  it 
is  hut  too  evident  how  many  "  species,"  so-caUed,  might  be  established  on  un- 
doubted varieties,  where  there  exists  a  desu-e  for  creating  them,  and  where  our  sole 
knowledge  is  gathered  from  a  few  stray  specimens  collected  by  another  person,  and 
unaccompanied  by  local  information  to  render  the  aberrations  intelligible.     Tor  it 
must  be  tracked  from  the  sea- shore  to  an  elevation  of  more  than  6000  feet  before 
we  are  enabled  to  discern  the  causes  by  which  its  development  is  controlled,  or 
even  to  connect  by  slow  and  easy  gradations  its  opposite  extremes  of  form.     And 
it  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  distance  between  its  variations  does  not  increase 
in  proportion  to  the  distance  between  its  altitudes.     On  the  contrary,  it  would 
seem  to  pass  through  its  minimum  of  size  and  maximum  of  sculpture  at  about  the 
elevation  of  from  3000  to  4000  feet ;  both  above  and  below  which,  that  is  to  say, 
as  it  recedes  from  the  upper  and  lower  limits  of  the  sylvan  districts,  it  becomes 
gradually  modified,  and  almost  in  a  similar  manner.     Thus,  to  a  person  who  had 
visited  Madeira  and  had  picked  up  specimens  on  the  coast,  and  to  another  who  had 
perchance  penetrated  into  the  interior,  as  passing  visitors  from  the  vessels  are 
accustomed  to  do,  and  had  brought  away  examples  from  the  wooded  movmtain- 
slopes,  the  two  insects  would  appear  altogether  distinct.    Eor,  commencing  on  the 
level  of  the  beach,  the  usual  type  is  broad,  flat,  more  or  less  opake,  with  the  pro- 
thorax  almost  impunctate,  and  the  elytra  soldered  together.    As  we  ascend  higher, 
the  breadth  invariably  diminishes,  the  brightness  and  depth  of  sculpture,  up  to  a 
certain  altitude,  seem  to  increase,  and  the  elytra  are  seldom  or  but  very  imper- 
fectly united ;  untU,  on  entering  the  lower  limits  of  the  forest  region,  at  an  eleva- 
tion perhaps,  ore  rotundo,  of  3000  feet,  we  find  that  it  has  gradually  put  on  a  veiy 
different  aspect  (var.  a.),  being  small,  narrow,  bright,  convex,  comparatively  ovate 
and  deeply  striated,  the  legs  and  antennae  have  become  exceedingly  pale,  tbe  pro- 


o(5  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

thorax  has  altered  considerably  in  shape,  being  much  narro-\ved  behind  and  punc- 
tured, and  the  eMra  are  nearly  always  free.  In  this  state  it  continues  for  about 
1500  feet,  when  again  emerging  into  the  broad  daylight  of  the  open  hills,  it 
recommences  to  mould  itself  as  it  did  below ;  until,  having  reached  the  summits 
of  the  loftiest  peaks,  more  than  COOO  feet  above  the  sea,  it  has  almost  (though  not 
entirely)  assumed  the  features  which  characterized  it  on  the  shores  beneath.  Tliis 
is  of  coiu'se  only  a  general  account  of  the  changes  which  take  place  during  its 
upward  progress ;  yet,  although  exceptional  cases,  as  to  every  other  rule,  "nill  now 
and  then  Ijc  met  with,  I  beHeve  it  to  be  perfectly  true  on  a  large  scale.  That 
modifications  of  a  slightly  different  kind  occm-  at  parallel  altitudes  in  the  other 
islands  of  the  group  is  also  certain ;  but  we  must  not  forget  that  the  disappearance 
of  the  dense  forest  everywhere  except  in  Madeu-a  proper  may  have  re-adjusted  for 
those  particular  spots  the  law  which  there  also  in  all  probability  once  ol:)tained. 
^Moreover,  whatever  the  caiises  may  be  which  operate  in  these  remote  spheres  to 
affect  the  insect  life  wliich  has  1)ecome  isolated  upon  them,  it  is  certain,  from 
observation,  that  theu*  working  is  not  accidental,  but  depends  on  the  peculiar 
circumstances  of  the  respective  localities,  since  species  of  even  opposite  natiu'es 
are  affected  in  a  smiilar  manner  on  the  same  rocks.  Thus  we  accordingly  find,  in 
tlie  present  case  (as  in  others  which  I  have  ah'eady  liad  occasion  to  comment  U2)on 
under  the  genera  Scarites,  Uiiri/r/inft/uis,  Calathus  and  Olisthopus),  that  the  speci- 
mens wliich  have  been  detached  on  the  tAvo  northern  Dezertas  have  attained  a 
larger  size  than  those  on  any  other  island,  that  the  Madeiran  ones  are  the  smallest, 
whilst  those  in  Porto  Santo  are  unusually  depressed.  Although  confined  to  the 
sylvan  districts  and  less  abundant  than  any  of  the  remainder,  I  have  nevertheless 
assiuned  var.  a.  to  be  the  normal  state ;  fu"st,  because,  judging  from  the  description, 
I  believe  it  to  be  the  particular  form  descri])ed  by  Dejean  in  1829,  and  secondly, 
because  the  ]\Iadeira  Islands,  as  theu*  name  implies,  being  by  natm-e  islands  of 
wood,  it  is  the  variety  in  all  probability  which  would  have  formerly  predominated 
throughout  the  group, — the  other  modifications  being  the  result  in  some  measm'e 
of  the  destruction  of  the  timber,  and  partially  therefore,  though  indii'cetly,  refer- 
able to  the  agency  of  man.  I  have  contented  myself,  in  the  above  diagnosis,  by 
indicating  three  varieties  only,  since  it  is  impossil)le  to  define  the  limits  and  ranges 
of  subsidiary  modifications,  my  sole  object  having  been  to  give  a  generally  correct 
idea  on  a  broad  scale. 

This  species,  which,  in  all  its  phases,  is  well  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  the 
genus  inhabiting  these  islands,  presents  a  type  of  structure  peculiarly  its  own. 
Thus,  for  instance,  it  is  universally  apterous  (whereas  the  others  are  winged),  the 
nienlum  lias  no  tooth  in  the  centre  of  its  einargination  (a  structure  of  very  rare 
occm-rence  in  the  trvie  HarpaU),  and  the  extreme  apices  of  each  of  its  elytra  are 
always  truncated  ol)liquely,  causing  them  to  diverge  minutely,  or  divaricate,  at 
the  termination  of  the  suture.  But  perhaps  its  most  singular  character,  and  in 
which  it  (lilTcrs  from  every  other  Ilarpalus  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  consists 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  57 

in  the  tendency  of  its  elytra  to  become  united  or  soldered  together.  I  say  "  the 
tendency,"  because  it  is  not  always  the  case  that  they  are  joined  (which,  since  the 
law  exists  at  all,  is  perhaps  the  more  remarkable),  although  in  most  instances, 
especially  in  localities  much  exposed  and  but  slightly  elevated  above  the  sea-shore, 
they  are.  I  have  examples,  however,  from  the  upper  as  well  as  the  lower  regions, 
in  which  both  states  are  represented;  and  others  again  in  which  the  elytra  are 
only  partially  connected,  being  fi-ee  at  the  apex  though  fii-mly  attached  towards 
the  scuteUum.  In  every  instance,  however,  even  where  they  are  united  through- 
out theii-  entire  length,  a  little  force  will  succeed  in  separating  them,  showing 
their  structure,  as  I  have  indicated  in  the  diagnosis,  to  be  subconnate  rather  than 
connate.  But  that  it  does  require  force  to  effect  the  disjunction,  when  they  are 
reaUy  in  the  condition  described,  is  proved  to  a  demonstration  to  any  one  who  has 
seen  the  remains  of  the  insect  beneath  the  slabs  of  stone  on  many  of  the  small 
adjacent  islands  where  it  most  abounds,  or  drifting  about  over  the  surface  of  the 
j^ocks, — under  which  circumstances  I  have  observed  them  in  immense  numbers, 
apparently  the  accumulation  of  two  or  three  generations,  which  the  violence  of  the 
elements  had  not  been  able  to  sever.  It  is  rare  in  the  sylvan  districts  to  find 
them  joined,  nevertheless  such  is  sometimes  the  case, — thus  proving  that  the 
peculiarity  is  not  actually  essential,  but  merely  one  which  it  is  the  tendency  of  the 
species  to  assume,  and  which  is  more  developed  in  some  specimens,  and  under 
certain  conditions,  than  in  others. 

The  Carabus  vividm  of  Pabricius,  although  in  description  best  according  with 
the  present  insect,  is  proved,  from  specimens  still  in  existence  in  the  Royal  Mu- 
seum of  Copenhagen,  as  already  stated,  to  be  a  Calatlms.  The  Harpalus  now 
under  consideration  was  in  fact  first  described  by  Dejean,  in  1829,  who  appears  to 
have  mistaken  it  for  the  Tabrician  C.  cividus,  and  to  have  quoted  it  as  such. 

Genus  19.  OPHONXJS. 

(Ziegler)  Stepb.  lU.  Brit.  Ent.  i.  159  (1828). 

Corjms  et  instrumenta  ciharia  fere  ut  in  Harpalo,  sed  illud  subtiliter  pubescens  et  undique  punctu- 
latiim  J  necnon  pedes  plerumqiie  paulo  graciliores. 

There  cannot  be  the  slightest  doubt  but  that  the  Ophoni  do  not  in  reality  consti- 
tute more  than  a  section  of  Sarpalm,  then*  minutely  pubescent  and  punctulated 
bodies,  added  to  their  somewhat  longer  and  less  robust  legs,  being  the  sole  cha- 
racters on  which  their  isolation  was  ever  made  to  rest.  And  it  was  therefore  well 
remarked  by  Dejean,  in  his  Species  general  des  Colcopteres,  that  the  genus,  as 
defined  by  Ziegler,  was  founded  on  an  inadequate  diagnosis  and  could  not,  conse- 
quently, be  upheld.  Still,  as  it  is  not  altogether  expunged  even  by  recent  ento- 
mologists, and  since  its  only  Madeiran  representative  is  a  peculiarly  tjqncal  member 
of  the  group  as  formerly  received,  I  have  preferred  retaining  it  in  the  present 


58  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

instance  as  distinct,  deeming  it  sufficient  to  have  pointed  out  thus  far  the  real 
natvu'c  of  its  generic  claims. 

41.  Ophonus  obscurus. 
O.  oblongus  subpubescens  punctatus,  infra  niger,  supra  subcyanescenSj  prothorace  transverso-sub- 

quadrato  lateribus  rotundatis,  elytris  striatis  depressis,  interstitiis  minutissime  punctulatis,  an- 

tennis  pedibusque  rufo-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  5^. 

Carabus  obscunis,  Fab.  Unt.  Sj/st.  i.  151  (1792). 
Sarpalus  ohscurus,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  iv.  85  (1818). 
Ophonus  ohscurm,  Stepb.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  i.  160  (1828). 
Harpahcs  obscunis,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iv.  197  (1829). 

Habitat  in  locis  bumidis  Maderse,  rarissimus  ;  sub  lapide  ad  fornacem  exoletam  calcariam  juxta  Sanc- 
tum Vinccntium  "  Forno  de  Cal "  dictam  a  meipso  d.  2  Jul.  a.d.  1850  semel  tantum  repertus. 

O.  obloug,  very  sligbtly  shining,  punctured  all  over,  and  a  little  pubescent ;  beneath  dark  pitchy- 
black  ;  above  with  the  head  and  prothnrax  of  a  very  obscure  bluish  tinge  and  coarsely  punctured  ; 
the  latter  rather  smoother  on  the  disk,  and  mth  a  faint  dorsal  channel,  somewhat  transverse- 
quadrate,  a  little  narrowed  behind,  and  with  the  sides  and  angles  slightly  rounded.  Elytra  rather 
more  distinctly  blue  than  the  rest  of  the  siu'face,  depressed  and  striated,  the  strise  being  impunc- 
tate,  and  with  the  interstices  thickly  and  finely  punctulated.  Legs,  antenna  ani  palpi  rufo- 
ferruginous. 

A  tolerably  common  insect  throughout  Europe  and  the  north  of  Afiica.  In 
Madeira  however  it  would  appear  to  be  of  the  greatest  rarity,  the  only  indigenous 
specimen  which  I  have  seen  haiing  been  captiu'ed  by  myself  from  beneath  a  stone 
at  the  edges  of  the  small  stream  which  issues  from  out  of  the  limestone  rock  (so 
well  knoMTi  to  geologists  from  its  isolated  and  elevated  position  amidst  the  siir- 
rounding  basalt)  at  the  Forno  de  Cal,  near  Sao  Vincente,  on  the  2nd  of  July  1850. 

Genus  20.  STENOLOPHUS. 

(Megerle)  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  i.  165  (1828). 

Corpus  parvum,  oblongum  :  prothorace  subquadrato :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  filiformes,  capite  pro- 
thoraceque  paulo  longiores,  articulo  primo  sequentibus  robustiorc,  secuudo  brevi.  Labrum  sub- 
quadratum,  antice  truncatum  et  setis  paucis  longissiniis  instructum.  Mandibula  breves  acutae, 
intus  basi  subdenticulatje.  Maxilla  bilobse :  lobo  externa  palpiformi  biarticulato  :  interna  acute 
incurvo,  apice  uncinato,  intus  vakle  ciliato.  Palpi  articulo  ultimo  penultimo  majorc,  fusiformi- 
subacuiiiinato.  Mentum  transvcrsum,  autice  profundc  emarginatum  et  deute  medio  nullo  in- 
structum. Ligula  cornea,  apice  truncata  j  paraglossis  membranaceis  rotundatis,  eam  baud  supe- 
rantibus.  Pedes  vix  robusti :  tarsis  anterioribus  in  maribus  articulis  quatuor  dilatatis,  subtus 
biseriato-setosis :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

The  present  genus  is  somewhat  intermediate  between  the  preceding  one  and 
Trechus;  nevertheless  it  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  former  by  the  much 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  59 

smaller  size,  and  by  the  more  ornamented,  prettily  painted  surfaces  of  the  species 
which  compose  it,  by  the  more  acuminated  terminal  joint  of  theu'  palpi,  and  by 
the  central  tooth  of  their  mentum  being  always  obsolete, — whilst  from  the  latter 
and  Bradycellus,  to  which  in  general  aspect  it  is  far  more  intimately  related,  it 
differs  in  the  simple  emargination  of  its  mentum,  in  its  ligula  being  straightly 
truncated  at  the  apex,  and  in  having  the  whole /o?/r  anterior  tarsi,  as  in  Harpalus, 
dilated  in  its  male  sex.  The  StenolopU  are  insects  eminently  peculiar  to  damp 
localities,  residing  for  the  most  part  amongst  wet  moss,  and  beneath  stones,  at  the 
edges  of  ponds  and  streams,  or  burrowing  into  the  loose  mud  at  the  roots  of  rushes 
and  grass  in  marshy  spots, — thus  in  then-  habits  (as  well  as  in  then-  structure) 
making  an  evident  step  towards  the  coming  genera,  which  are  more  and  more 
subaquatic  as  we  approach  the  BemUdiades,  and,  through  them,  the  truly 
Hydi'adephagous  groups. 

§  I.  Tarsi  antici  maris  articulo  penuUimo  profimde  emarginato,  liloho. 

42.  Stenolophus  Teutonus. 

S.  oblongus  niger,  prothorace  quaclrato  mfo,  elytris  riifis  macula  postica  communi  maxima  subcya- 

nescenti-nigra  ornatis,  atitennarum  basi  pedibusque  rufo-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3|-. 

Garabus  Teutonus,  Schrank,  Enwm.  Ins.  Atisir.  214  (1781). 

vaporariorum,  Fab.  (jiec  Linn.  a.d.  1761)  Eiit.  Si/st.  i.  164  (1792). 

,  Diift.  Fna  Austr.  ii.  141  (1812). 

Stenolophus  vaporariorum,  Dej.  <S^;ec.  des  Col.  iv.  407  (1829). 
— ,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Seh.  115  (1841). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  per  litora  rivulorum  atque  in  locis  bumidis  Maderse,  sat  frequens  :  in  convallibus 
supra  Fuucbal  autumno  abundat,  necnon  in  Madera  boreali,  ad  Sanctam  Annam,  mense  Maio 
observavi. 

S.  oblong,  black,  sbining.  Prothorax,  above  and  below,  bright  rufous ;  quadrate ;  with  a  faint  dorsal 
channel ;  and  with  a  very  obscure  impunctate  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  rufous 
(being  usually  however  a  little  paler  than  the  prothorax),  and  with  a  large  hinder  patch,  common 
to  both,  and  covering  nearly  two-thirds  of  their  entire  surface,  dark  bluish-black  ;  deeply  striated, 
the  strise  being  impunctate.     Legs,  palpi  and  base  of  antenruB  i-ufo-testaceous. 

By  no  means  an  unconunon  insect  both  in  the  north  and  south  of  Madeira, 
between  the  limits  of  from  1000  to  about  3000  feet  above  the  sea,  occurring  be- 
neath stones  in  moist  spots  and  at  the  edges  of  the  streams.  At  the  Curral  das 
Romeii'as,  and  in  the  other  ravines  above  Funchal,  I  have  taken  it  in  tolerable 
abundance  during  the  autumnal  months,  and  in  equal  profusion,  at  the  end  of 
May,  on  the  damp  ledges  of  the  perpendicular  rocks  towards  the  upper  extremity 
of  the  Piibeiro  de  Santa  Luzia ;  as  also,  about  the  middle  of  May,  on  the  northern 
side  of  the  island,  at  Santa  Anna.  It  is  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Eui'ope,  and 
is  recorded  in  Algeria  and  the  Canary  Islands. 

i2 


()()  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

§  II.   Tarsi  antici  maris  articido  peniiltimo  leviter  emarginato,  suhcordato. 

43.  Stenolophus  dorsalis. 
S.  oblongus  niger,  prothorace  subquadi-ato  postice  leviter  attenuato,  testaceo  in  discum  late  nigro. 

infuscato,  elytris  testaceis  plaga  postmedia  communi  magna  plus  minusve  suffusa  subcyanescenti- 

nigra  ornatis,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long,  corp.lin.  1|. 

Carabus  dorsalis,  Tab.  JEnt.  Si/st.  i.  165  (1792). 
JIarpaJus  dorsalis,  Gyll.  Ins.  Siiec.  ii.  16-t  (1810). 
Acupalpus  dorsalis,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iv.  416  (1829), 
Stenolophus  dorsalis,  Erich.  Kaf.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  61  (1837). 

Habitat  ad  ripas  fluviorum  Maderensium,  rarissime, — sub  lapidibus  ad  "  Forno  de  Cal  "  a  meipso  Julio 
ineunte  a.d.  1850  una  cum  Ophonu  obscuro  (sed  multo  copiosior)  detectus. 

S.  oblong,  black,  shining.  Prothorax  testaceous,  with  a  large  patch  on  the  disk  (which  is  sometimes 
so  much  developed  as  to  leave  only  the  extreme  margins  paler)  brownish-black ;  subquadrate,  and 
a  little  narrowed  behind ;  with  a  faint  dorsal  channel ;  and  an  obscure  subpunctate  fovea  on 
either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  testaceous,  with  the  region  of  the  scutcllum  occasionally,  and  an 
elongated,  more  or  less  suffused,  postmedial  patch,  common  to  both,  bluish-black ;  striated,  the 
strife  being  impunctatc.     Leys,  palpi  and  base  uf  antentue  testaceous. 

Apparently  extremely  rare  in  Madeira,  or  at  any  rate  local.  The  only  spot  in 
which  I  have  observed  it  is  the  Forno  de  Cal,  near  Sao  Yinceute,  where,  on  the 
2nd  of  July  1850,  I  captured  several  specimens,  in  company  with  the  hitherto 
unique  example  of  Ophonus  ohscurus,  from  imder  stones  at  the  edges  of  the  stream 
immediately  adjoining  the  famous  limestone  rock.  Like  the  S.  Teutonus,  it  inhabits 
most  parts  of  Europe,  and  is  found  likewise  in  the  Canary  Islands  and  in  Algeria. 

Genus  21.  BEADYCELLUS.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  4.) 
Erichson,  Kdf.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  Gl  (1837). 

Corpus  parvum,  plus  minusve  oblongo-ovatum  :  prothorace  subquadrato  :  alis  (in  speciebus  Maderensi- 
bus)  obsoletis.  Antenna  filiformes,  capitis  prothoracisque  longitudine,  articulo  primo  sequentibus 
robustiore,  secundo  brcviusculo.  Labrum  (II.  4  a)  subquadratum,  antice  truncatum  et  setis 
paucis  lougissiiiiis  iustructum.  Maiidibttla  (II.  4  b)  breves  acutie,  intus  basi  dcnticulatae. 
Maxilla  (II.  4  c)  bilobse :  lobo  externa  palpiforrni  biarticulato :  interno  acuto  incurvo,  apice  un- 
cinato,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  articulo  ultimo  penultimo  majore,  fusiformi-subacuminato. 
Mentum  (II.  4</)  transvcrsum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum  ct  dente  medio  acuto  intcgro  in- 
structum.  Ligula  cornea,  apice  in  typicis  sinuata,  rarius  truncata;  paraglossis  membranaceis 
subacuminatis,  earn  paulo  superantibus.  Pedes  vix  robusti :  tarsis  anticis  in  maribus  articidis 
quatuor  dilatatis,  subtus  biseriato-setosis  (primo  ssepius  subquadi-ato) :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

Bradycellus  agrees  with  Trechus  in  haidng  the  emargination  of  its  mentum 
toothed  in  the  centre,  and  in  its  male  tarsi  being  only  dilated  in  the  front  pair  of 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  61 

legs :  nevertheless  it  recedes  from  it  in  having  the  terminal  joint  of  its  palpi  large 
and  fusiform  (instead  of  conical),  in  its  males  having  four  joints  of  theii-  feet  dilated 
(instead  of  two),  and  in  its  ligula  l^eing  more  or  less  sinuated  at  the  apex  (instead 
of  rounded),  with  the  paraglossse  scarcely  extending  beyond  it,  whereas  in  Trechus 
the  latter  are  exceedingly  long  and  linear. 

§  I.  Ligula  apice  sinuata,  paraglossis  earn  vix  sitperantibus ;  tarsi  antici  maris  a/rticulo prvnio  subquadrato. 

44.  Bradycellus  fulvus. 
B.  oblongo-ovatus  rufescenti-piceus,  prothorace  subquadrato  postice  leviter  attenuate,  elytris  piceis 

profunde  striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2\. 

Carabusfulms,  Marsh.  Ent.  JBrit.  i.  456  (1802). 
Trechus  fulm,s,  Stepb.  Bl.  Brit.  Ent.  i.  169  (1828). 
Acupalpus  harpalinus,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  iv.  471  (1829). 
•,  Heer,  F/ia  Col.  Helv.  118  (1841). 

Habitat  in  convallibus  Maderse  humidiusculis,  necnon  sub  lapidibus  in  graminosis  editioribus,  bine 
inde,  autumno  prsedominans. 

B.  oblong-ovate,  rufo-piceous,  shining;  when  immature  almost  ferruginous.  Prothorax  somewhat 
short  and  subquadrato,  slightly  narrowed  and  transversely  impressed  behind,  and  with  the  sides 
and  posterior  angles  a  little  rounded;  with  a  faint  dorsal  channel,  and  with  a  deep  coarsely- 
punctured  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  often  a  shade  darker  than  the  prothorax, 
deeply  striated,  the  striae  being  impunctate.  Legs,  palpi  and  antenna  ferruginous ;  the  last  short 
and  robust. 

The  B.  fulvus,  so  abundant  throughout  Europe,  occurs  in  Madeira  only  at 
intermediate  and  lofty  elevations,  ranging  from  about  1500  to  5000  feet  above  the 
sea,  although  attaining  its  maximum,  apparently,  towards  the  lower  rather  than 
the  upper  extremity  of  those  limits.  At  the  Cui-ral  das  Romeiras,  and  the  other 
ravines  above  Funchal,  I  have  taken  it  rather  commonly  during  the  autumnal 
months,  both  by  brushing  the  rank  vegetation  in  damp  spots  and  from  amongst 
loose  shingle  at  a  short  distance  from  the  streams.  It  is  also  found  sparingly, 
beneath  stones,  on  the  exposed  mountain-slopes  of  higher  altitudes,  under  which 
circumstances  I  have  observed  it  on  the  descent  to  the  open  plain  of  the  Fateiras 
from  the  Pico  Poizo.  The  Madeiran  specimens  differ  from  their  more  northern 
representatives  in  having  the  wings  invariably  obsolete. 

§  II.  Ligula  apice  frwncafa,  paraglossis  earn parum  swperantibus  ;  tarsi  antici  maris  articulo  prima  via- 

■subquadrato. 

45,  Bradycellus  excultus,  ww.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  4.) 
B.  oblongo-ovatus  pieeus,  prothorace  subquadrato  postice  attenuate,  testaceo,  in  discnm  leviter  infus- 


62  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

cato,  elytrorum  margine  et  sutur^  obscure  pallidioribus,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  pallido- 
testaceis,  tarsis  plerumque  obscurioribus. 
Var.  fi.  piceus,  prothoracis  limbo  elytrorumque  siitura  solum  pallidioribus. 
Loug.  coi-p.  lin.  li-lf. 

Habitat  in  locis  cditioribus  jMaderfe,  sub  lapidibus,  prsesertim  per  partem  sylvaticam,  a  2500'  s.  m. 
fere  ad  cacumina  montium  ascendens  :  ad  basin  rupium  excelsarum  in  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia, 
inter  radices  graminum  ibidem  crescentium,  necnon  in  regione  Fanalensi  (5000'  s.  m.)  mense 
Julio  A.D.  1850,  rarius  deprehensi. 

B.  oblong-ovate,  piceous,  sbining,  sometimes  with  a  just  perceptibly  bluish  tinge.  Prothorax  testa- 
ceous, with  a  more  or  less  dusky  cloud  on  its  disk ;  a  little  longer  in  proportion  than  that  of  the 
last  species,  and  rather  more  naiTowed  behind,  where  it  is  slightly  punctured  but  not  transversely 
impressed;  the  posterior  angles  obtuse;  with  an  obscure  dorsal  channel,  and  a  narrow  fovea  on 
either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  less  deeply  striated  than  in  the  B.fulvus,  the  strise  however,  as 
in  that  insect,  being  impunctate ;  the  suture  and  lateral  margins,  especially  the  former,  a  little 
paler.  Antenna  fuscous  towards  the  apex ;  their  base,  the  palpi,  and  the  legs  pale  testaceous, — 
the  tarsi  and  the  extremity  of  the  tibia  being  usually  a  little  darker. 
Var.  fi.  entirely  piceous-black,  with  the  extreme  margins  of  the  prothorax  and  the  sutui-e  of  the 
elytra,  alone,  very  obscurely  paler.     Legs,  palpi  and  antenna  as  in  the  normal  state. 

A  most  distinct  and  beautiful  Bradycelhis,  and  apparently  of  the  greatest  rarity, 
being  confined,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  remote  upland  spots  more  or 
less  difficult  of  access.  I  have  taken  it,  during  the  winter  and  early  spring, 
towards  the  upper  extremity  of  the  Eibeiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  especially  from  amongst 
loos(^  stones  at  the  roots  of  the  vegetation  at  the  immediate  base  of  the  lofty 
periJcncUcular  rocks :  and  in  July  1850  I  captured  it  sparingly  in  the  bed  of  a 
dried-up  stream  in  the  elevated  region  of  the  Fanal,  more  than  5000  feet  above 
the  sea :  and  a  specimen  has  been  recently  communicated  to  me  by  M.  Rousset, 
from  the  Pico  d'Arribentao,  above  Ftmchal. 

Genus  22.  TRECHUS.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  l,  2,  3.) 

Clairvillc,  Ent.  Reh.  ii.  23  (180G). 

Corpus  parvum,  plus  minusve  ovatum,  vel  oblongo-ovatum  :  prothorace  subquadi-ato :  alts  typice  amplis, 
sed  in  spcciebus  Jladerensibus  plurimis  obsolctis.  Antenna  filiformcs,  capitc  prothoraceque 
paulo  lougiores,  articulo  primo  scquentibus  robustiore,  secundo  breviusculo.  Labruni  (II.  1«,  2rt) 
transversum,  antice  plus  minusve  emarginatum  et  setis  paucis  longissimis  instructum.  Mandi- 
bula  (II.  1  a)  prominula;  acut?e,  intus  basi  denticulatpc.  Maxilla  (II.  1  6,  2  b)  bilobre :  lubo 
externa  palpiformi  biartieulato  :  interna  acuto  incurvo,  apice  uncinato,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi 
articulo  ultimo  penultimo  paulo  minore,  in  typicis  couico,  sed  in  nostris  plerumque  subfusiformi- 
conico.  Mentum  (II.  1  c,  2  c)  transversum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  vel  (ut 
in  spcciebus  typicis)  integro,  vel  (ut  in  aben-antibus)  bifido  instructum.  Ligiila  cornea,  apice 
rotundata,  rarius  truncata ;  paraylassis  linearibus,  cam  louge  supcrantibus.  Pedes  graciusculi  : 
tarsis  aniicis  in  maribus  (II.  1  d)  articulis  primo  et  secundo  dilatatis  atque  intus  productis  :  un- 
guiculis  simplicibus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  63 

In  spite  of  the  large  number  of  TrecM  described  below,  there  is  but  one  amongst 
them  of  the  ordinary  European  form,  the  remainder  beiag  moulded  on  a  type 
•which  would  seem  to  be  peculiarly  IMadeiran,  and  almost  in  fact  to  merit  separa- 
tion from  the  normal  members  of  the  genus.  In  its  usual  state  Trechus  is  winged, 
has  the  central  tooth  of  the  emargiaation  of  its  mentum  entu-e,  and  the  ultimate 
joint  of  its  palpi  very  decidedly  conical  (being  of  the  same  breadth  at  the  base  as 
the  penultimate  one  is  at  the  apex) ;  whereas,  with  the  single  exception  just  men- 
tioned, all  oiu'  present  species  are  apterous,  the  tooth  of  then*  mentimi  is  imiver- 
sally  bifid,  and  the  terminal  articulation  of  then  palpi  has  a  tendency  to  become 
rather  more  fusiform  than  conical.  StUl,  since  in  then-  very  elongated  linear 
paraglossae,  and  in  the  two  internally-produced  dilated  joints  of  then  male  tarsi, 
they  retain  the  essential  characters  of  the  true  TrecM,  I  would  not  regard  the 
above  aberrations  as  indicative  of  more  than  a  weU-defined  subsidiary  section,— 
especially  since  the  non-development  of  wings  may  be  ahnost  looked  upon  as  a 
geographical  deficiency  amongst  the  Coleopterous  population  of  these  islands, — 
and  have  therefore  merely  proposed  a  subgeneric  name  in  case  that  it  should  be 
found  desu-able,  at  any  futiu-e  period,  to  isolate  it  as  a  distinct  group.  The  Trechi 
are  particiLlarly  partial  to  damp  spots,  nevertheless  they  are  not  so  subaquatic  in 
then-  habits  as  the  BemhicUa,  being  found  beneath  stones,  logs  of  wood,  and  dead 
leaves  within  the  sylvan  districts,  more  than  at  the  edges  of  streams  and  on  wet 
mud,— the  localities  eminently  selected  by  the  latter.  In  Madeii-a  they  are  nearly 
exclusively  confined  to  the  dense  ravines  of  intermediate  and  lofty  altitudes. 

§  I.  Alatus :  mentum  deiite  medio  iiitegro  instructum  :  paJpi  articulo  ultimo  conico. 

46.  Trechus  fimicola^  Wall 
T.  oblongo-ovatus  depressus  cliluto-testaceus,  capite  nigra,  piothorace  subcordato  basi  utrinque   vix 

impresso  angulis  posticis  subrotundatis,  elytris  substriatis,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  I5-I7. 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem,  stercore  bovino  arido  in  castanetis  Sanctae  Annte  Junio  exeunte  a.d.  1850 
a  meipso  sat  copiose  repertus. 

T.  oblong-ovate,  flattened,  shining,  and  brownish-  or  lurid-testaceous.  Head  black.  Prothorax 
somewhat  cordate,  or  subquadrate  and  nan-owed  behind ;  the  posterior  angles  a  little  rounded ; 
with  a  faint  dorsal  channel ;  and  a  scarcely  perceptible  impression  on  either  side  at  the  base ; 
sometimes  a  little  rufescent,  and  with  the  extreme  lateral  edges  generally  dark.  Ehjtra  with  very 
obsolete  indications  of  striae  towards  the  suture,  but  almost  unstriated  towards  the  margin ;  and 
with  two  very  minutely  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each.  Antenna,  mouth  and  legs  testa- 
ceous; the  first  short  and  robust. 

Of  aU  the  Madenan  Trechi  which  I  have  hitherto  detected,  the  present  one  is 
the  only  species  which  may  be  said  to  be  truly  typical  of  the  genus.     It  may 


64  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

perhaps  be  regarded  as  the  representative  of  the  common  European  T.  minntus  in 
these  islands ;  which  indeed  in  general  aspect  it  somewhat  resembles,  though  at 
the  same  time  with  abundant  distinctive  characters  of  its  otvti.  Thus,  for  instance, 
it  is  always  very  much  smaller  than  that  insect,  and  its  colour  is  invariably  pale 
lurid-testaceous  (instead  of  rufo-piceous),  whilst  its  head  is  of  a  deep  black ;  its 
prothorax  is  subcordate  (instead  of  transverse),  and  proportionably  much  longer 
than  in  that  species ;  its  cl;v'tra  are  almost  impercejitibly  striated,  and  its  antennae 
are  extremely  short  and  robust,  being  scarcely  more  than  half  the  length  of  those 
of  the  T.  mvmiUis.  It  is  apparently  extremely  rare,  the  only  spot  in  which  I  have 
observed  it  being  at  Santa  Anna,  in  the  north  of  the  island,  where,  at  the  end  of 
June  1850,  I  captured  many  specimens,  on  several  occasions,  beneath  the  chestnut- 
trees  in  the  vineyard  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly,  and  invariably  in  the  perforations 
of  di'ied  cow-dung, — a  somewhat  singular  liabitat  for  a  Trechiis ;  nevertheless  I  was 
not  able  to  procui-e  it  under  any  other  circumstances. 

§  II.  Apterus  :  mentwm  dente  medio  bifida  instruct  urn  :  palpi  articulo  ultimo  subfusiformi-conico. 

(Subgenus  CALOTEECHUS,  WoU.) 
A.  Elytra  phis  minusve  varier/afa. 

47.  Trechus  nigrocruciatus,  n^oll.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  l.) 

T.  ovatus  nigro-piceus,  prothorace  subquadrato  basi  lato  et  utrinque  impresso  angulis  posticis  sub- 
acuminato-rectis,  eljrtris  mox  pone  basin  convexis  leviter  striatis  rufo-testaceis  cruce  maxima 
nigro-picea  ornatis,  antennis  infuscatis,  pedibus  pallidis. 
Var.  fi.  omnino  pallidior,  prothorace  ad  latera  testaceo,  elji:ris  pallidis  fascia  subapicali  dentata 
nigrescenti  ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2j-2j. 

Habitat  in  Madcnl  sylvatica  excelsa,  sub  lapidibus  foliisque  arborum  dejectis,  circa  5000'  s.  m.,  raris- 
simiis :  in  locis  humidiusculis  prope  Cruzinhas,  nccnon  ad  summam  originem  convallis  Ribeiro 
Fundo  dicta>,  quai  in  regione  Fanalensi  sita  est,  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  primus  inveni. 

T.  ovate,  shining,  and  piceous-black.  Prothorax  subquadrate,  wide  behind  and  narrowed  in  front ; 
the  posterior  angles  somewhat  acuminated  and  nearly  right  angles ;  with  a  deep  dorsal  channel ; 
and  a  wide,  somewhat  wrinkled  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base ;  the  lateral  margins  a  little 
rcflexc'd,  and  in  most  instances  vciy  obscurely  rufcscent.  Elytra  convex  just  behind  the  base, 
rather  lightly  striated,  and  with  two  minutely  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each  near  the 
third  stria  from  the  suture;  rufo-testaceous,  with  a  broad,  immensely  developed  black  cross  in 
the  centre,  occupying  the  greater  portion  of  the  entire  surface,  and  leaving  only  an  elongated 
patch  about  the  shoulders,  the  apex,  and  a  narrow  ill-defined  marginal  line  (connecting  the  two), 
pale.  Antenna  infuscatcj  their  basal  joints,  the  pulp  i  and  the  legs  pale  testaceous, — the  tarsi  at 
base  and  the  tibia  at  apex  being  usually  a  little  obscurer. 
Var.  /3.  altogether  paler ;  the  lateral  margins  of  the  prothorax  being  dull  testaceous ;  and  the 
elytra,  with  the  exception  of  a  zigzag  postmedial  fascia  which  is  more  or  less  black,  entirely  pale. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  65 

A  most  elegant  species,  and  apparently  one  of  the  rarest  of  all  the  Madeiran 
Coleoptera.  It  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here 
described  by  its  large  ovate  outHne,  by  its  posteriorly  widened  prothorax,  and  by 
its  brightly  spotted  elytra, — which  last  indeed  might  almost  have  been  described 
as  quacU-ipunctate  did  not  the  existence  of  the  pale  varieties  seem  rather  to  imply 
that  they  should  be  regarded,  more  correctly,  as  testaceous,  with  two  darker  bands 
(the  one  sutural,  and  the  other  postmedial, — and  iatersecting  each  other  at  right 
angles)  placed  vipon  them,  and  which  are  so  immensely  developed  as  to  cover  the 
entire  sm*face  except  a  conspicuous  spot  at  each  of  the  shoulders,  the  apex,  and  a 
narrow  connecting  line  along  the  margin.  It  occurs  only  at  very  lofty  elevations, 
its  range  being  the  vipper  limits  of  the  sylvan  districts,  and  extending  perhajjs 
from  about  4500  to  5000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  found  beneath  dead  rotting 
leaves  in  the  vicinity  of  the  springs  and  small  trickling  streams ;  imder  which 
circmnstances  I  captured  it  at  the  Cruzinhas,  during  my  encampment  there  in 
July  1850,  as  also  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  Ribeu-o  Fundo, — on  the  northern 
edge  of  the  Fanal. 

48.  Trechus  flavomarginatus,  WoU.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  2.) 

T.  oblongo-ovatus  depressiis  nigro-piceus,  prothorace  subquadrato  basi  vix  angustato  et  utrinque  im- 
pressD  angulis  posticis  subrectis,  elytris  striatis  ad  marginem  prsesertim  antice  et  postice  flavo- 
testaceis,  antennis  infuscatis,  pedibus  paliidis. 
Var.  /3.  paido  major  et  latior,  valde  depressus,  elytris  minus  profunda  striatis  atque  latius  flavo- 
marginatis. 

Long.  Corp.  liu.  l^^-li. 

Habitat  per  regionem  Maderae  sylvaticam,  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  projectis,  prsesertim  in 
locis  humidiusculis,  toto  auno  frequens. 

T.  oblong-ovate,  depressed,  shining,  and  piceous-black.  Prothorax  subquadrate,  rather  wider  in  front 
than  behind ;  the  posterior  angles  nearly  right  angles ;  with  an  obscure  dorsal  channel ;  and  a 
distinct  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  deeply  striated ;  and  with  two  distinctly  im- 
pressed points  on  the  disk  of  each  near  the  thu-d  stria  from  the  suture ;  with  the  margins,  espe- 
cially about  the  shoulders  and  apex,  more  or  less  distinctly  testaceous-yellow ;  and  the  suture  also 
just  perceptibly  pale.  AntenncB  darkly  infuscate;  their  basal  joints,  the  palpi  and  the  legs  very 
pale  testaceous, — the  tibia  at  apex,  especially  the  hinder  ones,  being  a  little  dusky. 
Var.  /3.  rather  larger,  and  proportionably  wider,  also  somewhat  more  depressed ;  the  elytra  less 
deeply  striated,  and  with  the  margins  and  suture  more  broadly  and  distinctly  testaceous. 

Appareiitly  the  most  abundant  of  all  the  Trechi  peculiar  to  these  islands  ;  and 
it  may  perhajjs  be  regarded  as  especially  characteristic  of  the  Madeii^an  type, — 
occupying  somewhat  of  a  central  position  from  which  most  of  the  others  would 
seem  to  radiate.  It  presents,  in  common  with  the  T.  dilutus,  a  very  evident  inter- 
mediate link  between  the  large,  ovate,  spotted  form  of  the  T.  nigrocruciatus  and 


66  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  more  elongated,  deeply-coloured,  and  concolorous  ones  represented  by  the 
T.  umbricola,  ciistos,  alticola,  and  cautns.  It  may  he  readily  known  from  the 
remainder  of  the  present  section  by  its  small  size,  and  by  the  imiversally  testa- 
ceous margin  of  its  cl}i;ra ;  -which  is  never  entirely  absent,  and  which,  as  though 
to  recognise  the  same  principle  of  colom-ing  which  obtains  in  the  last  species,  is 
somewhat  expanded  at  the  humeral  angles  and  apex, — thus  calling  to  mind  in  a 
slight  degree  the  four  large  and  weU-defined  patches  so  conspicuous  in  that  insect. 
StUl,  these  spot-like  expansions  are  so  doubtful  and  suffused,  compared  with  those 
of  the  T.  nigrocvHciatus,  that  they  can  scarcely  be  looked  upon  as  more  than  mere 
dilations  of  the  pale  marginal  Une, — and  not  therefore  as  the  jiri'^ai'l/  tint  of  the 
elytra,  left  uncovered  by  the  darker  central  cloud  imposed  ujion  them.  And, 
although  it  is  almost  immaterial  by  which  method  we  choose  to  consider  the  present 
arrangement  of  the  light  and  dark  portions  of  the  surface  to  have  been  produced, 
yet  the  fact  that  the  former  is  the  most  probable  is  worthy  of  notice,  as  showing 
the  maimer  in  which  tlie  law  of  colouring  would  appear  to  change  at  tliis  midway 
point  between  the  two  specific  extremes.  It  is  essentially  a  sylvan  insect,  ranging 
from  al)Out  2000  to  nearly  5000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  aboimding  throughout  the 
wooded  districts  in  most  parts  of  the  island.  I  have  observed  it  in  great  profusion 
at  the  Ribeiro  Frio,  dm-iug  the  spring  and  early  summer;  at  the  Lombo  dos 
Peccgucu'os,  and  at  the  Cruziuhas,  in  July  ;  and  at  the  FeijJva  de  C6rte  in  August ; 
and  I  have  like\^'ise  captured  it  in  the  Boa  Ventura  in  January.  It  would  appear 
to  attain  its  maxinimn  at  an  altitude  of  from  3000  to  aI)out  4000  feet :  and  in  the 
upland  region  of  the  Fanal  it  is  comparatively  scarce, — its  place  being  there 
supplied  by  the  T.  cnstos,  which  is  the  prevaiHng  species.  The  var.  ji.  I  have 
hitherto  only  taken  in  the  Boa  Ventura  and  at  the  Cruzinhas. 

49.  Trechus  dilutus,  JVoll. 

T.  oblongo-ovatus  depressus  fusco-piccus,  prothorace  subcordato  basi  utrinque  profunde  impresso 
angulis  posticis  acuminato-siibrectis,  el\i;ris  profunde  striatis  fusco-testaceis  macula  postica 
maxiniA  antice  valdc  suffusa  fusco-picca  ornatis,  antennis  iufuscatis,  pcdibus  pallidis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  lj-l§. 

Habitat  cum  prgecedcnte,  sod  illo  miilto  rarior,  locos  magis  editiores  pra;cipue  colens. 

T.  oblong-ovate,  depressed,  shining,  of  a  dirty  piceous-brown,  irregularly  clouded  in  parts,  giving  the 
surface  a  somewhat  transparent  appearance.  Prothurax  subcordate,  or  subquadrate  and  nan-owed 
behind ;  the  posterior  angles  sensibly  acuminated,  and  nearly  right  angles ;  with  a  dorsal 
channel ;  and  a  deep  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  more  deeply  striated  than  in  the 
last  species;  and  with  two  larger  and  more  distinctly  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each  near 
the  third  stria  from  tlie  suture;  dull  brownish-testaceous,  shading  off  gradually  behind  into  a 
large  cloudy  fusco-piceous  patch,  which  is  more  or  less  distinct  in  the  different  specimens,  and 
which  usually  covers  the  entire  hinder  portion  of  the  surface.  Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  last 
species,  though  generally  not  quite  so  pale. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  67 

A  very  distinct  little  species,  and  readily  known  from  the  remainder  by  its  com- 
paratively subcordate  protborax,  wbicb  has  the  hinder  angles  prodviced  into  a 
minute  point,  and  by  its  diluted,  cloudy  surface, — the  darker  portions  shading  off 
so  gradually,  and  yet  so  unequally,  into  the  lighter  ones  as  to  give  the  insect 
somewhat  the  appearance  of  tortoiseshell.  It  is  more  deeply  striated  than  any  of 
the  rest,  and  the  impressed  points  on  its  elytra  are  usually  larger  and  more 
apparent.  It  is  generally  taken  in  company  with  the  T.  flavomarginatus,  which 
at  first  sight  it  slightly  resembles.  It  is  however  by  far  the  rarer  of  the  two,  and 
occm's  in  lofty  rather  than  in  intermediate  altitudes.  My  specimens  are  princi- 
pally from  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueii'os,  the  Cruzinhas,  the  Lombo  das  Vacas,  and 
the  Fanal. 

B.  Eh/tra,  suturd  ohscurissimd  excepta,  concoloria. 

50.  Trechus  iimbricola,  Woll.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  3.) 

T.  oblongo-ovatus  subconvexus  nigro-piceus,  prothorace  subquadrato  basi  utrinque  profunde  impresso 
angulis  posticis  subrectis,  elytiis  striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  pallidis. 
Var.  |3.  paulo  minor  et  interdum  picescentior,  elytris  profuudius  striatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2|-2§. 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem  sylvaticam,  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis,  a  3000'  s.  m. 
usque  ad  5000'  prsedominans :  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  abundat,  qua  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850 
sat  copiose  collegi. 

T.  oblong-ovate,  rather  convex,  shining,  and  piceous-black ;  when  immature  more  or  less  ferruginous. 
Prothorax  subquadrate ;  the  posterior  angles  a  little  thickened,  and  nearly  right  angles ;  with  a 
dorsal  channel ;  and  a  deep  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  rather  lightly  striated  ;  and 
with  two  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each  near  the  third  stria  from  the  suture,  which  is  just 
perceptibly  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  suiface,  especially  behind.  Antenna  ferruginous ;  palpi 
and  the  legs  testaceous, — the  femora  at  base  and  the  tibice  towards  the  apex  (especially  the  hinder 
ones)  being  usually  a  little  dusky. 
Var.  j3.  rather  smaller,  and  a  little  more  piceous ;  the  prothorax  a  little  narrower,  and  the  elytra 
more  deeply  striated. 

Readily  known  by  its  large,  elongated  outline  and  dark  piceous  hue, — its  legs 
and  antenna3,  and  the  suture  behind,  being  alone  pale.  Although  not  so  broad,  in 
j)roportion,  as  the  T.  nigrocruciatus,  it  is  the  longest  of  the  Madeii'au  Treclii ;  and 
it  would  appear  moreover  to  be  one  of  the  rarer,  or  at  any  rate  the  more  local, 
species.  It  is  confined  to  the  damp  sylvan  districts  of  intermediate  and  lofty 
elevations ;  and  seems  to  be  commoner  in  the  region  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros 
than  in  any  other  portion  of  the  island  which  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  inves- 
tigating,— where,  diu'ing  Jidy  1850, 1  captured  it  from  beneath  stones  and  decaying 
logs  of  wood  in  comparative  abundance.  I  have  Likewise  taken  it,  though  more 
sparingly,  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas,  in  June ;  as  also  at  the  Cruzinhas  and  the 

Fanal. 

k2 


68  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

51.  Trechus  quadi-icollis,  Woll. 

T.  ovato-oblongus  subdepressus  rufo-ferrugineus,  prothoracc  subquadrato  basi  utrinque  profunde  im- 

presso  angulis  posticis  rectis,  elytris  profunde  striatis,  antennis  ferrugineis,  pedibus  pallidis. 
Long.  CGI-]),  lin.  2g. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  rarissimns; — ad  Curral  das  Romeiras,  autumno  exeunte  a.d.  1847,  sub 
cortice  Lauri  Indicte  laxo  semel  tantum  repcrtus. 

T.  ovate-oblong,  slightly  depressed,  shining,  and  pale  rufo-testaceous.  Prothorax  subquadrate ;  the 
sides  almost  straight,  and  the  posterior  angles  nearly  right  angles ;  w-ith  a  distinct  dorsal  channel ; 
and  a  deep  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  somewhat  parallel,  deeply  striated,  the  striae 
being  just  perceptibly  punctate;  and  with  two  very  obscurely  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of 
each  near  the  third  stria  from  the  suture,  which  is  behind  just  appreciably  paler  than  the  rest  of 
the  surface.  Antennce,  palpi  and  leffs,  especially  the  last,  pale  testaceous, — the  tibiee  being 
scarcely  more  dusky  than  the  femora  and  tarsi. 

The  specimen  from  which  the  above  description  has  been  compiled  is  hitherto 
unique ;  nevertheless  it  presents  so  many  distinctive  features  of  its  own  that  there 
can  be  no  doubt  as  to  its  true  specific  claims.  Apart  from  its  pale  rufo-ferru- 
ginous  hue,  which  in  the  absence  of  further  examples  to  judge  from  can  scarcely 
be  pronounced  for  certain  to  be  an  invariable  character,  its  somewhat  oblong,  sub- 
parallel  outUne,  its  rather  large  and  square  prothorax,  which  is  scarcely  at  all 
narrowed  behind,  and  its  deeply  striated  elytra,  wUl  at  once  serve,  in  conjxmction, 
to  remove  it  from  the  remainder  of  the  Madeiran  Trechi.  It  was  captured  by 
myself,  m  the  autumn  of  18 i?,  from  beneath  the  loose  bark  of  an  old  vinhatico  at 
the  Ciu-ral  das  Romeiras,  above  Funchal. 

52.  Trechus  custos,  TJ'oU. 

T.  oblongo-ovatus  subconvexus  piceus,  prothorace  subquadrato   basi  Icviter  angustato  et  utrinque 

impresso  angulis  posticis  subrotundatis,  elytris  striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  pallidis. 
Long,  coi-p.  lin.  lj-2. 

Habitat  in  iisdcm  locis  ac  T.  jlavoinarginatus,  sed  etiam  paulo  ultra  regioncm  sylvatieam  hinc  iudc 
ascendens. 

T.  oblong-ovate,  a  little  convex,  shining,  and  jjiceous ;  rarely  piceous-black.  Prothorax  subquadrate, 
and  narrowed  behind ;  the  sides  distinctly,  and  the  posterior  angles  obscurely,  rounded ;  with  a 
dorsal  channel ;  and  a  rather  obscure  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  ovate,  lightly 
striated  ;  and  with  two  rather  distinctly  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each  near  the  third  stria 
from  the  suture,  which,  es{)ccially  behind,  is  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  sui-face.  Antemue 
ferrugineous,  and  generally  a  little  infuscate  towards  their  apex;  the  palpi  and  the  legs  pale 
testaceous, —  the /e/nora  at  extreme  base,  and  the  tibia  towards  the  apex,  being  a  little  dusky- 

Next  to  the  T.  Jlavomarginatus,  this  is  vmquestionably  the  commonest  of  the 
Madeiran  Trec/i^,  beiag  found  beneath  stones  and  decaying  logs  of  wood  through- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  69 

out  tlie  entire  sylvan  regions,  and  occasionally  indeed  extending  even  a  little 
beyond  them.  It  is  the  prevailing  species  in  the  upland  district  of  the  Fanal, 
and  on  most  of  the  alpine  Serras  where  the  forest,  although  on  a  gigantic  scale,  is 
less  dense,  and  is  gradually  becoming  extinct.  Xevertheless,  though  attaining  its 
maximum  in  these  elevated  tracts,  it  is  by  no  means  peculiar  to  them,  since  it 
exists,  more  or  less  abundantly,  at  all  altitudes  between  the  limits  of  from  2500  to 
5000  feet  above  the  sea  ;  and  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  I  have  taken  it  in  great 
profusion,  in  July,  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  the  Cruzinhas,  and  the  Fanal ; 
as  also,  more  sparingly,  at  the  head  of  the  Ril^eiro  de  JoRo  Delgada ;  at  the  Feijaa 
de  C6rte,  in  August ;  and  at  the  E-ibeiro  Frio  diu'ing  the  mnter  and  early  spring. 
I  possess  an  example  from  the  south  of  the  island  (I  believe  from  the  Cui'ral  das 
Romeiras)  which  is  somewhat  larger  and  more  convex  than  the  ordinary  type,  and 
has  its  prothorax  proportionably  a  Kttle  smaller  and  more  quackate ;  bvit  I  con- 
ceive it  to  be  merely  a  local  state  of  our  present  insect,  and  without  even  the  claim 
to  be  regarded  as  a  permanent  variety. 

53.  Trechus  alticola,  WoU. 
T.  oblongo-ovatus  subconvexus  nigro-piceus  politissinms,  prothorace  subquadrato  basi  vix  angustato 

et  utrinque  impresso  angulis  posticis  obtusis,  elytris  leviter  striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  pallidis, 

tibiis  distincte  infuscatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  superioribus  Maderse; — supra  fastigium  saxosura  in  ascensu 
mentis  Pico  dos  Arieros  dicti,  Meya  Metade  prospiciens,  tempore  hiberno  et  vernali  a.d.  1849  a 
meipso  captus. 

T.  oblong-ovate,  a  little  convex,  exceedingly  shining,  and  piceous-black.  Prothorax  subquadrate,  not 
quite  so  much  narrowed  behind  as  that  of  the  T.  ciistos ;  the  posterior  angles  obtuse  but  scarcely 
at  all  rounded;  with  a  dorsal  channel;  and  a  distinct  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytrii 
ovate,  very  lightly  striated ;  aud  with  two  distinctly  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each  near 
the  third  stria  from  the  suture,  which  is  somewhat  more  perceptibly  pale  than  in  the  last  species, 
especially  behind.  Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  T.  custos,  only  with  the  tibiee,  particularly  towards 
their  apex,  more  evidently  infuscate. 

This  is  the  only  Madeu'an  Trechus  of  which  I  have  the  slightest  doubt  as  to  the 
true  specific  claims,  since  it  unquestionably  approaches  the  T.  custos  very  closely  : 
nevertheless  since  the  minute  points  wliich  separate  it  from  that  insect  appear  to 
remain  constant,  and  since  in  its  habits  it  recedes  from  the  rest  of  the  genus  here 
described,  I  have  thought  it  better  not  to  unite  the  two,  until  at  all  events  further 
evidence  shall  decide  the  question.  It  is  the  only  one,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in 
Madeu'a  proper,  the  normal  range  of  which  would  seem  to  be  extra-sylvan,  the 
single  locality  in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it  being  the  lofty  uplands  be- 
tween the  Ice  House  Peak  and  the  Pico  dos  Arieros, — at  an  elevation  of  not  less 


70  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

than  5600  feet  above  the  sea,  and  far  removed  from  the  highest  forest  limits  in 
that  portion  of  the  island.  The  spot  moreover  being  one  which,  from  its  exposed 
nature,  could  never  have  been  wooded  at  any  time,  there  is  the  less  reason  for 
suspecting  that  the  T.  alticola  may  be  merely  a  state  of  the  T.  citstos,  gradually 
assvuncd  since  the  disappearance  of  the  native  timber  from  the  region  which  it 
inhabits.  '\Mien  such  causes  as  these  can  be  shown  to  have  operated,  I  would  at 
all  times  make  abundant  allowances  for  them,  since  their  effect  in  certain  instances 
has  been  already  proved  to  a  demonstration :  but  where  there  is  equally  decisive 
evidence  that  they  could  never  have  been  brought  into  play,  small  differences  must 
frequently  be  regarded  as  of  primary  importance  Avhere,  under  other  cii'ciun- 
stances,  even  greater  ones  might  be  comj^aratively  worthless.  For  these  reasons  I 
am  induced  to  believe  that  the  two  insects  under  consideration  may  be  in  reality 
distinct ;  and,  until  intermediate  links,  both  in  aspect  and  habits,  shall  have  been 
foiuid  to  connect  them,  I  think  we  have  sufficient  grounds  for  retaining  them  as 
such.  The  T.  alticola  tlifi'ers  from  every  form  of  the  T.  ciistos  which  has  come 
beneath  my  notice  in  being  more  brightly  polished  and  of  a  uniformly  darker  hue, 
in  haA-ing  its  prothorax  slightly  less  attenuated  behind,  its  elytra  more  obscm-ely 
striated,  and  its  tibia)  in  all  instances  much  more  CAddently  infuscate, — more  so  in 
fact  than  is  the  case  with  any  of  the  other  species.  I  captm'ed  it,  on  several 
occasions,  dm-iug  the  ■winter  and  early  spring  of  1819,  in  company  with  Amara 
superans,  on  the  bleak  exposed  ridge,  overlooking  the  head  of  the  Metade  valley, 
between,  as  abeady  stated,  the  Ice  House  Peak  and  the  Pico  dos  Arieros. 

54.  Trechus  cautus,  WoU. 
T.  ovatus  antice  subattenuatus,  convexus  piceus,  prothorace  convexo  subquadrato  basi  vix  angustato  et 

haud  iinprcsso  angulis  posticis  obtusis,  elytiis  striatis,  striis  ad  latera  evanesccntibus,  antenuis 

pedibusque  rufo-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  2. 

Habitat  in  montibus  Portus  Sancti,  sub  lapidibus  in   declivibus  graminosis,  tempore  biberno  et  ver- 

nali,  rarior. 

T.  ovate,  rather  attenuated  anteriorly  and  expanded  behind,  convex,  shining,  and  piccous.  Prothorax 
convex,  subquadrate,  the  posterior  angles  obtuse ;  with  a  veiy  obscure  dorsal  channel ;  and  with 
no  appearance  whatsoever  of  fovea;  at  the  base.  Elytra  ovate,  distinctly  striated  towards  the 
suture  but  almost  unstriated  towards  the  margin  ;  with  two  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each 
near  the  third  stria  from  the  suture,  which  is  obscurely  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface,  espe- 
cially behind.     Antenna,  palpi  and  legs  rufo-ferruginous. 

An  exceedingly  Avell-marked  species,  and  rt'adily  known  from  tlie  rest  of  the 
genus  here  described  l)y  its  ovate  and  somewhat  anteriorly-acuminated  form,  by  its 
convex  prothorax,  aaIucIi  has  no  appearance  whatsoever  of  foveas  or  impressions 
behind,  and  by  the  stria?  of  its  elji;ra,  although  distinct  near  the  sutm-c,  being 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  71 

evanescent  towards  the  outer  margin.  It  is  the  only  Trechns  which  I  have 
hitherto  observed  in  any  of  the  other  islands  of  the  group;  being  apparently 
peculiar  to  Porto  Santo,  where,  dviring  the  winter  and  early  spring,  I  have  ob- 
served it  in  tolerable  abundance,  beneath  stones,  on  the  grassy  mountain- slopes  at 
an  elevation  of  about  900  feet  above  the  sea, — though  especially  on  the  green 
exposed  ridge  which  connects  the  Pico  de  Faclio  with  the  Pico  do  Oastello. 

Genus  23.  THALASSOPHILUS,  Wall.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  5.) 

Corpus  parvum,  lineare :  prothorace  cordato  :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenme  filiformes,  capite  prothoraceque 
multo  longiores,  articulo  ])rimo  sequentibus  robustiore,  secundo  breviusculo,  reliquis  sub- 
aequalibiis.  Lahrum  (II.  5  a)  transvei'sum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum,  aut  potius  bilobum, 
lobo  quoque  apice  barbato  et  setis  paucis  longissimis  instructo.  Mandibulee  (II.  5  b,  o  c)  longse 
porrectse  acutae,  intus  basi  denticulate.  Maxilla  (II.  5  d)  bilobse :  lobo  externa  palpifonni 
biai'ticulato :  interno  acuto  iucurvo,  apice  uuciuato,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  articulo  ultimo 
penultimo  minore,  in  maxillaribus  eonico,  in  labiulibus  (II.  5  e)  subfusiformi-conico.  Mentum 
transversum,  antice  profunda  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  brevi  bifido  instructum.  Ligula 
brevis  subcornea,  apice  rotundata  pilisque  longissimis  ornata;  paraglossis  angustis  linearibus, 
cam  superantibus.  Pedes  robusti :  tarsis  anticis  in  maribus  (II.  5  /)  articulis  primo  et  secundo 
dilatatis  atque  intus  productis  :  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

A  OaXaaaa  mare,  et  ^tXo?  amicus. 

The  very  interesting  insect  for  which  the  present  genus  has  been  established 
approaches  slightly,  in  its  outward  appearance,  to  the  Cillenum  laterale  of  oui-  owti 
country ;  nevertheless  the  large  terminal  joint  of  its  palpi  wiU  of  com-se  remove  it 
from  the  whole  section  of  the  Bembidiudes,  whilst  from  that  species  in  particular  the 
bifid  central  tooth  of  its  mentum  and  deeply  bilobed  upper  lip,  in  conjimction  with 
its  elongated  antennae  (which  have  the  foui-th  joint  not  shorter  than  the  pre^dous  one) 
and  the  peculiar  dilation  of  its  male  tarsi,  will  serve  additionally  to  distinguish 
it.  In  the  proportions  of  its  palpi  indeed,  and  of  its  upper  Hp,  as  well  as  in  its 
freedom  from  Avings,  ThalassopUlus  is  perhaps  more  nearly  related  to  Aepus  than 
to  anything  else  with  which  I  am  acquamted.  StiU,  its  comparatively  gigantic 
size  and  dissimilar  form,  added  to  the  bifid  tooth  of  its  mentum,  will  readily 
separate  it  from  that  genus  also :  and  it  may  not  inappropriately  be  regarded  as 
constituting  a  passage  between  the  Hmyalldes  and  the  Bembidiades, — for  whilst 
the  greatly  developed  ultunate  joint  of  its  palpi  must  needs  place  it  amongst  the 
former,  yet  its  general  habits  and  aspect  are  so  intimately  allied  to  some  of  the 
early  members  of  the  latter  as  to  render  its  affinity  with  them  Likewise  scarcely 
less  obvious. 

55.  Thalassophilus  WMtei,  Woll.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  5.) 
T.  rufo-ferrugineus  nitidus  depressus,   capite  picescenti,  prothorace  cordato  lateribus  postice  sub- 


72  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

reflexis,  elytris  diluto-testaceis  striatis,  striis  ad  latera  evanescentibus,  fascia  subapicali  obsciira 
nigrescenti  ornatis  et  singulo  punctis  duobus  distinctis  impresso,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  12. 

Habitat  insulas  Maderenses,  in  subsalinis  ad  ostia  rivuloram,  vel  per  litora  maris,  inter  lapillos 
fodiens ;  rarissimus :  duo  specimina  tantum  vidi,  unum  so.  in  ins.  Portus  Sancti  Decembri 
mense  a.d.  1848  a  meipso  inventum,  et  alteram  a  Dom.  Rousset  ab  ora  Funchalensi  maritima 
nuperrime  communicatum. 
Aniico  cl.  A.  White,  Arm.,  Musei  Britannici  comiti,  hoc  insectum  valde  indigenum  et  certe  no\um 
tribiii. 

T.  elongate,  parallel,  depressed,  shining,  and  rufo-ferruginous.  Head  large,  more  or  less  riifo-piceous, 
with  two  very  deep  longitudinal  furrows  down  the  forehead;  eyes  jn'ominent.  Prothorax  cordate, 
margined,  especially  towards  the  base,  where  it  is  a  little  retiexed;  the  extreme  posterior  angles 
rather  prominent  and  acute ;  with  a  distinct  dorsal  channel ;  but  with  no  appearance  of  fovese 
behind.  Elytra  testaceous,  striated,  the  striae  not  being  perceptibly  punctate  and  vanishing 
towards  the  margins ;  with  two  deep  impressions  on  the  disk  of  each ;  and  with  an  obscure, 
cloudy,  ill-defined  patch,  common  to  both  and  forming  an  almost  obsolete  subapical  fascia, 
slightly  infuscate.     Antenna  infiiscate  towards  their  apex.     Legs  testaceous. 

Apparently  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  Macleiran  Coleoptera,  residing,  like  the 
European  Blenuis  areolatus  and  its  allies,  beneath  shingle  in  brackish  spots,  into 
which  it  burrows  with  great  dexterity.  In  spite  of  my  constant  researches  in 
these  islands  I  have  hitherto  captured  but  a  single  specimen, — detected,  during 
December  1848,  at  the  edges  of  a  small  stream  in  the  island  of  Porto  Santo,  knoA^-n 
as  the  E-ibeiro  de  Serra  de  Fora,  at  a  short  distance  l)efore  it  empties  itself  into 
the  sea.  A  second  example  however  has  been  recently  communicated  to  me  by 
M.  Rousset, — discovered,  I  believe,  on  the  beach  near  Funchal.  The  Madeii-an 
representative  is  somewhat  more  highly  coloured  than  the  Porto  Santan  one,  its 
suliapical  fascia  being  more  distinctly  developed;  but  whether  this  is  merely 
accidental,  or  would  hold  good  on  a  larger  scale,  I  am  unable,  in  the  absence  of 
further  evidence,  to  decide. 


(Subf.  5.  BEMBIDIADES.) 
Genus  24.  BEMBIDIUM.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  6.) 

Latreille,  Oen.  Crust,  et  Ins.  i.  183  (script.  BembiiUon)  (1806). 

Corptis  parvum,  plus  minusve  oblongum :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  filiformes,  capite  prothoraccque 
siepius  ])aulo  longiores,  articulo  priino  scqucntibus  robustiore.  Lahrum  breve  transversum, 
antice  plus  minusve  leviter  emarginatum  et  setis  jiaucis  longissimis  instructum.  Mandibula 
porrecta;  arcuatse  acutre,  intus  basi  plerumque  denticulatse.  Maxilla  (II.  6  a)  biloba; :  Ivlw 
externa  palpiformi  biarticulato :  interna  acuto  incurvo,  apice  uncinato,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi 
articulo  penultinio  maximo  subelavato,  ultimo  minutissimo  subuliformi  acuto.     Mentum  (II.  6  b) 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  73 

transversum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  integvo  instructum.  Ligula  cornea, 
apice  subrotundata ;  paraglossis  siiblinearibus,  earn  parum  superantibus.  Pedes  robusti :  tarsis 
anticis  in  maribus  (II.  6  c)  articulis  primo  et  secundo  dilatatis  (iUo  magno  siibquadrato) :  -un- 
guiculis  simplicibus. 

The  immense  genus  Bembiclium,  with  its  numerous  subdivisions  (proposed  suc- 
cessively as  genera  by  Megerle,  Ziegler  and  Leach),  would  seem  prima  facie  to 
include  many  well-defined  types  of  form ;  nevertheless  the  sections  which  the 
several  modifications  tend  to  compose  merge  into  each  other  by  such  slow  grada- 
tions, that,  like  the  divisions  of  Pterosticlms,  it  is  not  possible  ia  a  general  arrange- 
ment to  ujihold  them.  In  the  structure  of  their  oral  organs  they  present,  inter  se, 
scarcely  the  slightest  difference,  every  one  of  them  being  moulded  on  a  pattern  so 
nearly  similar  as  to  be  almost  coincident.  The  minute,  subulated  terminal  joint 
of  their  palpi,  the  entire  central  tooth  of  their  mentum,  and  the  largely  dilated 
basal  articulation  of  their  two  anterior  male  feet  are  the  principal  distiactive 
features  which  the  group  displays ; — the  fii'st  of  which  moreover  is  clearly  the 
most  imjiortant,  as  ser^dng  even  of  itself  to  isolate  the  Bembidiades  from  the 
whole  of  the  other  subfamilies  of  the  Carabidce.  In  their  habits  the  species  are 
essentially  subaquatic,  being  peculiar  to  moist  spots,  and  especially  abundant 
beneath  stones  and  shiagle  at  the  margins  of  ponds  and  streams. 

(Subgenus  TACHTS,  Ziegl.) 

56.  Bembidivun  bistriatum. 
B.  fusco-piceum  depressum,  prothorace  subcordato  angulis  posticis  subrectis,   elytro  singulo  striis 

duabus  suturalibus  punctoque  impresso,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |. 

Elaph'us  histriatus,  (Meg.)  HvtSt.  Fna Aitstr. ri..2Qo  (1^12). 
Tachys  minutissimus,  (Leacli)  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  7  (1829). 
Bemhidium  bistriatum,  Dej.  Spec,  des  CoZ.  v.  42  (1831). 
,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Reh.  123  (1841). 

Habitat  Maderam,  vel  ad  margines  rivulorum,  vel  super  oras  rupium  humidarum  exstantes,  inter 
muscos  lapillosque  degens,  a  vere  novo  usque  ad  autumnum,  sat  vulgare. 

B.  minute,  not  very  shining,  depressed,  and  brownish-piceous ;  sometimes  almost  ferruginous,  or 
even  with  a  vei-y  slight  testaceous  tinge.  Prothorax  subcordate,  the  posterior  angles  nearly 
right  angles ;  vrith  a  deep  dorsal  channel ;  and  an  impression  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra 
ovate ;  with  two  distinct  striae  on  each  near  the  sutm-e,  the  outer  ones  being  evanescent ;  and 
with  a  single,  rather  distinctly  impressed  point  on  the  disk  of  each  before  the  middle.  Antemice 
infuscate ;  their  basal  joints,  the  apex  of  the  terminal  one,  the  palpi  and  the  legs  testaceous. 

Rather  a  common  insect  beneath  small  stones  and  moss  on  the  damp  ledges  of 
the  rocks,  and  amongst  loose  shingle  by  the  margins  of  the  trickling  streams,  both 


74  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

in  the  north  and  south  of  Macleii-a,  at  somewhat  low  and  intermediate  altitudes. 
About  half-way  up  the  Ribeii'o  de  Santa  Luzia,  from  Funchal,  I  have  taken  it  in 
considerable  abundance  during  the  spring ;  and  in  June  and  July  at  Sao  Vincente 
and  the  Forno  de  Cal.  It  occurs  thi-oughout  the  greater  portion  of  central  and 
southern  Eui'ope.  The  Madeiran  specimens  differ  from  their  more  northern 
representatives  in  being  a  little  narrower  and  less  depressed,  and  in  having  their 
legs  and  antennae  not  quite  so  robust. 

57.  Bembidivun  curvimanimi,  iroU.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  6.) 

B.  nigrum  angustiusculuin,  prothorace  subquadi'ato  angulis  posticis  rectis,  elytro  singulo  striis 
quatuor  punctatis  suturam  versus  impresso  et  plagis  duabus  obscui-is,  una  magna,  subhumerali  et 
altera  minore  subapicali,  valde  suflFuisis  rufcscentibus  ornato,  antennarum  basi  pcdibusque  testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 

Habitat  in  ins.  Portus  Sancti,  rarissimum ; — sub  lapide  ad  marginem  riviili  cujusdam  Ribeiro  de  Sen-a 
de  Fora  dicti  semel  tautum,  Decembri  mensc  a.d.  1848,  repertum. 

B.  rather  narrow,  shining,  and  black.  Prothorax  longer  in  proportion  than  that  of  the  B.  Lucasii, 
and  more  quadrate,  the  posterior  angles  being  right  angles  ;  with  a  distinct  dorsal  channel ;  and 
an  obscure  impression  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  elongate-ovate ;  with  foui'  striae,  and 
the  rudiments  of  a  fifth,  on  each  towards  the  suture,  the  outer  ones  being  evanescent ;  the  striae 
distinctly  punctured,  the  sutural  one  being  the  longest,  and  the  others  gradually  abbreviated, 
though  less  abruptly  so  than  in  the  B.  Lucasii;  the  two  impressed  points  (so  thstinct  on  the  disk 
of  each  in  that  species,  on  the  third  stria  from  the  suture)  being  here  almost,  if  not  altogether 
obsolete ;  each  with  a  large,  obscure,  ill-defined,  suflFiised,  rufescent  blotch  near  the  shoulder,  and 
a  smaller  one,  even  more  indistinct  still,  behind  the  apex.  Antenna  at  base,  palpi  and  legs  testa- 
ceous :  the  first  ferruginous,  or  slightly  infuscate,  towards  their  apex  :  the  two  anterior  tibite 
suddenly  bent  inwards  at  a  short  distance  from  their  extremity. 

A  very  peculiar  and  interesting  little  BeinbicUian,  and  hitherto  unique, — the 
specimen  from  which  the  above  description  has  been  compiled  haA"ing  been  cap- 
tured by  myself  in  Porto  Santo,  at  the  edges  of  the  small  stream  known  as  the 
llibeu'o  de  Serra  de  Fora,  during  December  1848.  It  would  seem  to  be  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  B.  Lucasii  in  that  island,  to  which  in  some  respects  it  is  allied, 
although  abundantly  distinct  from  it  specifically.  Thus,  it  not  only  recedes  from 
it,  as  indeed  it  does  from  all  the  Bemhidia  here  described,  in  the  singular  con- 
struction of  its  anterior  tibiae,  which  are  so  suddenly  bent  inwards  at  a  short 
distance  from  their  extremity  as  to  give  the  insect  a  most  unusual  appearance, 
but  it  differs  likewise  in  its  minuter  size,  and  in  its  narrower  and  more  parallel 
outline,  in  its  total  freedom  from  the  brassy-green  tinge  which  is  there  so  con- 
spicuous, in  its  squarer  and  proportionably  longer  prothorax,  which  is  much  less 
narrowed  bchmd,  and  in  its  elytra  having  two  patches  on  each, — which  are  more- 
over large  (especially  the  humeral  one),  rufescent,  and  so  extremely  suffused  as  to 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  75 

be  only  just  tlistingiushable.  The  striae  of  its  elytra  are  also  perceptibly  punctate, 
and  at  least  four  in  number  (tbere  being  the  rudiments  of  even  a  fifth),  whereas  in 
the  B.  Liicasii  there  are  merely  three ;  and  the  impressed  points  on  the  disk  are 
apparently  obsolete. 

58.  Bembidium  Lucasii. 

B.  Beneo-viridescenti-nigrum,  prothorace  transverso-subquadi'ato  basi  attenuato  angulis  posticis  sub- 
rectis,  elytro  singiilo  striis  tribus  suturam  versus  pimctisque  duobus  impresso  et  macula  subapicali 
parva  rotundata  valde  distincta  testace^  ornato,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  testaceis. 

Long.  covp.  lin.  \\-\l. 

Berribiditmi  Lucasii,  Duval,  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  Ent.  de  France  (2'^™«  serie),  x.  137  (1851). 

Habitat  in  bumidis  Maderse,  ad  Sanctam  Annam  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1850  copiose  collectum;  necnon 
exemplar  unicum  etiam  in  Madera  australi,  prope  urbem  Funchalensem,  el.  Dom.  Hear  detexit : 
in  viciuitate  aquarum  desilientium  prfedominat,  nunc  in  luto  sepultum,  nunc  per  superficiem 
velocissime  cui-rens, — quapropter  difficilius  capiendum. 

B.  larger  than  the  last  species,  shining,  dark  greenish-black,  and  generally  with  a  very  obscure  brassy 
tinge.  Prothorax  short,  subcordate,  attenuated  behind,  nevertheless  with  the  posterior  angles 
nearly  right  angles ;  with  an  obscure  dorsal  channel ;  and  an  impression  on  either  side  at  the 
base.  Elytra  ovate;  with  three  deep  striae  on  each  towards  the  suture,  the  outer  ones  being 
evanescent ;  the  strise  not  perceptibly  punctured,  the  sutural  one  being  the  longest,  and  the 
others  successively  shorter  and  abruptly  terminated  anteriorly ;  with  two  impressed  points  on  the 
disk  of  each  on  the  third,  or  outer  stria ;  each  with  a  small,  rounded,  well-defined  patch,  behind 
the  apex,  testaceous.  Antenna  at  base,  palpi  and  legs  testaceous :  the  first  rather  longer  than 
those  of  the  B.  curvimanum,  and  more  darkly iufuscate  towards  then-  apex:  the  tivo  anterior  tibiae 
just  perceptibly  bent  inwards  at  a  short  distance  from  their  extremity,  though  very  much  less  so 
than  in  the  last  species. 

The  distinctions  between  the  present  species  and  the  last  have  been  ak-eady 
pointed  out.  The  B.  I/iicasii  is  strictly  a  Mediterranean  insect,  having  been 
hitherto  only  recorded  in  Algeria  and  Spain.  Although  not  rare,  it  is  apparently 
extremely  local  in  Madeira,  the  only  spot  in.  which  I  have  observed  it  in  any  pro- 
fusion being  at  Santa  Anna,  in  the  north  of  the  island,  where,  during  May  and 
June  of  1850,  I  captured  it  in  great  abundance  at  the  edges  of  the  small  stream 
which  crosses  the  pathway  down  to  the  sea,  at  about  a  thu-d  of  the  distance,  from 
the  Quinta  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly.  On  the  southern  side  of  the  island  I  have 
not  as  yet,  myself,  detected  it ;  but  I  possess  a  specimen,  communicated  to  me  by 
Professor  Heer  of  Zurich,  collected  diu'ing  the  winter  of  1850-51  in  the  vicinity  of 
Funchal. 

59.  Bembidium  obtusum. 

B.  subviridescenti-,  vel   subpicescenti-nigrum,  prothorace  subquadrato  angulis  posticis  rotundato- 

L  2 


7G  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

obtusis,  elytris  leviter  punctato-striatisj  singulo  punctis  duobus  impresso,  antenaarum  basi  pedi- 
busque  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^^-lf . 

JBembidium  obtusum,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  vi.  165  (1825). 
TacJii/s  obfusiis,  Steph.  HI.  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  6  (1829). 
Bembidium  obtusum,  Dej.  Sj^ec.  des  Col.  v.  177  (1831). 
,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  136  (1841). 

Habitat  insulas  Maderenses,  sub  lapidibus  vel  ad  vias,  Line  inde  ab  orS,  maritima  usque  ad  summos 
montes  ascendens :  in  graminosis  Portus  Sancti  abundat ;  neenon  in  ins.  Ueserta  Grandi,  qua 
speeimina  amplitudine  acerescunt. 

B,  elongate-oblong,  shining,  black,  and  with  a  just  perceptibly  greenish,  or  piceous  tinge.  Prothorax 
large,  subquadrate,  the  sides  and  posterior  angles  being  somewhat  rounded;  with  a  dorsal 
channel ;  and  an  impression  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  somewhat  parallel ;  finely  punc- 
tate-striated, the  striffi  being  evanescent  towards  the  margin ;  and  with  two  minutely  impressed 
points  on  the  disk  of  each  near  the  third  stria  from  the  sutm-e.  Antenna  at  base,  and  legs  ferru- 
ginous ;  the  former  darkly  infuscate  towards  their  apex. 

The  B.  obtusum,  so  universal  throughout  Europe  and  the  north  of  Africa,  occurs 
in  most  of  the  islands  of  the  Madeii-an  group,  though  not  very  abundantly  in  any 
of  them.  It  is  found  at  all  altitudes,  but  is  commoner  in  low,  or  but  slightly 
elevated  localities  than  in  the  higher  regions,  existing  beneath  stones  in  grassy 
spots,  and  occasionally  to  be  seen,  especially  on  the  wing,  even  in  the  gardens  of 
Funchal.  On  the  cliffs  to  the  eastward. of  the  town,  towards  the  Cabo  Gerajao,  I 
have  taken  it  constantly,  during  the  autumnal  months ;  as  also,  late  in  the  spring, 
at  Santa  Anna,;  and,  during  July,  in  the  lofty  district  of  the  Fanal, — upwards  of 
5000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  has  been  likewise  captui'ed  by  Professor  Heer  at  the 
Campan.'irio  and  on  the  Pico  da  Cruz.  On  the  mountain  slopes  of  Porto  Santo  it 
is  by  no  means  rare ;  and  I  possess  a  tolerably  extensive  series  from  the  Dezcrta 
Grande,  obtained,  during  my  encampment  there  with  the  Rev.  E.  T.  Lowe,  in 
May  1850,  and  ranging  somewhat  above  the  average  in  point  of  size.  On  oil  the 
islands  indeed  the  insect  attains  a  larger  stattire  than  it  does  in  more  northern 
countries,  and  presents  other  differences  likewise,  which  it  is  evident  however  are 
merely  geograpliieal  ones.  Thus,  it  is  not  only  longer  than  the  ordinary  i\])c  but 
projiortionably  more  parallel,  the  hinder  angles  of  its  prothorax  are  a  little  more 
rounded  and  less  thickened,  its  elytral  striae  are  much  less  deeply  impressed,  and 
its  entire  surface  is  more  brilliantly  polished.  It  is  in  fact  the  particular  state 
which  appears  to  obtain,  more  or  less  CAridently,  tlu'oughout  the  greater  portion  of 
southern  Eru'ope, — and  is,  consequently,  the  result  of  latitude  rather  than  of 
isolation.  I  am  informed  by  my  friend  Dr.  H.  Schaum  of  Berlin  that  he  has 
observed  precisely  the  same  variety  at  Nice,  as  the  Madeii-an  one,  where  it  is 
extremely  abundant. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  77 

(Subgenus  PERYPHTJS,  Meg.) 

60.  Bembidium  Atlanticum,  WoU. 

B.  subcyaneo-,  vel  subsenescenti-v-iride,  prothorace  parvo  cordato  basi  valde  attenuate  angulis  posticis 

rectis,    elytris   punctato-striatis   fascia   communi   subapicali    rufo-testacea   (interdum    obsoleta) 

decoratis,  singulo  punctis  duobus  distinctis  impresso  et  plaga  subbumerali  suffasa  rufo-testacea 

(interdum  obsoleta)  ornatis,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  rufo-testaceis. 
Var.  a.  subcyaneo-viride,  elytris  fere  immaculatis,  fascia  plagisque  obsoletis.     (In  Madera  Boreuli 

status  typicus.) 
Var.  ^.  subcyaneo-,  vel  subsenescenti-viride,  elytromm  fascia  plagisque  valde  indistinctis.      (In 

Madera  Boreali  et  in  Portu  Sancto ;  rarior.) 
Var.  y.  cyaneo-viride,  elytrorum  fascia  plagisque  valde  distinctis.    (In  Fortu  Sancto  status  typicus; 

sed  in  Madera  Boreali  rarissimus.) 
Var.  i.  cyaneo-viride,  elytris  leete  coloratis,  fere  testaceis,  fascia  distincta  et  plagis  valde  sufFusis 

confluentibus.     (In  Portu  Sancto,  rarior.) 
Var.  e.  paulo  majus  et  latius,  cyaneo- senescent!- viride,  elj-tris  fere  immaculatis,  fascia  omnino  et 

plagis  fere  obsoletis;  pedibus,  prsesertim  tibiis,  iuEequaliter  infuscatis.     (In  Madera  Australi, 

rarissimus.) 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2i-2f. 

Habitat  per  litora  rivulorum  Maderae,  prsesertim  Borealis;  necnon  in  ins.  Portu  Sancto,  tempore 
biberno  et  veraali,  frequens :  var.  a.  in  Ribeiro  de  Sao  Jorge,  baud  procul  a  Sancta  Anna, 
abundat,  qua  d.  17  Mai.  a.d.  1850  copiosissime  collegi;  varietatis  ^.  exemplar  unicum  bactenus 
vidi,  a  meipso  ad  Curral  das  Romeiras  in  Madera  AustraU  autumno  exeunte  a.d.  1847 
detectum. 

B.  sbining,  more  or  less  of  a  bluish-green  bue,  and  occasionally  with  a  brassy  tinge.  Prothorax 
small,  cordate,  convex,  and  highly  pohshed,  much  attenuated,  and  transversely  punctm-ed,  be- 
hind, the  posterior  angles  being  right  angles ;  with  a  distinct  dorsal  channel ;  and  a  deep  fovea 
on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  parallel ;  uniformly  punctate-striated ;  with  two  distinctly 
impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each  near  the  third  stria  from  the  suture ;  with  a  large  sublunu- 
late  fascia  behind,  common  to  both,  and  a  diffused  patch  on  each  about  the  region  of  the 
shoulders,  more  or  less  obscurely  rufo-testaceous, — either  the  fascia  or  the  patches,  and  occa- 
sionally both,  having  a  tendency  to  become  obsolete.  Antenna  at  base,  palpi  and  legs  rufo- 
testaceous  :  the  fii-st  more  or  less  infuscate  towards  their  apex. 

Var.  a.  bluish-green;  and  with  the  elytra  almost  immaculate,— there  being  scarcely  the  slightest 
indication  of  either  the  fascia  or  patches.     (The  typical  state  in  the  north  of  Madeira.) 

Var.  fi.  bluish-green,  or  green  with  an  jeneous  tinge;  the  elj-tra  with  both  the  fascia  and  patches 
perceptible,  although  indistinct.      (Abnormal  both  in  the  north  of  Madeira  and  in  Porto  Santo.) 

Var.  y.  bluish-green,  or  greenish-blue ;  the  elytra  with  the  fascia  and  patches  exceedingly  well 
defined.     (The  typical  state  in  Porto  Santo,  but  extremely  rare  in  the  north  of  Madeira.) 

Var.  8.  bluish-green,  or  greenish-blue ;  the  elytra  abuost  testaceous,  the  fascia  being  exceedingly 
bright,  and  the  patches  large,  and  so  much  diffused  as  to  be  almost  confluent,  and  to  cover  the 


78  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

greater  portion  of  the  surface.  Antennae  less  infuscate  than  in  the  other  states.  (The  extreme 
pale  variety  of  Porto  Santo.) 
Var.  e.  somewhat  larger  and  broader  than  any  of  the  above  states ;  brassy-green,  and  with  a  bluish 
tinge  unequally  distributed  over  the  surface ;  the  elytra  almost  immaculate,  the  fascia  being 
obsolete,  and  the  patches  only  just  indicated.  Legs,  especially  the  tibiae,  more  or  less  infuscated 
in  parts.     (Ravines  in  the  south  of  Madeira.) 

Throughout  all  the  Madeii-an  Coleoptera  there  is  perhaps  no  insect  which  dis- 
plays such  an  extraordinary  range  of  colouring  as  the  present  one  does ;  and 
although  it  is  true  that  the  section  of  Bembidhim  to  which  it  belongs  is  essentially 
a  A'ariable  one,  yet  I  am  not  acquainted  "nith  any  Feryphns  in  which  the  paler 
liatches  of  the  elytra  are  so  remarkal)ly  unstable,  or  which  appear  to  be  so  com- 
pletely under  the  control  of  external  circumstances,  as  are  those  of  the  B.  Atlan- 
ticum* :  and  indeed  unless  viewed  in  the  mass,  we  should  scarcely  be  inclined  to 
recognise  the  same  species  in  the  many  diflferent  aspects  which  it  puts  on  between 
its  extremes.  The  examination  however  of  a  very  large  number  of  examples,  and 
a  carefid  consideration  of  the  several  localities  and  altitudes  in  which  they  were 
taken,  has  convinced  me  that  there  is  unquestionably  but  a  single  type  of  form 
amongst  my  entire  series,  since  the  whole  are  so  intimately  connected,  by  success- 
ive gradations  both  of  outhne  and  colom%  that  it  is  perfectly  impossible  to  isolate 
even  a  single  specimen,  or  to  draw  a  line  of  specific  demarcation  between  any  two 
consecutive  members  of  the  chain.  It  will  be  perceived,  by  a  reference  to  the 
above  diagnosis,  that  the  insect  in  question  passes  unperceptibly  from  nearly  a 
pure  green,  thi-ough  a  well-defined  spotted  state,  into  one  which  has  the  ehi;ra 
abuost  testaceous, — the  paler  portions  being  at  last  so  largely  developed  as  to 
become  confluent  and  almost  to  cover  the  entire  sm-face.  In  Madeii"a  proper  the 
darker  varieties  would  seem  to  be  tyjiical ;  whereas  in  Porto  Santo  the  brightly 
coloured  ones  preponderate,  and  in  fact  are  all  but  universal.  Both  extremes  do 
nevertheless  occur  in  both  islands,  the  tendency  being  merely,  in  either  case,  to 
assmne  the  particular  modification  characteristic  of  the  spot.  In  the  north  of 
Madeira  the  specimens  are  somewhat  narrower  than  either  the  southern  or  the 
Porto  Santan  representatives.  I  have  taken  it  abimdantly  in  tlie  Eibeiro  de  Sao 
Jorge,  Avhere,  on  the  17th  of  May  1850,  I  observed  it  va  literal  profusion,  near  the 
old  road  from  Santa  Anna  to  Ponta  Delgada,  AAhich  crosses  the  valley  at  a  greater 
distance  from  the  sea  than  the  present  one  does,  and  consequently  at  a  somewhat 
higher  elevation.  In  the  south  of  the  island  it  is  far  scarcer, — the  tributary 
ravuie  to  the  Curral  das  Romcu-as  being  the  only  spot  in  which  I  have  hitherto 
detected  it.  In  Porto  Santo  it  is  tolerably  common :  and,  at  edges  of  a  small 
stream  which  finds  its  way  over  the  abrupt  rocks  of  the  northern  shore,  from  the 

*  Our  present  insect  is  jjrobably  allied  to  (lie  B.  Ltmtanicum,  Putzeys  (Entoni.  Zcit.,  a.d.  18-15, 
p.  139)  ;  nevertheless  I  should  state  that  I  forwarded  speeiiiicus  to  51.  Duval,  of  Paris,  duinng  the  time 
in  which  he  was  preparing  liis  monograph  on  the  European  Bemhidia,  who  pronoimced  them  to  be  un- 
questionably new. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  79 

open  plain  of  the  Campo  de  Baxo,  I  captured  an  extensive  series,  during  December 
of  18i8. 

61.  Bembidium  tabellatum,  WoU. 

B.  valde  depressum  nigro-viride  subopacum,  protborace  cordato  basi  attenuato  angulis  posticis  rectis, 
elytris  profunde  subpunctato-striatis,  singulo  punctis  tribus  magnis  distinctis  impresso,  antenna- 
rum  basi  pedibusqiie  rufo-piceis. 

Long.  Corp.  bn.  3. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  ad  marginem  rivub  cujusdam  parvi  prope  Curral  das  Romeu'as,  sero 
autumno  a.d,  1847,  inventum :  in  Madera  boreaU  mibi  adbuc  non  obvium. 

B.  very  mucb  depressed,  dull  blackish-green,  and  nearly  opake.  Prothoraoe  small,  cordate,  much 
attenuated  behind,  the  posterior  angles  being  right  angles  j  with  a  distinct  dorsal  channel ;  and 
a  veiy  deep,  roughened  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  less  parallel  than  in  the  last 
species,  and  rather  acuminated  behind ;  very  deeply  striated,  the  strijE  being  minutely  punctm'ed 
and  the  interstices  rather  convex ;  with  three  very  large,  distinct,  and  deeply  impressed  points  on 
the  disk  of  each  near  the  third  stria  from  the  suture.  Antenna  elongated,  their  base  rufo-piceous 
or  ferruginous;  darkly  infuscated,  or  almost  black,  towards  their  apex.  Leffs  more  or  less 
piceous,  or  fusco-piceous. 

Apparently  the  representative  in  these  islands  of  the  common  B.  tihiale  of  more 
northern  latitudes,  of  which  indeed  it  is  just  possible  that  it  may  be  a  geogra- 
phical variety.  Still,  it  presents  so  many  small  distinctive  characters  peculiarly 
its  o"\vn  that  it  is  scarcely  safe  to  refer  it  to  that  insect.  Thus,  it  differs  from  it  in 
its  extraordinarily  depressed  body,  in  its  uniformly  opake  and  darker  surface,  in  its 
small,  short,  and  cordate  prothorax,  which  is  exceedingly  attenuated  behind,  and 
in  its  more  deeply  striated  and  apicaUy  acuminated  elytra,  which  have  moreover 
three  very  large  and  distinctly  impressed  points,  instead  of  only  two,  on  the  disk 
of  each.  Its  antennte  also  are  somewhat  longer  than  those  of  that  species,  and  its 
tibise  are  not  sensibly  paler  than  the  femora  and  tarsi, — its  legs  being  entu'ely 
picescent,  It  would  seem  to  be  local,  occui"ring  at  the  edges  of  the  streams 
towards  the  south  of  the  island.  In  the  ravine  immediately  to  the  westward  of 
the  Curral  das  Romeiras,  towards  the  Mount  Church,  I  captm-ed  it  sparingly 
during  the  autumn  of  18i7,  but  I  have  not  since  succeeded  in  detecting  it. 

62.  Bembidium  elongatum. 

B.  angusto-elongatum  subaenescenti-viride,  prothorace  elongato-subcordato  basi  valde  attenuato  angulis 
posticis  rectis,  antice  posticeque  punctato,  elytris  subcyanescentibus  subcylindricis  profunde 
punctato-striatis,  striis  apicem  versus  evanescentibus,  singulo  punctis  duobus  impresso  et  macula 
submarginali  testacea.  longe  intra  apicem  ornato,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  paUidis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-2A. 


80  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Bemhiditim  elongatum,  Dej.  Spec,  des  Col.  v.  148  (1831). 
— ,  Heer,  Fna  Col  Heh.  134  (1841). 

Habitat  Maderam,  vel  ad  ripas  fluviorum  vel  sub  lapidibus  in  locis  humidis,  toto  anno  frequens :  in 
Madera  boreali  fure  ad  maris  litus  descendit,  sed  in  australi  vix  infra  1500'  s.  m.  hactenus 
observavT. 

B.  elongated  and  narrow,  shining,  dark  obscure  green,  and  with  a  slightly  jeneous  tinge.  Prothorax 
elongate-subcordate,  convex,  and  highly  polished,  much  attenuated  behind,  the  posterior  angles 
being  right  angles ;  with  a  cluster  of  large,  scattered  punctures  in  front,  and  a  greater  number 
across  the  hinder  margin  ;  with  a  distinct  dorsal  channel ;  and  a  small  fovea  on  either  side  at  the 
base.  Elytra  with  a  slightly  bluish  tinge ;  subcyliudrical,  with  the  sides  nearly  parallel ;  deeply 
punctate-striated,  the  striae  vanishing  near  the  apex,  which  is  obscurely  testaceous ;  each  with  two 
impressed  points  on  its  disk  near  the  third  stria  from  the  suture  (of  which  the  anterior  one  is 
large  and  distinct,  and  the  posterior  one  almost  obsolete),  and  a  rounded,  submarginal,  testaceous 
patch  at  a  considerable  distance  behind  the  apex.  Antenna  at  base  rufo-testaceous,  darkly  infus- 
cated  towards  their  apex.  Legs  (except  the  extreme  base  of  the  tibiae,  which  is  darker)  pale 
testaceous. 

The  narrow,  elongated  outline  and  subcylindi-ical  body  of  the  present  Bem- 
bidium,  added  to  its  (not  posteriorly  only,  but)  anteriorly  punctured  prothorax, 
its  dark  green  sui-face,  and  the  pale  submarginal  patch  with  which  each  of  its 
elytra  is  ornamented  at  a  considerable  distance  behind  the  apex,  will  be  sufficient 
to  distinguish  it,  even  prima  facie,  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described. 
It  is  a  tolerably  abimdant  insect  in  Madeii-a,  being  widely  distributed  over  the 
island  at  intermediate  and  lofty  elevations,  and  occui-ring  beneath  stones  by  the 
edges  of  the  streams,  at  nearly  all  seasons  of  the  year.  Towards  the  north  it  is 
less  peculiar  to  the  mountain  districts  than  it  is  in  the  south,  being  not  imconmion 
in  the  -sicinity  of  Sao  Vincente  and  at  the  Forno  de  Cal;  whereas  the  lowest 
altitude  at  which  I  have  hitherto  observ^ed  it  in  the  latter  is  the  Cui-ral  das 
Romeiras,  above  Funchal,  where  dm'ing  the  autumn  of  1847  I  captiu-ed  it  in 
considerable  profusion.  It  would  seem  to  attain  its  maximum,  however,  in  much 
higher  regions,  being  very  plentiful  in  damp  spots  on  the  mountain-slopes  imme- 
diately below  the  summit  of  the  Paul  da  Serra, — both  on  the  ascent  from  Sao 
Vincente,  and  likewise,  on  its  north-western  Kmits,  towards  the  Fanal.  It  is 
recorded  ia  Spain,  France,  S^vitzerland,  Styria,  and  Dalmatia  ;  and  I  have  seen 
specunens,  in  the  collection  of  J.  B-ix,  Esq.  of  St.  Neots,  which  were  taken  in 
Jersey. 

(Subgenus  LOPIIA,  Meg.) 

63.  Bembidium  Schmidtii,  WoJl. 
B.  suba:nescenti-atrum,  prothorace    cordato    basi  valde  attenuato  punctato  angulis  posticis  rectis, 
elytris  antice  profunde  punctato-striatis,   striis  pone  medium  evanescentibus,   singulo  punctis 
dunbus  magnis  impresso  et  maculis  duabus  diluto-testaceis,  una  magna  triangulari  subhumcrali 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  81 

et  altera  minore  longe  intra  apicem  sita,  ad  marginem  fere  coufluentibus  ornato,  antennarum 
basi  pedibusque  rufo-picescentibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-2^. 

Habitat  ad  margines  aquarutn,  vel  stagnantium  vel  fluentium,  in  Madera  excelsa  sylvatica,  rarius :  ad 

Cruzinhas  prfedominatj  qua  mense  Julio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  plurima  specimina  cepi. 
In  honorem  Entomologici  periti  Dom.  Ferd.  Jos.  Schmidt  nomen  triviale  dedi. 

B.  shining,  and  deep  feneous-black.  Prothorax  cordate,  a  good  deal  wrinkled  in  front,  coarsely- 
punctured  and  much  attenuated  behind,  the  posterior  angles  being  right  angles ;  with  a  dorsal 
channel ;  and  a  small  fovea  on  either  side  at  the  base.  Elytra  oblong-ovate ;  deeply  punctate- 
striated  anteriorly,  the  striae  being  almost  evanescent  about  the  middle  ;  with  two  large,  though 
not  very  deeply  impressed  points  on  the  disk  of  each  near  the  third  stria  from  the  suture,  and 
each  with  a  large  subtriangular  patch  about  the  shoulders,  and  a  smaller,  somewhat  rounded  one 
at  a  considerable  distance  behind  the  apex  (the  two  almost  united  towards  the  lateral  margin), 
dull  testaceous.     Antenna  at  base  and  legs  more  or  less  rufo-picescent. 

The  present  Bemhidium  would  seem  to  be  the  Madeiran  representative  of  the 
B.  callosum,  Kust.,  of  central  and  southern  Europe.  It  is  not  impossi])le  indeed 
that  it  may  be  an  extreme  local  state  of  that  insect ;  nevertheless,  like  the  B.  tabel- 
latum,  it  possesses  so  many  peculiarities  essentially  its  own  that  I  prefer  retaining 
it  as  separate  to  incurring  the  risk  of  conceding  too  much  to  geographical  effects. 
It  differs  from  the  species  in  qiiestion  in  being  larger,  and  proportionably  broader, 
ia  its  more  brassy  hue,  in  the  obscurer  patches  of  its  much  more  deeply  striated 
elytra,  and  in  its  legs  being  uniformly  darker  and  more  piceous.  It  is,  apparently, 
exceedingly  rare,  or  at  any  rate  local,  its  normal  range  being  the  edges  of  the 
streams  and  pools  towards  the  upper  limits  of  the  wooded  districts.  The  only 
occasion  on  which  I  ever  observed  it  plentifully  was,  in  the  lofty  region  of  the 
Cruzinhas,  during  July  1850.  I  once  indeed  caj)tm'ed  a  few  specimens  even  on  the 
level  of  the  shore,  on  the  coast-road  leading  from  Sao  Vincente  to  Seisal, — in  the 
vicinity  of  the  first  large  waterfall,  which  issues  from  the  ravines  above  and  finds 
its  way,  over  the  beach,  into  the  sea.  From  the  nature  of  the  spot,  however,  I 
have  not  the  slightest  doubt  but  that  they  had  been  washed  down  by  some  of  the 
floods  Avhich  occur  so  frequently  in  Madeira,  and  with  such  violence,  especially 
towards  the  north  of  the  island,  as  occasionally  to  carry  almost  everytliing  before 
them; — a  supj)osition  which  is  rendered  the  more  probable  from  the  fact  that 
other  insects,  unquestionably  alpine,  were  found  in  company  with  them,  which 
could  scarcely  have  existed  in  such  a  position  except  by  accident. 


M 


82  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


Sectio  II.  HYDRADEPHAGA. 
ram.  2.  DYTISCID^. 

Genus  25.  COLYMBETES. 

ClairviUe,  Ent.  Helv.  ii.  198  (1806). 

Cm'pus  vel  mediocre,  vel  (ut  in  specie  nostra)  magnum,  plus  minusve  oblongum  :  alis  amplis.  An- 
tenna filiformes.  Labrum  brevissimum,  antice  Icviter  emarginatum.  Mandibula;  breves,  apice 
lato-emarginat?e,  intus  basi  bidentatse.  Maxilla  bilobse:  lobo  externa  palpiformi  biarticulato : 
inferno  acuto  incurve,  ad  apicem  uncinato,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  ultimo 
elongato-truncato :  labiales  articulo  secundo  elongate,  ultimo  paulo  brcviore  subarcuato.  Mentum 
transversum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum  et  dente  medio  brevi  trancato  instructum.  Liyula 
quadrata,  antice  ciliata.  Pedes  natatorii :  tarsis  anterioribiis  in  maribus  articulis  tribus  dilatatis, 
subtus  acctabulis  obsitis :  unguiculis  anterioribus  magnis  valde  curvatis  sequalibus,  posticis  sub- 
rectis  inaequalibus,  superiore  fixo. 

The  genus  Cohjmhetes,  embracing  Uybitts  and  Agohns,  Avhich  are  now  regarded 
as  distinct,  was  established  by  Clau-ville  in  1806 ;  but  it  was  not  until  1817  that 
it  was  restricted  (as  above  defined),  by  Dr.  Leach,  to  the  larger  members  of  the 
group.  As  thus  limited,  it  has,  apparently,  but  a  single  representative  in  the 
Madeii'a  Islands  ;  namely — 

64.  Colymbetes  Lanio. 
C.  oblongus  nigro-piccus,  capitis  parte  antica  maculisque  duabus  in  fronte  sitis  et  prothoracis  lateribus 

rufo-testaceis,    elytris   testaceis   densissime    nigro-irroratis,    singulo    longitudinaliter   profunde 

triseriato-punctato,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  10. 

Dytiscus  Lanio,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  190  (1792). 

•,  Oliv.  Ent.  iii.  40.  19.  pi.  2.  fig.  9  (1795). 

Cohjmhetes  Lanio,  Aube,  Hydroeanth.  221  (1838). 

Habitat  in  aquis  Maderse,  prsesertim  fluentibus,  a  1000'  usque  ad  4000'  s.  m.  ascendens  :  in  rivulis 
supra  Funchal,  necnon  in  Madera  boreali  in  ascensu  a  Sao  Vincente  ad  campum  ilium  Paul  da 
Serra  dictum,  a-state  et  autumno  abundat. 

C.  large,  oblong,  and  somewhat  convex;  both  sexes  shining;  piceous-black.  Head  and  prothorax 
(especially  in  the  male  sex)  somewhat  rcticulose :  the  former  with  its  anterior  portion  (com- 
mencing from  the  insertion  of  the  antenna?),  and  two  large  transverse  patches  on  the  forehead,  rufo- 
testacoous,  and  with  a  sinuated  impression  on  either  side,  between  the  eyes  :  the  latter  transverse, 
impressed  behind  and  before,  and  with  the  edges  broadly  rufo-testaceous.  Elytra  testaceous,  and 
exceedingly  densely  besprinkled  with  minute,  black,  and  more  or  less  confluent  spots,  wiiich 
almost  obscure  the  entire  surface ;  with  three  longitudinal  rows  of  large  and  deeply  impressed 
points  on  each,  the  outer  one  of  which  is  the  least  apparent.    Legs  and  antenna  rufo-ferruginous. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  83 

A  largo  and  beautiful  Colymbetes,  and  apparently  peculiar  to  Madeira, — having 
been  first  described  by  Pabricius,  from  a  specimen  in  the  Banksian  collection,  in 
the  year  1792.  It  is  universally  distributed,  beyond  the  elevation  of  about  1000 
feet,  but  is  more  especially  abundant  between  the  limits  of  from  3000  to  4000, 
above  the  sea.  Owing  to  the  rapidity  of  the  mountain  torrents,  water  insects  are 
comparatively  scarce  in  Madeira ;  and  the  pi'esent  species  would  seem  to  be  one  of 
the  few  which  is  able  to  exist  indiscriminately,  its  powerful  and  greatly  developed 
wings  enabling  it  to  take  refuge  in  the  most  isolated  pools,  and  in  other  spots 
which  it  could  not  possibly  reach  except  by  flight.  In  the  streams  which  issue  from 
the  Paul  da  Serra  it  is  common ;  and  I  have  observed  it,  likewise,  in  most  of  the 
rivers  flowing  towards  the  south  of  the  island,  particularly  in  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa 
Luzia  and  at  the  Curral  das  Romeiras, — where  it  occurs  in  profusion  at  nearly  all 
seasons  of  the  year,  though  especially  dui'ing  the  autumnal  months. 

Genus  26.  AGABUS. 

Leach,  Zool.  Miscall,  iii,  69,  72  (1817), 

Corpus  fere  ut  in  genere  prsecedenti,  sed  minus.  Palpi  labiates  articulis  secundo  et  ultimo  subsequali- 
bus :  mentuin  antice  dente  medio  brevi  subemarginato  instructum :  et  unguiculi  postici  (ut 
anteriores)  aequales  curvati  mobiles. 

Agabus  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  Colymbetes  proper  by  the  smaller 
size  of  the  species  which  compose  it,  by  the  second  and  thii'd  joints  of  its  labial 
palpi  being  of  almost  the  same  length,  and  by  its  two  hinder  claws  being,  like  the 
remainder,  equal  and  moveable, — instead  of  unequal  and  with  the  larger  one  fixed. 
So  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  the  genus  has  three  representatives  in  Madeii-a ; 
one  of  which,  moreover,  is  peculiar  to  the  island, 

65.  Agabus  bipustulatus. 

A.  oblongus  subdepressus  subseneacenti-nigropiceus,  minutissime  longitudinaliter  strigulosus,  ore  et 

capitis  maculis  duabus  obscurissimis  in  fronte  sitis  ferrugineis,  elytro  singulo  longitudinaliter 

confuse  triseriato-punctato,  antennis  pedibusque  picescenti-ferrugineis. 

Variat  colore  plus  minusve  picescenti, — prsesertim  in  foemina,  cujus  superficies  plerumque  opacior 
est. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  5-5i. 

Dytiseus  bipustulatus,  Linn.  Si/st.  Nat,  ii.  667  (1767). 

_,  Fab,  Syst.  Eleu.  i.  263  (1801). 

Cohjmletes  hipusttclatus,  Steph,  III.  Brit.  Ent.  n.  80  (1829). 
Agabus  bipustulatus,  Aube,  Hydrocan.  357  (1838). 

Habitat  in  rivTolis  Maderse,  necnon  in  aquis  quietis ;  ubique  vulgaris,  sed  supra  1000'  s,  m.  prsedominans. 

A.  oblong,  and  somewhat  depressed,  dark  piceous-black,  and  with  a  shghtly  seneous  tinge ;  the  entire 

m2 


84  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

surface  most  closely  and  minutely  strigulose ;  the  males  shining ;  the  females  opake,  and  usually 
of  a  somewhat  more  piccous  hue.  Head  with  the  parts  of  the  mouth,  and  two  very  obscure 
transverse  patches  on  the  forehead  dull  feiTuginous.  Prothoraw  sparingly  punctured  along  its 
hinder  margin  towards  the  posterior  angles.  Elytra  with  three  very  irregular  longitudinal  rows 
of  impressed  points  on  each.  Legs  and  antenna  more  or  less  rufo-piceous,  or  rufo-ferruginous  ; 
the  latter  being  the  paler  of  the  two ;  and  the  former  with  the  femora  generally  somewhat  darker 
than  the  tibise  and  tarsi. 

The  A.  hipustulatus,  so  abundant  througliout  the  whole  of  Eiu'ope  and  the  north 
of  Africa,  occiu's  in  nearly  all  the  streams  and  pools  of  Madeira,  and  at  all  alti- 
tudes,— though  perhaps  it  is  more  common  above  the  elevation  of  1000  feet  than 
below  it.  Being  an  insect  of  such  wide  geographical  range,  we  should  not  expect 
it  to  be  much  affected  by  either  latitude  or  position ;  and  accordingly  we  find  that 
the  Madeiran  specimens  do  not  in  any  respect  differ  from  the  usual  type. 

66.  Agabus  nebulosus. 
A.  ovatus  convexus  nitidus  uigro-piceus,  capitis  parte  antica  maculisque  duabus  in  fronte  sitis  obscure 
rufo-testaceis,  prothorace  rufo-testaceo  in  di.scum  bimaculato,  elytris  testaceis,  macidis  plurimis 
ininutis  inajqualibus  nigris  plus  minusve  confluentibus  undique  iiToratis,  singulo  longitudinaliter 
obsolctissime  triseriato-punctidato,  antennis  pedibusque  rufescenti-testaceis. 
Var.  /3.  maculis  frontalibus  vel  obsoletis  vel  confluentibus,  prothorace  immaculate. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  4-44. 

Bytisctis  nebulosus,  Forster,  Nov.  Spec.  Ins.  56  (1771). 

bipunctatus,  Fab.  MaiU.  Lw.  190  (1787). 

,  Oliv.  i:nf.  iii.  40.  22  (179.5). 

Colymhetes  nebulosus,  Stopli.  lU.  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  72  (1829). 
Agabus  bipunctatus,  Aube,  Hydrocan.  328  (1838). 

Habitat  Madcram,  in  aquis  prope  urbem  Funchalensem  a  Dom.  Ilousset  nuper  detectus. 

A.  ovate,  rather  convex,  beneath  piceous-black ;  both  sexes  shining.  Head  dark  behind,  its  anterior 
portion  (commencing  from  about  the  insertion  of  the  antenna;),  and  two  obscure  transverse 
patches  on  the  forehead,  dull  rufo-testaceous.  Prothorax  rufo-testaceous,  rather  mottled,  or 
clouded,  in  parts,  and  with  two  small  darker  patches  on  the  centre  of  its  disk  ;  most  minutely 
and  sparingly  punctured  along  its  hinder  margin  towards  the  posterior  angles.  Elytra  testaceous, 
and  more  or  less  densely  mottled,  or  clouded  (especially  behind),  with  small,  U'regular,  partially 
confluent,  black  patches  or  spots, — which  leave  however  a  large,  ill-defined  blotch  upon  each, 
behind  the  middle  of  the  lateral  margin,  entirely  pale  ;  with  three  longitudinal  rows  of  most 
minutely  impressed  pointsjust  perceptible  on  each.  Legs  and  antenna  rut'o-testaceous. 
Var.  /3.  with  the  frontal  patches  either  obsolete  or  confluent  j — in  the  latter  case  causing  the  head, 
except  the  hinder  and  lateral  margins,  to  be  entirely  ferruginous :  and  with  the  prothorax  im- 
maculate, the  two  small  discal  spots  being  absent. 

Apparently  somewhat  scarce,  and  confined,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascer- 
tain, to  the  streams  in  the  vicinity  of  Fuuchal,  from  whence  I  have  lately  received 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  85 

several  specimens  captured  by  M.  E,ousset.  It  is  one  of  the  few  representatives 
of  the  Coleoptera  which  appear  to  have  escaped  my  own  observation  in  these 
islands.  Judging  from  the  examples  before  me,  the  only  local  peculiarity  which 
the  sjiecies  would  seem  to  possess  is,  that  the  state  in  which  the  prothorax  is 
immacvilate,  and  which  in  most  countries  is  aberrant,  is  apparently,  in,  Madeira, 
the  commoner  of  the  two.  StUl,  as  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  myself 
observing  this  in  situ,  1  am  scarcely  in  a  position  to  decide  whether  or  not  it  is 
the  case  generally ;  and  hence  I  have  preferred  considering  the  darker  form  as  the 
typical  one,  as  being  more  in  accordance  with  our  usual  notions  regarding  the 
insect.  It  is  abimdant  throughout  the  whole  of  Em'ope ;  and  it  is  recorded  by 
Webb  and  Berthelot  in  the  Canarian  Group. 

67.  Agabus  Maderensis,  Woll. 

A.  oblongus  pariim  nitidus,  nigro-piceus,  ore,  capitis  maculis  duabus  obscurissimis,  prothoracis  late- 
ribus,  antennis,  pedibusque  ferrugiueis,  elytroruin  superficie  paulo  insequali,  profunde  subseriato- 
punctata. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3i. 

Habitat  in  aquis  ^Maderse,  pr;esertim  ultra  2000'  s.  m.,  toto  anno  frequens  :  in  Madera  boreali  prsedo- 
minat,  qua  fere  ad  mavis  litus  descendit. 

A.  oblong,  less  convex  tban  the  last  species,  but  more  so  than  the  A.  bipustulafus,  dark  piceous ;  both 
sexes  shining,  although  not  very  highly  polished.  Head  with  the  parts  of  the  mouth,  and  two 
very  obscure  transverse  patches  on  the  hinder  portion  of  the  forehead  dull  ferruginous.  Prothorax 
broader  in  front  than  is  the  case  with  any  of  the  other  species  (its  sides  being  much  less  oblique) ; 
with  a  slightly  impressed  transverse  line  along  its  hinder  margin ;  considerably  roughened, 
and  with  a  few  scattered  punctures,  towards  the  posterior  angles ;  with  the  lateral  edges  more  or 
less  distinctly  ferruginous.  Elytra  with  their  surface  rather  uneven,  and  more  or  less  roughened 
with  large,  scattered  punctures,  which  have  a  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  in  three  or  four 
longitudinal  rows  on  each,  of  which  the  sutural  one  is  generally  the  most  evident.  Le(js  and 
antenna  entirely  ferruginous. 

An  exceedingly  indigenous  insect,  and  readily  distinguished  from  the  previous 
two  by  its  smaller  size  and  piceous  coloui*,  by  the  ferruguious  edges  of  its 
anteriorly-broader  prothorax,  and  by  the  somewhat  uneven  surface  and  large 
punctures  of  its  elytra, — the  latter  of  which  are  extremely  irregvdar  and  diffused, 
having  for  the  most  part  merely  a  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  in  longitudinal 
rows.  It  is  abundant  in  all  the  mountain  torrents  of  Madeira,  from  an  elevation, 
on  the  southern  side  of  the  island  of  about  1000  feet,  and  on  the  northern  from 
nearly  the  level  of  the  shore,  up  to  the  highest  point  at  which  water  is  found  to 
exist.  It  is  rarer  however  towards  the  south  than  it  is  in  the  north.  In  the 
former  I  have  not  detected  it  much  below  the  upper  extremity  of  the  Ribeiro  de 
Santa  Luzia ;  but  at  Sao  Vincente,  in  the  latter,  I  once  took  it  sparingly  even  on 
tlie  sea-beach,  by  the  edges  of  a  small  stream  which  issues  from  the  perpendicular 


86  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

cliflFs  over  the  road  to  Seisal, — wliere  however  it  is  more  than  probable  that  it  had 
been  -washed  do^ii  from  the  lofty  ravines  above.  On  the  upland  plain  of  the  Paul 
da  Serra,  5000  feet  above  the  sea,  I  have  captured  it  in  profusion,  from  under 
stones  in  the  shallow  pools  and  springs  which  feed  the  waters  of  the  valley  beneath ; 
as  also  in  similar  positions  at  the  Cruzinhas,  in  the  Eibeu'O  de  Seisal,  and  at  the 
respective  heads  of  the  Ribeu'O  Fundo  and  the  Ribeiro  de  Joao  Delgada  :  and  Uke- 
vnse,  very  plentifully  at  times,  in.  the  levada  of  the  Eibeu'o  Frio,  amongst  moist 
leaves  and  rubbish  in  spots  from  whence  the  water  had  retu'ed. 

Genus  27.  HYDROPORUS. 

Clairv-iUe,  Mit.  Heh.  ii.  1S3  (180G). 

Corpus  ])arvum,  oblongiim  vel  ovatum  :  prothorace  basi  in  mcflio  proclucto  :  alls  amplis.  Anfenrus 
filiforraes.  Labrum  brevissimuiu  ti'ansvcrsum,  autice  profunde  euiarginatum.  Mandibula  breves, 
apice  late  emarginatre,  intus  unideiitatse.  Maxilla  bilobiB  :  lobo  externo  palpiformi  biarticulato  : 
interna  acuto  incurvo,  ad  apicem  uucinato,  intus  ciliato.  Palpi  articulo  ultimo  elongato  robusto 
subtruncato.  Mentum  traiisversum,  aiitice  profunde  emargiuatum  et  dente  medio  brevi  acuto 
instructum.  Liyula  subquadrata.  Pedes  natatorii :  tarsis  anterioribus  4-articulatis,  in  maribus 
articulis  tribus  dilatatis ;  posticis  5-articiilatis :  unguiculis  omnibus  aequalibus  mobilibus. 

The  minute  size  of  the  Hydropori,  added  to  then-  foui-  anterior  tarsi  being 
quadi'iarticulate,  will,  apart  fi-om  minor  characters,  at  once  distinguish  them  fi-om 
the  members  of  the  aUied  groups.  Up  to  the  present  period,  but  two  represen- 
tatives of  this  large  genus  have  been  detected  in  Madeu-a,  which,  for  an  island 
abounding  with  streams,  and  in  a  genus  so  widely  distributed  and  extensive,  is 
somewhat  remarkable.  It  may  be  indeed  that  the  excessive  rapidity  of  the 
torrents,  which  arc  constantly  liable,  from  the  hea^-y  rains,  to  overHow  then- 
limits  and  to  precipitate  then*  contents  on  to  distant  and  isolated  spots  (which 
quickly  afterwards,  either  by  evaporation  or  absorption,  become  di'y),  is  anything 
but  favourable  to  aquatic  life ;  but  whether  such  be  the  case  or  not,  it  is  certain 
that  the  Hydradephaga  are  extremely  scarce. 

68.  Hydroporus  vigilans,  Woll. 

H.   oblongus  subdepressus  fusco-piceus,   capitc,    prothorace,    elytrommque  liueis    inteiTuptis,  plus 

muiusve  rufo-testaceis,  antennis  pedibusque  pallido-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2i-2|. 

Habitat  in  rivulis  Maderse,  praesertim  per  regiones  superiores,  toto  anno  \'ulgaris. 


H. 


oblong,  somewhat  depressed,  dark  brownisb-piceous ;  the  males  shining,  the  females  opake. 
Head  and  prothorax  i-ufo-testaccous ;  i\\c  former  large,  and  more  or  less  dusky  about  the  region 
of  the  eyes ;  the  hitter  regularly  and  equally  rounded  at  the  sides,  being  broadest  in  the  middle, 
distinctly  punctured  along  its  anterior  and  posterior  margins,  and  with  a  narrow  transverse 
portion  before  and  behind  (and  occasionally  the  disk  also)  more  or  less  cloudy  or  infuscate. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  87 

Elytra  with  a  few  faint,  irregular,  interrupted  longitudinal  lines  dull  testaceous ;  and  with  three 
longitudinal  rows  of  impressed  points  on  each,— the  two  inner  ones  of  which  are  distinct,  and 
disposed  in  depressed  stria;,  whilst  the  outer  one  is  almost  obsolete.  Prothorax  beneath,  legs, 
antenna,  and  parts  of  the  mouth  pale  ferruginous. 

A  rather  coiiimon  Si/drojoonis  in  nearly  all  the  streams  of  Madeira,  above  the 
altitude  of  1000  feet ;  and  on  the  northern  side  of  the  island  descendinar  to  a  much 
lower  elevation.  In  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  and  at  the  Cui-ral  das  Romeii-as, 
above  Punchal,  I  have  observed  it  in  great  profusion ;  and  in  the  rivulets  issuing 
from  the  Paul  da  Serra  it  is  equally  abundant.  Its  normal  range  however  would 
appear  to  be  from  about  2000  to  3000  feet  above  the  sea.  Near  Sao  Vincente 
indeed  I  have  eaptm-ed  it,  occasionally,  on  the  level  of  the  shore ;  but,  like  the 
Agabus  Maderensis  with  which  it  was  found  in  company,  it  is  possible  that  such 
specimens  had  descended  from  the  lofty  ravines  above,  which  terminate  at  that 
particular  point,  as  indeed  they  do  ahnost  everywhere  along  the  northern  coast,  in 
abrupt  sea  cliffs,  over  which  the  mountain  torrents  pour  in  constant  waterfalls. 
In  such  positions  it  is  clear  that  insects  of  a  normally  higher  range  might,  and  in 
all  probability  would,  be  continually  washed  down, — especially  dm-ing  the  severe 
floods  to  which  the  island  is  subject, — and  so  become  naturalized  below. 


69.  Hydroporus  confluens. 
H.  ovatus  nigi-o-piceus,  supra  flavus  capite  postice  leviter  infuscato  atque  elytris  apicem  versus  lineis 

interruptis  nigris  ornatis,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Bytiscus  conjluens,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  198  (1792). 
Hyphydrus  confluens,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  522  (1808). 
Mygrotus  conflttens,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  47  (1828). 
Hydroporus  confluens,  Aube,  Hydrocan.  557  (18.38). 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  rarissimus  :  in  stagno  quodam  parvo  baud  procul  ab  urbe  Funchalensi 
sito  exemplar  unicum  nuperrime  collegit  Dom.  Rousset. 

H.  ovate,  shining,  beneath  piceous-black,  above  pale  yellow.  Head  of  a  deeper  yellow  than  the  rest 
of  the  surface,  being  almost  testaceous ;  dusky  behind,  and  about  the  region  of  the  eyes.  Pro- 
thorax  very  short  and  small,  narrower  than  the  elytra,  being  attenuated  in  front,  and  with  the 
sides  (though  oblique)  straight ;  punctured  before  and  behind.  Elytra  exceedingly  pale,  with 
the  suture,  and  four  irregular  lines  towards  the  apex  of  each,  deep  black, — of  which  the  one 
nearest  to  the  suture  is  short ;  the  second  longer,  extending  to  a  little  before  the  middle ;  the 
third  somewhat  shorter  than  the  first ;  and  the  fourth  long  but  broken,  the  lower  portion  beino- 
contluent  with  the  third,  and  the  upper  (which  in  the  common  European  type  is  well-defined, 
and  only  just  detached)  almost  obsolete,  being  merely  indicated  by  a  minute  dash  considerably 
in  advance  of  the  former  :  with  two  or  three  longitudinal  rows  of  impressed  points  (disposed  in 
strise)  on  each,  and  some  large  scattered  puiictui-es  about  the  region  of  the  suture.  Lens  and 
antennce  pale  testaceous. 


88  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Readily  kno^\Ti  by  its  small  size  and  ovate  form,  by  its  pallid  hue,  and  by  the 
abbreviated  black  lines  A^ith  which  the  apical  portion  of  its  elytra  are  decorated ; 
— but  which  are  somewhat  shorter  and  less  distinct  in  the  single  Madeiran 
specimen  which  has  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice  than  in  the  ordinary  type. 
It  is  to  M.  Uousset  tliat  we  are  indebted  for  the  admission  of  tliis  species  into  our 
fauna,  a  unique  example  (Avliich  is  just  perceptibly  narrower  than  is  usually  the 
case  with  its  more  northern  representatives)  having  been  lately  discovered  by  him 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Funchal.  It  is  an  abundant  insect  throughout  the 
whole  of  Em'ope  and  in  the  north  of  Africa, — being  recorded  in  Egypt,  Algeria, 
and  Barbary. 

Fain.  3.  GYRINID^. 

Genus  28.  GYRINUS. 
Linnaeus,  S_i/st.  JS'af.  ii.  567  (1767). 

Corpus  parvum,  ovatum  :  ocu/is  quatuor  :  prothorace  basi  in  medio  producto  :  alls  amplis.  Antenna 
lO-articulatse,  brevissimse,  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  maximo  globoso  extus  in  lobum  pro- 
ducto, reliquis  brevissimis  inter  se  arete  applicatis,  clavam  fusiformem  eflBcientibus.  Labrinn 
transversum,  antice  levitcr  emarginatum.  Mandihula  breves,  apice  emarginato-dentatne.  Maxilla 
bilobse  :  lubo  extei-no  angusto  subulate,  exarticulato :  interno  acuto  incurvo,  ad  apiceni  uncinato, 
intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  breves,  articulo  ultimo  in  maxillaribus  magno  ovato,  in  labialibus 
graciliore.  Mentuni  transversum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum.  Ligula  brcvis  lata,  apice 
truncata.  Pedes  posteriores  uatatorii,  breves  compressi ;  postici  elongati :  tarsis  postcrioribus 
articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  intus  valde  productis,  ultimo  minutissimo. 

The  Linnsean  genus  Gi/riuiis  presents  such  remarkal)le  featm-es  in  the  struc- 
tiu-e  of  its  tarsi,  antennae  and  mouth,  that  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  point  out  its 
ilistinctions  from  any  of  the  ncighbom'ing  forms.  The  species  are  indeed  too  well 
known,  from  theu'  habits,  to  require  comment :  tlicir  small,  brilliant  l)odies  so 
constantly  to  be  seen  on  the  sm-faces  of  the  stUl  pools,  ditches,  and  quiet  waters  of 
nearly  every  country, — weaving  cu'cles,  and  clustering,  in  the  sun, — can  scarcely 
have  failed  to  have  attracted  the  attention  of  tlie  most  casual  observers.  I  am 
doul)tfid  whether  the  group  is  truly  indigenous  to  these  islands,  not  having  myself 
succeeded  in  detecting  it,  and  the  only  representative  which  I  have  hitherto  seen 
being  an  example  of  the  common  G.  natator,  given  to  me  by  the  Eev.  R.  T.  Lowe 
from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken,  but  unaccompanied  by  the  details  of 
its  capture. 

70.  Gyrinus  natator. 
G.  ovatus  subviridesccnti-nigcr  nitidus,  elytris  striato-punctatis,  prothoracis  elytrorumque  marginibus 

inflc.xis,  pectore,  ano,  pedibusque  rufo-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin,  3. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  89 

Dytiscus  nniator,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  779  (1761). 
Oi/n'nus  natator,  Linn.  Sysf.  Nnt.  567  (1767). 

,  Eab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  202  (1792). 

• ,  Aube,  Hydrocan.  QQi  (1838). 

Habitat  Maderam,  niilii  non  obvius  :  exemplar  unicunij  a  Doin.  Heinecken  olim  captum  (e.x  Anglia 
cum  plantis  aquaticis  introductus  ?)  in  museo  Loweano  vidi. 

G.  ovate,  black,  with  a  slightly  greenish  tinge,  shining.  Prothorax  short,  produced  iu  the  centre 
behind;  and  transversely  furrowed  in  front,  especially  towards  the  anterior  angles.  Elytra 
truncated  at  their  apex,  and  finely  striate-punctate ;  their  inflexed  margin  (with  that  of  the  pro- 
thorax),  the  breast,  the  apex  of  the  abdomen  underneath,  and  the  legs  riifo-testaceous. 

As  just  stated,  it  is  not  Avitliout  hesitation  that  I  admit  the  common  European 
G.  natator  into  our  present  fauna :  nevertheless,  since  there  cannot  be  any  doubt 
that  Dr.  Heinecken's  specimen  was  captured  in  the  island,  it  is  possible  that  the 
species  may  be  truly  indigenous,  although  rare,  and  that  it  has  hitherto  escaped 
the  observation  both  of  myself  and  the  other  naturaUsts  who  have  been  working 
during  the  last  few  years  in  the  Madeiran  group.  I  tliink  it  far  from  unlikely, 
however,  that  the  unique  example  on  which  its  admission  must  be  considered  to 
rest  may  have  been  accidentally  introduced  with  aquatic  plants,  from  more  northern 
latitudes,  which  were  formerly  imported  into  the  gardens  more  generally  than 
they  are  now  by  the  English  residents ; — -an  idea  which  is  rendered  the  more  pro- 
bable, since  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Lowe  that  Dr.  Heinecken's  collection  was 
principally  made  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Eunchal,  where  the  fresh-water 
tanks,  attached  to  nearly  every  house,  would  afford  ample  facilities  for  an  insect 
like  the  present  one  to  become  temporarily  naturalized. 


Sectio  hi.  PHILHYDRIDA. 
Fam.  4.  PARNID^. 

Genus  29.  PARNUS. 

Pabriciua,  Ent.  Syst.  i.  215  (1792). 

Corpus  minusculum,  subcylindrico-oblongum,  villosum :  alis  amplis.  Antennae  1 0-articulatae  bre- 
vissimse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  majoribus,  hoc  maximo  extus  valde  producto,  reliquis  bre- 
vissimis,  clavam  elongato-fusiformem  subserratam  efficientibus.  Lahrum  amplum  transversum, 
antiee  leviter  emarginatum.  MandibulcB  acutfe,  apice  dentatee.  Maxilla  bilobse  membranacese  : 
lubo  externa  latiusculo :  interna  angusto,  intus  ciliato.  Palpi  brevissimi,  articulo  ultimo  robusto, 
in  maxillaribus  subovato,  in  lahialibus  subgloboso.  Mentum  transversum,  antiee  leviter  emar- 
ginatum. Ligula  ampla.  Pedes  ambulatorio-subnatatorii,  graciles  elongati :  tibiis  cylindricis 
muticis  :  tarsis  articulis  quatuor  subaequalibus,  quinto  longissimo. 

N 


90  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

The  genus  Parnus,  concerning  the  location  of  which  entomologists  are  stUl  so 
much  divided,  may  be  readily  known  by  the  subcylindi-ical,  villose  bodies  of  the 
few  species  which  compose  it,  by  their  slender  elongated  legs  and  unarmed  tibiae, 
and  by  their  subnatatorial  habits, — their  legs  not  being  formed  for  s-ndmming,  but 
for  walking  on  muddy  banks,  or  adhering  to  the  submerged  aquatic  plants  of 
ditches  and  pools.  They  are  of  an  extremely  sluggish  natiuT,  and  possess  the  power 
of  remaining  a  great  length  of  time  imder  water,  theii-  woolly  smfaces  enabling 
them  to  retain  a  sufficient  quantity  of  air  for  respii-ation  dm-ing  submersion. 

71.  Parnus  prolifericomis. 

P.  subcylindrico-oblongus  fusco-uiger,  infra  albido-holosericeus,  supra  olivaceo-v'illosus,  elytris  obso- 

Ictissime  subpunctato-striatis,  tarsis  elongatis  piceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-2j. 

Parnus  prolifericomis,  Fab.  Ent.  Si/st.  i.  245  (1792). 

,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  139  (1808). 

,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  103  (1829). 

,  Zett.  Ins.  Lap.  125  (1840). 

Habitat  in  aqiiis  quietis  Maderje,  plantis  aquaticis  adhferens,  vel  sub  lapidibus  ad  margiues  rivulorum, 
toto  anno  frequens. 

P.  elongate,  subcylindrical-oblong,  brownish-black  with  a  just  perceptibly  sneous  tinge;  densely 
clothed  beneath  with  a  short,  whitish,  and  above  wth  a  lougj  woolly,  olivaceous  pubescence ; 
minutely  punctured.  Prothorax  convex  on  the  disk;  and  with  an  impressed  longitudinal  line 
on  either  side.  Elytra  very  obsoletely  striated,  the  strife  having  obscure  indications  of  being 
punctured.     7am  long  and  piceous. 

Abundant  at  aU  seasons  of  the  year  at  the  edges  of  the  pools  and  streams  of 
Madcu-a,  ranging  fi-om  about  1000  to  5000  feet  above  the  sea.  My  own  specimens 
are  principally  from  the  Cm-ral  das  Romeiras,  Santa  i\jina,  the  Cruzinhas,  and  the 
Panal ;  but  there  is  scarcely  a  district  in  the  island  in  which  I  have  not  observed 
it  to  exist.  It  is  a  common  insect  tlu'oughout  Eiu'ope  and  Algeria ;  and  the 
Madeii"an  specimens  do  not  appear  to  differ  in  any  respect  fi'om  the  ordinary  type. 


Farn.  5.  HYDROPHILIDiE. 

Genus  30.  OCHTHEBIUS. 

Leach,  Zool.  Miseell.  iii.  91  (1817). 

Corpus  niinutum,  elongato-ovatum :  prothorace  subcordato,  plus  minusve  foveolato :  alis  amplis. 
Antenna  9-articulat;e  brcvissimae,  articuhs  primo  et  secundo  robustis,  illo  elongate  flexuoso,  hoc 
breviore  subovato,  tertio  gracillimo  subspatulato,  quarto  brevi  minutissimo,  reliquis  clavam 
oblongam  jjubescentem  quinque-artieulatam  apicc  obtusam  efficicntibus.  Labrum  transvcrsum, 
antice  leviter  euiarginatum  cihatum.     Mandibutte  breves  latir,  apice  fissK,  basi   membranacea; 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  91 

dente  trifido  armatse.  Maxilla  bilobfe :  lobo  externa  articulato  angusto,  apice  acutissime 
uncinate  :  interno  breviore,  ad  apicem  acuto  iuciirvo  imcinato,  iutus  spinuloso  ciliato.  Palpi 
maxiUares  \vs.  longiusculi,  articulo  ultimo  minuto  subulato  :  lahiales  (in  tj-picis  brevissimi,  sed 
in  specie  Maderensi)  parum  elongati,  articulo  primo  brevissimo,  seeundo  longissimo  btflexuoso, 
ultimo  brevi  subovato.  Mentum  amplum  subquadratum,  margine  antico  rotundato.  Ligula 
brevis  lata,  apice  vix  emarginata.  Pedes  subnatatorii,  robusti,  antici  breviusculi :  femoribus  sub- 
cylindi'icis :  tibiis  rectis  spinosis,  aniicis  apicem  versus  Icviter  dilatatis  :  tarsis  baud  cibatis, 
articulo  primo  brevissimOj  seeundo  arete  connate,  quinto  elongato  curvato. 

The  little  genus  Ochthehhis  may  be  known  by  its  9-jointed  antennae,  by  its 
subcorclate  and  more  or  less  foveolated  protborax,  and  by  its  comparatively  sbort 
maxillary  palpi,  with  tbeir  minute,  subulated  terminal  joint.  I  have  not  been 
able  to  detect  more  than  a  single  species  in  Madeira,  \vi. — 

72.  Ochthebius  4-foveolatus. 

O.  eloDgato-ovatus  nigro-seneus  parce  pubescens,  protborace  subcordato  canaliculato  utrinque  linea 
longitudinali  interrupta,  foveolas  duas  eiSciente,  instructo,  lateribus  rugose  inaequaliter  impressis, 
elj^tris  profunde  punctatis  baud  striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-testaceis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1^^. 

Ochthehius  4:-foveoJafus,  Motsebulsky,  in  litf. 

Habitat  jMaderam  borealcm, — in  rivulo  Ribeiro  de  Sao  Jorge  dicto,  baud  procul  a  Sancta  Anna,  d.  17 
Mai.  A.D.  1850  a  meipso  copiosissime  inventus. 

O.  elongate-ovate,  dark  feneous,  sbining,  and  very  sparingly  pubescent ;  clotbed  beneath  with  a  fine, 
white,  decumbent  pile.  Head  with  two  very  deep  rounded  depressions  on  the  forehead.  Pro- 
thorax  subcordate ;  with  a  dorsal  channel,  and  two  short,  deep,  distinct  fovese  on  either  side, 
placed  one  over  the  other  as  though  formed  by  an  interrupted  longitudinal  line ;  rugosely  and 
deeply  impressed  towards  the  lateral  margins  (a  small  portion  of  which  behind  is  transparent  and 
white),  where  there  are  indications  of  one  or  two  other  abbreviated,  though  irregular  fovese. 
Elytra  coarsely  punctured,  but  not  punctate-striated.     Legs,  antenna  and  palpi  rufo-testaceous. 

Clearly  the  Madeu*an  representative  of  the  O.  punctatus  of  more  northern  lati- 
tudes, although  with  too  many  distinctive  characters  of  its  o^\^l  to  allow  of  its 
being  identified  with  that  species.  It  differs  from  it,  principally,  in  its  greater 
bulk  and  comparatively  broader  outline,  in  its  more  brassy  and  less  pubescent 
svu'face,  in  its  legs  being  longer  and  more  robust,  and  in  its  protborax  being 
altogether  larger  and  more  distinctly  foveolated.  I  have  observed  it  hitherto  only 
in  the  north  of  the  island;  where,  on  the  17th  of  May  1850,  I  captm-ed  it  in 
the  utmost  profusion  in  the  Hibeu'o  de  Sao  Jorge,  close  to  the  ascent  of  the  old 
road  to  Santa  Anna.  I  have  retained  the  name  which  was  proposed  for  it  by 
M.  Motsebulsky  during  his  late  visit  to  England. 


N  2 


92  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  31.  CALOBIUS*,  WoU.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  7.) 

Corpus  minutum,  gracile,  elongatum  :  cajiite  prodiicto ;  oculis  magnis,  valde  prominentibus  :  pro- 
thorace  subquadrato,  postice  rotundato  :  elytris  ad  apicem  pygidium  vix  tegentibus :  alls  amplis. 
Antenna  {II.  7 «)  9-articulat:E  brevissimEB,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  robustisj  illo  longissimo 
bitlexuoso,  hoc  breviore  obpyrit'ormi,  tertio  gracillimo  subspatulato,  reliquis  clavam  paraUelo- 
oblongam  sex-articulatam  apice  obtusam  efficientibus  (quarto  transverso  brevissimo,  intus  in 
mucronem  minutissimum  acutissimum  producto).  Labrum  (II.  7  b)  maximum  durum  corneum, 
valde  porrectum,  subquadratum,  antice  in  medio  profunde  incisum,  aut  potius  bilobum,  baud 
ciliatum.  Mandibula  (II.  7  c)  breves  latissimae,  basi  mcnibranaceBe,  apicem  versus  internum 
denticulatse.  Maxilla  (II.  7  d)  bilobse :  lobo  externa  brevi  lato  subrecto,  apice  intus  mucronato : 
interna  paulo  longiore  graciliore,  ad  apicem  acutissime  uncinato,  intus  in  medio  setoso-pencillato. 
Palpi  maxillares  articido  primo  minutissimo,  secundo  curvato,  tertio  vix  longiore  robustiore 
subclavato,  ultimo  minute  subulate.  Labium  totum  (II.  7  e)  valde  imperfectum  :  palpos  et 
ligulam  detegere  baud  potui,  et  nisi  fallor  omnino  obsoleti  sunt :  patella  magna  mentiformis, 
utrinque  in  angulum  medium  acutissimum  producta,  sola  apparet,  sed  antice  est  magis  tenuis  ac 
dense  ciliata,  fitquc  inter  pilos  fortasse  partium  oris  inferiorum  rudimeuta  lateaut,  sed  vere  abesse 
credo.  Pedes  subnatatorii,  elongati  gracillimi :  femoribus  cylindricis :  tibiis  linearibus,  baud 
spinosis  sed  subtilissime  pubescentibus :  tarsis  (II.  7/)  baud  ciliatis,  clongatis,  articulo  primo 
brevissimo,  secundo  arete  connate,  quinto  longissimo  curvato. 

A  Kokot  formosus,  et  /3to9  vita. 

Throughout  all  the  Madeu'an  Coleoptera  there  is  no  form  more  truly  interesting 
than  Caloblns,  which  so  completely  unites  the  essential  characters  of  Ochtliebius 
and  Hydvicna,  that,  at  first  sight,  it  might  almost  be  referred  to  either  of  those 
groups.  In  reality,  however,  it  is  perhaps  more  nearly  akin  to  the  latter  than  to 
the  former,  agreeing  ^\ith  it  in  its  porrectcd,  dccply-incised,  and  unciHated  upper 
lip,  in  its  long  slender  legs,  and  in  its  antennoe  being  composed  of  seven  articula- 
tions only :  but  the  enormously  lengthened  maxillary  palpi  of  that  genus,  with 
their  large,  somewhat  thickened,  and  fusiform  terminal  joint,  are  eutu'ely  unre- 
])r(>seuted  in  our  present  insect,  which  possesses  the  short  and  apicaUy-subulated 
l)alpi  wliich  constitute  one  of  the  maui  distinctive  features  of  OcJdhehius.  XeA"er- 
theless,  whilst  it  appropriates  so  many  of  the  most  important  structural  details  of 
the  two  genera  in  question,  it  offers  very  decided  peculiarities  iu  which  it  recedes 
from  them  both,  since  its  short,  broad,  and  mucronated  outer  maxillary  lobe,  and 
its  subelongated  and  powerfully  hooked  inner  one  are  exceedingly  remarkal)le  in 
this  doi)artmont  of  the  Philhijdrida,  in  Avhich  the  maxilla?  are  not  generally  so 
liighly  developed :  added  to  which,  its  perfectly  unfurrowed  and  posteriorly 
roimded  protliorax,  and  its  granulated,  unpunctured  surface  give  it  an  unusual 
appearance,  which  we  are  altogether  unaccustomed  to  in  the  ordinary  modifica- 
tions of  its  immediate  allies.  And  it  is  worthy  of  observation  that  its  habits  are 
as  anomalous  as  its  aspect ;  for,  although  many  of  the  Ochthehii  and  Hydraince,  it 
is  well  known,  delight  in  brackish  spots,  yet  I  am  not  aware  that  any  of  thcni 

*  The  present  genua  is  written  Hahhim  in  the  plate  by  mistake. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  93 

reside  in  water  that  is  purely  salt, — whereas   Calobim   occurs   amongst   marine 
ConfervcB  in  the  pools  formed  by  the  actual  sea. 

73.  Calobius  Heeri,  WoU.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  7.) 

C.  gracilis  glaber  et  fere  opacus,  crebre  granulatus,  subsenescenti-  vel  subcuprescenti-niger,  pro- 
tboracis  limbo  pellucido  et  angulis  posticis  valde  rotundatis,  elytris  obsoletissime  substriatis, 
antennis  tibiisque  diluto-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 

Habitat  Madcram  maritimam,  mihi  non  obvius  :  ad  "  Gorgulbo,"  baud  procul  ab  m-be  Funchalensi, 
inter  confervas  in  staguantibus  aquis  marinis  crescentes,  primus  detexit  cl.  Dom.  Heer,  cujus  in 
honorem  nomen  triviale  dedi. 

C.  slender,  elongated,  glabrous,  and  almost  opake,  brownish-black,  and  with  either  an  seneous  or  a 
slightly  coppery  tinge.  Head  and  prothorax  closely  and  minutely  granulated ;  the  former  a  good 
deal  produced,  with  the  eyes  very  large  and  prominent,  and  with  an  impression  on  either  side  of 
the  forehead ;  the  latter  subquadrate,  being  truncated  in  front  and  rounded  behind,  without  any 
appearance  of  grooves  or  sulci, — even  the  dorsal  channel  being  in  most  instances  imperceptible ; 
the  extreme  margins  (anterior,  posterior  and  lateral),  especially  towards  the  anterior  angles, 
transparent.  Elytra  rather  more  roughened  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  and  (under  a  high 
magnifying  power)  with  a  few  very  minute,  distant  punctures,  disposed  in  longitudinal  rows, 
and  with  the  interstices  just  perceptibly  raised.  Anteimx  exceedingly  short  and  slender,  usually 
not  at  all  apparent  from  above;  flavescent.  Palpi  and  legs  piceous-black,— the  latter  having  the 
tibicB,  especially  the  two  anterior  ones,  obscurely  flavescent. 

It  is  to  Professor  Heer  that  we  are  indebted  for  the  discovery  of  this  very 
interesting  little  insect,  which  entirely  eluded  my  own  researches  in  these  islands. 
It  was  first  detected  by  him,  on  the  6th  of  February  1851,  adhering  to  marine 
CoiiferviB  in  salt-water  pools  at  the  Gorgulbo,  near  Funchal, — in  which  position  it 
has  been  since  captui-ed,  abundantly,  by  M.  Rousset.  I  am  informed  by  my  friend 
Dr.  H.  Schaum,  of  Berlin,  that  it  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  Ochthebms  quaclri- 
collis,  Mulsant  (Ann.  de  la  Soc.  Royal  d'Agricult.  de  Lyon,  a.d.  1844,  p.  377), 
from  Corsica  and  Dalmatia,  though  specifically  distinct ;  and  that  in  all  probability 
the  above  species  will  be  found,  on  dissection,  to  be  a  true  Calobius. 

Genus  32.  LIMNEBIUS. 

Leach,  Zool  Miscell.  iii.  93  (1817). 

Corpus  minutum,  plus  minusve  ovatum  vel  ellipticum :  prothorace  brevi,  postice  lato :  elytris  apice 
leviter  truncatis,  pygidium  vix  tegentibus :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  8-articulat£e  brevissimae, 
articulis  primo  et  secundo  elougatis,  tertio,  quarto  et  quinto  miuutis,  reliquis  clavam  triarticu- 
latam  efficientibus.  Labrum  transversum,  antice  leviter  emarginatum.  Mandibula  breves  lat?e, 
apice  fissffi.  Maxillts  bilobse :  lobo  externa  lato,  apice  dense  barbato :  interno  paulo  longiore, 
angusto,  recto,  ad  apicem  uncinato,  intus  ciliato.     Palpi  filiformes,  articulo    ultimo  elongato 


94  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

fusiformi-cyliiidrico ;  maxillares  longissimi ;  labiales  mediocres.  Mentum  amplum,  transverso- 
qnadratum.  Lii/ula  brevis  lata,  a])ice  fissa.  Pedes  subuatatorii,  robusti,  antici  brc\'iusculi : 
femuribus  iihiisqiw  corapressis :  his  curvatis;  anticis  extus  soriato-spinulosis,  apicem  versus 
dilatatis ;  posterioribus  leviter  spinosis,  vix  ciliatis  :  tarsis  articulo  primo  brevissimo,  secundo 
arete  connate  ;  posterioribus  ciliatis. 

The  minute  size  and  somewhat  elliptical  outline  of  the  Limuebil  (which,  unlike 
Ochtheh'ms  and  Calob'ms,  have  their  prothorax  broadest  behind),  added  to  their 
8-jointed  antennae  and  their  entire  freedom  from  metallic  lustre,  wdll  be  sufficient, 
— a])art  from  the  distinctive  peculiarities  of  their  oral  organs,  which,  although 
considerable,  are,  necessarily,  in  insects  thus  small,  less  easy  of  observation, — at 
once  to  separate  them  from  the  members  of  the  neighbouring  groups.  In  theu- 
habits,  they  prefer  stagnant  water  to  streams,  residing  in  shallow  pools  and  ponds, 
especially  towards  the  margins,  and  attaching  themselves  to  stones  and  decaying 
leaves,  or  whatever  other  sul)stances  chance  may  place  in  their  way, — the  form  of 
theu'  bodies,  which  are  flattened  beneath,  and  arched  and  polished  aboAC,  being 
eminently  adapted  for  the  kind  of  adhesion  which  is  characteristic  of  the  greater 
portion  of  this  department  of  the  Fh'dhydnda. 

74.  Linmebius  grandicoUis,  Woll. 

L.  subclliptico-obovatus  niger,  minutissime  et  parce  pubescens,   subtiliter  punctulatus,    prothorace 

elytrisque  obscure  pallido-marginatis,  antenuis,  palpis  pedibusque  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  t. 

Habitat  in  aquis  Madei"se,  vol  stagnantibus  vel  lente  fluentibus, — ad  Cruzinhas  (5000'  s.  m.),  foliis 
arborum  madidis  adhferens,  Julio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  repertus. 

Ij.  somewhat  ovate  or  elliptical,  and  rather  acuminated  posteriorly,  black,  slightly  shining,  minutely 
and  sparingly  pubescent,  and  most  delicately  but  rather  closely  punctulated.  Prothorax  large 
and  broad,  being  widest  behind ;  the  lateral  margins,  especially  about  the  hinder  angles,  dull 
rufo-ferruginous ;  without  any  appearance  of  a  dorsal  channel.  Scutellum  rounded  and  very 
minute.  Elytra  acuminated  behind,  with  the  extreme  margins  very  obscui-ely  ferruginous. 
Legs,  antenna  and  palpi  pale  ferruginous. 

The  present  insect  differs  a  little  from  all  the  European  Limncbii  which  have 
hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice,  and  cannot,  I  think,  be  consistently  referred  to 
any  of  them ;  its  comparatively  pubescent  and  distinctly  punctulated  upper  surface, 
its  large  prothorax,  its  very  minute  scutellum,  and  its  much  posteriorly-acumi- 
nated clvtra  combining  to  indicate  what  I  have  but  Httlc  doubt  is  an  additional 
species, — though  one  Avhich  is  evidently  closely  allied  to  some  of  the  more  northern 
members  of  the  group.  It  is  extremely  rare, — or,  at  any  rate,  local, — being  appa- 
rently confined  to  lofty  altitudes,  and  to  spots  more  or  less  diilicult  of  access. 
The  only  district  in  fact  in  which  I  have  observed  it  is  the  region  of  the  Cruzinlias 
(about  5000  feet  above  the  sea), — where,  during  July  1850,    I  captm'ed  many 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  95 

specimens,  adhering  to  the  under  sides  of  decaying  leaves,  in  the  small  shallow 
pools  and  trickling  streams  with  which  those  densely  wooded  uplands  everywhere 
abound. 

Genus  33.  LACCOBIUS. 

Erichson,  Kaf.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  202  (1837). 

Corpus  parviim,  subhemisphaericum  :  prothorace  brevi,  postice  lato  :  alis  amplis,  Antennce  S-articulatse 
breves,  articulo  primo  longiusculo,  secundo  breviore  crasso,  tertio  minutissimo,  quarto  quintoque 
latioribus  transversis  arete  connatis  (hoc  subpoculiformi),  reliquis  clavam  oblongam  pubesceatem 
triarticulatam  efficientibus.  Labrum  transversum,  antice  vix  emarginatum.  Mandibula  breves 
latse,  apice  incurvae  fissse.  Maxilla  bilobte :  lobo  externa  lato  ovato,  apice  barbato,  ungue  minu- 
tissimo incurve  terminali  munito :  interno  paulo  breviore  angustiore,  intus  ad  apicem  barbato 
eiliato,  margiue  interno  membrana  instructo.  Paljn  subfiliformes,  articulo  ultimo  elongato-sub- 
ovatoj  maxillares  longiusculi;  labmles  mediocres.  Mentum  amplum,  transverso-quadratum, 
margine  antico  rotundato.  Ligula  brevis  lata,  apice  fissa,  aut  potius  biloba.  Pedes  su^bnatatorii, 
robusti,  antici  breviusculi :  femoribus  tibiisque  compressis :  his  spinosis,  valde  calearatis,  baud 
ciliatis ;  anticis  apicem  versus  leviter  dilatatis  ;  posticis  curvatis :  tarsis  filiformibus  elongatis 
parce  ciliatis,  articulo  primo  brevissimo,  secundo  arete  connato. 

Laccobms  may  be  known  by  the  convex  and  somewhat  hemispherical  form  of 
the  insects  composing  it, — which  are  not  only  of  a  much  larger  size  than  the 
Limnebii,  and  have  their  elytra  entirely  covering  their  abdomen,  but  the  articula- 
tions of  their  antennae  and  the  lobes  of  their  maxillae  are  differently  constructed 
from  those  of  that  genus ;  their  tibiae  also  (the  hinder  pair  of  which  are  alone 
curved)  are  more  powerfully  spurred  and  spinulose,  and  their  tarsi  are  more 
elongated  and  slender.  Erom  Hi/drohius  (to  which,  in  general  aspect,  it  approaches 
nearer  than  it  does  to  Llmneb'ms),  its  8-jointed  antennae,  the  minute  terminal  claw 
with  which  the  outer  lobe  of  its  maxillae  is  furnished,  added  to  its  hinder  tibiae 
being  slightly  curved,  will  readily  separate  it. 

75.  Laccobius  minutus. 
Ii.  rotundato-ovatus  couvexus  niger  punctulatus,  prothoracis  lateribus  elytrisque  pallido-testaceis,  his 

dense  substriato-punctatis  et  plus  minusve,  prsesertim  in  discum,  nigro-irroratis,  antennis  pedi- 

busque  pallido-ferrugineis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1|-1|. 

Chrysomela  mimita,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  166  (1761). 
Hydvophilus  hipunctatus,  Fab.  ^yst.  Eleu.  i.  251  (1801). 

minutus,  G-yll.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  116  (1808). 

Laccobius  minutus,  Erich.  Kaf.  der  Marh  Brand,  i.  203  (1837). 

Habitat  Maderam  excelsam  sylvaticam,  in  locis  similibus  ac  Limnebius  grandicoUis,  sed  illo  multo 
frequentior. 

L.  short-ovate,  convex,  black  (sometimes  with  a  just  perceptibly  aeneous  tinge),  and  slightly  shining. 


96  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Head  and  prothorax  densely  and  minutely  punctulated  ;  the  latter  with  the  sides  hroadly  testaceous. 
Ell/Ira  closely  substriate-punctate  (the  punctures  having  generally  only  a  tendency  to  arrange 
themselves  in  longitudinal  rows) ;  pale  testaceous,  and  more  or  less  densely  mottled,  or  be- 
sprinkled (especially  on  the  disk),  with  black.  Lec/s,  palpi  and  antenna  either  testaceous  or  else 
very  pale  ferruginous. 

The  Madeiran  specimens  of  this  common  Evu-opean  insect  differ  in  being  a  little 
larger  and  less  shining  than  the  ordinary  type,  and  in  having  the  pimctui-es  of 
their  elytra  somewhat  less  distinct  and  not  quite  so  regularly  disposed  in  striae. 
It  is  decidedly  rare,  being  confined  almost  exclusively,  like  the  lAmnebius  gran- 
(JicoUis,  to  lofty  positions  Avithin  the  sylvan  districts.  I  have  taken  it  at  the 
Ribeiro  Frio,  in  the  spring;  in  the  small  trickling  streams  of  the  Cruzinhas, 
adhering  to  submerged  leaves ;  and  in  similar  spots  at  the  head  of  the  Eibeii'o 
Fundo,  on  the  northern  edges  of  the  Fanal, — during  July. 


Gemis  34.  HYDROBIUS. 

Leach,  Zool  MisceU.  iii.  93  (1S17). 

Corpus  vel  mediocre,  vel  (ut  in  specie  Maderensi)  parvum,  oblongo-  vel  rotundato-ovale :  prothorace 
postice  lato  :  mesnsterno  carinato  :  alls  (in  typicis  amplis,  scd  in  specie  nostra)  obsolctis.  An- 
tennce  9-articulat:c  breves,  articulo  primo  elougato  crasso  flexuoso,  secundo  paulo  breviore  sub- 
cylindrico,  tertio  brevi,  quarto  quintoquc  brevissimis,  sexto  lato  subpoculiformi,  reliquis  validiori- 
bus,  clavam  magnam  oblongam  pubescentem  triarticulatam  efficientibus,  ultimo  (in  typicis  vel 
acuminato  vel  oblongo,  sed  in  nostra)  globoso.  Labrum  transversum,  antice  leviter  emarginatum. 
MandibuliB  breves  latie  obtectfc,  apice  incurvre  acutie  fissa;.  Maxilla  bOobpe  :  lobo  externa  brcvi 
lato,  apice  dense  barbato :  internu  paulo  breviore  angustiore,  intus  ad  apicem  barbato  eihato,  mar- 
gine  intemo  membrana  instructo.  Palpi  inaxiUares  breviusculi  robusti,  articulo  ultimo  penultimo 
lougiore ;  labiates  mcdiocres.  Mentum  amplum,  transverso-quadratum,  margine  antico  rotundato 
sed  ad  summum  apicem  ssepius  le\iter  emarginato.  Ligula  lata,  apice  fissa,  aut  potius  biloba, 
lobis  rotundatis  ciliatis.  Pedes  subnatatorii,  robusti,  antici  vis  breviores :  femoribus  tibiisqae 
subcompressis :  his  roctis  spinosis,  valde  calcaratis,  apicem  versus  (prjesertim  anticis)  leviter 
dilatatis  :  tarsis  {prxcipue  pusteriuribus)  parce  ciliatis,  articulo  primo  brevissimo,  secundo  arete 
connato. 

In  addition  to  minor  points  of  distinction,  sufficiently  apparent,  Hi/drobius  may 
be  known  from  Laccohins  ])y  its  9-jointed  antenna?,  by  tlie  absence  of  any  indica- 
tion of  a  cui'ved  hook  to  the  outer  lobe  of  its  maxillye,  and  by  its  miiformly 
straightened  tibise.  The  minute  and  suborbicular  form  of  a  few  of  the  species 
which  compose  it  (represented  in  Madeira  by  the  only  member  of  the  group 
which  I  have  hitherto  been  able  to  detect)  gives  them,  at  fii'st  sight,  a  strong 
resemblance  to  Ch(etorthria,  Waterh.  (Stcph.  ///.  Brit.  Ent.  a.d.  1832  •,=  CiiUidh(m, 
Erich.  Kdf.  der  Jlar/c  Brand,  a.d.  1837) ;  but  the  simple  sternum  of  that  genus, 
added  to  the  slender  and  very  elongated  basal,  and  the  short,  thick,  and  globose 
second,  joints  of  its  antennaj,  and  the  large  penultmiate  (and  small,  truncated 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  97 

terminal)  one  of  its  labial  palpi,  will  be  more  than  sufficient  to  prevent  the  possi- 
bility of  confounding  it,  on  closer  examination,  with  Hydrobius. 


76.  Hydrobius  conglobatus,  WoU. 

H.  subglobosus  nitidiusculus  niger,  minutissime  punctulatus,  prothoracis  lateribus  diluto-testaceis, 
elytris  confertissime  et  subtilissime  granulatis,  singulo  stri^  suturali  postica  leviter  impresso,  ad 
marginem  anguste,  sed  ad  apicem  late  testaceis,  pedibus  rufo-piceis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1-li. 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem  excelsam  sylvaticam,  rarissime, — ad  summam  originem  convallis  Ribeiro 
de  Joao  Delgada  dictje  d.  19  Jul.  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  detectus. 

H.  short,  subglobose,  black,  and  slightly  shining;  regularly  punctured  above  with  somewhat  distant, 
but  excessively  minute  points.  Prothorax  with  the  sides  broadly  testaceous.  Elytra  with  a 
very  lightly  impressed  sutural  stria  on  each  behind,  but  none  whatsoever  in  front ;  rather  less 
shining  than  the  prothorax,  and,  in  addition  to  the  punctures  (which  are  not  disposed  in  strife), 
most  minutely  and  closely  granulated  (a  sculpture,  however,  which  is  only  apparent  under  a  high 
magnifying  power) ;  the  lateral  margins  narrowly  and  obscurely,  but  the  apex  broadly,  testaceous, 
— the  junction  of  the  darker  and  lighter  portions  being  usually  somewhat  abrupt  and  oblique, 
(the  suture  also,  when  the  elytra  are  upraised,  appearing  sUghtly  pale).  Wings  entirely  obsolete. 
Palpi  and  antenna  testaceous.     Let/s  rufo-piceous. 

A  most  distinct  and  interesting  little  Hydrohms;  and  one  which,  from  its 
minute  size  and  subglobose  body,  bears  a  considerable  prima  facie  resemblance  (as 
ah-eady  stated)  to  the  genus  Chcetarthria.  Its  antennse  and  trophi  however  prove 
it  to  be  a  true  Hydrobius  :  and  it  would  appear  to  be  the  Madehan  representative 
of  the  common  S.  globulus  of  more  northern  latitudes, — although  abundantly 
separated  from  that  insect,  specifically,  in  structure,  sculptiu'e,  and  form.  Thus, 
to  say  nothing  of  its  behig  apterous,  it  is  much  shorter,  more  globose,  and  less 
highly  polished  than  the  S.  globulus ;  the  pale  apex  of  its  elytra,  instead  of 
shading  off  gradually  and  imperceptibly  into  the  darker  base,  is  usually  well- 
defined  and  abrupt,  terminating  ol)liquely  at  about  one-third  of  the  distance  from 
the  extremity ;  and  the  large  and  deep  punctiu-es  which  are  so  apparent  on  the 
upper  surface  of  that  species  are,  in  the  S.  conglobatus,  far  apart  and  excessively 
small ;  whUst  the  elytra  are  (in  addition)  most  closely  and  finely  granulated, — or, 
more  strictly  perhaps  (for  it  is  only  beneath  a  very  high  magnifying  power  that  it 
is  perceptible),  densely  crowded  Avith  an  under-series  of  most  dehcate  and  minutely 
impressed  points.  This  peculiarity  of  sculpture  indeed  (although  a  microscopic 
character)  is  exceedingly  remarkable,  and  one  which  I  do  not  see  developed,  to 
the  same  extent,  in  any  other  member  of  the  FMlliydrida  with  which  I  am 
acquainted.  From  the  S.  globulus  it  likewise  recedes  in  the  club  of  its  antennae, 
which  is  large  and  perfoliated,  and  with  the  ultimate  joint  (instead  of  being 
acuminated)  exceedingly  globose.     It  is,  apparently,  of  the  greatest  rarity,  and 

o 


98  IXSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

confined  to  high  altitudes.  The  only  tlu'ee  specimens  which  I  have  seen  were 
captured  by  myself,  on  the  19th  of  July  1850,  in  the  bed  of  a  smaU  trickling 
stream  Avhich  issues  out  of  the  rocks  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  Ribeu'O  de  Joiio 
Delgada. 

Genus  35.  PHILHYDRUS. 

Solier,  Ann.  Je  la  Soc.  Ent.  de  France,  iii.  315  (1834). 

Corpus  fere   ut   in   Hydi-obio,   sed  luajoris  magnitudinis  et  luinus  convexum;    alls  amplis;  palpis 
maxillaribus  longissimis  gracilioribus,  articulo  ultimo  penultimo  bre^dore. 

Fhilhydriis  is  sometimes  regarded  as  a  section  of  the  last  genus ;  but  it  'oould 
appear  to  have  as  great  a  claim  for  isolation  as  at  any  rate  many  other  gi'oups 
which  are  universally  received.  It  differs  from  Sydrobms  in  the  less  convex  form 
of  the  insects  which  compose  it,  and  in  the  much  greater  length  of  their  maxillary 
palpi, — which  are  slender,  and  have  the  terminal  joint  always  shorter  than  the 
penultimate  one.  In  the  ^Madeira  Islands,  moreover,  the  great  disparity  of  size 
between  the  single  representatives  of  each  genus  wiU  serve  additionally  to  di- 
stinguish them. 

77.  PMLhydrus  melanocephalus. 
P.  ovalis  nitidus  niger,  supra  fusco-testaceus,  capite  posticc  nigricanti,  prothorace  in  discum  plus 
rainusvc  obsolete  infuscato,  clytro  singulo  stria  suturali  postica  impresso  ct  plaga  parva  basali 
obscura  longe  intra  huuierum  sita  nigrcscente  ornato,  tibiis  tarsisque  piccscenti-ferrugineis. 
Var.  /3.  supra  late  nigrescens,  limbo  solo  obscure  pallidescenti. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2\-^. 

Ht/drophilus  melanocephalus,  Oliv.  Ent.  iii.  39.  14  (1795). 

,  GyU.  Im.  Suec.  i.  119  (1808). 

Hydrohius  melanocephalus,  Ericli.  Eiif.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  209  (1837). 
Philhydrus  melanocephalus,  Mulsaut,  Palp.  137  (IS  14). 

Habitat  Portum  Sanctum :  in  ri\'ido  quodam  parvo  Ribeiro  de  Serra  de  Fora  dicto,  lapidibus  adhae- 
rentem,  Aprili  exeunte  a.d.  1848  copiose  collegi :  iu  Madera  propria  mihi  adhuc  non  obvius. 

P.  oval,  rather  convex  (though  depressed  compared  with  the  H.  conglobatus),  and  shining ;  most 
minutely  and  closely  punctiu'cd  all  over ;  piceous-black.  Head  with  a  large  subtriaugidar  patch 
in  front  of  each  eye  paler.  Prothoraa:  and  elytra  brownish-testaceous ;  the  former  generally  more 
or  less  obsoletely  infuscatcd  on  its  disk,  slightly  punctured  in  front  of  its  posterior  angles,  and 
with  an  impressed  point  on  either  side  of  its  disk  behind ;  the  latter  with  just  perceptible  indica- 
tions (under  a  high  magnifying  power)  of  punctured  striic,  but  with  a  deep  sutural  one  on  each 
behind,  with  a  small  obscure  dash  at  the  extreme  base  of  each,  rather  nearer  to  the  shoulder  than 
to  the  suture,  and  occasionally  a  still  fainter  and  more  elongated  one  close  to  the  shoulder  itself, 
more  or  less  dusky-black.  Femora  piccous ;  tibia,  tarsi,  palpi  and  antenna  rufo-ferruginous ; 
the  first  two  more  or  less  picescent. 
Var,  fi.  with  the  entire  upper  disk  darkly  and  broadly  infuscatcd,  or  almost  black, — the  patches  in 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  99 

front  of  the  eyes,  and  the  lateral  margins  of  the  prothorax  and  of  the  elytra  (especially  the 
former)  being  alone  paler. 

Found  only,  so  far  as  I  have  liitlierto  observed,  in  tlie  island  of  Porto  Santo ; 
where  I  captiu"ed  it  in  profusion,  during  April  1848,  adhering  to  the  undersides  of 
stones  in  the  little  stream  known  as  the  Ribeu-o  de  Serra  de  Pora.  It  occurs  in 
nearly  aU  parts  of  Europe,  and  is  abundant  in  Algeria. 


Fam.  6.  SPH^RIDIAD^. 

Genus  36.  DACTYLOSTERNUM,  WoU.    (Tab.  III.  %.  1.) 

Corpus  minusculum,  oblongum,  subdepressum :  p7-othorace  postice  lato :  elytris  pi'ofunde  striatis : 
metasterno  (III.  1  a)  piano,  antice  in  mucronem  subsagittatum  (III.  1  «*)  producto :  alis  amplis. 
Antenna  (III.  1  h)  9-articulat8e  geniculatje,  ante  oculos  sub  margiue  capitis  iusertse,  articulo 
prime  longissimo  ad  basin  flexuoso,  secundo  brevi  subconico-truncato,  tertio,  quarto  quiutoque 
minutissimis,  sexto  latiore  subpoculiformi,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  pubescentem  elongato- 
ovalem  triarticulatam  efficientibus.  Labrum  (III.  I  c)  breve  transversum,  antice  emarginatum 
et  dense  ciliatum.  MandibuJce  (III.  1  d)  validse,  apice  incurvfe  acutfe,  louge  intra  apicem 
unidentatse  et  margine  interno  membranaceo  ciliato.  Maxilla  (III.  1  e)  bilobse  subcoriacese  :  lobu 
externa  brevi  lato,  apice  dense  barbato :  interno  paulo  breviore,  intus  membranaceo,  apicem 
versus  pvibescente.  Palpi  maxillares  longiusculi,  articulo  secundo  robusto  subclavato,  ultimo 
subfusiformi :  labiates  (III.  !_/)  e  scapis  ligulte  connatis  surgeutes,  mediocres.  Mentum  amplum 
transverso-quadratum  angulis  anticis  acutis,  margine  antico  subrotundato  sed  ad  apicem  ipsum 
leviter  bilobo.  Liyula  lata,  profunde  biloba,  lobis  divergentibus  pubescentibus.  Pedes  (III.  \g.  1  h) 
subfossorii,  robusti:  femoribus  tibiisqae  subcompressis ;  his  parce  seriato-spinulosis,  valde  calcaratis, 
apicem  versus  leviter  dilatatis :  taisis,  ■pr?ese]:tim  postez-ioribus  (III.  1  A),  articulo  primo  elongato 
libero  :  unguiculis  (III.  1  k)  simplicibus,  subtus  ad  basin  rotundato-ampliatis. 

A  BdKTv\o<;  digitus,  et  urepvov  pectus. 

The  very  anomalous  insect  for  the  reception  of  which  I  have  established  the 
present  genus  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  all  the  Madeu-an  Coleo- 
ptera.  It  would  appear  to  constitute  a  connecting  link  between  Cercyon  and 
Cijclonotum,  agreeing  with  the  fii'st  in  the  subsolid  club  of  its  9-jointed  antennte, 
and  in  its  deeply  punctate- striated  elytra ;  whilst  in  its  emargmated  labrum,  in  its 
transverse-quadrate  mentum,  and  in  its  simple  meso-,  and  anteriorly  produced 
meta-stema  it  assumes  to  a  certain,  extent  the  peculiarities  of  the  second.  In  its 
mandibles  however  it  is  central  between  the  two.  For  one  of  the  most  important 
characteristics  of  Cyclonotum  is  its  apically  bifid  mandibles, — a  structm-e  which  it 
possesses  in  common  \Ai\\  the  members  of  the  preceding  family,  the  llydropliiUdcp 
(to  which  in  fact  in  many  respects  it  more  strictly  belongs).  In  the  remainder  of 
the  Sphceridiadce  however  (a  group  almost  purely,  with  the  exception  of  Cyclo- 
notum, terrestrial)  this  modification  is  lost  sight  of,  the  mandibles  being  edentate. 
Now,  the  habits  of  Dactylostermmi   are  exactly  intermediate  between  those  of 

o2 


100  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Cyclonotum  and  Cercyon,  since  it  combines  the  subaquatic  propensities  of  the  one 
^vith  the  stercoraceous  tendency  of  the  other ;  and  hence  it  is  extremely  inter- 
esting to  find  an  intermediate  state  of  mandible  corresponding,  as  it  were,  to  its 
double  nature, — for  the  tooth  which,  in  the  former  case,  by  being  placed  at  the 
extremity  causes  the  mandibles  to  be  cleft,  and  by  being  removed  altogether,  in 
the  latter,  to  be  unarmed,  being  situated  so  far  fi'om  the  termination  in  JDactylo- 
stermim  as  to  indicate,  almost  of  itself,  a  tj^oe  of  form  midway  between  the  ex- 
tremes. The  general  aspect  of  the  insect  under  consideration  is  that  of  an  enormous 
Ccrcyon  ;  nevertheless,  although  coinciding  Tvdth  that  genus  (as  ah-eady  stated)  in 
the  detads  of  its  antennae,  and  in  its  punctate-striated  elji:ra, — it  wants,  not  merely 
the  edentate  mandibles,  but  Hkewise  the  entu-e  upper  lip,  the  semicircular  mentum, 
and  the  simple  meso-,  and  the  keeled  meta-sterna,  the  most  essential  featiu-es  of 
that  group. 

It  will  be  perceived,  by  a  reference  to  the  plate,  that  the  anterior  metasternal 
appendage  of  oiu-  present  genus  is  of  a  very  singular  kind ;  since  it  not  only  differs 
from  that  Avhich  exists  in  Cyclonotum,  but  from  every  other  corresponding  process 
with  which  I  am  acquainted. 

78.  Dactylosternum  Roussetii,  WoU.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  l.) 

D.  oblongum  subdeprcssum  nitidum  nigrum,  miuutissime  et  creberrime  punctulatutn,  elytris  pro- 
funde  (prsesertim  postice)  punctato-striatis,  antennis  pallido-testaceis  clava  infuscata,  palpis 
pedibusque  rufo-piceis,  tarsis  prsesertim  anticis  pallidioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2^. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  mihi  non  obvium:  exemplar  unicum,  a  Rev''°  Dom°  Lowe  munifice 
donatum,  fere  ad  hoc  tempus  solum  possedi;  sed  plui-ima  specimina  sub  lapidibus  crastaceisque 
vacuis  niariiiis  in  liumidis  per  Oram  Funclialensem  maritimam,  sed  prresertim  ad  stagna  circa 
stabula  suilla,  nupcrrimc  detcxit  Dom.  Rousset,  insectorum  jMaderensium  scrutator,  cujus  in 
honorem  speciem  stabilivi. 

D.  oblong,  and  a  little  depressed,  black,  and  shining ;  most  closely  and  delicately  punctulated  all 
over.  Prothorax  sometimes  narrowly  and  very  indistinctly  piceous  at  the  extreme  edge  of  its 
front  emargination.  Scutellum  large  and  triangular.  Elytra  deeply  punctate-striated,  especially 
behind.  Antennae  at  base  pale  testaceous,  their  chtb  infuscatcd.  Palpi  and  legs  rufo-piceous ; 
the  tarsi  (particularly  the  two  front  ones)  being  a  little  paler. 

The  present  insect  is  one  which  altogether  escaped  my  own  observations  in  the 
Madeira  Islands.  i\jid  indeed  untU  witliin  the  last  few  months  but  a  single 
example  had  come  beneath  my  notice,  captm-ed  many  years  ago  by  the  late 
Dr.  Ileinecken,  from  whose  collection  it  was  presented  to  me  by  the  Rev.  11.  T. 
Lowe.  It  is  therefore  Avith  great  pleasiu-e  that  I  have  just  received  a  large  series 
from  M.  Rousset,  collected  in  moist  spots  on  the  beach  near  Funchal, — especially 
(as  he  informs  me)  in  the  em})ty  shells  of  crabs,  and  other  marine  Crustacea, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  101 

which  had  accumulated  about  the  pig-sties  and  sewers,  and  other  such-like  filthy 
receptacles  of  the  rejectamenta  of  the  town.  At  the  base  of  the  sea-wall  at  the 
Santiago  Fort  he  states  that  it  is  exceedingly  common. 

Genus  37.  SPH^RIDIUM. 

Fabricius,  Si/st.  JEleu.i.  92  (1801). 

Corpus  miuusculum,  subhemisplisericum,  minus  convexum  :  prothorace  postice  lato  sinuato :  ehjtris 
fere  baud  striatis  :  mesosterno  carinato :  inetasterno  piano,  antice  baud  producto :  alls  ampbs. 
Antenna  S-articulatae  breviusculse,  articulo  primo  longissimo  ad  basin  flexuoso,  secundo  brevi 
subconico-truncato,  tertio  quartoque  minutissimis,  quinto  lato  brevissimo  subpoculiformi,  reliquis 
clavam  maguam  pubescentem  subperfoliatam  elongato-ovalem  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (ultimo 
apice  oblique  truncate).  Labrum  breve  transversum,  antice  integrum  et  dense  ciliatum.  Man- 
dibulce  validse,  apice  edentate  incurvre,  intus  membranacese  ciliatse.  Maxilla  bilobje  membra- 
nacese :  lobo  externa  brevi  lato,  apice  dense  barbato :  interno  angustiore  brevissimo,  intus 
membrana  (ad  apicem  pencillata)  instructo.  Palpi  maxillares  lougiusculi,  articulo  secundo  robusto 
subclavato:  labiales  mediocres,  articulo  ultimo  minuto,  penultimo  majore  crasso.  Mentum 
amplum  transverso-subquadratum  anguiis  anticis  rotundatis,  margiue  antico  subrotundato.  Lujula 
lata,  profunde  biloba,  lobis  divergentibus  pubescentibus.  Peies  fossorii,  robusti:  femoribus 
tibiisque  compressis ;  his  valde  spinosis  et  calcaratis,  apicem  versus  dilatatis  :  tarsis  articulo  primo 
elongato  libero,  anticis  in  maribus  artieulis  quatuor  brevissimis,  ultimo  ad  apicem  valde  uncinato- 
ampliato. 

Then-  8-jointed  antennae,  and  powerfully  spined  tibiae,  added  to  the  singularly 
distorted  and  hooked  terminal  joint  of  their  male  fore-feet,  will  at  once  distinguish 
the  SphcsricUa  from  the  members  of  the  allied  groups.  They  are  larger  and  less 
convex  than  the  representatives  of  the  following  genus ;  and  their  elytra  are  either 
altogether  unstriated,  or  else  have  the  strise  so  excessively  obsolete  that  they  may 
be  practically  regarded  as  such.  In  their  habits  they  are  purely  stercoraceous, 
not  even  having,  apparently,  the  subaquatic  tendency  displayed  by  some  of  the 
species  of  Cercyon. 

79.  Sphseridimn  bipustulatum. 

S.  subhemisph?ericum  sub-opacum  nigrum,  minutissime  et  crcberrime  punctulatum,  prothorace 
elytrisque  angustissime  pallido-marginatis,  his  ad  apicem  late  rufo-testaceis,  singulo  stria  sutiu-ali 
postica  impresso  et  macula  subhumerali  rubescente  obsoletissima  vix  perspicua  ornato,  pedibus 
rufo-ferrugineis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  2\-2\. 

8pli(rridium  hipustiiJatum,  Fab.  Spec.  Ins.  i.  78  (1781). 
Dermesies  4i-7naculatus,  Mskm,  Ent.  Brit.  66  (1802). 
Sphceridium  marginatum,  Heer,  Fiia  Col.  Helv.  488,  var.  d.  (1841). 
bipustulatum,  Mulsant,  Palp.  154,  var.  B.  (1844). 

Habitat  Maderam,  prajsertim  infra  2000'  s.  m.,  in  stercore  bovino,  toto  anno  frequens. 


102  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

S.  hemispherical,  black,  and  somewhat  opake;  most  closely  and  delicately  punctulated  all  o\er. 
Prothorax  and  ehjtra  with  their  extreme  lateral  margins  narrowly  rufo-testaceous  ;  the  latter  with 
the  apex  broadly,  and  more  or  less  brightly  rufo-testaceous ;  each  with  an  impressed  sutural  line 
behind,  and  with  a  most  obscure  and  obsolete  patch  (generally  scarcely  perceptible,  except  when 
the  elytra  are  upraised)  towards  the  shoulders  rufescent.     Legs  rufo-ferruginous. 

The  Macleiran  state  of  tliis  common  European  insect  would  appear  to  be  that  in 
which  the  subhumeral  patches  of  the  elytra  are  aU  but  evanescent ;  since  it  is  only 
in  very  rare  instances  that  they  are  distinctly  perceptible.  It  is  abundant  thi-ough- 
out  Madeii'a,  in  the  dung  of  cattle,  though  priacipally  at  rather  low  elevations. 
Tn  the  -\-icimty  of  Fiinchal,  and  at  Santa  Anna  in  the  north  of  the  island,  I  have 
o])sorved  it  very  plentifully  at  most  seasons  of  the  year. 

Genus  38.  CERCYON. 

Leach,  Zool.  Mwcell.  iii.  95  (1817). 

Corpus  parvum,  convexum :  prnthornce  postice  lato :  eli/tris  ])lerumque  profunde  striatis  :  mesosterno 
carinato  :  vietasterno  \t\-Ano,  antice  baud  producto  :  «/wamplis.  ^H<e7i««'J-articuliitfebreviuscul;e, 
articulo  ])rimo  longissimo  ad  basin  flexuoso,  secundo  brevi  subconico-truncato,  tertio,  quarto 
quintoque  minutissimis,  sexto  latiore  subpoculiformi,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  pubescentem 
subsolidam  oblongo-ovalem  triarticulatam  efficientibus.  Luhrum  breve  transversum,  antice 
integi-um  et  dense  ciliatum.  Mandibulte  valid.T,  apice  edentata;  incurvae,  intus  membranaccfe 
ciUatse.  Maxilla  bilobse  membranacese :  lobo  externa  brevi  lato,  apice  dense  barbato  :  interna 
angustiore  brcvissimo,  intus  membranil  (ad  apicem  pencilhita)  iustructo.  Palpi  maxillares 
longiusculi  graciles,  articulo  secundo  robuslo  subclavato  :  lahiales  mediocres.  Meittum  amplum 
semicircularc.  Liijula  lata,  profunde  biloba,  lobis  divergentibus  pubescentibus.  Pedes  fossorii, 
robusti :  femoribus  tibiisqnc  compressis ;  his  seriato-spinulosis,  apicem  versus  (pi-asertim  poste- 
rioribus)  dilatatis :  tarsis  (prsesertim  posterioribus)  articulo  primo  elongate  libcro. 

Cercyon  may  be  readily  known  fi-om  SphcericUum  by  the  smaller  and  convexer 
l)odies  of  the  insects  which  compose  it,  by  theii'  more  or  less  deeply  striated  elytra, 
by  theii'  less  powerfully  spiued  tibia3,  and  by  the  somewhat  more  solid  club  of 
their  9-jointcd  antenntx;.  ^Mthough  ty|)ically  stercoraccous,  some  of  the  species 
have  a  decidedly  subaquatic  tendency,  residing  amongst  moss  and  decaying 
vegetable  matter  in  marshy  spots,  and  at  the  edges  of  ponds, — into  the  mud  and 
refuse  of  which  their  powerful  tibiae  enable  them  to  bm-row  \nth  considerable 
dexterity.  It  is  a  genus  more  particularly  abundant  in  northern  and  temperate 
latitudes.  Like  the  Homalotcc  however,  and  many  of  the  smaller  dimg-iiifestmg 
Brachclytra,  the  Cercya  are  constantly  liable  to  become  naturalized  thi'ough  the 
agency  of  cattle ;  and  I  think  it  far  from  improbable  that  two  at  least,  out  of  the 
four  Madeiran  representatives,  may  have  been  originally  introduced  into  the 
island,  either  from  south-western  Europe  or  else  fi'om  England. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  103 

80.  Cercyon  inquinatum,  WbU. 
C.  i-otundato-oblongum  convexum  nigrum  nitidissimum,  prothorace  plus  minusve  subpicescenti,  elytris 

profunde  subcrenato-striatis,  pedibus  rufo-fen-ugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1t-1|. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  a  Dom.  Rousset  ab  ovk  Funchalensi  maritima  nuper  communicatum. 

C.  roundisli-oblong,  convex,  black,  and  exceedingly  shining ;  most  delicately,  but  not  veiy  closely 
punctulated  all  over  (the  punctures  appearing,  under  the  microscope,  smaller  and  more  remote 
than  those  of  any  of  the  other  species).  Prothorax  more  or  less  perceptibly  picescent,  especially 
at  the  margins.  Elytra  deeply  crenate-  (scarcely  punctate-)  striated,  particularly  behind ;  and 
^^•ith  slight  indications  of  a  cm-ved,  or  lunate,  portion  a  little  behind  the  apex,  and  common  to 
both,  dull  rufescent  or  infuscate.  Antmnm  at  base,  and  the  jialpi,  rufo-testaceous ;  the  former 
with  the  club  (which  is  more  elongated  than  in  the  other  species)  infuscate.  Legs  rufo- 
ferraginous,  or  rufo-piceous. 

An  exceedingly  distinct  species,  and  one  which  may  be  readily  known  fi-om  the 
rest  of  the  Cercya  here  described  by  its  larger,  somewhat  rounder,  and  more  highly 
poHshed  body,  by  its  elj^tra  being  more  evidently  cme«ife-striated,  and  by  the 
comparatively  elongated  club  of  its  antennje.  It  'is  moreover  of  a  darker  hue,— 
the  tendency  of  its  prothorax  to  become  picescent  being  at  times  so  slight  as  to 
be  scarcely  perceptible;  whilst  the  obscui-e  sublimate  portion,  or  patch,  towards  the 
apex  of  its  elytra  is,  likewise,  occasionally  nearly  obsolete.  It  is  an  insect  which 
entii-ely  escaped  my  own  observations  in  the  Madeu-a  Islands,  the  only  specimens 
which  I  have  seen  having  been  lately  commimicated  by  M.  Eousset,  who  captui-ed 
them  on  the  sea-beach  at  Eunchal.  It  recedes  from  all  the  Em-opean  members  of 
the  genus  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  but  is  more  aUied  perhaps  to  the  common 
C.flavipes  than  to  any  other;— fi-om  which  nevertheless  its  differently  colovu-ed, 
less  punctiu-ed,  and  more  shining  surface,  added  to  its  crenate-striated  elytra,  wUl 
be  sufficient,  apart  from  minor  characteristics,  at  once  to  remove  it. 

81.  Cercyon  fimetarium,  Woll. 
C.  obovatum   (postice  acuminatum)    convexum   nigrum  subnitidum  distincte   punctulatum,  elytris 

profunde  punctato-striatis  ad  apicem  late  testaceis,  pedibus  pallido-ferrugineis. 
Long,  corp.liu.  1. 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  stercore  bovino  ubique  vulgaris,  ab  ora  maritime  fere  ad  cacumina  montium 
ascendens. 

C.  obovate  (being  somewhat  acuminated  behind),  convex,  black,  and  but  slightly  shining ;  rather 
closely  and  distinctly  punctulated  all  over.  Pruthorax  concolorous,  the  margins  having  no 
tendency  to  be  paler.  Ebjtra  deeply  punctate-striated ;  with  the  apex,  and  more  or  less  of  the 
lateral  edges,  broadly  and  brightly  testaceous.  Antenna  at  base,  and  the  palpi  testaceous ;  the 
former  with  the  club,  and  the  latter  more  or  less  in  parts,  infuscate.     Legs  pale  ferruginous. 


104  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Known  from  the  last  by  its  diminished  Ijulk,  and  by  the  broadly  and  distinctly 
paler  terminal  portion  of  its  elytra;  whilst  its  posteriorly-acuminated,  more 
deeply  punctured,  and  less  shining  body,  and  its  entu'ely  dark  prothorax  will  at 
once  separate  it  from  the  whole  of  the  genus  with  which  we  have  here  to  do.  It 
is  somewhat  allied  to  the  common  Eiu-opean  C.  ancde, — from  which  however  its 
smaller  size,  much  more  coarsely  sculptured  siu-face,  and  its  very  brightly  testa- 
ceous hinder  apex  will  readily  remove  it.  It  is  pretty  generally  distributed 
tlu'oughout  Madeira,  occurrmg,  in  the  dung  of  cattle,  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
island.  I  have  observed  it  in  the  neighboiu-hood  of  Eunchal,  as  also  at  Santa 
Anna  and  Sfio  Vincente,  dm'ing  the  summer  months ;  and  in  the  lofty  region  of 
the  Cruzinhas  Ln  July. 

82.  Cercyon  centrimaculatum. 
C.  subrotundato-oblongum  subconvexum   nigrum    nitidum,   prothoracis  lateribus  elytrisque  diluto- 
testaceis,    his  subpunctato-stiiatis  macula  magna  postmcdia  communi  infuscata  plus  miuusve 
suiFusa  ornatis,  pedibus  rufo-ferrugineis. 
Var.  /3.   prothoracc  elytrisque    diluto-testaceis,    illo    in    discum    solum    obscure  ini'uscato,  horum 
macula  postmedia  communi  fere  obsoleta,  pedibus  pallidioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |-], 

S])h<sridiwm  centrimaculatum,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  ii.  23  (1807). 

pygmcstim,  Gryll.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  104,  var.  h.  (1808). 

Cercyon  centrimaculatum,  Erich.  Kiif.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  218  (1837). 
,  Mulsant,  Palp.  169  (1844). 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  iisdem  locis  ac  prsecedens  sed  illo  multo  copiosior. 

C.  short  and  oblong,  but  not  quite  so  much  rounded  as  the  C.  inquinatum,  and  somewhat  less  convex 
than  cither  of  the  foregoing  species ;  black  or  piceous-blaek,  and  shining ;  closely  and  delicately 
punctulated  all  over.  Prothorax  with  the  lateral  edges  narrowly  testaceous.  Elytra  sub- 
punctate-striated  ;  dull  testaceous,  and  with  a  large,  usually  ill-defined  and  suffused,  postmedial 
fascia  or  cloud,  eonunon  to  both,  infuscate.  AntenntP,  palpi  and  legs  as  in  the  last  species. 
Vnr.  /3.  with  the  prothorax  and  elytra  dull  diluted-testaeeous ;  the  former  having  only  an  obscui-e 
cloud  on  the  disk  infuscate,  and  the  postmedial  patch  of  the  latter  being  almost  obsolete.  Limbs 
altogether  a  little  paler. 

The  smallest  and  by  far  the  most  abundant  of  the  Madeiran  Cercya.  It  is  of 
an  exceedingly  variable  hue ;  nevertheless  the  most  essential  featm-e  which  it 
possesses,  namely  the  liinder  fascia  or  cloud  Avith  Avliich  its  elytra  are  adorned,  is 
more  or  less  expressed  throughout  aU  its  varieties,  and  wall  serve  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described.  The  paler  state  (which  I  liave 
indicated  as  var.  /3)  is  to  a  certain  extent  the  result  of  immatm-ity ;  'nhilst  the 
extreme  darker  ones,  especially  when  they  happen  to  be  below  the  average  in  size, 
approach  at  iii-st  sight  to  the  common  C.  pygmcBum  of  more  northern  latitudes. 
Even  such  specimens  as  these  however, — that  is  to  say,  where   the   postmedial 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  105 

patch  is  so  largely  developed  as  to  cover  nearly  the  whole  of  the  elytra,— a  small 
erubescent  portion  at  the  base  (which  in  the  C.  pygmcevm,  a  species  pale  only 
behind,  does  not  exist)  is  sufficient  to  point  out  the  law  of  colouring,  and  thus, 
independently  of  minor  cUfferences,  to  cUstiuguish  them  from  that  insect.  It 
occm-s  in  most  parts  of  Madeira,  and  at  aU  seasons  of  the  year.  In  the  vicinity  of 
Funchal,  and  at  Santa  Anna  in  the  north  of  the  island,  I  have  observed  it  in 
great  profusion ;  as  also  on  the  edges  of  the  Paul  da  Serra.  It  is  found  through- 
out the  whole  of  Europe,  and  is  recorded  by  Mulsant  as  having  been  brought 
even  from  South  America. 

83.  Cercyon  quisquUium. 
C.  oblongum  subconvexum  nigrum  nitidum,  prothoracis  lateribus  elytrisque  flavis,  his  subpuactato- 

striatis,  pedibus  rufo-ferrugiueis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1^. 

ScarabcBus  quisquilius,  Linn.  Fiia  Suec.  138  (1761). 
SjplKBridium  imipunctattim,  var.  'Eah.Hnt.  Syst.  i.  82  (1792). 
Cercyon  quisquUium,  Stepb.  III.  Brit.  Eiit.  u.  153.  <j  (1829). 
,  Miilsaut,  Palj}.  166  (1811-). 

Habitat  in  stercore  bovino  Maderae  Portilsque  Sancti,  vulgaris:  circa  Funchal  interdum  abiindat, 
etiam  in  ipsa  m-be  occurrens  qua  tempore  sereno  per  aerem  volare  sEepissime  videatur. 

C.  oblong,  and  about  as  convex  as  the  last  species,  black,  and  shining ;  closely  and  deUcately  punctu- 
lated  all  over.  Prothorax  with  the  extreme  lateral  edges  dull  testaceous,  or  fen-uginous.  Elytra 
subpunctate-striated;  bright  testaceous-yellow.  Antenna,  palpi,  and  leys  as  in  the  last  species, 
except  that  the  first  two  are  rather  more  darkly  infuscated  in  parts. 

Readily  known  from  the  last  two  species  by  its  rather  larger  bulk ;  and  from  aU 
the  Cerci/a  here  described  by  the  colour  of  its  elytra,  which  are  uniformly  of  a  pale 
testaceous  or  yeUow  hue.  The  common  C.wivpmictatus,  L.,  is  supposed  by  some  ento- 
mologists to  be  the  female  of  the  present  insect :  but,  if  such  is  the  case,  it  is  at  least 
remarkable  that  I  should  not  have  detected  that  sex  in  the  Madeii-a  Islands,  where 
the  present  one  is  extremely  abvmdant.  A  jn-iori  therefore,  I  shoidd  rather  be 
inclined  to  agree  with  Mulsant  in  considering  them  as  distinct.  It  occurs  plenti- 
fully in  most  parts  of  Madeira,  in  the  dung  of  cattle,  my  own  specimens  being 
principaUy  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Funchal,  Santa  Anna,  and  from  the  upland 
district  of  the  Fanal.  In  Porto  Santo  it  is  equaUy  common.  It  is  universal 
throughout  Europe  and  the  north  of  Africa,— from  the  former  of  which  it  has 
probably  been  introduced  into  these  islands. 


lOG  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Sectio  IV.   NECROPHAGA. 
Fam.  7.  SILPHID^. 

Gemis  39.  CATOPS. 
PaykuU,  Fna  Suec.  i.  342  (1798). 

Corpus  minusculum,  plus  minusve  ovatum,  subtilissime  pubescens  :  prothorace  magno  convexo,  basi 
lato,  angulis  posticis  acutis  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  capitis  prothoracisque  longitudine,  apicem 
versus  leviter  incrassatae,  articulo  octavo  contigiiis  paulo  minore,  ultimo  ad  apicem  ipsum  acuto. 
Labrum  transversum,  antice  leviter  emarginatum.  Mandibulce  cornc;e  acutae,  apicem  versus 
unidentatfc.  Maxilla  bilobse  :  lobo  externa  lineari,  apice  truncato  :  interno  paulo  breviore,  ungue 
cornco  terminali  munito.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  ultimo  conico  acuminato  :  labiales  breves, 
articulo  ultimo  ovato.  Mentum  transverso-quadratum.  Ligula  profunde  biloba.  Pedes  elongati 
graciles  :  fciiioribus  anticis  in  maribus  interdum  dente  obscuro  obtuso  subtus  armatis  :  tarsis 
anticis  in  maribus  articulis  tribus  subdilatatis. 

A  single  member  of  the  present  genus  is  the  only  representative  of  the  entire 
SilphklcB  wliich  I  have  hitherto  been  able  to  detect  in  the  Madeira  Islands. 
Strictly  spcaldug,  it  falls  under  Ftomophagiis  of  lUiger ;  but  the  distinctive 
characteristics  of  that  group  are  so  trifling, — depending  almost  exclusively  on 
the  shorter  antennae,  the  more  acute  hinder  prothoracic  angles,  and  the  less 
evidently  striated  elytra  of  the  insects  which  compose  it, — that  they  can  scarcely 
be  regarded,  at  the  utmost,  as  of  more  than  sectional  importance.  In  theu*  habits, 
the  species  of  Cotops  arc  exceedingly  active,  and  reside,  for  the  most  part,  beneath 
decaying  vegetable  substances,  and  stones  ia  damp,  sylvan  spots. 

84.  Catops  velox. 

C.  obovatus  fuscus,  prothorace  diluto-ferrugineo,  elytris  plus  minusve  nigrescentibus,  singulo  stria 

suturali  impresso,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  H. 

Ckoleva  velox,  Spence,  Linn.  Trans,  xi.  154  (1809). 
Ptomophagus  velox,  Steph.  ///.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  6  (1830). 
Catops  velox,  Erich.  Kaf.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  243  (1837). 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatica  excclsii,  rarissime; — ad  Ribeiro  Frio  sub  stipitibus  madidis  propc 
marginem  aqufc  ductus  "  Lcvada  "  Lusitanice  dicti  jacentibus  tempore  veruali  captus. 

C.  obovate  (being  rather  acuminated  behind),  obscure  rusty-brown  (when  immature,  almost  ferru- 
ginous), very  slightly  shining,  and  densely  clothed  throughout  with  a  minute  yellowish  pile. 
Prol/wrax  dull  ferruginous,  and  very  convex.  Elytra  darker  than  the  prothorax,  and  generally 
a  little  darker  than  the  head  also, — being  more  or  less  of  a  blackish-brown ;  each  with  a  deeply 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  107 

impressed  stria  near  the  suture.    Antemue  very  slightly  incrassated  towards  their  apex ;  their  basal 
joints  and  the  legs  ferruginous. 

A  common  European  insect,  but  apparently  of  the  greatest  rarity  in  Madeii-a, 
the  only  two  indigenous  examples  which  I  have  seen  having  been  captiu'ed  by 
myself  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada  of  the  Eil^eiro  Frio,  during  the  early  spring. 
They  differ  in  no  respect  from  the  ordinary  type,  except  that  their  antennse  are 
perhaps  just  perceptibly  longer,  and  somewhat  less  incrassated  at  their  apex. 


Fam.  8.  PTILIAD-Sl. 

Genus  40.  ACRATRICHIS. 

Motsehulsky,  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Imp.  de  Moscou,  xxi.  569  (1848). 

Corpus  minutissimum,  latum,  punctatissimum,  pubescens  :  prothorace  maximo  convexo,  basi  plerumque 
latissimo,  angulis  posticis  plus  minusve  produetis  :  ehjtris  subdepressis,  apice  truncatis  :  meso- 
sterno  carinato,  scutello  maximo :  abdomine  ex  segmentis  ventralibus  sex  composito :  alls 
amplissimis  lanceolatis,  pilis  longissimis  instructis.  AntenncB  rectae  capillares  pilosse,  articulis 
primo  et  secuudo  robustissimis  subquadratis,  tertio  ad  octavum  graciUbus  latitudine  eequalibus, 
reliquis  sensim  crassiores,  clavam  laxam  valde  elongatam  triarticulatam  efficientibus.  Lahrum 
amplum  porrectum  subtriaugulare.  Mandibula  acut?e,  intus  bidentatse.  Maxilla  biloboe  mem- 
branacese :  lobo  externo  elongato,  intus  crenulato :  interna  breviore  angustiore,  intus  ciliato. 
Palpi  maxillai-es  articulo  penultimo  maximo  lato  subpyriformi,  ultimo  minutissimo  aciculari : 
labiates  biarticulatl  gracillimi,  ad  apicem  ligulfe  inserti.  Me/iium  angustum  transversum. 
Ligula  elongata,  apice  fissa,  basi  paraglossis  aucta.  Pedes  valde  cursorii,  graciles  :  coxis  posticis 
laminatis  distantibus :  tarsis  3-articulatis,  articido  ultimo  elongato. 

The  excessive  minuteness  of  the  insects  comprehended  luider  the  Ptiliada;  wdll 
at  once  distinguish  them  from  the  members  of  every  other  family.  The  entire 
group  indeed  is  one  of  the  most  isolated  and  best  defined  within  the  whole  range 
of  the  Coleoptera,  its  unique  characters  of  -uing  and  foot  being  of  themselves 
sufficient  to  remove  it  from  every  other  department.  Nor  are  its  oral  organs 
less  remarkable,  theii*  singularly  developed  paraglossse  and  palpi  displaying  modi- 
fications of  structm'e  exceedingly  anomalous.  It  is  under  the  appellation  of 
Trlchopteryx  (proposed  by  Kirby,  for  the  SilpJia  minutissima  of  Marsham,  in 
1828*,  and  first  defined,  by  Stephens,  in  1830)  that  the  present  genus  is  usually 
recognised.  That  title  however  hai-ing  been  preoccupied  in  the  Lepidoptera,  by 
Hubner,  in  1816,  it  is  clear  that  (whether  afterwards  retained  or  not)  it  cannot 
strictly  be  employed  in  another  Order ;  and  hence  it  was  that  Motsehulsky  in  1848 
published  the  name  of  Acratnchis  instead, — which  ought  therefore,  in  accordance 
with  the  laws  of  priority,  to  be  received.  "When  their  microscopic  dunensions  are 
considered,  the  species  of  Acratrichis  may  be  regarded  as  amongst  the  most  active 

*  Vide  Int.  to  Ent.  iii.  -il, — note. 

P  2 


108  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

of  the  whole  annual  kingdom,  the  velocity  with  which  they  run  heing  perfectly 
prodigious.  Like  Catops,  they  delight  in  moist  and  shady  spots,  occurring  imder 
dead  leaves,  logs  of  wood,  and  other  rotting  sulistances  of  a  vegetable  nature ;  as 
weU  as  at  the  roots  of  grass,  and  amongst  moss,  in  damp  localities  beneath  trees. 

85.  Acratrichis  vunbricola,  WoU. 

A.  obovata  lata  valde  pubescens  fusco-nigra  subopaca,  protborace  amplissimo  elytris  latiorc,  sub- 
picescenti,  angulis  posticis  dilutioribus  et  valdissime  productis,  antennis  pedibusque  palbdo- 
testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  \. 

Habitat  in  montibus  Maderae,  sub  foliis  arborum  madidis, — prope  lacum  crateriformem  Lagoa  dictum, 
in  regione  Fanalensi,  d.  12  Jid.  a.u.  1850  parcissime  lecta. 

A.  broad,  and  obovate  (being  mucb  wider  in  front  tbau  behind),  brownish-black,  and  with  a  just 
perceptibly  yellowish  or  aeneous  tinge;  closely  punctured,  subopake,  and  exceedingly  pubescent. 
PrutJiorax  very  large,  and  wide  (especially  behind),  surpassing  the  elytra  in  breadth;  convex, 
and  usually  rather  more  fuscous,  or  picescent  than  the  rest  of  the  surface ;  with  its  posterior 
angles  much  produced,  and  (together  with  its  extreme  basal  edge)  somewhat  flavescent.  Elytra 
short  and  wide,  with  their  hinder  margin  a  little  paler.  Antennce  and  legs  pale-testaceous ;  the 
former  rather  long. 

A  large  and  well-marked  Acratrichis,  somewhat  approaching  to  the  A.  grandi- 
collis  and  the  A.  atomaria  of  more  northern  latitudes  :  nevertheless  it  differs  from 
both  of  those  species  in  its  superior  size,  in  its  wider  (though  proportionably 
shorter)  form,  in  its  very  pale  legs  and  antennae,  and  in  its  greatly  developed  and 
somewhat  picescent  prothorax, — which,  at  its  base,  far  exceeds  the  el}i:ra  in 
breadth.  It  is  apparently  extremely  rare,  and  confined  to  lofty  sylvan  spots  where 
tlie  constantly  accumulating  leaves  are  in  a  state  of  perpetual  decay.  In  such 
localities  I  have  taken  it,  diu'iiig  July,  in  the  upland  region  of  the  Fanal  (more 
than  5000  feet  above  the  sea),  especially  at  the  edges  of  the  rovmd  crater-Uke  basin, 
known  as  the  Lagoa,  immediately  before  the  descent  of  the  mountain-road  to  the 
Ribeiro  da  Janella  and  Porto  Moniz. 

86.  Acratrichis  fascicvdaris. 
A.  oblongo-ovata  pubescens  nigra  nitida,  prothorace  amplo  ad  basin  elytris  paulo  latiore,  angulis 

posticis  valde  productis,  antennis  infuscatis,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  Hn.  \. 

Latridius fascicularis,  Herbst,  Kaf.  v.  8.  t.  44.  f.  7  (1793). 
Tricliopteryx  fascicularu,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  i.  374  (1841). 
graiuUcolUs,  Erich.  Xat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  20  (1848). 

Habitat  Maderam,  sub  stercore  foliisque  arborum  marcidis,  sestate  minus  frequens. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  109 

A.  smaller  than  the  A.  umbricola,  and  more  oblong  (being  neither  so  wide  in  front  nor  so  acuminated 
behind),  and,  likewise,  of  a  deeper  black ;  a  little  more  coarsely  punctured  and  shining,  but  not 
nearly  so  pubescent.  Prothurax  large,  but  not  so  greatly  developed  as  that  of  the  last  species, 
and  only  slightly  exceeding,  behind,  the  base  of  the  elytra  in  breadth  ;  convex,  and  concolorous 
with  the  rest  of  the  surface ;  with  its  posterior  angles  produced,  but  not  so  much  so  as  those  of 
the  A.  umbricola,  and  apparently  not  at  all  flavescent,  though  the  extreme  basal  edge  in  that  par- 
ticular region  is  just  perceptibly  paler.  Elytra  with  their  hinder  margin  a  little  paler.  An- 
tenncE  shorter  and  darker  than  those  of  the  last  species,  being  infuscate.     Legs  testaceous. 

I  can  perceive  no  real  distinctions  between  the  present  AcratricMs  and  the 
common  European  A.  fasclciilaris  ;  though  it  is  due  to  my  friend  M.  Motschulsky 
to  state  that  he  was  able  to  detect  some  minute  difference  (unappreciable  by  myself) 
sufficient,  as  he  supposed,  to  separate  it  from  that  iusect, — and  hence  the  specific 
title  of  brevicornis  was  proposed  for  it  by  him.  An  accurate  measurement  how- 
ever will  show  that  its  antennse  are  not  in  reality  shorter  than  those  of  the  ordi- 
nary A.  fascicularis ;  and,  rather  therefore  than  incur  the  risk  of  multiplying 
names  unnecessarily  in  these  microscopic  tribes,  I  prefer  ascribing  it  to  that 
species,  especially  since  I  cannot,  myself,  discover  any  characters  important  enough 
to  warrant  its  removal  from  it. 

87.  AcratricMs  pumila. 
A.   ovato-oblonga  pubescens   nigra   subnitida,    prothorace  elytrorum  latitudine  subsequali,   angulis 

posticis  leviter  productis,  antennis  fusco-piceis,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^-|. 


Ftiliwm  sericans,  Schupp.  in  litt, 

Trichopteryx  sericans,  G-illm.  in  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xvii.  52  {nee  Heer,  1841)  (1845). 

pumila,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  DeutscTi.  iii.  22  (1848). 

Acratricliis  fumila.  Mots.  Hull,  de  la  Soc.  Imp.  de  il/bscoi«,  xxi.  568  (1848). 

Habitat  Maderam,  et  borealem  et  australem,  ad  radices  graminum  vel  sub  foliis  arborum  marcidis, 
infra  3000'  s.  m.  ubique  vulgaris. 

A.  the  smallest  of  the  three  species,  and  more  oblong  than  either  of  the  others,  being  of  almost  equal 
breadth  before  and  behind, — though,  if  anything,  rather  more  expanded  posteriorly  than  in  front ; 
deep  black;  rather  distinctly  punctured  and  pubescent,  but  not  quite  so  shining  as  the  A.  fas- 
cicularis. Prothorax  less  developed  than  in  either  of  the  other  species,  being  scarcely  perceptibly 
broader  behind  than  the  base  of  the  elytra ;  less  convex  than  in  either  of  the  other  species  ;  and 
entirely  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  surface ;  and  with  its  posterior  angles  very  much  less 
produced.  Elytra  with  their  hinder  margin  a  little  paler.  Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  A.  fasci- 
cularis ;  except  that  the  former  are  a  little  more  darkly  infuscated,  or  picescent,  and  have  their 
apical  joint  rather  more  acuminated. 

The  smallest  of  the  Madeiran  FtiUadce ;  and  I  believe  I  do  not  err  in  referring 
it  to  the  A.  ]}umila  of  Erichson.  It  may  be  readily  kno-mi  from  the  other  two 
species  of  the  present  genus  by  its  more  oljlong  and  narrower  outline,  and  by  its 


110  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

liindor  pvothoracic  angles  being  scarcely  at  all  produced*.  It  is  an  abundant  insect 
througliout  Madeira,  l)elo\v  the  altitude  of  al)Out  3000  feet,  during  the  summer 
and  autumnal  months, — occui'ring  principally  at  the  roots  of  grass,  and  beneath 
leaves  and  other  decajdng  vegetable  substances.  In  the  vicinity  of  Funchal,  and 
also  at  Santa  Anna,  I  have  observed  it  at  times  in  great  profusion. 

Genus  41.  PTENIDIUM. 

Erichson,  JVo^  der  Lis.  Deutsch.  iii.  .Si  (1848). 

Corpvis  minutissimum,  ovale,  convexiusculum,  nitidissimuru,  subglabrum  :  prothorace  lateribus  rotun- 
datis,  antice  et  postice  subfequaliter  angustato,  angulis  posticis  plus  minusve  rotundatis  :  ebjtris 
apice  iiitegris  subacuminatis  :  mesosterno  vix  carinato,  scutello  magno  :  abdomine  ex  scgmentis 
ventralibus  septem  composito  :  alis  amplissimis  lanceolatis,  pilis  longissimis  instructis.  Instru- 
menta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  Acratrichi.  Pedes  valde  cursorii,  graciles :  coxis  posticis  simplicibus 
distantibus :  tarsis  3-articulatis,  articulo  ultimo  elongate. 

The  present  group  may  be  known  from  the  previous  one  by  the  more  oval,  con- 
vex, and  polished  bodies  of  the  minute  insects  which  compose  it, — the  ehi;ra  of 
which  cover  the  whole  of  their  abdomen,  instead  of  being  (as  in  Acndrichis) 
aln'uptly  truncated  behind.  Theii'  upper  siu'face,  moreover,  is  almost  entirely  free 
from  punctures  and  pubescence,  and  theii'  prothorax  (instead  of  being  dilated)  is 
constricted  at  its  base,  Tvith  the  posterior  angles  more  or  less  rounded  and  obtuse. 
In  their  habits,  the  species  are  similar  to  the  members  of  the  last  genus. 

88.  Ptenidium  apicale. 
P.  oblongo-ovale  convexum  subglabnim  nigrum  nitidissimum  remote  punctatum,  prothoracis  angulis 

posticis  lateribusquc  rotundatis,  clytris  apicem  versus  late  flavescentibus,  antcnuis  pedibusque 

pallido-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |. 

Ptilium  apicale,  Stunii,  in  Utt. 

Trichopteryx  apicalis,  Grillm.  in  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xvii.  85  (1845). 

Ptenidium  apicale,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  3G  (1848). 

Habitat  Maderam,  ad  radices  graminum,  vel  sub  lapidibus  foliisque  arborum  marcidis  toto  anno 
vulgaris :  ctiam  in  ins.  Deserta  Grandi  occui'rit,  qua  Maio  exeunte,  a.d.  1850  pauca  specimina 
cepi. 


*  Tlie  present  Aci-atrichis  varies  the  eightli  of  a  line  iu  length,  and  a  little  in  outline,  according  to  the 
altitude  and  cLrcimistauces  imder  which  it  is  found,  but  it  retains  the  same  characters  of  coloiu-,  scul])- 
ture,  and  pubescence  throughout, — as  1  have  been  able  to  ascertain  from  the  examination  of  a  very  large 
series  of  specimens  collected  from  .ill  parts  of  the  island.  I  should  mention  however  that  it  was  separated 
into  three  species  by  ^l.  ^rotj^chulsky,  two  of  them  being  considered  as  new.  for  which  he  proposed  the 
names  of  nigricornis  and  ovatula;  whilst  the  third  (dcj)eudiug  on  a  single  indixidual,  without  a  head)  he 
identified  with  the  minutissima  of  Linna>us.  In  my  opinion,  however,  they  are  all  referable  to  one ;  and 
T  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  common  A.  pumila  la  the  species  to  which  they  must  be  assigned. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  Ill 

P.  oblong-oval,  convex,  and  exceedingly  highly  polished;  deep  black;  remotely  punctured  and  very 
sparingly  pubescent.  Prothorax  rounded  at  the  sides,  being  broadest  a  little  behind  the  middle 
and  narrowed  at  its  extreme  base ;  the  posterior  angles  rounded.  Elytra  with  the  punctures 
more  perceptible  than  those  on  the  prothorax ;  broadly  flavesccnt  towards  their  apex, — though 
more  or  less  distinctly  so  in  different  specimens.     AntenruB  and  legs  pale  testaceous. 

The  only  Ftenidium* ,  apparently,  in  the  Madeira  Islands ;  and  exceedingly 
ahundant  below  the  elevation  of  about  3000  feet.  It  resides  principally  at  the 
roots  of  grass  and  beneath  fallen  leaves,  under  which  circumstances  I  have 
captured  it  in.  the  utmost  profusion  in  the  Chestnut-woods  at  Santa  Anna,  and 
in  the  dense  forest  region  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  during  the  summer 
months.  On  the  southei'u  side  of  the  island  it  is  equally  common ;  and  it  may 
be  often  observed  in  gardens  about  Funchal.  In  that  of  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  at 
the  Levada,  I  have  taken  it  in  great  abundance ;  as  also  on  the  Pico  do  Cardo, 
from  under  stones  beneath  the  Tir-trees :  and  even,  though  more  sparingly,  on 
the  Dezerta  Grande. 


Fam.  9.  PHALACRIDJl. 

Genus  42.  OLIBRUS.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  9.) 

Erichsou,  Nat.  der  Ins.  Beutsch.  iii.  113  (1848). 

Corpus  minusculum,  obovatum  vel  ellipticum,  convexum,  nitidissimum,  glabrum :  prothurace  postice 
lato  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  (II.  9  a)  breviusculse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  prsecipue) 
crassis,  tertio  longiore  graciliore,  quarto  ad  octavum  paulatim  brevioribus  sed  latitudine  vix 
crescentibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  laxam  oblongam  triarticulatam  efficientibus.  Lnbrum 
breve  transversum,  antice  integrum  ciliatuui.  Mandibula  (II.  9  6)  validte  incurvse,  apice  fortiter 
bidentatse,  intus  basin  versus  membrana  instructae.  Maxilla  (II.  9  c)  bilobfe  membranacese  : 
lobo  externo  longiusculo  lato,  apice  dense  barbato  :  interno  brevi  angusto  pencillato.  Palpi 
maxillares  (II.  9  c)  breviusculi  filiformes,  articulo  ultimo  elongato-ovato  :  labiates  (II.  9  d)  breves, 
sat  robusti,  articulo  ultimo  acuminato.     Mentuni  amplum  transverso-quadratum  membranaceum. 


*  I  cannot  observe  the  slightest  diflerence  in  any  of  the  Madeiran  specimens  of  this  insect  which  I 
have  hitherto  examined :  nevertheless  M.  Motschulsky,  since  his  late  visit  to  England,  has  distributed 
my  series  under  three  species,  bearing  the  names  of  P.  punctatvm,  Gyll.,  elongatulum.  Mots.,  and  atoma- 
roides,  Mots.  After  a  careful  comparison  however  of  the  whole  of  them  beneath  the  microscope,  and 
a  consideration  of  the  circimistances  imder  which  they  were  taken,  anything  like  specific  distinctions 
appear  to  me  to  be  simply  imaginary,  since  I  am  unable  to  detect  so  much  as  a  single  aberration  out  of 
the  entire  number  of  sufficient  importance  to  be  regarded  as  even  a  variety.  I  have  consequently 
sunk  them :  and  I  believe  that  they  are  more  correctly  referred  to  the  P.  apicale,  Stimn,  than  to  any 
other  member  of  the  genus.  From  the  P.  punctatum  they  diiier  {vide  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  iv.  29.3,  and 
Stiurm's  Beutsch.  Fna,  xvii.  8-1)  in  having  the  apex  of  their  elytra  always  flavescent,  and  their  punctiu-es 
less  apparent, — those  moreover  on  the  prothorax  being  the  faintest  and  exceedingly  few  in  niunber : 
whereas  in  that  insect  the  pimctm-es  are  described  as  being  numerous,  and  more  deeply  impressed  on  the 
prothorax  than  on  the  elytra.     The  prothorax  also  of  the  P.  punctatum  is  of  a  different  form. 


112  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

anticc  Icviter  angustatum  ct  temiissimuin,  utrinquc  in  lobum  medium  lateralem  productum.  Ligula 
lata  biloba,  lobis  rotundatis  ciliatis.  Pedes  cursorii,  subgraciles :  femoribus  libusque  compressis, 
his  apice  lenter  spinulosis  ct  calcariis  internis  sat  distinctis  munitis :  tarsis  (II.  9  e.  9/.  9^) 
articulo  tertio  bilobo,  quarto  minutissimo ;  posticis  (II.  9  e)  elongatis,  articulo  secundo  longiusculo. 

Olibrus  was  established  by  Ericbson,  in  1848,  m.  order  to  contain  those  members 
of  Phalacrus  which  had  the  terminal  joint  of  their  maxillaiy  palpi  slightly  robuster 
than  is  the  case  with  the  ordinary  representatives  of  the  group,  their  tibial  spurs 
distinctor,  and  their  two  hinder  tarsi  somewhat  more  produced,  and  ■nith  the 
second  articulation  the  longest.  To  these  characters  however  I  think  the  con- 
struction of  the  mentiun  should  certainly  be  added,  since,  if  my  observations  be 
correct,  it  is  the  most  invariable,  and  therefore  the  most  important,  feature  which 
the  several  species  possess.  Thus,  in  all  the  Olibri  which  I  have  dissected  it  is 
narrowed  anteriorly  (where  it  is  extremely  thin  and  membranaceous),  and  has  the 
sides  produced,  about  the  middle,  into  a  large  rounded  lobe ;  whereas  in  the  true 
Phalacri  it  is  broader  in  front  than  behind,  truncated  at  the  apex,  and  altogether 
more  transverse  and  of  a  thicker  textm-c.  In  fact,  with  the  exception  of  the 
peculiarity  of  their  mentum,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  Olibri,  as  defined  by  Erich- 
son,  are  apt  to  merge  almost  imperceptibly  (especially  as  regards  the  spines  of 
theu-  tibia?)  into  the  normal  Fhalacri, — of  which  the  common  Em-opean  P.  coruscns 
is  supposed  to  be  the  type :  and  it  is  far  from  improbable  moreover  that  in  some 
of  the  forms  an  intermediate  state  of  mentum  may  exist  likewise, — in  which  case 
none  of  the  elements  of  Olibrus  can  be  considered  as  sufficiently  constant  to  be  of 
more  than  sectional  significance.  They  are  insects  which  are  subject  to  con- 
siderable instability,  both  in  size  and  colour,  and  are  consequently  in  many 
instances  extremely  difiicult  to  determine,  specifically.  There  are  few  genera 
indeed  amongst  the  entire  Coleoptera  in  which  an  extensive  series  of  examples 
is  more  positively  required  in  order  to  investigate  the  species  aright,  and  to 
discover  tlie  boundaries  between  which  some  of  them  would  appear  to  range. 
They  are  almost  exclusively  of  flower-infesting  habits ;  and  rim  with  the  utmost 
agility.  They  are  excessively  gregarious,  and  may  usually  therefore  be  taken  in 
large  numbers  where  they  exist  at  aU. 

89.  OUbnis  Cmerariae,  Woll    (Tab.  II.  fig.  9.) 
O.   subrotundato-obovatus   subviridescenti-niger  nitidus,  capite  prothoraceque  rufo-testaceis,  elytris 

substriatis  ad  apicem  testaceis,  singuli  striis  duabus  suturam  versus  reliquis  paulo  distinctioribus, 

antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  coq).  lin.  I^. 

Habitat  florcs  Cineraria  aurita  {  =  Senecionis  Maderensis,  De  Cand.)  in  rupibus  Maderse  crescentis, 
proosertira  per  partem  sylvaticam  aestate,  rarissimus :  ad  Cruzinhas  est  paulo  copiosior,  qua  Julio 
incunte  a.d.  1850  plurima  speciniina  collcgi. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  113 

O.  roundisli- ovate  (being  but  very  slightly  wider  in  front  than  behind),  convex,  shining,  and  black, — 
with  a  just  distinguishable  greenish  tinge.  Head  and  prothorax  bright  rufo-testaceous.  Elytra 
obscurely  substriated,  the  striae  (as  in  the  other  species)  vanishing  in  front,  the  two  on  each 
which  are  nearest  the  suture  being  more  distinct  than  the  rest :  their  apex  more  or  less  pale 
testaceous.  Antenna  and  legs  testaceous,  or  rufo-testaceous, — being  usually  only  a  shade  paler 
than  the  head  and  prothorax. 

A  large  and  most  elegant  OUbms,  and  at  once  distinguislied  by  its  compara- 
tively hemispheric  form,  by  its  bright  rufo-testaceous  head  and  prothorax,  and  by 
its  deep  black  elytra, — which  have  a  just  perceptibly  greenish  tinge  on  their 
sui'face,  and  of  which  the  extreme  apex  is  alone  pale.  It  is  apparently  exceedingly 
rare,  or  at  any  rate  local,  occurring  principally  at  high  elevations,  and  in  remote 
spots,  within  the  sylvan  districts.  It  would  seem  to  be  confined  to  the  flowers  of 
the  Cineraria  aurita,  the  j^m-ple  clusters  of  wliich  are  so  conspicuous  on  the  damp 
perpendicular  rocks  of  lofty  altitudes.  I  have  captiu-ed  it,  sparingly,  near  the 
head  of  the  Ribeu'o  de  Santa  Luzia  in  May ;  and,  more  abundantly,  in  the  upland 
region  of  the  Cruzinhas,  diu'ing  Jvily. 

90.  Olibrus  bicolor. 
O,  obovatus  subsenescenti-nigropiceus  nitidissimus,  elytris  substriatis,  apicem  versus  obscui'e  diluto- 

rufescentibus,  singuli  striis  duabus  suturam  versus  distinctioribus,  antennis  pedibusque  subdiluto- 

testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1^-1|^. 

Splusridium  bicolor,  Fab.  Iltit.  Si/st.  i.  82  (1792). 
Fhalacrus  bicolor,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Mia,  ii.  77  (1807). 

,  Gvll.  Ins.  Suee.  iii.  431  (1813). 

Olibrus  bicolor,  Erich.  Mit.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  116  (1848). 

Habitat  in  floribus  Maderaj,  bine  inde,  tempore  vernali,  vidgatissimus. 

O.  obovate  (being  distinctly  wider  in  front  than  behind),  convex,  exceedingly  brilUantly  polished,  and 
more  or  less  of  a  dark  rufo-piceous,  or  piceous-black  hue, — with  a  very  perceptibly  seneous  tinge. 
Elytra  obscm-ely  substriated,  the  two  striae  on  each  nearest  to  the  suture  being  alone  tolerably 
distinct :  more  or  less  obscurely,  and  very  gradually  dull  brownish-rufescent,  or  somewhat  chest- 
nut, towards  the  apex.     Antenna  and  legs  dull  testaceous. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  the  present  insect  and  the  following  one  ap- 
proach each  other  very  closely,  and  it  is  not  Avithout  hesitation  that  I  have  treated 
them  as  separate.  For  some  time  indeed  I  had  considered  them  to  be  but  modi- 
fications of  the  O.  bicolor ;  nevertheless  a  careful  comparison  of  a  very  large  series 
of  specimens  has  subsequently  induced  me  to  believe  that  they  are  truly  distinct, 
since  there  is  no  difficulty  whatsoever  in  discriminating  them  in  a  general  way, 
even  though  it  is  equally  certain  that  about  two  examples  out  of  every  forty  which 
I  have  examined  are  doubtful,  and  might  apparently  be  referred  to  either.     StiU, 

Q 


114  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  normal  states  are  so  clearly  expressed  that  I  cannot  regard  these  occasional 
links  as  more  than  exceptional  varieties  from  either  side,  and  Avhich  Avould  fall  as 
unmistakeahly  into  their  proper  spheres  as  any  of  the  remainder,  were  we  better 
able  to  grasp  their  exact  characteristics,  and  to  appreciate  small  shades  of  differ- 
ence which  are  not  the  less  real  because  obscure.  Nor  must  we  forget  that  in  our 
ignorance  of  even  the  nature  of  "  species,"  so  called,  we  may  sometimes  err  in 
attempting  to  define  too  rigidly  the  boimdaries  of  theii-  attributes ;  for,  whilst,  as 
a  matter  of  com-se,  we  must  unquestionably  assume  them  to  be  absolutely  micon- 
nected  (that  is  to  say,  to  have  descended  from  common  parents, — each  of  their 
pecidiar  kind),  yet  it  is  difficult  to  assert  positively  that  creatures  which  in  out- 
ward points  are  thus  intimately  allied  are  of  necessity  so  opposite  in  their  endow- 
ments that  they  may  not  now  and  then  intermix,  and  produce  those  very  aberra- 
tions (all)eit  perhaps  not  able,  themselves,  to  perpetuate  their  race)  which  we  are 
apt  to  lay  hold  of,  even  when  occm-riug  thus  sparingly,  to  destroy  the  specific 
claims  of  the  insects  which  have  accidentally  given  them  bii-th.  And  I  shoidd 
frequently,  therefore,  be  inclined  to  look  upon  such-like  media  as  lapsus  natures 
rather  than  as  connective, — at  any  rate  where  they  are  only  of  rare  exiwrience  and 
exist  between  forms  the  limits  of  wliich  are  other^-ise  clear  and  unambiguous. 
With  these  few  remarks,  which  I  have  somewhat  prolonged,  as  likely  to  apply  in 
instances  besides  the  present  one,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  add  that  the  O.  bicolor 
(which,  if  my  identification  of  it  be  correct,  would  appear  to  attain  a  rather  larger 
size  in  Madeira  than  the  ordinary  type)  may  be  distinguished,  for  the  most  part, 
from  the  following  species,  not  merely  by  its  superior  bidk,  but  by  its  less  poste- 
riorly-aciuninated  outline,  l)y  its  usually  just  perceptibly  darker  and  less  brassy 
hue,  and  by  its  legs  and  antenna?  being,  almost  invariably,  both  of  a  more  diluted 
testaceous  tinge  and  (proportionably)  a  trifle  longer.  It  is  an  abundant  insect, 
diu'ing  the  spring  and  smnmer  months,  in  certain  parts  of  Madeira,  at  rather  low 
and  intermediate  elevations.  In  May  of  18i9,  wliUst  encamped  in  the  Eibeii-o  de 
Santa  Luzia  with  the  Rev.  11.  T.  Lowe,  I  captiu-cd  it  in  the  utmost  profusion  from 
amonsrst  the  loni?  cjrass  and  flowers  immediatelv  outside  my  tent, — and  in  com- 
pany  with  the  O.  Uquidus,  which  thus,  at  all  events,  cannot  be  a  local  variety  of  it. 

91.  Olibnis  Hquidus. 

O.  obovatus  postice  paulo  magis  acuminatus,  subjeuesccnti-uigropiceus  uitidissinius,  clytris  sub- 
striatis,  apicem  versus  diluto-rufescentibus,  singuli  striis  duabus  suturam  versus  distinctioribus, 
antennis  pedibusque  testaceis,  illis  breviusculis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  -f^-l^. 

Plialacnis  ovaiiis,  llott'iii.  in  mm. 

Olibrus  Uquidus,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  117  (1848). 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  locis  similibus  ac  0.  bicolor,  uua  cum  illo  degens. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  115 

O.  similar  to  the  last  species,  but  smaller  and  of  more  variable  stature,  a  little  narrower  in  proportion, 
and  rather  more  acuminated  behind,  also,  for  the  most  part,  with  a  little  more  perceptibly  brassy 
tinge.  Elytra  as  in  the  O.  bicolor,  but  generally  a  little  paler,  or  more  brightly  chestnut, 
posteriorly.     Antennm  and  legs  testaceous,  being  a  shade  paler  than  those  of  that  insect. 

The  cUstinctions  between  the  present  insect  and  the  last  have  been  ah*eady  fully 
pointed  out,  not  only  under  that  species,  but  likewise  in  the  above  comparative 
diagnosis.  It  is  equally  abundant,  occui-ring  on  flowers  and  amongst  grass,  and 
usually  in  company  with  it.  I  believe  it  to  be  correctly  referred  to  the  O.  Uquidus 
of  Erichson,  with  the  description  of  which  it  appears  to  agree  sufficiently  well. 

92.  Olibrus  consimilis. 
O.  rotundato-oblongus  infuscato-rufopiceus  nitidissimus,  elytris  apicem  versus  late  testaceis,  singulo 

stria  suturali  valde  profunda  impresso,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis,  illis  breviusculis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1-1|. 

Dermestes  consimilis,  Mshm,  Eiit.  Brit.  i.  75  (1802). 
Phalcicrus  geminus,  Illig.  in  Panz.  Krit.  Mev.  i.  27  (1805). 

testaceus,  Gyll.  Ins.  Siiec.  iii.  432  (1813). 

Olihrus  gemmus,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deutscli.  iii.  120  (1848). 

Habitat  in  graminosis  Maderse,  rarissimus  :  tria  specimina  adhuc  vidi,  unum  sc.  ad  summam  originem 
convallis  Kibeiro  de  Santa  Luzia  dictse  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1849,  et  duo  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros 
mense  Julio  a.d.  1850,  a  meipso  reperta. 

O.  roundish-oblong  (being  but  very  shghtly  wider  in  front  than  behind,  but  neither  quite  so  broad 
nor  so  rounded  as  the  O.  Cinei-aria),  not  quite  so  convex  as  any  of  the  other  species,  exceedingly 
brilliantly  polished,  and  of  a  pale,  brownish-rufopiceous  hue.  Elytra  almost  unstriated,  with  the 
exception  of  a  single,  very  deeply  impressed  sutural  stria  on  each  :  their  apex  broadly  and 
brightly  testaceous.     Antenrus  and  legs,  also,  testaceous  :  the  former  rather  short. 

A  most  abundant  European  insect,  but  apparently  extremely  rare  in  Madeira, 
which  in  all  probability  is  one  of  its  most  southern  stations.  During  my  constant 
researches  in  all  parts  of  the  island  I  have  hitherto  taken  but  three  specimens ; — 
one  in  18i9  in  the  Ribeno  de  Santa  Luzia,  and  two  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros 
in  July  1850.  It  may  be  readily  known  from  the  rest  of  the  Olibri  here  described 
by  its  pale  fusco-piceous  hue,  by  its  short  and  comparatively  oblong  form,  by  its 
rather  abbreviated  antennge,  and  by  the  single  deep  stria  with  which  each  of  its 
elytra  are  impressed  close  to  the  suture. 

Fam.  10.  NITIDULIDiE. 

Genus  43.  CARPOPHILUS. 

(Leach)  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  50  (1830). 

Corpus  minusculum,  phis  minusve  subcylindi-ico-oblongum  :  prothorace  subquadrato  convexo  :  elytris 

Q2 


116  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

abbreviatis,  apice  truncatis :  alts  amplis.  Antenna  breves,  articulo  primo  magno  crasso,  secundo 
ct  tertio  longioribus  et  (hoc  praecipue)  graeilioribus,  quarto  ad  octaviim  minutis  latitudine 
paulatim  vix  crescentibus,  reliquis  capitulum  magnum  solidum  orbiculato-ovatum  triarticulatum 
efficicntibus.  Labrum  semicirculare  ciliatum,  antice  fisso-emarginatum.  Mandibula  valida;, 
apice  bidentatse.  Maxillm  lobo  singulo  pubescenti  instructaj.  Palpi  liliformes,  articulo  ultimo 
elougato,  ill  maxillaribus  subacuininato,  in  labialibus  crassiorc  ovato-truncato.  Mentiim  trans- 
verso-quadratum,  antice  angustatum.  Ligula  apice  biloba,  lobis  divergentibus  pubescentibus. 
Pedes  subcontractiles  :  tarsis  articulo  quarto  minutissiino. 

Apart  from  the  modifications  of  its  trophi,  which  may  be  gathered  from  the 
above  diagnosis,  but  which  differ  however  but  slightly  from  those  of  the  neigh- 
l)ouring  genera,  Carpopliilus  may  be  known  by  its  abbreviated  elytra  and  its  more 
cjuadratc  prothorax, — which  last  is  usually  convex  throughout,  instead  of  having 
the  margins  flattened  or  recurved,  as  is  more  or  less  the  case  in  Xifidida  proper. 
It  is  a  genus  which  subsists  mainly  on  articles  of  commerce,  especially  sugar  and 
cb'ied  fruits ;  and  hence,  as  might  be  expected,  is  widely  distributed  over  the 
world,  follo^\•ing  everjT^here  in  the  track  of  man.  The  species  are  often  very 
abimdant  on  board  ship ;  and  in  all  probability  the  three  Madeiran  representatives 
have  been  imported  into  the  island  from  other  coimtries,  being  found  either  in 
Fuuchal  itself,  or  in  houses  where  merchandise  is  stowed  away,  in  its  immediate 
vicinity. 

93.  Carpophilus  mutilatus. 

C.  subcylindrico-oblongus   nifo-ferrugincus  pubescens,  prothoracc  magno   subquadrato,  elytris  vix 

jiallidioribus,  abdomine  supra  ct  infra  subfuscescente. 

Jjong.  corp,  lin.  1§. 

mtidula  hemiptem,  Fab.  {nee  Llnu.  1767)  Ent.  Si/st.  i.  261  (1792). 

Ca)popkilus  mutilatus,  (Hoffiu.  in  mus.)  Erich.  Germ.  Zeitsch.  fiir  die  Ent.  iv.  258  (18i3). 

Habitat  in  domibus  Maderfc,  prsesertim  propc  Funchal,  minus  frequens ;  in  ipsd  urbe  mercatorum 
repositoriis  frequentior,  forsan  ex  Americse  meridionalis  insulis  illuc  saccharinis  introductus. 

C  oblong,  somewhat  parallel  and  subcylindric ;  punctured,  rufo-ferruginous,  and  clothed  with  paler 
pubescence.  Prothorax  large  and  subquadrate,  being  almost  as  broad  before  as  behind.  Be- 
neath with  the  meso-  and  meta-thoraces  and  the  abdomen  (the  last  above  as  well  as  below) 
slightly  darker.     Elytra  a  little  paler  than  the  remainder  of  the  surface. 

Evidently  imported  into  IMadeu-a ;  occm-ring  on  the  waUs  of  houses  in  and  near 
•Fimchal,  though  nowhere  abundantly.  In  granaries  and  warehouses,  however,  it 
is  less  scarce,  where  it  Avoidd  appear  to  feed  more  especially  on  sugar  and  dried 
fruits,  in  company  with  the  C.  hemlpterus.  It  is  foimd  under  similar  circmn- 
stanccs  in  the  south  of  Europe, — where  it  is  recorded  in  Spain,  Portugal  and 
Sicily :  I  also  possess  specimens  from  Italy.  It  was  ^\Tongly  referred  by  Ea- 
bricius  to  the  Dermestes  hemipterus  of  Linntcus,  which  is  a  totally  different  insect, 
as  may  be  seen  from  tbe  diagnosis  given  below ;  and  hence  it  is  that  tlie  name  of 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  117 

mntilatus  (fli'st  proposed  by  HoflFniansegg  for  a  specimen  from  Portugal)   was 
retained  by  Erichson  for  the  present  species. 

94.  CarpopMlus  am'opilosus,  WoU. 

C.  oblongus  fusco-niger  pubescens,  prothorace    magno  subquadi-ato  convexo,  antennis  pedibusque 

ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  It. 

Habitat  urbem  Funchalensem,  unde  exemplar  unicum  Dom.  Kousset  nuper  misit. 

C.  oblong,  punctured,  black  mtli  a  slight  bro-miish  tinge,  and  densely  clotbed  ^\'itb  pale  yeDowish 
pubescence.  Prothorax  large,  convex  and  subquadi-ate,  being  nearly  as  broad  before  as  behind. 
Elytra  with  the  extreme  apical  margin  a  little  infuscate.  Mouth,  legs  and  antenna  ferruginous, 
the  last  with  their  club  somewhat  dusky. 

Distinguished  from  the  C.  nmtilatus  and  the  C.  hemij^terus  by  its  somewhat 
smaller  size  and  uniformly  dark  hue, — its  antennae  and  legs,  added  to  the  golden 
pubescence  wdth  which  it  is  clothed,  being  alone  pale.  The  only  specimen  which 
I  have  seen  was  lately  communicated  to  me  by  M.  Rousset,  by  whom  it  was 
captm-ed  in  the  ^-icinity  of  Funchal.  Like  the  other  Madeiran  CarjwjiMli,  it  is 
probably  an  introduced  insect :  nevertheless,  not  having  been  able  to  identify  it 
with  any  known  species,  I  have  been  compelled  to  describe  it  as  new. 

95.  CarpopMlus  hemipterus. 
C.   subovato-oblongus  nigro-fuscus  pubescens,  prothorace  minus  quadi-ato,  elytro  singulo  maculis 

duabus,  una  sc.  humerali  sinuata  et  altera  apicali  magna,  flavis  interdum  confluentibus  ornato, 

antennarum  basi  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  lA-lf. 

Dermestes  liemipterus,  Linn.  Sysf.  Nat.  ii.  567  (1767). 
Nitidula  himaculata,  Oliv.  Ent.  ii.  12.  6  (1790). 

,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  244  (1808). 

Carp(^hilus  hemipterus,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  sv.  36  (1844). 
. ,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Beutsch.  iii.  135  (1848). 

Habitat  Maderam,  cum  C.  mutilato  sed  illo  multo  copiosior. 

C.  oblong-ovate,  punctured,  blackish-brown,  or  black,  and  clothed  with  a  yellowish  pubescence. 
Prothorax  large,  but  somewhat  transverse,  being  a  httle  narrower  before  than  behind,  and  with 
the  margins  occasionally  slightly  paler  than  the  disk.  Elytra  rather  shorter  than  in  either  of 
the  preceding  species,  with  two  zigzag  patches  on  each, — viz.  a  small  one  at  the  shoulder,  and  a 
large  one  occupying  more  or  less  of  the  entire  apical  half, — pale  yellow  ;  the  latter  sometimes  so 
broad  as  to  be  almost  confluent  with  the  former.     Mouth,  base  of  antenna  and  legs  testaceous. 

Found  in  company  with  the  C.  nmtilatus,  but  much  more  plentifully  :  amongst 


118  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

di'icd  figs  I  have  observed  it  occasionally  ia  the  greatest  profusion.  It  is  common 
tlirougliout  Em-ope  and  in  Algeria,  but  was,  originally,  in  all  probability,  a  native 
of  a  colder  climate  than  the  C.  mutilatus,  since  the  latter  has  not  been  able,  ap- 
parently, to  establish  itseK  in  northern  Europe,  whereas  the  present  insect  occou-s 
in  equal  abimdance  both  in  the  north  and  the  south. 


Genus  44.  NITIDULA. 
Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  77  (1775). 

Corpus  minusculum,  plus  minusve  depressum  et  laete  coloratum  :  prothorace  in  discum  subconvexo,  ad 
latera  plerumquc  complanato  necnon  ssepius  subrecurvo :  elytris  apice  truncatis,  pj'gidium  vix 
tcgcntibus :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  bre\iusculffi,  articulo  primo  magno  crasso,  secundo  ad  octavum 
multo  gracilioribus  (tertio  ssepe  reliquis  lougiore  graciliore),  reliquis  capitulum  maguum  subsoli- 
dum  orbiculato-ovatum  triarticulatum  efficientibus.  Lahrum  antice  ciliatum.  Mandibula  valida;, 
apice  bidentatffi.  Maxilla  lobo  singula  pubescenti  instructse.  Palpi  filiformes.  Mentum  trans- 
verso-subquadratum,  antice  vel  leviter  emarginatum  vel  productum.  Ligula  apice  biloba,  lobis 
magnis  pubescentibus.  Pedes  subcoutractiles  :  tibiis  extus  integris  :  tarsis  articulo  quarto  minu- 
tissimo,  anticis  articulis  tribus  saepius  dilatatis. 

The  Nitiditlce,  subdivided  by  Erichson,  as  I  camiot  but  believe,  into  too  many 
genera,  may,  apart  from  the  distinctive  characters  of  theii*  oral  organs  (which  will 
be  gathered  from  the  above  diagnosis),  be  usually  recognised  from  theii-  allies  by 
their  comparatively  depressed  bodies,  and  by  the  more  or  less  flattened  edges  of 
their  prothorax.  In  their  economy  they  are  midway  between  Carjiophilus  and 
MeUgethes,  combining  the  ossiphagous,  or  almost  omnivorous,  propensities  of  the 
former  -ttdth  the  flower-infesting  habits  of  the  latter.  And,  since  we  have  such 
opposite  modes  of  life  indicated  in  the  same  genus,  we  find,  as  would  natm-aUy  be 
cKpected,  insects  of  intermediate  tendencies  likewise, — which  are  perhaps  the 
most  numerous,  and  may  be  considered  as  constituting  the  normal  members  of  the 
group.  Such  species  reside  between  chippings  of  wood  or  under  the  bark  of  trees, 
feeding  on  decaying  vegetable  matter,  more  particularly  in  spots  where  recent 
womids  have  caused  the  sap  to  exude  and  the  bark  to  have  become  loose.  Of 
the  fom"  representatives  however  which  I  have  hitherto  detected  in  the  ]Madeii'a 
Islands,  tkree  belong  to  the  ossiphagous,  and  one  only  to  the  strictly  subcortical 
division :  and  it  is  more  than  probalile  indeed  that  the  former  may  have  been 
accidentally  imported  from  more  northern  latitudes,  since  they  do  not  appear  to 
exist  at  aU  in  the  uncultivated  regions,  but  merely  in  the  A-icinity  of  the  to-mas, — 
positions  in  which  they  would  be  the  more  easily  naturalized,  from  the  constant 
supply  of  theii-  proper  food  with  which  such  localities  must  necessarily  abound. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  119 

§  I.  Labrum  transversum,  antice  leviter  emarginatum  :  ^alpi  articulo  ultimo  subammiinato :  mentum  antice 
plus  minusve  productum,  (Nitidula  et  Omosita,  Ericli^.     Habitant  prsecipue  in  cadaveribus. 

96.  Nitidula  flexuosa. 

N.  lato-oblonga  depressa  subfusco-nigra,  protborace  antice  vix  emarginato,  lateribus  testaceis  ciliatis, 
el3ftris  macula  media  communi  abbreviata  necnon  plaga  magna  (postice  dentat^)  ad  humeruni 
singuli  sita  pallido-testaceis  ornatis,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  li-2|. 

Nitidula  flexuosa,  Oliv.  Ent.  ii.  12.  7  (1790). 

,  Fab.  Ent.  Sysf.  i.  258  (1792). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Relv.  397  (1841). 

• ,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Beutseh.  iii.  159  (1818). 

Habitat  in  cadaveribus  Portus  Sancti,  tempore  biberno  et  vernali  non  infrequens. 

N.  broad  and  oblong,  depressed,  dull  brownisb-  or  piceous-black,  most  minutely  punctulated,  and 
pubescent.  Prothorax  very  slightly  emarginated,  or  arcuated,  in  front ;  large  and  wide,  rounded 
at  the  sides,  and  broadest  a  little  behind  the  middle ;  the  lateral  edges  testaceous,  and  fringed 
with  a  fine  silken  pubescence.  Elytra  with  a  transverse  abbreviated  central  patch,  common  to 
both,  and  a  large  flexuose  (posteriorly  ragged)  portion  at  the  shoulder  of  each  (usually  enclosing 
a  minute  isolated  one  within  its  concavity)  pale  testaceous.  Antenna  at  base  and  the  legs  testa- 
ceous ;  the  former  with  their  club  infuscate. 

Owing  probably  to  its  habits,  which,  would  favour  its  dissemination  over  the 
civilized  countries  of  the  world,  the  present  large  and  beautiful  Nitidula  is  an 
insect  of  very  wide  geographical  range.  It  occurs  (though  scarcely  in  such 
abundance  as  some  of  the  allied  species)  thi-oughout  the  greater  portion  of  Eiu-oj^e 
and  the  north  of  Africa ;  and  it  has  been  even  received  from  Syria,  and  other  parts 
of  Asia.  Hitherto  I  have  not  observed  it  in  Madeira  proper,  but  only  in  the 
island  of  Porto  Santo,  where,  during  December  of  1848,  I  captui'ed  it  in  great 
profusion,  adliering  to  the  dried  skeleton  of  a  goat,  on  the  edges  of  the  Campo 
de  Baxo,  to  the  westward  of  the  Cidade. 

97.  Nitidula  4-pustiilata. 

N.  angusto-suboblonga  fusco-nigra,  prothorace  convexo  antice  vix  emarginato,  lateribus  ciliatis,  elytro 
singulo  maculis  duabus,  una  sc.  subrotundata  longe  intra  humerum  sita  necnon  altera  majore 
oblonga  obliqua  postmedia,  testaceis  ornato,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  ferrugineis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1-1^. 

Nitidula  i-pustulata,  Fab.  Ent.  Sgsf.  i.  255  (1792). 

,  ULig.  Mag.  fur  Ins.  i.  88  (1801). 

■ ,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Relv.  401  (1841). 

,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deufsch.  iii.  160  (1848). 

Habitat  jNIaderam,  et  borealem  et  australem,  tempore  hiberno  et  vernali,  passim, — etiam  m  hortis 
Funchalensibus  interdum  abundans. 


120  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

N.  narrow  and  nearly  oblong,  less  depressed  than  the  last  species,  brownish-blaek,  most  minutely 
punctulated,  and  pubescent.  Prutlwrax  scarcely  at  all  cmarginated  in  front  (being  even  less  so 
than  in  the  A^.  flexuosa),  narrower  in  proportion  than  that  of  the  last  species,  and  straighter  at 
the  sides ;  the  lateral  edges  fringed  with  a  fine  silken  pubescence.  Elytra  with  a  small  roundish 
patch  a  long  way  within  the  humeral  angle  of  each,  and  a  larger,  oblique  and  somewhat  oblong 
one  a  little  behind  their  respective  disks,  testaceous.  Antenna  at  base  and  the  legs  ferruginous ; 
the  former  with  their  club  infuscate. 

In  all  probability  an  imported  insect  into  Madeira,  occm-ring  principally  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Funchal, — especially  in  gardens,  where  it  may  be  often 
captured  adhering  to  bones.  I  have  however  taken  it,  likewise,  in  the  north  of 
the  island,  at  Santa  Anna,  though  more  sparingly.  It  occui-s  throughout  the 
greater  portion  of  Europe,  but  is  not  usually  so  abundant  as  the  N.  discoidea. 

98.  Nitidula  discoidea. 
N.  liito-suboblonga  nigra,  prothorace  antice  profunde  emarginato,  insequali,  pone  discum  bifoveolato, 

limbo  plus  minusve  fcrruginco,  elytris  in  discum  latissime  testaceis,  antennis  pedibusque  infus- 

cato-ferrugincis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1^-lj- 

Nitidula  discoidea,  Fab.  Ent.  Si/st.  78  (1775). 

,  Elig.  Kaf.  Pre«s.3Sl  (1798). 

— ,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  219  (1808). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Heh.  398  (1841). 

Omosita   ,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deiitseh.  iii.  168  (1848). 

Habitat  in  ossibus  prope  Funchal,  una  cum  praicedente  degens  sed  ilia  rarior. 

N.  broad  and  oblong,  a  little  more  convex  on  the  disk  than  either  of  the  preceding  species,  black, 
rather  coarsely  punctulated  (especially  on  the  prothorax),  and  somewhat  sparingly  pubescent. 
Prothorax  deeply  cmarginated  in  front,  short  and  transverse,  the  entire  margins  (especially  about 
the  anterior  angles)  more  or  less  dusky  ferruginous ;  its  sui-face  uneven,  being  considerably 
flattened  and  a  little  recurved  at  the  sides,  and  with  two  short  rounded  foveje  behind  the  centre 
of  the  disk.  Elytra  with  a  large,  ragged,  pale  testaceous  blotch,  common  to  both,  upon  the 
disk, — leaving  only  the  margins,  the  apical  portion,  and  a  few  broken  lines  or  spots  within  the 
paler  region,  black.     Antenna  and  legs  brownish-feiTuginous. 

One  of  the  coimuonest  European  Nitidulcc,  and,  like  the  N.  '^-jmstulata,  pro- 
bably natm-alizcd  in  Madeira,  where  it  is  apparently  exceedingly  scarce.  I  have 
taken  it  from  out  of  bones  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Funchal,  during  the  whiter 
and  spring,  but  have  not  as  yet  observed  it  in  any  other  portion  of  the  island. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  121 

§  II.  Labrum  semicirculare,  antice  anguste  fisso-emarginatum  :  palpi  articulo  ultimo  in  maxillarihus  suh- 
ovato,  in  lahialihus  crassiore  subrotundato-triincato  :  mentum  antice  leviter  einarginatmn.  (Epurasa, 
Srich.)     Habitant  pleniinque  sub  cortice  arborum  vel  etiam  in  floribus. 

99.  Nitidula  obsoleta, 
N.  oblonga  depressa  diluto-testacea,  in  discum  plus  minusve  subinfuscata,  prothorace  antice  profunde 
emarginato,  elytro  singulo  maculis  duabus  obsoletissimis  vix  observandis  pallidioribus  ornato^ 
antennarum  basi  pedibusque  testaceis. 

Variat  colore  omnino  pallido-testaceo. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-li. 

Nitidula  obsoleta,  Eab.  Ent.  Sgst.  i.  256  (1792). 

,  Gyll.  Lis.  Suec.  i.  223  (1808). 

,  Hear,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  398  (1841). 

Epurcea   ,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Detitsch.  iii.  148  (1848). 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam,  sub  cortice  arborum  truncisque  recenter  sectis,  tempore  vernali  et 
sestivo,  rarissima  :  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  necnon  in  Madera  boreali,  in  castanetis  Sanctse  Annse,  bine 
inde  observavi. 

N.  oblong,  depressed,  testaceous,  minutely  punctidated  and  pubescent.  Prothorax  very  deeply 
eniargined  in  front  (being  ratber  more  so  than  even  that  of  the  last  species),  rather  straightened 
at  the  sides,  and  broadest  a  little  behind  the  middle ;  the  disk  generally  slightly  infuscated. 
Elytra,  likewise,  a  bttle  darker  on  the  disk ;  and  each  with  an  exceedingly  obscure  (sometimes 
scarcely  perceptible)  patch  behind  the  centre  of  its  disk,  and  another  (still  obscurer)  about  the 
region  of  the  shoulder,  paler.  Antenna  and  legs  usually  of  a  rather  paler  testaceous  shade  than 
the  rest  of  the  surface  ;  the  former  with  their  club  inf  uscate. 

Likewise  a  common  European  insect,  but  exceedingly  rare  in  Madeii^a,  being 
found  sparingly  tliroughout  the  sylvan  districts  beneath  the  bark  and  chippings 
of  trees,  or  adhering  to  the  under  sides  of  recently  felled  trunks.  I  have  taken  it, 
during  the  summer  months,  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio  and  in  the  Chestnut-woods  of 
Santa  Anna ;  as  also  at  the  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  during  my 
encampment  there  with  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  in  May  1819. 

Genus  45.  PRIA. 

(Kirby)  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  49  (1830). 

Corpus  minusculum,  subconvexum :  prothorace  leviter  marginato :  ehjti'is  apice  truncatis,  pygidium 
totum  vix  tegentibus  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna,  prsecipue  in  maribus,  longiusculoe,  clava  mascula 
4-articulata  laxa  subserrata  (articulis  octavo,  nono  et  decimo  intus  productis),  clava  fceminea 
3-articulata  solidiore.  Labrum  prominulum,  antice  ciliatum  et  profunde  bilobum.  Mandibulte 
validpe,  apice  denticulatse,  basi  latissimse.  Maxilla  lobo  singulo  brevi  pubescenti  instructse. 
Palpi  filiformes,  articulo  ultimo  subacumiuato-truncato.  Mentum  subquadi'atum  antice  angus- 
tatum,  summo  apice  emarginato.    Ligula  apice  biloba,  lobis  angustis  divergentibus  pubescentibus. 

E. 


122  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Pedes  contractiles :  tibiis  anticis  atl  marginem  externum  minutissitue  spinulosis :  tarsis  articulo 
quarto  minutissimo,  anticis  articulis  tribus  dilatatis. 

Of  the  present  genus  but  a  single  species  has  been  hitherto  discovered,  namely 
the  Luria  Dulcaynarce  of  Scopoli, — for  the  male  of  which  (supposed  erroneously  to 
be  distinct  from  the  female)  the  group  was  originally  proposed.  It  is  on  account 
of  the  structure  of  its  antennae  that  the  mistake  as  regards  the  sexes  appears  to 
have  arisen, — those  of  the  male  being  the  longest,  and  having  their  clul)  com- 
posed of  four  loosely-attached  and  (with  the  exception  of  the  apical  one)  internally- 
produced  joints,  whereas  in  tlie  female  it  is  subsoHd  and  merely  triarticulate. 
Such  characters  as  these  are  of  cotirse  sufficient,  evjen  of  themselves,  to  separate 
Tria  from  the  allied  forms ;  and  we  need  only  therefore  add  that  it  would  seem, 
externally,  to  constitute  somewhat  of  a  connecting  link  between  Nitidula  and 
3Ieligethes,  its  partially  pale  surface  and  submargined  prothorax  leading  us  very 
gradually  from  the  variegated  and  flattened  bodies  of  the  former  to  the  darker 
and  convexer  ones  of  the  latter, — to  which  in  its  flower-infesting  habits  however  it 
is  the  more  nearly  allied. 

100.  Pria  Dulcamarae. 

P.  oblonga    iiifuscato-ferruginea,  regione  scutellari,    pectore,   abdomine  antennarumque  clava   plus 

minusve  nigrescentibus,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  f-1. 

Laria  Duleamarce,  Scop.  £nt.  Cam.  22  (1763). 

NitiduU  Dulcamara,  III.  Kaf.  Preus.  387  (1798). 

Silpha  truncatella,  Mshni,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  123  (1802). 

Pria  trimcatella  et  MeUgethcs  DulcamarcB,  Steph.  ///.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  45  et  50  (1830). 

DulcamarcB,  Stiu'in,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xv.  127  (1814). 

Habitat  in  tloribus  jMadcra;,  tempore  vcmali  et  sestivo,  non  infrequens  :  ab  hortis  Funchalensibus  fere 
ad  summos  montes  ascendit,  sed  in  locis  intermediis  (e.  g.  castanetis  Sanctae  Annse)  pi-secipue 
abundat. 

P.  oblong,  slightly  convex,  brownish-ferruginous,  or  testaceous-brown,  minutely  punctulated  and 
pubescent.  Prothoraa:  subquadrate.  The  region  of  the  scutellum,  the  breast,  the  abdomen,  and 
the  antenna  at  apex  more  or  less  dark,  or  nigrescent.  The  last  at  base,  and  the  legs  diluted- 
testaceous. 

A  \videly  distributed  insect  over  Europe,  but  apparently  somewhat  scarce  in 
Madeira ; — occiu'ring  however  sparingly  in  most  pai-ts  of  the  island,  and  at  nearly 
all  elevations.  I  have  taken  it  from  out  of  flowers  in  the  gardens  aroimd  Fimchal, 
in  INIay, — especially  in  that  of  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  at  the  Levada  ;  as  also  in  the 
Chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna,  more  abimdantly,  in  Jime ;  and  in  the  upland 
region  of  the  Cruzinhas  (nearly  5000  feet  above  the  sea),  dui-ing  July. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  123 

Genus  46.  MELIGETHES. 

(Kirby)  Steph.  Ill  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  45  (1830). 

Corpus  minusculum,  convexum,  colore  ssepius  obscuro  vel  submetallico :  prothorace  vix  marginctto : 
ebjtris  apice  truncatis,  pygidium  totum  \{x  tegentibus  :  alls  amplis.  Antenrue  breviusculse, 
articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  praecipue)  magnis  crassis,  tertio  reliquis  longiore  graciliore,  inde 
ad  octavum  paulatim  brevioribus  crassioribus,  reliquis  capitulum  magnum  subsolidum  orbiculato- 
ovatum  triarticulatum  efficientibus.  Labrum  antice  ciliatum  et  profunde  bilobum.  Mandibula 
valida;,  apice  denticulatpe,  basi  latse.  Maxilla  lobo  singulo  elongate  pubescenti  instructse.  Palpi 
subfiliformes,  articulo  ultimo  subacuminato-truncato.  Mentum  transversum  antice  angustatum, 
summo  apice  emarginato.  Ligula  apice  biloba,  lobis  magnis  pubescentibus.  Pedes  contractiles  : 
tibiis  (prjesertim  anticis)  ad  marginem  externum  sfepius  spinulosis :  tarsis  articulo  quarto  minu- 
tissimo,  anticis  articulis  tribus  dilatatis. 

Ileligethes,  altliougli  differing  but  slightly  in  real  stritcture  from  the  neigh- 
bouring genera,  has  nevertheless,  as  may  be  gathered  from  the  above  diagnosis, 
small  distinctive  features  of  its  own  (amongst  which  the  elongated  lobe  of  its 
maxillge  should  be  especially  noticed)  even  in  the  details  of  its  oral  organs.  In 
its  deeply  bilobed  upper  lip  and  in  the  truncated  apex  of  its  labial  palpi  it  coin- 
cides with  Pria ;  whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  its  transverse  mentum  and  the  short- 
ness of  its  antennae  would  tend  to  strengthen  its  relation  with  Nitidula.  Exter- 
nally, however,  there  is  but  little  fear  of  confounding  the  species  which  compose  it 
with  those  of  any  of  the  neighboui'ing  groups,  their  convex  and  usually  darkly 
coloui'ed  bodies,  which  are  generally  either  entirely  black  or  else  ornamented  with 
a  slightly  metallic  tinge,  in  conjunction  with  the  comparatively  unmargitied 
edges  of  their  prothorax,  at  once  serving,  even  prima  facie,  to  identify  them.  Of 
the  four  Madeu-an  representatives  which  I  have  hitherto  succeeded  in  detecting, 
two  would  appear  to  be  undescribed,  and  are  probably  peculiar  to  these  islands. 

101.  Meligethes  Isoplexidis,  Woll. 
M.  oblongo-ovatus  subdepressus  niger  longe  olivaceo-pubescens,  elytris  ad  apicem  magis  abbreviatis, 
antennis  pedibusque  infuscato-ferragineis,  tibiis  anticis  apicem  versus  subdilatatis  atque  extus 
valde  pectinato-serratis. 
Var.  /3.  subcyanescenti-niger  et  cinereo-pubescens,  prothorace  paulo  latiore,  antennis  pedibusque 
pallidioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  li-H. 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  floribus  necnon  super  folia  Isoplexidis  Sceptri,  ad  rupes  locis  editioribus 
nascentis,  sestate  baud  infrequens :  ad  Feijaa  de  Corte  mense  Augusto  inwnte  a.d.  1850 
utrumque  sexum  (in  copula)  copiosissime  cepi. 

M.  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  acuminated  before  and  behind,  comparatively  depressed,  black,  finely  and 
closely  punctulated,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  long,  and  rather  robust,  olivaceous  (sometimes 
nearly  golden-yellow)  pubescence.    Prothorax  subquadrate.    Elytra  more  truncated  behind  than 

R  2 


124  INSECTA  MADERENSIA, 

is  the  case  with  any  of  the  following  species,  exposing  the  pygidiura,  which  is  usuallv  somewhat 
acuminated.  AnienruB  and  leys  dull  brownish-  or  picco-fciTuginous  :  the  former  with  their  base 
a  little  paler:  the  latter  with  their  fore-tibia  shghtly  dilated  towards  the  apex,  and  with  the  outer 
edge  very  powerfully  serrated, — ha\ing  usually  about  nine  large  teeth  (diminishing  in  size),  and 
about  six  more  (very  minute  ones)  which  extend  to  the  extreme  base. 
Var.  /3.  with  a  slightly  bluish  tinge,  and  ■nnth  the  pubescence  on  the  upper  surface  cinereous 
(instead  of  olivaceous) :  the  prothorax  rather  larger  and  broader  than  in  the  ordinary  type ;  and 
the  legs  and  antenrue  somewhat  paler. 

A  large  and  distinct  3Ieligethes,  and  one  wliich  may  be  readily  known  from  the 
rest  of  the  genus  here  described,  not  only  by  its  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  sub- 
acuminated  outline,  and  by  its  more  abbreviated  elytra,  but  likemse  by  the  dense 
olivaceous,  or  almost  golden  pubescence  wdth  Avhich  its  uj)per  sui'face  is  clothed, 
and  by  the  structure  of  its  fore-tibiae,  wliich  are  more  powerfully  serrated  than  in 
any  of  the  other  species,  and  have  nine  exceedingly  robust  (though  unequal)  teeth 
on  the  apical  half  of  their  outer  edge,  and  about  six  or  seven  extremely  minute 
ones  extending  to  its  base.  I  have  as  yet  only  detected  it  on  the  flowers  and 
foliage  of  the  Isoplexis  Sceptriim,  where,  during  the  summer  months,  it  would 
appear  to  l)e  far  from  uncommon  at  intermediate  and  lofty  altitudes  in  the  momi- 
tains  of  Madeira, — although,  from  the  precipitous  and  almost  inaccessible  nature 
of  the  rocks  on  which  that  magnificent  plant  prmcipally  fioiu'ishes,  it  is  usually  a 
somewhat  difficult  insect  to  obtain.  On  the  abrupt  declivities  at  the  Feijaa  de 
C6rte,  and  in  the  remote  adjoining  ravine  of  the  Ribeu-o  da  Quebrada,  I  took  it  in 
great  a])undance,  at  the  Ijeguining  of  August  1850.  Of  the  var.  /3.  but  a  single 
specimen  has  liitherto  come  beneath  my  observation, — captiu'ed,  by  myself,  at  the 
extreme  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Joao  Delgada  during  July  of  the  same  year. 

102.  MeUgethes  tristis. 

M.  oblongus  subconvexus  niger   cinereo-pubescens,  autennarum  basi  vix  conspicue  pallidiore,  tibiis 

anticis  sublinearibus,  extus  pectinato-serratis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1^. 

Nitidula  tristis,  Schupp.  in  litt. 

Meligethes  tristis,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xvi.  40.  t.  309.  f.  a.  A,  h  (1845). 

,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Betitsch.  iii.  190  (1848). 

,  Eodt.  Fna  Aiistr.  1G9  (184.9). 

Habitat  insulas  iladercnses,  tempore  vernali  in  floribus  ubique  vulgaris :  in  Portu  Sancto  necuon  in 
ins.  Descrta;  Grandis  abundat :  "  Funchal  in  rosis,"  teste  Dom.  Heer. 

M.  ahnost  oblong,  rather  narrower  and  convexer  than  the  last  species,  black,  finely  and  closely  punc- 
tulated,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  delicate  cinereous  pubescence, — which  has  sometimes  a 
slightly  yellowish  tinge.  Prothorax  subquadratc.  Antemue  at  base  only  just  perceptibly  paler 
than  the  rest  of  the  surface.  The  legs  with  their  fore-tibite  comparatively  linear,  being  less 
dilated,  or  extemally  rounded,  towards  the  apex  than  is  the  case  in  any  of  the  other  species,  and 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  125 

with  the  outer  edge  powerfully  serrated, — haWng  usually  six  large  teeth  (of  unequal  sizes),  and 
about  five  more  (very  minute  ones)  which  extend  nearly  to,  although  gradually  diminishing  at, 
the  base. 

The  present  Mellgethes  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  other  species  with 
which  we  are  here  concerned  by  its  smaller  size  and  ahnost  entirely  black  hue  (the 
basal  portion  of  its  antennse  being  alone  just  perceptibly  paler  than  the  rest  of  the 
surface),  as  well  as  by  the  structure  of  its  comparatively  linear  fore-tibise, — which 
have  six  very  powerful  teeth  along  the  apical  half  of  theu-  outer  edge,  and  about 
five  or  six  other,  very  minute,  ones  gradually  diminishing  towards  their'  base. 
The  relative  proportions  of  the  teeth  are  not  precisely  the  same  as  those  which  are 
figured  in  Sturm's  Deutschlands  Fauna,  but  tyjncal  specimens  of  the  M.  tristis 
which  I  have  received  from  Berlin  agree  sufl&ciently  well  with  the  Madeiran 
insect  as  to  leave  but  little  doubt,  in  my  ot\ti  mind,  that  the  two  are  specifically 
coincident.  It  is  extremely  abimdant  throughout  most  of  the  islands  of  the  group, 
occurring  in  flowers  during  the  sj)ring  and  early  summer  months.  In  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  Punchal,  especially  towards  the  upper  extremity  of  the  Ribeiro  de 
Santa  Luzia,  I  have  at  times  observed  it  in  the  greatest  profusion :  and  in  Porto 
Santo  and  on  the  Dezerta  Grande  it  is  scarcely  less  common. 


103.  Meligethes  picipes. 
M.  subrotundato-oblongus    convexus   niger    cinereo-pubescens,   antennis  pedibusque  anticis  fusco- 

picescentibus,  posterioribus  fere  nigris,  tibiis  anticis  ante   medium   dilatatis,    extus    subtiliter 

serratis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1^. 

Meligethes picipes,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xvi.  47.  t.  310.  f.  a,  A,  b  (1845). 

,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  199  (1848). 

,  E^dt.  Fna  Austr.  170  (1849). 

Habitat  in  floribus  Maderse,  una  cum  M.  t)istl  degens,  vulgatissimus. 

M.  roundish-oblong,  being  a  little  broader  and  convexer  (and,  on  the  average,  a  trifle  larger)  than  the 
M.  tristis,  deep  black,  finely  and  closely  punctulated,  and  clothed  (more  or  less)  with  a  delicate 
cinereous  pubescence.  Prothorax  just  perceptibly  more  transverse  than  that  of  the  last  species. 
Antenna  and  the  two  fore-legs  dark  brownish-ferruginous,  or  picescent ;  the  four  hinder  legs 
being  always  of  a  darker  tinge,  and  generally  nearly  black  :  the  fore-tibia  considerably  dilated  a 
little  before  the  middle,  and  with  the  outer  edge  very  finely  sen-ated  along  its  entire  length, — the 
teeth  which  are  situated  on  the  broadest  portion  being  slightly  larger  than  the  rest. 

Like  the  last,  a  common  European  Meligethes.  It  may  be  kno^\Ti  from  the 
other  Madeiran  species  by  its  colom-  being  almost  entu'ely  black  A\ith  the  excep- 
tion of  its  front-legs  and  antennae,  which  (although  sometimes  obscui-ely  so)  are 
always  paler  than  the  two  hinder  pair.     It  is,  at  first  sight,  very  closely  allied  to 


126  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  M.  tristis,  Avith  which  it  is  usually  found  in  comjiany ;  nevertheless,  the  j^oints 
just  enumerated,  in  conjunction  with  its  slightly  larger  size,  its  comparatively 
broader  and  convexer  form,  its  somewhat  less  pubescent  el)i;ra,  and  the  more 
rounded  and  finely  serrated  external  edge  of  its  fore-tibise,  ^ill,  on  examination, 
readily  separate  it  from  that  insect.  It  is  abundant  throughout  Madeira,  at  nearly 
all  altitvules  below  about  iOOO  feet,  occurring  on  flowers,  for  the  most  part  in  com- 
pany ■with  the  M.  tristis,  during  the  spring  and  early  summer  months.  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  Funchal,  in  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  in  the  north  of  the 
island  (at  Santa  Anna),  and  in  the  district  of  the  Ribeiro  Frio  I  have  observed  it 
in  considerable  profusion. 

104.  MeUgethes  varicollis,  WoU. 

M.  subrotundato-oblongus  convexus  Beneo-viridis  subcinereo-pubescens   et  profundius  punctulatus, 
antennis  pedibusque  ferrugineis,  tibiis  anticis  ante  medium  dilatatis,  extus  subtiliter  serratis. 
Var.  /3.  (an  sexualis  distinctio  ?)  prothoracis  lateribus,  anteunis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-1  j. 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam,  in  floribus, — a  meipso  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  d.  22  Mai.  a.d.  1850  repertus. 

M.  large  and  robust,  roundish-oblong,  convex,  brassy-green,  rather  coarsely  punctulated  (especially 
on  the  elytra),  and  more  or  less  clothed  with  a  cinereous  pubescence, — which  has  sometimes  a 
yellowish  tinge.  ProtJiorax  wider  and  more  transverse  than  in  any  of  the  other  species. 
Antenna  and  ler/s  brownish-ferruginous  :  the  latter  with  their  fore-tibite  considerably  dilated  a 
httle  before  the  middle,  and  the  outer  edge  finely  serrated  along  its  entire  length, — the  teeth 
gradually  diminishing  in  size  from  the  apex. 
Vai-.  /3.  with  the  lateral  margins  of  the  prothorax  broadly  testaceous ;  antennse  and  legs  paler  than 
in  the  ordinary  state,  being  testaceous. 

An  exceedingly  well-marked  and  truly  indigenous  species.  It  may  be  at  once 
recognised  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described  by  its  brassy-green 
surface,  more  distinctly  pimctulated  elytra,  and, — in  the  case  of  the  variety  (a 
state  which,  if  indeed  it  be  not  a  sexual  modification,  of  which  I  am  by  no  means 
certain,  it  seems  constantly  liable  to  assume), — by  the  broadly  pale  margins  of  its 
prothorax.  In  its  general  outline,  and  in  the  structure  of  its  fore-tibiae,  it 
approaclies  the  M.  picipes ;  but  the  above  characters,  independently  of  its  larger 
size  and  its  much  paler  limbs,  will  immediately  distinguish  it  from  that  insect. 
It  is,  apparently,  the  rarest  of  the  INIadeii-an  members  of  the  group,  or  at  any  rate 
the  m.ost  local ;  and  would  seem  to  be  confined  to  sylvan  spots  of  intermediate 
altitudes.  The  only  occasion  on  wliich  I  have  liitherto  observed  it  was  on  the 
22nd  of  May  1850,  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio, — where  both  varieties  were  tolerably 
abundant,  in  flowers,  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada.  Its  season  is  probably  of  short 
duration,  since  later  in  the  summer  I  searched  for  it,  in  exactly  the  same  position 
and  under  the  same  circumstances,  in  vain. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  127 

Genus  47.  XENOSTRONGYLUS,  Woll.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  8.) 

Corpus  parvum,  convexum,  valde  pubescen.s :  prothorace  vix  marginato  :  elytris  abdomen  totum  tegen- 
tibus :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  prothovacis  longitudiiie,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  prscipue) 
magnis  crassis,  tertio  reliquis  longiore  graciliore,  quarto  ad  octavum  paulatim  brevioribus  scd  vix 
crassioribus,  reliquis  capitulum  magnum  subsolidum  rotundato-oblongum  triarticulatum  effici- 
entibus.  Labrum  prominulum  transversum,  antice  profunde  bilobum,  lobis  rotiindatis  extus 
ciliatis.  Mandibula  validae,  in  medio  lata;,  extus  basi  sinuate,  intus  membrana  pubeseenti 
instructs  necnon  ad  apicem  dentibus  quatuor  armats.  Maxilla  lobo  singula  elongato,  apice 
subdilatato  pubeseenti,  instructfe.  Palpi  subfiliformes,  articulo  secundo  tertio  longiore,  ultimo 
subfusiformi-truncato.  Ligula  elongata,  apice  biloba,  lobis  rotundatis  ciliatis.  Mentum  trans- 
verso-quadi-atum,  antice  profunde  emarginatum.  Pedes  subcontractiles  :  tibiis  ad  marginem  ex- 
ternum integi-is  :  tarsis  articulo  quarto  minutissimo,  anticis  articulis  tribus  dilatatis  valde  cordatis. 
A  ^€vo9  mirabilis,  et  Strongylus  (genus  Coleopterorum). 

The  peculiar  little  insect,  so  singularly  variegated  externally,  from  which  the 
above  generic  diagnosis  has  been  drawn  out,  woidd  appear  to  be  intermediate 
between  Meligethes  on  the  one  hand,  and  Thahjcra  and  Cychramus  on  the  other ; 
partaking  of  the  former  in  its  deeply  bilobed  upper  Hp  and  in  the  construction  of 
its  mandibles,  whilst  its  very  convex  body,  its  extremely  pubescent  and  variously- 
coloui-ed  sm-face,  and  its  imserrated  tibise  would  tend  to  associate  it  more  evidently 
with  the  latter.  Its  lichen-infesting  habits  however  would  indicate  a  closer  affinity 
with  the  StrongylincB  than  with  any  of  the  preceding  forms  ;  nevertheless  its  oral 
organs  are  so  nearly  similar  to  those  of  Meligethes  that  it  clearly  ovxght  not  to  be 
far  removed  from  that  group  : — and  I  woi.dd  therefore  place  it  immediately  after 
it,  in  which  position  it  constitutes  a  very  natm'al  passage  to  the  Strongyli,  which 
in  their  tm*n  lead  us  gradually  on  into  the  Colydiadce.  From  Cryptarcha,  to 
which  it  might  be  supposed  at  first  sight  to  be  related,  it  is  readUy  distinguished 
by  the  remarkable  construction  of  the  antennae  of  that  genus,  which  have  not 
only  their  basal  joint  inserted  beneath  the  lateral  margins  of  the  head,  but,  like- 
wise, the  terminal  articulation  of  their  (perfoliated)  club  spongiose  and  greatly 
truncated  at  its  extremity, — where  it  is  siu-mounted  moreover  by  a  smaU  conical 
excrescence.  It  seems  to  be  the  representative  of  a  type  which  exists  sparingly 
in  Mediterranean  latitudes,  but  which  has  not  hitherto,  apparently,  been  charac- 
terized. Thus,  I  am  informed  by  M.  Leon  Fairmaire,  of  Paris,  that  he  has  lately 
received  the  X.  histrio  fi'om  SicUy ;  whUst  a  second  species*  has  come  imder  my 

*  This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  Madeiran  one,  though  unquestionably  distinct  from  it  specifically. 
It  may  be  briefly  described  as  follows : — 

Xenostrongylus  Canariensis,  Woll. 
X.  brevis  rotundato-ovatus  subconvexus  niger,  pube  nigrescenti,  subcinerea  et  fulva  subdepressa  va- 

riegatus,  antennis  pedibusque  infascato-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  §. 

Habitat  in  insulis  Canariensibus,  a  Teneriffa  a  Itev''"  Dom.  Armitage  commTinicatus. 

X.  smaller  than  the  X.  liistrio,  and  not  quite  so  convex,  also  of  a  much  darker  coloiu-,  the  surface  being 


128  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

observation,  fi'om  the  Canary  Islands,  where  it  was  discovered  by  the  Rev.  AV.  J. 
Armitage  in  Teneriffe, 

105.  Xenostrongylus  histrio,  WoU.    (Tab.  II.  fig.  8.) 

X.  rotimdato-ovatus  convexus  piceiis,  pube  ciuerca,  fidva  et  nigra  robusta  depressa   Isete  fasciato- 

variegatus,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1. 

Habitat  insulas  Maderenscs,  pra;sertini  inter  lichenes  in  rupium  fissuris  crescentes,  hinc  inde  vul- 
garis: in  Portu  Sancto  necnon  in  Deserta  Grandi  abundat;  sed  etiam  in  hortis  culinaribus 
vinetisque  Maderfe  australis,  vix  ab  urbe  Funchalensi  remotis,  super  folia  plantarum  tempore 
vernali  interdum  legatur. 

X.  roundish-ovate,  convex,  piceous,  finely  punctulated  (but  not  punctate-striated),  and  densely 
clothed  with  a  long,  exceedingly  robust  and  decumbent  pile, — which  on  the  under  side  of  the 
insect  is  uniformly  cinereous  ;  but  above  cinereous,  fulvous,  aud  black,  intermixed,  and  occasionally 
with  a  slight  addition  of  golden-brown,  which  gives  the  entire  upper  surface  a  beautifully  varie- 
gated and  histrionic  appearance.  Prothorax  and  elytra  ornameutcd  with  more  or  less  confluent 
patches  and  broken  fascia; ;  which  on  the  former  are  arranged  principally  on  the  hinder  j)ortion, 
and  have  their  concavities  turned  towards  and  resting  upon  the  base  ;  whilst  on  the  latter  it  is 
their  main  tendency  to  shape-out  a  large  arcuated  postmedial  one,  parallel  to  the  curvature  of 
the  margin  and  enclosing  a  darker  central  portion  behind  the  scutellum  (which  is,  itself,  however, 
always  clothed  with  pale  pubescence).  The  pubescence  of  this  large  arcuated  fascia  (which  is 
often  a  good  deal  broken  and  interrupted)  is  normally,  like  the  scutellum,  composed  of  pale 
cinereous  hau-s ;  and  there  are  usually  indications  of  a  smaller  transverse  zigzag  band  (of  the 
same  colour)  between  it  and  the  apex.  The  space  between  these  two  fascia;,  as  also  an  ob- 
scure subsidiai-y  ill-defined  arch  in  fi-ont  of  the  disk  {i.  e.  in  the  dark  space  behind  the 
scutellum),  with  the  pubescence,  tj-pically,  of  a  fulvous  or  golden-brown  tinge  : — but,  although 
these  are  the  positions  and  tints  of  the  fasciae  and  patches  in  well-developed  and  brilliant  speci- 
mens, the  whole  arc  often  so  much  obscured  and  shaded-off  into  each  other  as  to  be  but  indi- 
stinctly defined ;  in  all  instances  however  the  large  and  comparatively  dark  portion  of  the  elytra 
behind  the  scutellum  is  at  once  apparent.  Antenna  and  legs  testaceous;  the  former  with  their 
club  generally  a  little  dusky. 

One  of  the  most  elegant  of  the  Madeiran  Coleoptera,  the  interrupted,  arcuated 
fascial,  and  broken  patches,  of  variously  coloured  pubescence,  with  which  its  upper 
surface  is  densely  crowded,  giving  it,  at  first  sight,  an  almost  histrionic  appear- 
ance. It  occurs  throughout  most  of  the  islands  of  the  group,  and  in  certain 
positions  in  the  greatest  abundance.      Tjiucally,  it  is  an  inliabitant  of  lichen 


apparently  almost  black.  The  pubescence  likewise  of  an  altogether  darker  nature,  and  neither  quite 
so  robust  nor  so  completely  depressed, — a  larger  portion  of  it  being  black  ;  with  distinct  indications, 
nevertheless,  of  a  paler,  variegated,  arched  subapical  fascia  on  the  el^-tra.  Anteiime  and  Irys  darker 
than  those  of  the  JT.  histrio ;  the  former  having  their  club  considerably  infuscated. 

As  already  mentioned,  it  was  detected  by  the  'Rev.  AV.  J.  .irmitage  in  Teneriffe  ;  but  the  circumstances 
of  its  capture  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  129 

(particularly  of  the  RamaUna  scopulonim  and  the  Evernia  prunastri), — in  the 
bunches  of  which  on  the  exposed  weather-beaten  rocks  of  Porto  Santo  and  the 
Dezerta  Grande  I  have  observed  it,  hybernating,  literally  by  thousands.  As  the 
season  advances,  however,  it  would  appear,  partially,  to  leave  the  rocks,  when  it 
may  be  found  in  grassy  spots  in  theii*  vicinity, — and  frequently  taking  flight  to 
more  distant  localities.  Thus,  diu*ing  April  18i8,  I  captured  it  even  in  the 
gardens  near  Fuuchal,  on  the  leaves  of  plants  (especially  those  of  the  Sinapis 
tribe)  and  in  an  exceedingly  active  state.  A  few  weeks  later  however  it  was  in 
far  greater  abundance  on  the  mountain-slopes  of  Porto  Santo,  where  immediately 
below  the  extreme  summit  of  the  Pico  de  Pacho  it  existed  in  the  utmost  pro- 
fusion. In  May  of  1849,  whilst  encamped  mth  the  Hev.  R.  T.  Lowe  high  up  in 
the  Ribeu'o  de  Santa  Luzia,  I  took  it  in  considerable  numbers  from  amongst  the 
vegetation  which  clothes  the  lofty  perpendicular  edges  of  the  ravine.  As  already 
stated,  it  varies  a  good  deal  in  the  brightness  of  its  colouring :  and  I  have  usually 
remarked  that  the  Porto  Santan  representatives  are,  on  the  average,  of  an  obsciu-er 
hue  than  the  Madeii'an  ones ;  whilst  those  from  the  Dezerta  Grande  are  somewhat 
intermediate  between  the  two. 

Fam.  11.  COLYDIAD^. 

Genus  48.  TARPHIUS.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  4,  5  et  6.) 

(Germar)  Ericli.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Beutscli.  iii.  256  (1848). 

Corpus  minusculum,  subconvexum  vel  gibbosum,  ssepius  rugosum  et  lutosum :  capite  prothoraceque 
granulis  (plerumque  crebris  et  valde  obtusis)  obsitis,  granulo  quoque  setula  parva,  mediS,  munito ; 
illo  prothoracis  excavatione  fere  ad  oculos  inserto ;  hoc  amplo,  in  discum  convexo,  lateribus  valde 
complanatis,  antice  profunde  emarginato  caput  recipiente :  scutello  minutissimo  (vix  observando)  : 
alls  obsoletis.  Antenna  (III.  4  a)  prothoracis  longitudine,  distantes,  rectse,  ante  oculos  et  sub 
margine  capitis  insertae,  per  otium  sub  lateribus  concavis  reponendie,  articulo  primo  magno 
crasso  superne  vix  conspicuo,  secundo  sat  robusto,  sed  primo  paulo  graciliore,  subclavato  apice 
truncato,  tertio  gracili  reliquis  paulo  longiore,  quarto  ad  nonum  longitudine  decrescentibus  vix 
paulatim  crassioribus,  decimo  et  undecimo  clavam  magnam  laxam  abruptam  biarticulatam 
efficientibus,  illo  subpoculiformi  intus  interdum  obscurissime  producto,  hoc  subgloboso.  Labrum 
(III.  4  b)  subquadratum  angulis  anticis  rotundatis,  margine  ciliato.  Mandibula  (III.  4  c)  validse, 
apice  edeutatfe  acutae,  intus  medio  leviter  sinuatse  ac  lacinia  niembranacea  pubescenti  instructse. 
MaxilldE  (III.  4>d)  bilobje :  lobo  externa  apice  dilatato  truncato,  dense  barbato :  interna  angustiore 
vix  breviore,  valde  ciliato,  apice  uncinato.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  et 
tertio  incrassatis,  subfequalibus,  ultimo  robusto  ovato,  ad  summum  apicem  subcarnoso  et  vix 
oblique  truncato  :  labiates  articulis  primo  et  secundo  subfequalibus,  illo  gracdi,  hoc  subclavato, 
ultimo  ovato  robusto  ad  apicem  subcarnoso-subtruncato.  Mentum  (III.  4  e)  subquadratum. 
Ligula  subrotundato-quadrata,  antice  valde  ciliata.  Pedes  (III.  4/,  4^)  cursorii,  subcontractiles, 
distantes  :  femoribm  tibiisc[ne  compressis,  his  gracilibus,  extus  ssepe  obsoletissime  erosis,  aut 
potius  subserratis,  et  mox  pone  apicem  subito  subconstrictis,  apicem  subdilatatum  efFormantibus : 
tarsis  (III.  4/,  -iff,  et  6)  4-articulatis,  articulis  tribus  baseos  subsequalibus  intus  valde  barbatis, 

S 


130  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

primo  interdum  (in  sexu  masculo,  ut  opinor)  in  lobuni  spiniformeni  plus  minusve  obtusum 
subtus  producto  (III.  4/,  et  6),  quarto  valde  elongato  flexuoso  subclavato,  unguicuUs  simplicibus 
munito. 

There  is  perhaps  no  Madeiran  genus  more  interesting  geograpliically,  or  better 
defined,  than  Tarphius.     In  its  general  contour  and  habits,  and  in  its  4-jointed 
tarsi,  it  is  intimately  related  to  such  groups  as  Diodesma,  Coxelus,  ColoMcus  and 
Synchita,  though  with  abundant  distinctive  characters  of  its  O'vro..     It  is  with  the 
first  of  these  howcA'er  that  it  would  seem  to  possess  the  strongest  afl&nity,  since  it 
not  only  approaches  it  in  the  details  of  its  antennae  and  mouth,  but  likewise  in  its 
freedom  from  wings.     Nevertheless,  in  many  of  its  most  important  features  it 
recedes  from  the  whole  of  them,  and  in  none  more  so  than  in  the  structiu-e  of 
its  feet, — which  have  a  tendency  in  (what  I  believe  to  be)  the  males  of  most  of 
the  representatives  to  have  theu"  l)asal  articulation  produced  beneath  into  a  more 
or  less  acute  spiniform  lobe,  and  which  in  some  instances  is  so  exaggerated  as 
to  be  at  once  conspicuous  even  to  the  naked  eye.      As  regards  their  outward 
configuration,  the  Tarphil  are  either  brightly  maculated  on  theu-  elytra  or  else 
armed   with   nodules, — the   one   state   appearing  to   be   normal   and  the   other 
aberrant.     T\Tiere  the  patches  are  well-marked*  there  is  seldom  any  indication 
of  protuberances ;  but,  as  the  former  are  gradually  removed  the  latter  begin  to 
arise t, — until,  at  last,  in  those  species  |  where  the  patches  ai'c  altogether  cither 
evanescent  or  suffused,  the  projections  have  attained  theii-  maximum  and  become 
detached  humps  (concolorous  with,  the  rest  of  the  body)  in  the  exact  positions 
occupied  by  the  sjiots.     These  prominences  however  are  generated  in  a  rather 
singular  manner,  and  should  perhaps,  more  strictly,  be  defined  as  broken  ridges 
than  isolated  nodes;  for  as  the  blotches  vanish  the  alternate  interstices  (which 
have  always  a  faint  tendency  to  elevation)  become  not  only  more  perceptibly  raised, 
but,  at  the  same  time,  interrupted,  especially  behind, — thus  lea^dng  larger  or 
smaller  gibbosities,  which  have  every  appearance,  at  first  sight,  of  having  been 
independently  developed.     In  rare  cases  §  indeed  there  is  a  pale  tinge  even  on  the 
nodules,  but  in  such  the  colour  is  more  or  less  distributed  over  the  entire  elytra 
also, — diluting  their  surface   and   giving  them  a  somewhat  transparent  aspect. 
^Vnother  modification  ||  occurs,  in  which  the  short  rigid  pubescence  with  which  the 
insect  is  clothed  takes  a  partially  golden  tinge,  and  im^iarts  to  the  himches,  even 
in  the  absence  of  under-patches,  a  dirty-yello^^■ish  cast, — so  keeping  up  the  analogy 
of  the  latter  in  a  very  peculiar  way. 

The  males  of  the  Tarphii,  if  I  be  right  in  my  identification  of  them,  are  for  the 
most  part  a  little  smaller  than  the  females ;  and,  since  tliis  is  in  accordance  mth 
what  we  observe  throughout  the  Coleoptera  generally,  it  is  probable,  thus  far  at 

*  E.  g.  T.  rotundafus,  Lauri,  and  Lowei.  t  T.  echinatns  and  compactus. 

X  T.  testudinalU,  nodosus,  and  rugosus.  §  T.  cicatricosus,  truncatus,  and  hrevicollU. 

II   T.  nodosus  and  testudinalis. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  131 

least,  that  the  sexes  have  been  correctly  determmed.  Nevertheless,  if  snch  be 
true,  the  ordinary  law  of  development  would  seem  in  one  respect  to  be  departed 
from,  the  tubercles  being  frequently  more  particularly  enlarged  in  i\iQ  females  :  at 
any  rate  this  is  so  uninistakeably  carried  out  in  a  single  instance*  that  the  fact 
ought  not  to  remain  unnoticed.  The  whole  of  the  members  have  a  tendency  to 
be  more  or  less  covered  with  a  scaly  substance  resembling  dii-t,  and  which  at  times 
so  completely  enveloijes  them  as  nearly  to  conceal  even  the  brighter  portions  of 
the  spotted  forms.  They  are,  likewise,  as  regards  at  all  events  their  elytra,  more 
or  less  wriukled  and  rugulose, — although  (considering  the  T.  Lcmri  as  a  specific 
centre  from  which  most  of  the  others  appear  as  it  were  to  radiate)  it  wUl  be  per- 
ceived that  a  few  indeed  become  comparatively  smooth, — even  whilst  the  greater 
number  recede  so  manifestly  in  the  opposite  dii'ection  that  they  become  at  length 
almost  difficult  to  characterize  from  the  accumulation  of  protuberances,  ridges, 
granules,  and  setae  with  which  they  are  beset.  The  sculptiu'e  of  their  heads  and 
prothoraces  (the  latter  particularly)  is  exceedingly  anomalous,  and  constitutes  in 
fact  a  significant  item  even  in  theii'  generic  diagnosis.  Thus,  our  fu'st  Lmj)ression, 
on  examining  one  of  the  outer  limits  of  its  variations,  would  probably  be  that  it 
was  widely  and  oj)enly  reticulose  :  nevertheless  a  closer  inspection  (especially  of 
the  subcu'cularity  of  the  "  reticulations,"  and  of  how  they  gradually  contract,  and 
become,  during  the  process,  more  and  more  elevated)  would  at  once  explain  the 
nature  of  the  structure,  which  may  be  pronounced,  under  all  circumstances,  to  be 
granulate.  "WTien  thus  enunciated,  the  successive  modifications  are  easily  in- 
telligible,— the  extreme  state  in  one  direction  being  that  in  which  the  pustules 
are  so  closely  set,  broad,  and  flattened  as  to  cause  the  surface  to  appear  reticu- 
lated; whilst  that  in  which  they  have  diminished  so  far  in  breadth  as  to  leave 
spaces  between  them,  and  have  become  proportionably  more  upraised  and  acute, 
is  the  ultra  condition  in  the  other.  The  former  of  these  obtains  in  that  section  of 
the  genus  which  I  have  assumed  (for  Madeu*a)  to  be  normal,  whereas  the  latter  is 
indicative  of  those  members  which  are  al:)errant.  In  Sicily  however,  where  the 
only  representative  which  has  hitherto  been  discovered  occiu-s,  it  is  not  imj)ossible 
that  the  second  of  these  states  may  prevail,  since  the  T.  gibbulus  of  that  island  has 
the  granules  comparatively  minute  and  few,  and  with  a  more  decided  appearance 
of  being  truly  isolated  and  distinct  than  in  any  of  the  species  mth  which  we  are 
here  concerned.  "V^liilst  the  insects  are  at  rest  their  antennae  recline  backwards 
beneath  the  dilated  edges  of  their  prothorax,  which,  although  not  channeled,  is 
concave,  or  slightly  hollowed  out,  on  the  under  side  in  order  to  receive  them.  In 
the  Sicilian  T.  gibbulus,  this  cavity,  owing  partially  to  the  excessive  prominence  of 
its  pronotmn  which  causes  the  sides  to  descend  like  a  roof,  is  remarkably  evident, 
■ — nevertheless  even  there  it  can  scarcely  be  considered  grooved,  as  described  by 
Erichson.  I  have  observed  that  several  of  the  species  (as,  for  instance,  the  T.  ro- 
tundatus,  nodosus,  and  cicatricosus)  are  liable  to  be  affected  with  an  extremely 

*  T.  nodosus. 

s2 


132  INSECTA  MADERENSIA, 

minute,  elliptical,  and  almost  microscopic  parasite  (III.  4*),  which  attaches  itself 
so  firmly  to  the  body,  especially  about  the  thoracic  region,  that  it  is  not  -u-ithout 
considerable  force  and  perseverance  that  it  can  be  removed. 

As  already  stated,  there  is  perhaps  no  genus  throughout  the  whole  of  the 
Coleoptera  with  which  we  have  here  to  do,  more  important,  in  a  geographical 
sense,  than  Tarphiiis.  Represented  hitherto  by  a  single  European  species  of  the 
greatest  rarity, — the  T.  gibbulus-\ ,  from  Sicily  (of  which  a  short  notice  is  given  in 
Erichson's  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deutschlands,  vol.  iii.  p.  25G,  A.u.  18i8), — it  was  abnost 
unknown  to  science ;  and  hence  the  detection  of  a  series  thus  extensive  iu  the 
Madeiran  islands,  moulded  on  a  pattern  so  similar  to  the  Sicilian  type,  becomes 
doubly  interesting.  Of  the  influence  and  economy,  in  situ,  of  such  an  assemblage 
it  is  not  easy  to  speculate, — suffice  it  therefore  to  remark  that  the  enormous 
numbers  in  wliich  they  exist,  when  compared  with  the  limits  within  which  they 
arc  confined,  would  seem  to  poiut  to  some  especial  end  which  they  may  be  pre- 
sumed to  fulfil  amongst  the  insect  population  of  those  remote  upland  districts. 
Meanwhile  it  is  far  from  improbable,  that,  like  many  of  the  Nitidiilidce  and  the 
Xylophagous  groups,  they  may  assist  materially  in  the  decomposition  of  the 
superfluous  masses  of  loose,  rolling  timber  M'ith  which  the  damp  ravines  and  dense 

t  I  am  indebted  to  J.  O.  "Westwood,  Esq.  for  the  loan  of  a  specimen  of  the  true  TarpJiius  gibbulun, 
which  was  captured  by  the  late  Mr.  Melly  in  Sicily :  and  as  Erichson's  brief  notice  of  it  is  hardly  suffi- 
cient to  serve  for  even  a  generic  diagnosis,  and  therefore,  a  fortiori,  a  specific  one,  I  subjoin  tlie  I'ollo^s-iiig 
description,  in  order  to  point  out  in  what  manner  the  Sicilian  species  differs  from  the  fifteen  Madeirau 
ones : — 

Tarphius  gibbulus. 

T.  gibbus  cylindricus  piceus  pilosus  lutosus  ;  prothorace  amplo  antice  subtruncato,  pone  medium  dilatato, 
in  discum  valde  convexo,  lateribus  rotundatia  vix  complanatis,  granulis  dispersis  obtusis  obsito, 
obsolete  canaliculato  et  marginc  postico  (pra;sertim  ad  angulos)  iinpresso  ;  elytris  rugoso-  (sed  ^ix 
seriato-)  punctatis,  antice  et  postice  obsoletissime  submaculatis  ;  auteunis  pedibusijue  ferrugiueis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1^. 

Eecedes  from  all  the  Madeiran  Tarphii  in  its  very  convex  and  cylindrical  form  ;  in  its  long,  flexible  and 
pilose  (instead  of  rigid  and  setose)  pubescence ;  in  its  prothorax  having  the  hinder  margin  deeply  im- 
pressed transversely  (especially  towards  the  posterior  angles),  the  disk  exceedingly  convex,  and  the  sides 
but  slightly  flattened, — and  although  scarcely  grooved  beneath  yet  considerably  concave,  or  hollowed  out, 
for  the  reception  of  the  antennae.  The  closely-set,  large,  and  obtuse  granules  which  on  the  prothorax  of 
most  of  the  Mad(Mran  species  are  so  apparent  (and  whicli  give  it  an  almost  reticulated  sculpture),  are  liere 
entirely  wanting,  being  replaced  by  minute  and  distant  ones.  There  is  no  indication  on  the  el_\-tra  of 
either  ridges  or  nodules  ;  but  the  bright  patches  with  which  most  of  the  Madeiran  representatives  are 
more  or  less  adorned  (or,  rather,  which  it  is  their  tendency  to  possess)  are  here  faintly  expressed  by  the 
somewhat  paler  hue  of  the  basal  and  apical  portions,  which  is  gradually  shaded-oft'  into  the  darker  central 
disk.  Although  differing  widely  in  detaU  from  all  the  species  described  below,  I  am  inclined  to  consider 
the  T.  gihhuhis  as  possessing  a  greater  affinity  with  the  T.  Lowei  than  with  any  of  the  others,  from  which 
indeed  in  size,  scidpture,  colour  and  contour  it  is  not  very  remote : — a  fact  of  considerable  interest  when 
we  remember  that,  of  all  the  Madeiran  Tarphii,  not  only  does  the  T.  Lowei  recede  farthest  in  aspect  and 
habits  from  the  local  t}i)e,  but  that  it  is,  likewise,  of  a  wider  distribution  than  the  remainder,  being  the 
only  one,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  which  is  found  out  of  Madeira  proper. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  133 

mountain- slopes  of  Madeii"a  everywliere  abound.  To  such  localities  it  is  that  they 
are  exclusively  assigned,  occm-ring  in  the  greatest  profusion  in  those  spots  which 
are  the  least  accessible,  and  where  consequently  the  primaeval  timber  is,  except  by 
the  hand  of  time,  most  untouched.  In  then-  habits  the  Tarpkii  are  strictly 
noctiu'nal,  adhering  to  the  imder  sides  of  moist  decaying  logs  of  wood,  felled 
timber,  and  even  stones  dm*ing  the  day,  and  Ijeing  only  active,  apparently,  by 
night.  From  2000  to  5000  feet  above  the  sea  may  be  said  to  include  their  range ; 
nevertheless  they  are  more  peculiarly  abimdant  from  3000  to  4000,  and  it  is  perhaps 
towards  the  upper  edge  of  those  bounds  that  they  find  their  maximum.  Out  of  a 
large  assortment  of  specimens,  collected  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  sylvan  regions,  I 
have  succeeded  in  detecting  fifteen  distinct  forms  ;  and,  although  this  nimiber  may 
appear  considerable  for  an  island  thus  small,  yet  I  have  but  little  doubt,  fi'om  the 
evident  local  importance  of  the  race,  that  its  extent  is  even  greater  still,  and  that 
other  species  will  yet  be  brought  to  light  different  from  any  of  those  described 
l)elow.  Considering  however  the  inaccessible  nature  of  theu*  favourite  haunts,  it  is 
far  from  unlikely  that  many  of  them  will  remain  for  ever  undiscovered, — a  possi- 
bility which  is  not  lessened  by  the  fact  either  of  the  remarkable  manner  in  which 
they  are  able  to  counterfeit  death,  and  so  to  elude  observation,  or  of  tlie  near 
resemblance  of  the  dull  rusty  colouring  of  their  uneven  and  inanimate-looking 
surfaces  to  the  stones,  lichen,  and  portions  of  rotting  wood  to  wliich  in  the  day- 
time they  remain  firmly  fixed*. 

*  Out  of  486  specimens  which  I  have  lately  been  examining,  I  find  the  species  distributed  in  the  pro- 
portions indicated  in  the  annexed  table,  which  I  cannot  but  consider  worthy  of  insertion,  not  merely 
because  so  large  a  number  of  examples  will  perhaps  never  be  brought  together  again  for  comparison,  but, 
more  especially,  because  the  remote  and  nimierous  positions  in  which  I  have  collected  induce  me  to  be- 
lieve that  it  will  give  a  very  correct  idea  of  the  comparative  rarity  of  the  several  members  of  the  group  ; — 
T.  parallelus     8 

—  Lowei 6 

—  inomatus  {3  5,  ?  14) 19 

—  spinipes    1 

—  sylvicola 4 

—  rotundattis  148 

—  Lauri  {S91,  ?  107)  198 

—  compactus    17 

—  «oiosM«  ((? 24,  ?29) 53 

—  cicatricosus 14 

—  testudinalis 5 

—  truncatits 5 

—  echinatus 4 

—  hrevieollis    3 

—  rugostts    1 

486 
I  should  state  that  this  eniuneration  is  entirely  of  Madeiran  specimens,  and  does  not  include  those  of  the 
T.  Lowei  from  Porto  Santo,  which  on  several  occasions  have  occm-red  iu  indefinite  niunbers.  Nor  does 
it  contain  the  entire  mass  even  of  those  which  I  have  captured  in  Madeira  proper,  since  many  have  been 
distributed  amongst  my  friends  in  the  course  of  the  last  three  years.  But  I  believe  it  will,  nevertheless, 
present  a  fair  estimate  of  the  comparative  abundance  of  the  species  which  I  have  described. 


134  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

106.  Tarphius  parallelus,  Tf'oU. 

T.  parallelo-oblongus  opacus  ferrugineus,  prothorace  amplo  ante  medium  dilatato,  rugoso,  granulis 
obtusis  obsito,  vix  canaliculate,  elytris  concoloribus  rugosissime  (sed  vix  seriato-)  punctatis, 
interstitiis  alternis  leviter  elcvatis,  tarsis  in  utroque  sexu  simplicibus. 

Long,  coi-p.  lin.  l|-2. 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatica  excelsa,  sub  stipitibus  truncisque  arborum  projectis,  sestate,  rarior ; — per 
regionem  Fanalensem  necnon  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  lectus. 

T.  large,  oblong,  and  parallel,  dull  rusty  ferruginous,  more  or  less  covered  with  scales,  and  opake. 
Head  and  protlwrax  rough,  and  beset  with  obtuse  granules  :  the  latter  sometimes  distinctly,  but 
generally  very  obscurely,  channeled,  broader  in  front  than  behind,  though  most  dilated  a  little 
before  the  middle ;  the  sides  much  flattened,  and  the  front  edge  a  little  raised  along  the  central 
emargination.  Elytra  concolorous,  very  rugosely  punctured  and  transversely  wrinkled, — the 
punctures  however  having  scarcely  any  tendency  to  be  disposed  in  striae ;  the  suture  and  alter- 
nate interstices  most  obscurely  raised.  Antennce  and  leys  a  little  paler  :  the  latter  with  their 
tarsi  simple  in  both  sexes. 

A  large  and  most  distinct  species,  its  parallel  outline  and  anteriorly  T^idened 
prothorax,  in  conjunction  \d\h  its  pale  rusty  colour,  and  the  sculptiu-e  of  its  upper 
surface, — which  is  extremely  rugose,  and  yet  without  the  slightest  indication  of 
nodules, — being  at  once  sufficient  to  separate  it  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus 
here  described.  It  is  apparently  exceedingly  rare,  and  confined  to  moist  shady 
spots  of  a  lofty  altitude.  During  July  of  1850  I  captured  it  sparingly  both  at  the 
Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  and  in  the  uj)land  region  of  the  Fanal. 

107.  Tarpliius  Lowei,  WoU.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  5.) 

T,  subparallelo-oblongus  intcrdum  vix  opacus  subinfuscato-niger,  prothorace  sublunulato  (angulis 
posticis  rotundatis),  granulis  dispersis  obtusis  obsito,  elytris  rufo-maculatis  rugose  seriato-punc- 
tatis,  tarsis  in  utroque  sexu  simplicibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-1^. 

Habitat  lichenes  in  truncis  ramisquc  arborum  emortuis  crescentes  per  partem  lladerre  syhaticam, 
rarissimus :  in  Portu  Sancto  abundat,  qua  Decembri  mense  a.d.  1848,  prsesertim  in  ascensu 
montis  Pico  d'Anna  Ferreira  dicti,  e  rupium  fissuris  copiosissime  coUegi. 

In  honorem  Rev"^  Dom.  Lowe,  A.M.,  qui  in  insulis  ^laderensibiis,  per  tot  aunos  longe  lateque 
Celebris,  scientire  naturalis  solus  investigator  eluccbat,  hanc  Tarphii  speciem  e.ximiam  valde  di- 
stinctam  nuncupa\'i. 

T.  small  aud  rather  parallel,  black  or  brownish-black,  gi'ncraliy  much  iucrusted  with  dirty  scales,  and 
not  quite  so  opake  as  the  last  species, — being  often  perceptibly  shining.  Head  and  prothorax 
rough,  and  beset  with  somewhat  distant,  small,  dark,  and  obtuse  granules  :  the  latter  not 
channeled,  but  sometimes  most  obscurely  transvcr.sely-impresscd  behind,  sublunulate  (being 
widened  a  little  before  the  middle  and  with  the  hinder  angles  nmch  rounded-off, — as  well  as 
indistinctly  excavated  towards  the  posterior  margin).     Elytra  linear,  rugosely  punctured,  and 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  135 

transversely  wrinkled  (the  punctures  when  the  scales  are  removed  appearing  in  very  evident 
rows)  ;  each  ornamented  with  rufous  or  rufo-testaceous  spots,  which  are  arranged,  typically,  as 
follows  : — a  large  oblong  one  at  the  inner  base,  parallel  to  and  alongside  the  suture ;  a  rather 
narrower  one  (likewise  elongated)  towards  the  margin  and  in  front  of  the  shoulder,  but  extending 
nearer  to  the  apex  than  the  last ;  a  small  roundish  one  on  the  inner  disk ;  and  two  large  ones 
behind, — one  towards  the  suture  and  the  other  towards  the  margin, — which  usually,  as  in  most 
of  the  spotted  species,  become  confluent,  and  form  an  irregular  arcuated  fascia  which  has  its 
concavity  turned  towards  the  apex  of  the  elytron.  Antenna  and  tarsi  ferruginous :  the  latter 
simple  in  both  sexes. 

The  smallest  of  the  Tarphii  here  described,  and  readily  known  (apart  from  its 
maculated  surface)  by  the  rounded  hinder  angles  of  its  comparatively  sublunulate 
prothorax.  It  is  the  only  member  of  the  groixp  wliich  I  have  hitherto  detected 
out  of  Madeira  proper, — being  extremely  abundant,  during  the  winter  and  spring, 
amongst  lichen  in  the  fissures  of  the  exposed  weather-beaten  rocks  of  Porto  Santo. 
I  first  discovered  it  in  April  1848,  on  the  northern  side  of  the  extreme  summit  of 
the  Pico  de  Pacho ;  and  diuing  December  of  the  same  year  it  occurred  in  literal 
profusion  on  the  ascent  of  the  Pico  d'Anna  Perreii'a  from  the  east.  In  Madeira  it 
would  appear  to  be  extremely  rare,  although  widely  distributed  over  the  sylvan 
districts  between  the  limits  of  from  3000  to  about  4500  feet  above  the  sea.  It 
seems  to  be  more  peculiarly  attached  than  any  of  the  other  species  to  lichen, 
ascending,  in  the  forest  regions,  to  the  highest  branches  of  the  trees, — as  I  have 
proved  (not  without  some  risk)  l)oth  at  the  Ribeiro  Prio  and  the  Panal.  During 
my  encampment  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  in  July  1850,  I  captm-ed  it  by 
brushing  the  rank  vegetation  immediately  outside  my  tent,  in  the  dusk  of  the 
evening, — at  which  time  its  nocturnal  wanderings,  like  those  of  the  other  repre- 
sentatives of  the  genus,  may  be  said  to  commence. 

108.  Tarphius  inomatus,  Woll. 

T.  subcylindrico-oblongus  subnitidus  nigro-piceus,  prothorace  subquadrato,  granulis  crebris  magnis 
obtusissimis   obsito,    vix   canaliculate,    elytris   concoloribus   seriato-punctatis    (puuetis   magnis 
distinctis),  interstitiis  alternis  leviter  elevatis. 
Mas,  tarsis  posticis  articulo  basilari  in  lobum  elongatum  spiniformem  subtus  producto. 
Foem.  tarsis  simplicibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  mas,  lf-2  :  foem.  2. 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam,  sub  tiamcis  arborum  putridis  hinc  inde  humi  jacentibus,  non  infvequens. 

T.  large,  oblong,  parallel  and  somewhat  cylindric,  dark  piceous,  generally  but  slightly  covered  with 
scales,  and  a  little  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  rather  smooth,  and  closely  beset  with  large  and 
very  obtuse  granules :  the  latter  not  channeled  (or,  occasionally,  most  obscm-ely  so),  subquadrate 
(the  sides  being  comparatively  straight),  and  in  its  widest  point  scarcely  equalling  the  elytra  in 
breadth.  Elytra  concolorous,  seriate-punctate  (the  punctures  being  large,  particularly  in  the 
female, — though  rather  shallow  upon  the  disk),  and  but  very  slightly  (especially  in  the  male 


136  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

sex)  wrinkled  transversely ;  the  suture  and  alternate  interstices  most  obscurely  raised.     Antenna 

and  tarsi  ferruginous. 
Male,  with  the  basal  joint  of  the  two  hinder  tarsi  produced  beneath  into  a  vei-y  elongated,  spiniform 

lobe, — which  to  the  naked  eye  appears  like  an  acute  articulated  spine,  but  under  the  microscope 

an  elongated  lobe,  narrowed  towards  the  apex  though  rouudcd,  aud  furnished  with  a  pencil  of 

minute  hairs,  at  the  extreme  jioint. 
Female,  \\  itli  the  tarsi  simple. 

Easily  distinguished  by  its  robust  and  somewhat  cylindrical  form,  by  its  dark 
subglabrous  sui'face,  and  by  the  large,  though  somewhat  shallow  punctures  of  its 
clj'lra.  Apart  from  which,  the  males  may  be  of  course  at  once  known  by  the 
structure  of  their  tarsi, — of  which  the  four  anterior  ones  are  simple,  whUst  the 
posterior  2»ir  have  their  basal  joint  developed  beneath  into  a  long  spiniform  lobe. 
It  is  apparently  one  of  the  rarer  forms,  or  at  any  rate  partial  in  its  distribution. 
My  specimens  were  chiefly  captured  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio  and  at  the  Peijaa  de 
C6rte, — during  August.  It  is  the  only  Tarph'ms  which  I  have  hitherto  observed 
in  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  where,  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  ravine,  close  to 
the  great  waterfall,  it  is  still  tolerably  abundant  vmder  the  bark,  and  amongst  the 
remains  of  the  old  trees  with  wliich  that  gorge  must  have  been  once  densely 
clothed, — but  which  are  now  rapidly  disappearing,  as  in  so  many  other  parts  of 
the  island,  before  the  woodman's  axe. 

109.  Tarphius  spinipes,  Woll. 

T.  subovato-oblongus  vix  opacus  nigro-piceus,  prothoracc  subquadrato,  granulis  crebris  magnis  obtu- 
sissimis   obsito,    elytris   concoloribus    seriato-punctatis    (punctis   minus   profundis),    interstitiis 
alternis  leviter  elevatis. 
Mas,  tarsis  anticis  et  posticis  articulo  basilari  in  lobum   (in  posticis  elongatissimum)  spiniformeni 

subtus  producto,  intermcdiis  vix  simplicibus. 
Fmm.  adhuc  latet.     (Specimen  unicum,  sc.  masculuui,  tantum  habeo.) 
Long.  corp.  lin.  If. 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatiea,  semel  tantum  repertus. 

T.  rather  smaller  than  the  T.  inornatus,  also  less  parallel  and  rather  more  ovate,  dark  piceous,  a  good 
deal  obscured  with  scales,  and  but  very  slightly  shining.  Head  and  protfwrax  closely  beset  with 
large  and  very  obtuse  granules :  the  latter  apparently  unehannclcd,  and  subquadrate.  Eli/tra 
concolorous,  lightly  seriate-punctate,  and  a  little  wrinkled  transversely, — the  puuctiu'cs  being  less 
distinct  than  those  of  the  last  species ;  the  sutui*e  and  alternate  interstices  most  obscurely  raised. 
Antenna  and  leffs  ferruginous :  the  latter  with  their  femora  and  tibi?e  only  slightly  darker  than 
the  tai'si, — beiug  merely  a  little  more  picescent. 
Male,  with  basal  joint  of  the  fore-tarsi  produced  beneath  into  a  robust,  elongated,  spiniform  lobe, — 
which  appears  under  a  high  magnifying  power  to  be  obtusely  roimded  and  furnished  with  a 
pencil  of  hairs  at  the  apex :  the  intermediate  ones  nearly  simple,  the  basal  joint  being  most 
obsciu-ely  produced  beneath :  the  posterior  pau-  with  the  basal  joint  produced  into  a  very  long, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  187 

spiniform  and  somewhat  acute  lobe, — likewise  surmouutcd  at  the  extremity  (as  in  all  the  other 
joints  of  the  tarsi  throughout  the  genus)  with  a  small  tuft  of  pile. 
Female,  as  yet  undiscovered. 

Hitlierto  unique ;  nevertheless  the  remarkable  structure  of  its  feet, — the  speci- 
men happening  fortunately  to  be  a  male, — will  prevent  the  possibility  of  its  being 
confounded  vrith  any  of  the  other  species  hitherto  discovered.  It  may  be  at  once 
knovpn,  so.  far  as  that  sex  is  concerned,  by  its  intermediate  tarsi  being  almost 
sinij)le,  vt^hilst  the  anterior  and  j)Osterior  ones  are  produced  beneath  into  a  long 
and  robust  spiniform  lobe.  I  am  not  quite  certain  as  to  the  exact  position  in 
which  it  was  taken ;  l3ut  I  believe  that  I  captured  it  either  at  the  Ribeu'o  Frio  or 
at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueu-os,  during  the  summer  of  1850. 

110.  Tarphius  sylvicola,  Wall. 

T.  rotundato-ovatus  brevis  subnitidus  niger,  prothorace  antice  attenuato,  granulis  crebris  magnis 
obtusissimis  obsito,  elytris  concoloribus  profunde  seriato-punctatis,  pone  medium  leviter  nodosis, 
tarsis  in  utroque  sexu  simplicibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  li-lj. 

Habitat  in  Maderse  sylvaticis,  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  necnou  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  sestate  media 
A.D.  1850  deprehensus. 

T.  short  and  round,  of  a  deeper  black  than  any  of  the  other  species,  almost  free  from  scales,  and  a 
little  shining.  Head  and  prutliorax  beset  with  very  close,  large  and  exceedingly  obtuse  granules  : 
the  latter  not  channeled,  short,  much  dilated  behind  and  narrowed  in  front  (the  sides,  although 
oblique,  being  comparatively  but  very  slightly  curved).  Elytra  concolorous,  short  and  much 
rounded  behind,  deeply  seriate-punctate,  and  without  transverse  wrinkles, — the  punctures  being 
large,  regular  and  distinct ;  with  three  or  four  rather  obscure  nodules  between  the  apex  and  the 
centre  of  the  disk.  Antenrue  and  tarsi  (which  are  simple  in  both  sexes)  pale  fen-uginous :  the 
femora  and  tibiee  darker,  though  paler  and  more  piceous  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

A  well-marked  little  species ;  and  one  which  may  be  known  by  its  short  rounded 
form  and  dark  concolorous  hue, — the  elytra  moreover  being  armed  with  small 
protuberances  towards  their  hinder  region.  It  is  more  allied  to  the  T.  rotmidahis 
than  to  any  of  the  other  Tarphii  here  described  ;  nevertheless  its  smaller  size  and 
anteriorly-attenuated  prothorax  will,  apart  from  the  nodules  of  its  unspotted 
surface,  readUy  separate  it  from  that  insect.  It  is  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  genus, 
four  specimens  being  all  that  I  have  hitherto  captured  of  it, — two  of  which  were 
taken  at  the  Ribeu'o  Frio,  and  two  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueu'os,  diu'ing  July 
1850. 

111.  Tarphius  rotundatus,  Woll. 

T.  rotundato-ovatus  subnitidus  piceus,  prothorace  transverso  circa  vel  pone  medium  leviter  ddatato, 

T 


138  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

gramilis  crebris  magnis  obtusissimis  obsito,  elytris  rufo-maculatis  profunde  seriato-punctatis,  tarsis 
in  utroque  sexu  simplicibus. 
Long.  corj).  lin.  l^-lf  • 

Habitat  in  Maderjc  unibrosis  excelsis,  sub  truncis  arborum  prolapsis  vel  ligno  rcccnter  secto,  sestate 
vulgaris, — ad  Ribeiro  Frio  priiedominans. 

T.  roundish-ovate  (being  however  neither  quite  so  round  nor  so  short  as  the  T.  syhkolu),  light 
piccous  (sometimes  rufo-piceous),  usually  pretty  free  from  scales,  and  slightly  shining.  Head 
and  prothorax  beset  with  very  close,  large,  and  exceedingly  obtuse  granules :  the  latter  not 
channeled,  rather  short,  and  dilated  either  about  or  (more  often)  behind  the  middle.  Elytra 
somewhat  rounded  behind  ;  each  ornamented  wth  large,  bright,  rufous,  or  rufo-testaceous  patches 
(the  number  and  positions  of  which  are  much  the  same  as  those  of  the  T.  Lowei),  which  some- 
times however  arc  dull,  one  or  more  (especially  the  subhumeral  one)  having  even  a  tendency 
to  disappear, — the  subapical  ones  nearly  always  confluent,  forming  a  large  bright  fascia  behind ; 
deej)ly  seriate-punctate,  and  without  transverse  wrinkles, — the  punctures  being  large,  regular, 
and  distinct.  Antennce  and  leys  ferruginous  :  the  former,  and  the  tarsi  of  the  latter  (which  are 
simple  in  both  sexes),  being  paler  than  the  femora  and  tibia;. 

The  T.  rotumlatus  clilfers  from  tlic  other  spotted  species  in  its  comparatively 
rounded  form,  in  its  short  and  broad  prothorax,  and  in  the  smooth  interstices, 
and  the  deep  and  regular  pvmctiu'es,  of  its  elytra.  Next  to  the  T.  Lauri,  it  is 
certainly  the  most  common  of  the  genus,  abounding  beneath  logs  of  decaying 
wood,  felled  timber,  and  stones  in  nearly  all  the  dense  ravines  of  intermediate  and 
lofty  altitudes,  though  especially  between  the  lunits  of  from  3000  to  ioOO  feet 
above  the  sea.  I  have  taken  it  plentLfully,  during  the  summer  months,  both  at 
the  Cruzinhas  and  the  E,ibcii'o  Prio, — particularly  the  latter. 


112.  Tai-phius  Lauri,  WoU.    (Tab.  HI.  fig.  i.) 

T.  ovatus  vix  opacus  piceus  vcl  mfo-piccus,  prothorace  longiusculo  postice  angustato  et  mox  ante 
medium   dilatato,  granulis  crebris   obtusissimis  obsito,    elytris    rufo-maculatis  rugose   seriato- 
punctatis. 
Mas,  tarsis,  praesertim  posticis,  articulo  basilari  in  lobum  brevissimum  obtusum  (apice  barbatum) 

subtus  producto.  (III.  4/.) 
Fmm.  tarsis  simplicibus.   (III.  4.) 
Long.  corp.  lin.  ly-1^. 

Habitat  in  iisdem  locis  ac  T.  rotundatus  (una  cum  illo  degens),  toto  anno  vulgaris. 

T.  ovate,  piceous  or  rufo-piceous,  usually  not  much  covered  with  scales,  and  less  perceptibly  shining 
tiian  the  last  species, — being  nearly  opake.  Head  and  prolhurax  beset  with  vcrj'  close  and  ex- 
ceedingly obtuse  granules :  the  latter  not  channeled,  rather  long,  abruptly  expanded  just  before 
the  middle,  and  narrowed  before  and  behind.  Elytra  ornamented  with  bright  rufous  or  rufo- 
testaccous  patches  (the  number  and  positions  of  which  arc  the  same  as  in  the  T.  rotundatus), 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  139 

which  occasionally  however  become  rather  obscure ;  deeply  seriate-punctatCj  and  much  wrinkled 
transversely ;  the  suture  and  alternate  interstices  most  obscurely  raised, — sometimes  but  just 
perceptibly  so.     Antenna  and  legs  of  the  same  colour  as  those  of  the  last  species. 

Male,  with  the  basal  joint  of  all  the  tarsi  (though  especially  perhaps  of  the  posterior  ones)  produced 
beneath  into  a  very  short  and  rounded  lobe, — which  however,  from  being  terminated  by  an  un- 
usually distinct  tuft  of  convergent  pile,  has  the  appearance  under  an  insufficient  magnifying 
power  of  being  longer  and  more  acute  than  it  really  is. 

Female,  with  the  tarsi  simple. 

The  present  species,  the  T.  rotmidahis  and  the  T.  Loicei  are  the  most  tlistinctly 
spotted  of  the  group,  the  patches  on  each  of  them  occasionally  becoming  obscure 
but  never  being  altogether  absent.  The  T.  Lauri  is  at  once  distinguished  from 
the  T.  Lowei  by  its  comparatively  gigantic  bulk  and  its  altogether  different  form 
(especially  of  the  prothorax) ;  whilst  from  the  T.  rotundatus  its  more  lengthened, 
ovate  outline,  and  elongated,  posteriorly  narrowed  prothorax,  in  conjunction  with 
its  very  rugosely  punctured  and  somewhat  more  brightly  maculated  elytra,  will 
equally  remove  it.  Apart  from  which,  its  male  sex  may  be  recognised,  even  prima 
facie,  from  the  rest  of  the  genus  by  the  sjiort  rounded  lobe  into  which  the  basal 
joint  of  all  its  tarsi  is  produced.  The  females  are,  in  every  respect  with  the 
exception  of  the  feet,  similar  to  the  males.  It  is  unquestionably  the  most  abun- 
dant of  the  Madeiran  Tarphii;  and,  in  a  certain  sense,  it  is  a  kind  of  central 
modification  from  which  most  of  the  others  would  appear  as  it  were  to  radiate. 
It  is  common  in  all  the  damp  ravines  and  on  the  densely  wooded  mountain-slopes 
of  intermediate  and  rather  lofty  elevations.  In  the  districts  of  the  E-ibeiro  Prio, 
the  Cruzinhas,  and  the  Fanal  I  have  taken  it  in  the  greatest  profusion ;  and, 
during  June,  sparingly,  in  even  the  chestnut-woods  of  Sao  Viucente, — the  lowest 
position  (about  1300  feet  above  the  sea)  at  which,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  any 
member  of  the  genus  has  hitherto  been  observed. 


113.  Tarphius  compactus,  Woll 
T.  subquadrato-ovatus  breviusculus  compactus  piceus,  prothorace  subquadrato  postice  minus  angus- 

tato,  granulis  crebris  obtusissimis  obsito,  elytris  concoloribus  latiusculis  ragose  seriato-punctatis, 

pone  medium  vix  nodosis,  tarsis  in  iitroque  sexu  simplicibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  I5— 1^. 

Habitat  Maderam  excelsam  sylvaticam,  sestate  minus  frequens. 

T.  a  little  larger  than  the  T.  Lauri,  and  somewhat  more  quadrate  and  compact,  dull  piceous,  generally 
much  incrusted  with  dirty  mud-like  scales,  and  but  very  slightly  shining.  Head  and  jjrothorax 
beset  with  very  close  and  exceedingly  obtuse  granules  :  the  latter  not  channeled  (or  very  ob- 
scurely so),  somewhat  square, — the  sides  being  regularly,  though  only  slightly,  rounded,  and  the 
front  edge  a  little  raised  along  the  central  emargination.  Elytra  concolorous,  rather  wide  and 
straight  at  the  shoulders,  and  rounded  behind  ;  seriate-punctate,  and  wrinkled  transversely  ;  the 

t2 


140  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

suture  and  alternate  interstices  a  little  raised  and  interrupted, — forming,  generally,  most  obscure 
nodules  behind,  which  are  more  or  less  sparingly  clothed  with  a  dull  olivaceous  pubescence. 
Antenna  and  leys  ferruginous :  the  latter  with  their  femora  and  tibiae  a  little  darker  than  the 
tarsi,  which  are  simple  in  both  sexes. 

Less  distinct,  prima  facie,  than  any  of  the  remainder;  nevertheless  it  may  be 
known  by  its  compact,  rather  short,  and  squarish  form,  by  its  obscou-e  and  gene- 
rally much  incrusted  surface,  and  by  its  subconcolorous  and  subnodose  elytra. 
Although  without  many  decided  characters  to  separate  it  from  one  or  two  of  its 
allies,  yet,  after  a  careful  examination  of  many  specimens,  I  am  inclined  to  believe 
tliat  the  T.  compactus  is  a  true  species,  being  somewhat  intermediate  between  the 
T.  nodosns,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  T.  Lauri  and  rotundatus,  on  the  other, — 
partakmg  slightly  of  the  characters  of  the  whole  tlu-ee,  though  merging  into  none. 
It  is  not  very  common,  but  is  found  occasionally,  during  the  summer  months,  in 
the  damp  ra^-incs  of  intermediate  altitudes,  in  company  with  the  rest.  My  speci- 
mens were  taken  principally  at  the  Ribeu-o  Frio. 

114.  TarpMus  nodosns,  WoU.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  6.) 
T.  subquadi-ato-ovatus  robustus  nigcr,  prothorace  subquadrato,  granulis  crebris  obtusissimis  obsito, 
elytris   concoloribus   rugose   seriato-punctatis,    interstitiis    alternis   elevatis    interruptis,    nodos 
formantibus. 
Mas,  elytrorum  nodis  minoribus,  tarsis  anterioribus  articulo  basilari  in  lobum  longissimum  spini- 

formem  acutum  subtus  producto,  posticis  simplicibus. 
Fmm.  elytrorum  nodis  majoribus,  tarsis  simplicibus. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  mas,  1^-1^  :  fcem.  \^-2\. 

Habitat  per  regionem  Maderse  sylvaticam,  sub  truncis  arborum  prolapsis  necnon  sub  lai)idibus,  sestate 
baud  infrequens. 

T.  large  and  robust,  and  somewhat  quadrate,  dull  black,  not  much  clothed  with  scales,  and  with  the 
setifi  of  an  obscure  golden-brown  tinge.  Head  and  pruthurux  beset  with  very  close  and  obtuse 
grannies  :  the  latter  obscurely  channeled,  rather  wide  and  subquadiate, — being  widest  however  a 
little  before  the  middle.  Elytra  concolorous,  rugosely  seriate-punctate,  and  wrinkled  transversely ; 
the  suture  and  alternate  interstices  elevated  and  interrupted,  especially  towards  the  outer  disk 
and  apex,  forming  distinct  nodules.  Antenna  and  legs  of  the  same  colour  as  those  of  the  last 
species. 

Male,  rather  smaller  than  the  female,  and  with  the  nodules  less  apparent :  the  basal  joint  of  the 
fore  and  intermediate  tarsi  produced  internally  into  a  very  long,  spiniform  and  acute  lobe ;  the 
hinder  tarsi  simple. 

Female,  large  and  robust,  with  the  surface  more  uneven,  the  nodules  being  greatly  developed  :  the 
tarsi  simple. 

Distinguished  from  all  the  Tinph'ii  here  described; — as  regards  the  males,  by 
its  four  front  feet  having  theii-  basal  joint  produced  beneath  into  a  very  elongated, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  141 

spiniform  lobe,  which  does  not  exist  in  the  hinder  pair ;  and,  in  the  case  of  the 
females,  by  its  large,  subqnadrate  and  robust  form,  and  by  its  greatly  developed 
nodules.  The  females  might  sometimes  be  confounded  with  the  T.  cicatricosns, 
did  not  the  more  diluted  and  piceous  hue,  and  the  anteriorly -narrower  outline  of 
that  insect,  in  conjunction  with  the  pale,  subglabrous  tubercles  of  its  somewhat 
less  deeply  sculptured  elytra,  at  once  separate  it  from  the  present  one.  After  the 
T.  Lauri  and  rotimdatus,  it  is  the  most  abundant  and  widely  distributed  member 
of  the  group.  I  have  taken  it,  during  the  summer  months,  in  the  region  of  the 
Ribeiro  Frio,  the  Cruzinhas,  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  and  the  Fanal. 


115.  Tarphius  cicatricosus,  Woll. 

T.  subovatus  piceus,  prothorace  lateribus  dilutioribus,  granulis  crebris  obtusissimis  obsito,  vix  canali- 
culato,  elytris  submaculatis  rugose  (sed  vix  seriato-)  punctatis,  interstitiis  alternis  elevatis  inter- 
ruptis,  nodos  rufescentibus  subglabros  formantibus,  tarsis  in  utroque  sexu  simplicibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l|-2. 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  sed  illo  rarior. 

T.  a  little  smaller,  more  ovate,  and  nan-ower  (especially  in  front)  than  the  T.  nodosus,  piceous,  and 
often  more  or  less  diluted  or  rufescent,  and  nearly  free  from  scales.  Head  and  prothorax  beset 
with  very  close  and  obtuse  granules  :  the  latter  not  channeled  (or  very  obscurely  so),  rather 
shorter  than  in  the  jjreceding  species  and  not  quite  so  wide,  and  with  the  flattened  sides  often 
of  a  paler  or  more  rufescent  tinge, — which  imparts  to  them  a  somewhat  transparent  appearance. 
Elytra  more  or  less  indistinctly  spotted,  rugosely  seriate-punctate, — the  punctures  being  obscurer 
and  smaller  than  those  of  the  T.  nodonts ;  the  suture  and  alternate  interstices  raised  and  inter- 
rupted, forming  (in  the  usual  positions)  distinct,  but  not  veiy  large,  subglabrous  nodules,  which 
are  always  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface  and  often  of  a  bright  rufous  tinge, — especially  the 
hinder,  broken  fascia,  which  is  at  times  large,  and  diffused  over  the  entire  apical  portion  of  the 
elytra.  Antenna  and  leffs  a  little  paler  than  those  of  the  last  species  :  the  latte)-  with  the  tarsi 
simple  in  both  sexes. 

Somewhat  allied,  at  first  sight,  to  the  females  of  the  T.  nodosus,  though  easily 
separable  from  them,  on  examination,  by  its  more  diluted  or  rufescent  hue,  by  its 
rather  shorter  and  narrower  prothorax,  and  by  the  smaller  and  more  lighily-im- 
pressed  punctures  of  its  elytra, — which  last  have  the  tubercles  always  paler  than 
the  remainder  of  the  surface,  being  usually  (together  with  the  hinder  noduled 
fascia)  of  a  distinctly  rufous  tinge.  It  is  one  of  the  rarer  species,  and  is  fovmd  in 
the  same  localities  as  the  last. 

116.  Tarphius  testudinalis,  WoU. 

T.  c'longato-oblongus  subnitidus  piceus,  prothorace  amplo  lateribus  valde  complanatis,  granulis 
crebris  obtusis  obsito,  canaliculato,  elytris  concoloribus  insequalibus  ad  apicem  magis  acuminatis. 


142  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

profunde  et  rugose  seriato-punctatis,  interstitiis  alternis  elevatis  iutcrruptis,  nodos  magnos  for- 
maiitibus,  tarsis  in  utroque  sexu  simplicibus. 
Long,  coi'p.  lin.  2-2j. 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatica  excclsa,  sestate  rarior. 

T.  very  large  and  robust,  squarish-oblong,  light  piceous  and  a  little  shining  (and  sometimes  with  a 
slightly  transparent  appearance,  which  gives  the  insect  rather  the  aspect  of  tortoiseshell),  not 
much  covered  with  scales,  but  more  or  less  clothed  with  short  and  distinct  golden-brown  setae. 
Head  and  prothorax  beset  with  close  and  obtuse  granules  :  the  lattei-  channeled,  large  and  wide, 
dilated  before  the  middle,  and  the  sides  much  flattened  and  somewhat  diluted  in  colouring,  or 
subtransparent.  Elytra  concolorous,  much  acuminated  at  the  apex,  very  uneven,  deeply  and 
rugosely  seriate-punctate,  and  wi'inkled  (the  punctures  being  exceedingly  large  and  distinct) ;  the 
alternate  interstices  much  raised  and  interrupted,  forming  large  nodules  in  the  usual  positions, 
which  are  more  densely  beset  with  the  golden-brown  setae  than  the  remainder  of  the  surface. 
AntenruB  and  leys  as  in  the  last  species  :  the  latter  with  the  tarsi  simple  in  both  sexes. 

Well  distmguishcd  from  its  congeners  by  its  robust,  though  proportionably 
elongated  form,  by  its  pale  rusty-piceous  (or  almost  tortoiseshell-coloui-ed)  hue,  by 
the  widely  flattened  edges  of  its  prothorax,  and  by  the  large  regularly-disposed 
punctures  and  fully-developed  nodules  of  its  exceedingly  xmeren  and  apically- 
aeuminated  elji:ra.  Although  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  Madeu-an  Tarphli,  it  is 
nevertheless  widely  distributed  over  the  sylvan  districts  of  the  island,  occurring 
during  the  summer  months,  in  company  with  its  allies,  in  the  damp  woods  of  lofty 
altitudes.  My  specimens  are  principally  from  the  Cruzinhas,  the  Lombo  dos 
Pecegueiros,  and  the  Fanal. 

117.  Tarphiiis  tnmcatus,  WoU. 

T.  parallelo-oblongus  valde  setosus  piceus,  prothorace  rugoso,  ante  medium  leviter  dilatato,  granulis 
crebris  obtusis  obsito,  canaliculato,  elytris  submaculatis  postice  truncatis,  profunde  et  rugose 
seriato-punctatis,  interstitiis  alternis  leviter  elevatis  interruptis,  nodos  formantibus,  tarsis  in 
utroque  sexu  simplicibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1*. 

Habitat  in  echtioribus  sylvaticis  Maderae,  una  cum  aliis  degens,  sestate  rarissimus. 

T.  parallel-oblong,  being  very  much  smaller  and  (comparatively)  narrower  than  the  last  species, 
bright  rusty-piceous,  not  nmch  covered  with  scales,  but  densely  clothed  with  somewhat  short 
and  rigid  set«.  Head  and  prothorax  rough,  and  closely  beset  with  obtuse  granules  and  set»  : 
the  latter  channeled,  not  much  dilated, — but  widest  a  httle  before  the  middle,  where  it  is  about 
the  breadth  of  the  elytra;  the  posterior  portion  a  little  attenuated,  and  the  sides  not  much 
curved.  Elytra  submaculated,  parallel,  a  little  narrowed  and  rather  more  shortened  behind 
than  in  the  other  species,  very  rugosely  seriate-punctate ;  the  alternate  interstices  raised  and  in- 
terrupted, forming  nodules  and  ridges  in  the  usual  positions,  which  are  somewhat  more  lightly 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  143 

coloured  than  the  rest  of  the  surface.     Antenna  and  leffs  as  in  the  preceding  species :  the  latter 
with  the  ta7-si  simple  in  both  sexes. 

The  small  size  and  parallel  outline  of  the  present  species,  in  conjunction  with 
its  rigidly,  though  somewhat  shortly  setose  surface,  and  the  comparatively  trun- 
cated, or  abruptly-shortened  hinder  portion  of  its  elytra,  will  suffice  to  discrimi- 
nate it  from  its  allies.  In  its  submaculated  and  nodose  elytra  it  approaches  the 
T.  brevlcollis;  nevertheless  its  comparatively  short  setre,  added  to  its  narrower 
and  less  ovate  form,  and  its  entirely  different  prothorax,  at  once  remove  it  from 
that  insect.  It  is  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  genus,  and  is  taken  in  company  with 
the  other  species, — although,  as  will  he  perceived  by  a  reference  to  the  umnerical 
table  given  above,  exceedingly  sparingly. 

118.  TarpMus  echinatus,  Woll 

T.  ovatus  valde  et  longissime  setosus  ferrugineus,  prothorace  brevi  rugoso,  circa  medium  dilatato, 
granulis  obscuris  obsito,  elytris  submaculatis  rugose  seriato-punctatis,  interstitiis  alternis  leviter 
elevatis,  nodos  vLx  formantibus,  tarsis  in  utroque  sexu  (nisi  fallor)  simplicibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^-l^^. 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam,  in  iisdem  locis  ac  prsecedens,  rarissimus. 

T.  short  and  ovate,  more  or  less  ferruginous,  not  much  incrusted  with  scales,  but  densely  clothed  with 
very  long,  erect  and  rigid  setae.  Head  and  prothorax  rough,  and  beset  with  rather  small,  obtuse 
granules, — which,  from  the  bristles  and  scales  with  which  they  are  intermingled,  are  usually 
somewhat  obscure  :  the  latter  not  channeled  (or  very  indistinctly  so),  rather  short  and  wide, 
most  dilated  about,  or  a  little  before  the  middle,  but  with  the  sides  not  greatly  curved, — the 
anterior  and  posterior  portions  being  subequally  attenuated.  Elytra  rather  rounded  behind, 
submaculated, — having  exceedingly  obscure  patches  in  the  usual  positions,  which  appear, 
normally,  to  be  much  diffused  over  the  elytra  (thus  diluting  their  surface)  and  to  take  the  form 
of  ill-defined  blotches  rather  than  distinct  spots ;  rugosely  seriate-punctate,  the  punctures  being 
large  and  distinct ;  the  suture  and  alternate  interstices  a  little  raised  and  somewhat  interrupted, 
though  scarcely  sufficiently  so  as  to  form  nodules.  Antennce  and  legs  rather  paler  than  those  of 
the  last  species :  the  latter  with  the  tarsi  (I  believe)  simple  in  both  sexes. 

The  present  species  and  the  T.  brevlcollis  are  readily  separated  from  the  re- 
mainder of  the  genus  by  the  comparatively  long  and  erect  bristles  with  which 
they  are  beset.  At  first  sight  they  would  appear  to  be,  inter  se,  a  good  deal 
allied ;  but  a  more  accurate  inspection  will  disclose  abundant  characters  by  which 
they  may  be  distinguished  from  each  other.  Thus,  the  more  rounded,  or  ovate 
outline  of  the  T.  ecldnatus,  in  conjimction  with  its  ferruginous  hue,  the  greater 
length  of  its  bristles,  and  its  much  less  basally-constricted  (or  medially  dilated) 
prothorax,  ■ndll,  apart  from  minor  points,  be  more  than  sufficient  to  prevent  the 
possibility  of  confounding  it  with  that  insect. 


144  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

119.  Tarphius  brevicoUis,  WoU. 

T.  quadrato-ovatus  piceo-ferrugineus  valde  et  louge  sctosus,  prothorace  rugoso  bre\issimo  lato,  circa 
medium  subito  dilatato  et  postice  angustato,  granulis  obscurissimis  obsito,  canaliculato,  clytris 
submaculatis  rugose  subseriato-grauulatis,  interstitiis  alternis  leviter  elevatis  interruptisj  nodos 
formantibus,  tarsis  in  utroque  sexu  (nisi  fallor)  simplicibus. 

Long,  coi-p.  liu.  li-lg^. 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  ac  T.  echinatus,  sestate  rarissimus. 

T.  short,  more  quadrate  and  oblong  tlian  the  T.  echinatus,  and  of  a  sligbtly  darker,  or  more  rusty, 
ferruginous  hue,  not  much  incrusted  with  scales,  but  densely  clothed  with  long,  erect  and  rigid 
seta;, — which  however  are  shorter  than  those  of  the  last  species.  Head  and  prothorax  rough, 
and  beset  with  obscure  and  rather  distant  granules,  which  are  so  mixed  up  with  bristles  and 
scales  as  to  be  but  indistinctly  perceptible :  the  latter  deeply  channeled,  very  short,  suddenly 
and  greatly  dilated  in  the  middle,  and  narrowed  before  and  behind,  especially  the  latter, — which 
causes  the  sides  to  be  considerably  cui-ved.  Elytra  more  or  less  indistinctly  spotted,  more 
parallel  at  the  base  than  those  of  the  last  insect,  rugoscly  granuled  (rather  than  punctured),  and 
wrinkled  transversely, — the  granules  being  more  especially  perceptible  towards  the  outer  margin, 
and  appearing  to  replace  the  punctures  which  are  more  or  less  evident  in  the  whole  of  the  pre- 
ceding species,  although  somewhat  intermingled  with,  and  merging  into,  punctures  towards 
the  suture;  the  alternate  interstices  slightly  elevated  and  interrupted,  forming  small  but  very 
distinct  nodules  in  the  usual  positions,  which  with  the  ridges  are  rather  more  lightly  coloured, 
or  rufescent,  than  the  rest  of  the  surface.     Antemue  and  leys  as  in  the  last  species. 

The  distinctions  between  the  present  insect  and  the  last  hare  been  already 
pointed  oiit, — its  more  parallel,  or  oblong  outline,  added  to  its  somewhat  shorter 
setue  and  darker  hue,  its  more  noduled,  granulated,  and  less  e^'idently  pimctiu'ed 
elj'ira,  and  the  totally  different  form  of  its  (deeply  channeled)  prothorax,  being- 
sufficient,  even  prima  facie,  to  separate  it  from  that  species.  It  is  extremely  rare, 
I)eing  found,  in  company  with  its  allies,  in  the  damp  wooded  districts  of  lofty 
elevations. 

120.  Tai-phius  nigosiis,  Woll. 

T.  oblongo-quadratus  nigro-piceus,  prothorace  rugoso  amplo,  ante  medium  valde  dilatato,  lateribus 
subajqualiter  rotundatis,  granulis  dispersis  obtusis  obsito,  canaliculato,  elytris  concoloribus  rugose 
granulatis,  interstitio  juxta  suturam  costato-elevato,  reliquis  valde  interruptis,  nodum  exstantcm 
longc  pone  apicem  singuli  situm  formantibus,  tarsis  in  utroque  sexu  (nisi  fallor)  simplicibus. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  \ix  2. 

Hahitat  in  Madera  sylvatic^,  semcl  tantuni  (ad  Ribciro  Frio)  repcrtus. 

T.  large,  squarer  than  any  of  the  other  species,  piceous-black,  rough,  apparently  a  good  deal  incrusted 
with  scales,  and  quite  opake.  Head  and  prothorax  very  rough,  and  beset  with  rather  small, 
distant  granides,  which  are  more  or  less  concealed  amidst  the  very  short  and  robust  seta^  with 
which  they  are  intermixed :  the  latter  deeply  channeled,  very  large,  and  much  dilated  about  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  145 

middle,  and  witli  the  sides  almost  equally  rounded  before  and  behind.  Elytra  concolorous, 
rough,  quadrate,  rather  suddenly  shortened  behind,  very  densely  crowded  with  granules,  bristles 
and  scales, — the  first  of  which  preponderate,  but  are  apparently  not  disposed  in  rows ;  the  inter- 
stice of  each  elytron  nearest  to  the  suture  raised,  and  scarcely  at  all  interrupted,  though  more 
especially  apparent  (in  the  form  of  an  elongated  prominent  ridge)  behind  the  middle, — and 
the  remaining  ones  hardly  perceptibly  elevated  except  towards  the  apex,  where  a  very  prominent 
isolated  projection  (nearer  to  the  outer  margin  than  to  the  suture)  is  the  principal  fragment  of 
them  which  is  evident,  although  a  few,  exceedingly  obscure  ones  about  the  disk  are  just  indicated. 
Antenrue  and  legs  a  little  darker  than  those  of  the  last  insect. 

Au  exceedingly  distinct  and  large  species,  and  one  which  may  be  readily  known 
from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described  by  its  wide,  quadi'ate  form,  by  its 
greatly  dilated  and  anteriorly-roimded  prothorax,  by  its  dark  rugose  sm^face,  and 
by  the  very  prominent  outer,  and  costate  inner  protuberances  of  its  elytra, — which 
last  are  extremely  roughly  granulated,  and  with  no  indications  of  punctures  inter- 
mixed. It  is  hitherto  unique,  the  specimens  from  which  the  above  description 
has  been  compiled  having  been  captm-ed  by  myself  at  the  E,ibeu-o  Erio, — where  I 
have  since  frequently  searched  for  it,  but  in  vain. 


Genus  49.  COSSYPHODES.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  3.) 

Westwood,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  of  Loud.  (New  Series)  i.  168  (1851). 

Corpus  parvum,  valde  depressum,  subparallelo-oblongum,  ad  latera  complanatum,  Cosstjphi  formam 
simulans,  sed  ab  eo  aflSnitate  longe  distans  :  capite  magno  semicirculari,  fere  piano,  margine 
laterali  paulo  elevato  atque  ad  basin  impressione  parva  obliquo-longitudinali  utrinque  instructo ; 
oculis  obsoletis,  aut  saltern  baud  detectis  (an  in  fossulis  duabus  lougitudiualibus  reconditis  ?) ; 
subtus  (III.  3  a),  jugulo  utrinque  porrecto,  fossulas  duas  pro  receptione  antennarum  formante : 
prothorace  et  elytris  in  dorso  longitudinaliter  carinatis  et  utrinque  carinis  gracilibus  (aut  potius 
striis  elevatis)  notatis  ;  illo  transverso-quadrato :  smtello  baud  observando  :  alis  obsoletis  :  ab- 
domine  (III.  3  b)  ex  segmentis  ventralibus  quinque  (paulatim  longitudine  decrescentibus)  com- 
posite. Antenna  (III.  3  c)  brevissimte  distantes  geniculatae,  sub  margine  capitis  insertee  et  inter 
otium  sub  lateribus  reponendse,  articulo  primo  maximo  crasso  elongato  superne  recondito,  secundo 
parvo  breviter  ovato,  tertio  ad  nonuui  brevissimis  transversis  latitudine  leviter  crescentibus, 
decimo  et  undecimo  magnis  arete  aj)plicatis,  capitulum  magnum  abruptum  ovalem  biarticulatum 
efficicutibus.  Labruni  (III.  3  d)  sub  clypeo  reconditum,  transverso-quadratum,  angulis  anticis 
rotundatis  ciliatis.  Mandibula  (III.  3  e,  3/)  breves  validre  cornea?,  apice  bidentatfe,  intus  medio 
sinuatfe.  Maxilla  (III.  3^)  bilobse,  processu  exteruo  porrecto  (basin  palporum  dcfendente) 
munitfe :  lobo  externa  brevi,  apice  truncate  pubescenti :  interno  huic  vix  breviore,  valde  ciliato. 
Pa/pi  maxillares  articulis  penultimo  et  antejienultimo  brevibus  latis,  ultimo  multo  longiore 
subovali-subacuminato :  labiates  (III.  3  h)  articulis  primo  et  secundo  minutis  subaequalibus, 
ultimo  longiore  apice  subacuminato.  Mentuin  amplissimum  subquadratum,  lateribus  in  medio 
eraarginato-incisis.  Ligula  brevis  angustior,  angulis  anticis  ciliatis.  Pedes  (III.  3  A,  3  /,  3  in) 
valde  cursorii  brevissimi  compressi,  antici  paulo  longiores :  tibiis  gracilibus,  ad  femora  inter 
otium  applicandis  :  tarsis  anticis  (III.  3  k)  5-,  posterioribus  (III.  3  /,  3  »i)  4-articulatis ;  articulis 
in  omnibus  (ultimo  acuminato  excepto)  brevibus,  magnitudine  vix  sensim  decrescentibus. 

U 


146  IN  SECT  A  MADE  REN  SI  A. 

The  extraordinary  little  insect  for  wliicli  the  present  genixs  was  established  by 
Mr.  Westwood,  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  remarkable  as  yet  detected  within  the 
whole  range  of  the  Coleoj)tera,  its  total  freedom,  apparently,  from  eyes,  in  con- 
junction with  the  singular  numerical  variation  of  its  tarsal  joints,  presenting 
anomalies  of  a  very  peculiar  kind.  Mr.  Westwood  has  so  ably  discussed  its  affi- 
nities, that  I  will  not  enter  into  them  afresh,  but  prefer  gi^'ing  the  result  of  his 
conclusions  on  the  subject  in  his  owa  words.  "  This  is  altogether,"  says  he,  "  one 
of  the  most  anomalous  genera  hitherto  described  amongst  Coleopterous  insects. 
At  fu'st  sight,  it  possesses  so  strong  a  resemblance  to  the  Heteromerous  genus 
Cossi/plms,  that  it  was  for  a  time  regarded  as  merely  a  minute  species  of  that 
genus, — for  the  outline  of  the  head  and  pronotum  are  nearly  continuous,  so  that 
it  was  not  until  a  more  careful  examination  was  made  that  the  ordinary  exposed 
condition  of  the  head,  and  its  division  from  the  prothorax,  was  observed.  The 
tarsi  arc  not,  however,  heteromerous*.  The  structure  of  the  anteunai,  moreover, 
at  once  removes  this  genus  from  the  whole  of  the  Seteromera, — since  they  are 
ellwwed  at  the  extremity  of  the  large  first  joint,  and  have  a  nearly  solid  2-jointed 
terminal  club.  It  is,  I  apprehend,  amongst  the  genera  originally  placed  by  La- 
treille  amongst  the  Xylophaga  (but  separated  therefrom  by  MacLeay,  by  whom 
they  were  introduced  amongst  the  Necrophaga)  that  we  must  look  for  the  true 
relations  of  this  insect,  some  of  which  are  already  known  to  exhibit  various  nume- 
rical peculiarities  in  respect  to  the  joints  of  theu*  tarsi,  often  varying  in  the  sexes 
in  this  respect.  Biphyllns,  as  the  name  implies,  has  a  2-jointed  clava  to  the 
antennae,  and  some  of  the  species  of  Cerylon  have  similarly  polished  bodies.  Bi- 
toma  has  also  a  biarticulate  club  to  the  antennae,  as  well  as  a  carinated  pronotum 
and  elytra.  This  last-named  genus,  in  fact,  notwithstanding  the  various  very 
striking  points  of  disagreement  mth  Cossyphodes,  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as 
most  nearly  allied  to  it  of  any  known  genus ;  indeed  the  parts  of  the  mouth  of 
Bitoma,  as  figured  by  Mr.  Ciu-tis,  present  a  strong  general  conformity  with  those 
of  Cossyphodes." 

121.  Cossyphodes  Wollastonii.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  3.) 

C.  latus  subparallelo-oblongus  valde  dcpressus  fcrrugineus  Isevis  subnitidus,   antennis  pedibusque 

concoloribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1?. 

Cossyphodes  Wollastonii,  Westn'.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  of  Land.  {I^ew  Series)  i.  170  (1851). 

Habitat  in  Mader^  australi  propc  urbem  Funchalensem,  rarissimus  :  ad  Praya  Formoza  exemplar 
unicum  sub  lapide,  Maio  cxeunte  .\.d.  1848,  primus  inveni;  sed  nidos  (Ecophthora  pusilla  colere 


*  Strictly  speaking,  the  tarsi  are  heteromerous, — that  is  to  say,  they  do  not  consist  of  the  same  num- 
ber of  articulations  in  all  the  legs  :  but  in  the  true  Heteromera  the  hinder  feet  alone  are  -l-jointed, — 
whereas  in  the  genus  before  us  the  four  posterior  tarsi  are  quadriartieulate,  the  front  pair  only  being 
pentamerous. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  147 

apud  cl.  Dom.  Heer,  Turici,  dicitur,  qui  plurima  specimina  ad  Gorgulho,  necnon  etiam  in  ipsa 
lu'be,  mensibus  Januario  et  Februario  a.d.  1851  detexit. 

C.  broad,  parallel-oblong  (the  outline  of  the  head,  prothorax  and  elytra  being  nearly  continuous) , 
much  flattened  (especially  at  the  sides),  ferruginous  or  of  a  somewhat  pale  chestnut  hue,  spotless, 
and  very  slightly  shining, — the  surface  appearing  beneath  the  microscope  to  be  densely  beset 
with  an  excessively  minute  and  short  decumbent  cinereous  pubescence,  which  gives  the  entire 
insect  a  peculiar  kind  of  opacity,  or,  more  strictly  perhaps,  bloom,  which  is  perceptible  even  to 
the  naked  eye.  Head  large  and  semicircular,  almost  flat,  the  margin  (especially  towards  the 
hinder  angles)  a  little  elevated,  impressed  on  either  side  at  the  base  with  a  small  oblique  longi- 
tudinal line,  occupying  the  positions  of  the  eyes,  which  are  apparently  quite  obsolete, — although 
it  is  just  possible  that  they  may  be  imperfectly  develoj)ed,  and  concealed  within  these  depressions. 
Prothorax  large,  transverse-quadrate,  much  flattened  at  the  sides,  and  obtusely  keeled  down  the 
centre  of  its  disk, — also  with  three  smaller,  very  delicate  carina?,  or  raised  strise,  on  either  side  of 
this  central  elevation.  Elytra,  likewise,  keeled  along  the  suture  and  much  flattened  laterally, 
but  v!'ii\\  four  delicately  raised  carinas  on  either  side, — instead  of  three.  Antenna  and  kffs  con- 
colorous  with,  or  perhaps  a  little  paler  than,  the  remainder  of  the  surface. 

Apparently  extremely  rare, — or,  at  any  rate,  local ;  and,  from  its  peculiar  habits, 
somewhat  difficult  to  obtain.  A  single  example  was  first  discovered  by  myself,  on 
the  8th  of  May  1848,  beneath  a  stone  on  the  flat  ledge  of  ground  immediately  above 
the  Praya  Eormoza,  near  Funchal, — the  only  specimen  in  fact  which  I  have  hitherto 
taken.  It  is  to  the  researches  of  Professor  Heer  of  Zurich  that  we  are  indebted 
for  a  knowledge  of  its  habits,  who  informs  me  that  he  has  captiu'ed  it  in  the  nests 
of  CEcophtliora  pusilla  both  at  the  Gorgulho  and  even  in  Punchal  itself.  Having 
collected  a  portion  of  the  earth  in  which  the  nests  of  that  ant  were  situated,  and 
having  carefully  placed  it  in  his  house  va.  Funchal,  he  states  that  he  used  fre- 
quently to  observe  a  specimen  of  Cossyphodes  adhering  to  the  small  loose  stones 
which  he  had  allowed  to  remain  on  the  surface.  But,  even  when  thus  sought 
after  in  its  legitimate  position,  it  would  seem  to  be  far  from  common,  since  Pro- 
fessor Heer,  dui-ing  his  winter's  residence  in  the  island,  did  not  obtain,  I  believe, 
more  than  seven  or  eight  examples  iu  all.  It  runs  with  such  prodigious  velocity 
that  more  than  ordinary  dexterity  is  required  in  securing  it, — which,  for  a  hlind 
insect  (if  indeed  its  eyes  be  in  reality  altogether  wanting,  as  would  certainly 
appear  to  be  the  case)  is  very  remarkable. 

Genus  50.  PLCEOSOMA*,  WoU.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  9.) 

Cm-pus  parvum  ellipticum  glabervimum  :  capite  in  cavo  prothoracico  usque  ad  oculos  immerso :  pro- 
thorace  postice  lato  elytris  arete  applicato :  abdomine  ex  segmentis  ventralibus  quinque  composito, 
segmento  basali  amplo :  scutello  distincto  subtriangulari :  alls  obsoletis.  Antenna  (IX.  9  a) 
breviusculse  (capitis  prothoracisque  vix  longitudine)   distantes  capitatse,  articulo  primo  robusto 


*  Genus  Ceryloni  aifinitate  proximum,  sed  labro  bilobo  valde  membranaceo,  tibiis  siibcurvatis  excalca- 
ratis,  alis  obsoletis,  necuou  forma  \\x  punctata  elliptica  ab  eo  sat  distiuctum  videtiu". 

u2 


148  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

crasso,  secundo  huic  longitudine  subjequali  at  multo  graciliore  subcylindrico,  tertio  breriore,  iude 
ad  nonum  latitudine  vLx  crescentibus  longitudine  sub;equalibus,  reliquis  capitulum  magnum 
abraptuni  ovale  solidissimum  obscure  biarticulatum  efficientibus.  Labrum  (IX.  9  b)  amplum 
membranaceum  pilosum,  antice  bilobum,  marginibus  membraneo-tenuissimis.  Mandibula 
(IX.  9  c)  inagnse  validae  elongatse  cornese,  basi  lata;,  apice  bidentatse,  inde  ad  medium  sinuatse  et 
membrana  auctae.  Maxilla  (IX.  9  d)  bilobae  membranacese  :  lobo  externa  elongatissimo  gracili 
recto,  apice  leviter  pubescenti :  intenio  breviore  gracillimo  recto,  apieem  versus  ciliato.  Palpi 
maxillares  articulo  primo  longiusculo  flexuoso,  secundo  crassiore  jiaulo  breviore,  tertio  maximo 
inflato  subovato,  ultimo  primi  longitudine  sed  recto  aciculari :  luhiales  (IX.  9  e)  articulo  primo 
flexuoso,  secundo  maximo  inflato  subovato,  ultimo  primi  longitudine  sed  recto  aciculari.  Mctitum 
elongato-subquadratum,  antice  acuminatum,  lateribus  ante  basin  constrictis.  Ligula  apice  bifida, 
lobis  latis  membraneo-tenuissimis  aucta.  Pedes  sat  validi :  libiis  (pra?sertim  anticis)  subflexuosis 
apieem  versus  dilatatis  vix  calcaratis :  tarsis  (IX.  9/)  4-articulatis  pilosis,  articulo  primo  levater 
elongato,  secundo  et  tertio  brevioribus  iBqualibus,  ultimo  longissimo  subclavato  unguiculis  sim- 
lilicibus  munito. 
A  ttXoIov  navis,  et  auifia  corpus. 

The  little  insect  on  which  I  have  erected  the  present  genus  is  perhaps  one  of  the 
most  truly  indigenous  of  all  the  Madeiran  Coleoptera.  After  a  careful  considera- 
tion of  its  habits,  and  of  the  ditferent  points  of  its  structure,  I  have  not  the 
sliglitcst  doubt  l)ut  that  it  is  correctly  placed  amongst  the  Colydiadcc,  with  which, 
in  its  four-jointed  tarsi,  bidentate  mandibles,  and  its  biarticulate  antenual  club 
(the  essential  characteristics  of  that  family)  it  entu*ely  coincides.  It  is  in  fact 
closely  allied  to  Cerylon,  not  only  in  its  general  habit  {Floeosoma  being  not  merely 
subcortical,  but  also,  like  that  genus,  found  in  the  very  centre  of  moist  decaying 
Avood)  and  glabrous  surfiice,  but  more  especially  in  the  elongated,  narrow  lobes  of 
its  maxiUa!,  quadriarticulate  feet,  in  the  shape  of  its  mentum,  in  the  extremely 
solid  club  of  its  antennae,  and  iu  the  largely  inflated  penidtimate,  and  aciculated 
ultimate,  joii^ts  both  of  its  labial  and  maxillary  ijaliii.  Still,  in  spite  of  this 
evident  approach  to  Cerylou,  it  is  not  possible  that  it  can  be  actually  associated 
with  it,  since  in  its  deejily  bilobed,  membranous  upper  lip,  in  its  slightly  cmwed, 
unspurred  tibial,  in  its  obsolete  wings,  as  well  as  in  its  elliptical  form,  and  in  its 
comparatively  impunctate  surface  it  recedes  from  that  genus  entnely.  It  is  certain 
however  that  it  should  be  placed  near  to  it,  since  it  evidently  forms  one  of  those 
small  attendant  genera  so  often  observed  as  offshoots  from  a  central  type,  tlie 
importance  of  which,  when  geographically  considered,  it  is  difficult  to  overrate. 

122.  Ploeosoma  ellipticum,  Woll.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  9.) 
P.  ellipticum  couvexum  piceum  Iscve  nitiduui,  prothoracc  leviter  puuctato,  elytris  vLx  puuctatis  apice 

rufeseentibus,  antennis  pcdibusque  feiTugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1}. 

Habitat  sub  cortice,  in  ligno  putrido,  vel  sub  truncis  arborum  marcidis  in  locis  humidiusculis  Maderse, 
inter  2500'  et  5000'  s.  m.  toto  anno  non  infrcqucns. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  14.9 

P.  elliptical  (being  widest  about  the  middle,  and  almost  equally  attenuated  before  and  behind),  convex, 
bright  piceous,  shining,  and  free  from  pubescence.  Prothorax  ample,  wide  behind  (whore  it  is 
closely  applied  to  the  elytra),  more  or  less  rufescent,  and  covered,  both  above  and  below,  with 
shallow  but  rather  large  punctures.  Elytra  generally  rufescent  towards  their  apex,  extremely 
minutely  and  distantly  punctured, — the  punctm-es  being  scarcely  perceptible  except  under  a  high 
magnifying  power ;  when  they  will  be  observed  moreover  to  be  slightly  disposed  in  rows. 
Mouth,  antenna  and  legs  ferruginous. 

The  small  size,  in  conjunction  with  the  glabrous,  shining,  and  elKptical  body,  of 
this  interesting  insect  will  readUy  distinguish  it  from  the  remainder  of  the  Coly- 
diadcB  here  described.  It  is  confined  exclusively  to  the  forest  districts  of  Madeira, 
where  it  would  appear  to  range  between  the  limits  of  from  about  2500  to  5000 
feet  above  the  sea,  occurriag  more  especially,  as  might  be  expected,  in  those  spots 
which,  from  the  difficulty  of  access,  have  been  least  disturbed.  It  is  found  either 
beneath  bark  or  in  the  interior  of  rotting  wood, — occasionally  even  adhering  to 
the  undersides  of  wet  decaying  logs,  particularly  in  regions  where  the  moisture  is 
excessive,  and  where  consequently  decomposition  goes  on  the  most  rapidly.  I 
have  taken  it  at  the  base  of  the  Pico  Grande  and  in  the  Boa  Ventura,  durino- 
February ;  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas,  in  June ;  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  in 
July ;  and  at  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte,  at  the  beginning  of  August. 

Genus  51.  EUROPS*,  Woll.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  1.) 

Corpus  parvum,  subcylindrico-liueare  :  capite  subpedunculato,  in  maribus  (III.  2)  magno,  in  fceminis 
medioci'i,  oculis  magnis  prominentibus,  subtus  (III.  3  a),  jugulo  (prsesertim  in  maribus)  lateribus 
utrinque  valde  dilatatis,  projecturam  subconcavam  (superne,  ante  oculos,  conspicuam)  formante  : 
prothorace  elongato,  lineari-quadrato :  mesothorace  superne  subobservando,  scutello  minuto : 
elytris  apice  truncato-abbreviatis,  abdomen  baud  tegentibus  :  alls  amplis  :  ahdomine  ex  segmentis 
ventralibus  quinquc  composito,  segmento  apicali  reliquis  paulo  longiore.  Antenna  breves  (capite 
paulo  longiores)  distantes  rectse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  robustis  subglobosis,  illo  majore  cras- 
siore,  tertio  ad  octavum  brevibus  subtransversis  subsequalibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  abruptam 
ovalem  biarticulatam  efficientibus  (nono  magno  subpoculiformi,  ultimo  maximo  subgloboso  obscu- 
rissime  biaunulato  atque  ad  apicem  leviter  tuberculato-subacuminato).  Labrum  brevissimum, 
vix  conspicuum.  Mandibula  (III.  2  a,  2  b)  magnse  validse  cornese  triangulse,  extus  basi  sinuatse, 
apice  incurvse  acutse,  intus  pone  medium  lacinia  pubescenti  instructfe.  Maxilla  (III.  2  c)  bilobse : 
lobo  externa  gracillimo  aciculari  curvato  :  interno  huic  longitudine  requali,  lato,  valde  pubescenti. 
Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo  brevissimo,  secundo  et  tertio  robustioribus  subeequalibus,  ultimo 
multo  longiore  subconico-subacuminato :  labiales  (III.  2  d)  articulo  primo  brevissimo,  secundo 
paulo  majore  crassiore,  ultimo  elongato  robusto  subovali-subacuminato.  Mentum  elongato- 
quadratum,  apicem  versus  angustatum.  Ligula  elongata  linearis,  apice  rotundata.  Pedes  parum 
robusti :  tibiis  apicem  versus  leviter  dilatatis  :  tarsis  (III.  2  e)  4-articulatis  pilosis,  articulis  primo 
et  secundo  latis  crassis,  tertio  minuto,  quarto  longissimo  subclavato  unguiculis  simphcibus 
munito. 

A  evpv<;  latus,  et  oip'  vultus. 


*  Genus  masiUarum  forma  elji^risque  trimcatis  Rhyzopliago  simillimum,  sed  tarsorum   struetura   et 
habitu  general!  Colydiadis  affinitate  proximmn  videtur,  et  cum  illis,  nisi  fallor,  recte  poneuduni  est. 


150  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

The  insect  for  the  reception  of  which  the  present  genus  is  founded  bears,  at  fii-st 
sight,  a  strong  resemblance  to  a  Bhyzophagus,  but  the  details  of  its  mouth  and 
tarsi  point  out  at  once  its  true  location,  amongst  the  Colydiadce, — from  some  of 
the  members  of  which  it  is  not  very  remotely  distant.  Still,  there  are  a  few  points, 
it  must  be  confessed,  in  which  it  approaches  i?%co/;//r'^?/*,  especially  in  its  slender, 
aciculated  outer  maxillary  lobe,  and  its  truncated  el)i:ra;  though  the  abundant 
characters  in  which  it  recedes  from  it  are  sufficient  to  remove  it  altosrether  from 
that  group.  Thus,  the  structiu-e  of  its  antennae  will  at  once  be  noticed,  which  are 
not  only  shorter  and  more  robust,  but  want  likewise  the  elongated  thii-d  joint  of 
Rhyzopliagus,  and  have  their  club,  in  lieu  of  a  solid  one,  much  perfoliated, — beiag 
composed  of  two  subequal,  loosely-connected  parts,  the  fli'st  of  Avhich  is  large  and 
cup-shaped,  and  the  second  globose  and  obscurely  annulated  (as  though  made  up 
of  two).  It  differs  moreover  very  considerably  in  the  form  of  the  largely  developed 
head  of  its  males,  which  is  not  only  (as  indeed  is  the  case  in  both  sexes)  constricted 
into  a  tolerably  distinct  neck  posteriorly,  but  is,  likewise,  broadest  just  behind  the 
eyes.  The  edges  of  the  jugulum,  underneath,  are  so  much  developed  laterally  as 
to  be  apparent  from  above,  the  projecting  portion  seeming,  at  first  sight  (especially 
in  the  males,  where  it  is  largest),  to  belong  to  the  lateral  margins  of  the  head 
itself.  The  eyes,  ujilike  those  of  Bhyzophagus,  are  large  and  prominent ;  and  the 
entu'e  insect,  instead  of  being  glal)rous,  is,  both  above  and  below,  pilose.  The 
elytra  are  much  more  abbreviated  posteriorly  than  in  any  of  the  Rhyzophagl,  being 
broadly  and  transversely  truncated, — exposing  the  pygidium,  which  is  greatly  elon- 
gated. The  legs  arc  slenderer  also,  and  somewhat  shorter,  and  without  any 
appearance  on  the  tibite  of  external  teeth ;  wliUst  the  feet,  instead  of  being  hetero- 
merous  in  one  sex,  are,  as  in  most  of  the  Colydiadce,  quadi-iarticulate  throughout. 

123.  Em-ops  impressicoUis,  WolJ.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  2.) 

E.  angustus  subcylindi'ico-linearis  rufo-ferrugineus  et  parce  pubescens,  capite  prothoraceque  remote 
punctatis,  hoc  elongato-quadrato  in  disco  profunde  longitudinaliter  impresso,  elytris  punctato- 
striatis  pallido-testaceis  sed  ad  apicem  nigro-infuscatis,  pcdibus  testaceis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  li-l?. 

Habitat  in  insula  Desertae  Grandis,  rarissimus, —  Maioexeunte  a.d.  1850,  apricitate  volitans,  a  meipso 
deprehensus. 

E.  narrow,  linear,  somewhat  cylindrical,  sparingly  pubescent,  shining,  and  rufo-ferruginous.  Head 
and  prothorax  remotely  but  rather  deeply  punctured  :  the  former  large  (especially  in  the  males) 
and  wide, — though  widest  immediately  behind  the  eyes,  and  from  thence  suddenly  constricted 
posteriorly  into  a  neck,  which  is  tolerably  apparent  when  the  head  is  at  all  protruded ;  gradually 
a  little  dilated,  on  either  side,  in  front  of  the  eyes,  and,  likewise,  elevated  into  somewhat  of  a 
ridge,  out  of  which  spring  the  antennse, — these  ridges  causing,  in  conjunction  with  the  slightly 
convex  clypcus,  two  oblique  depressions,  or  sulci,  to  appear  on  the  forehead  ;  the  lateral  portions  of 
the  Jugulum,  underneath  (III.  2  a),  are  so  much  produced,  or  swollen  (particularly  in  the  male  sex), 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  151 

as  to  project  beyond  the  margin  of  the  head  in  the  form  of  a  rounded  concave  prominence,  which, 
when  viewed  from  above,  it  is  not  easy,  at  first  sight,  to  separate  from  the  sides  of  the  upper 
surface  itself,— an  arrangement  which  causes  the  lateral  expansion  in  front  of  the  eyes  (at  which 
pomt  this  under-process  makes  its  appearance)  to  seem  larger  and  more  irregular  than  it  really 
IS  : — the  latter  {i.  e.  the  prothorax)  extremely  narrowly  margined  at  the  sides  and  behind,  long 
and  parallel,  just  perceptibly  narrower  than  the  elytra,  and  with  a  broad  and  deep  elongated 
longitudinal  depression  on  the  disk, — which  however  scarcely  extends  to  either  the  anterior  or 
the  posterior  margins.  Elytra  pale  testaceous,  deeply  punctate-striated,  and  much  abbreviated 
and  transversely  truncated  behind,  exposing  the  pygidium,— which,  together  with  the  apex  of  the 
former,  their  extreme  lateral  margins,  and  sometimes  even  their  suture,  is  more  or  less  black  (in 
quite  mature  specimens  rather  deeply  so,  but  in  others  merely  infuscated  or  picescent).  An- 
tmrm  ferruginous.  Legs  testaceous.  Beneath  dark  ferruginous,  with  the  underside  of  the  head 
and  the  three  hinder  segments  of  the  abdomen  paler. 

Of  the  greatest  rarity,— the  few  specunens  which  I  have  hitherto  seen  having 
been  captiu-ed  by  myself  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  diu-ing  my  encampment  there 
with  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  at  the  end  of  May  1850.  They  were  taken  on  the 
outer  canvass  of  my  tent, — whither  they  had  Aotvti,  in  company  with  other  insects 
(particularly  the  minute  ArfliroUps  2nceus),  in  the  hot  sunshine, — on  the  high 
ridge  at  the  commencement  of  the  long  northern  valley,  immediately  above  the 
precipitous  gorge  which  constitutes  the  only  ascent  of  the  island  from  the  landing- 
place  below. 

Genus  52.  LYCTUS.    (Tab.  IY.  fig,  3.) 
Pabricius,  Unt.  Si/st.  i.  ii.  502  (1792). 

Corpus  minusculum,  lineari-cylindricum  :  capite  lato ;  oculis  magnis  prominentibus  :  prothorace  elon- 
gato-subquacbato,  postice  interdum  (ut  in  specie  Maderensi)  leviter  angustato  et  anguKs  anticis 
amphato-productis ;  lateribus  plus  minusve  crenulatis  :  ehjtris  integris  :  alls  amplis.  Antenna 
(IV.  3  a)  breviusculae  (capitis  prothoracisque  vix  longitudine)  distantes,  articulis  primo  et 
secundo  robustis,  illo  majore  crassiore,  tertio  ad  nonum  longitudine  paulatim  vix  decrescentibus 
latitudme  subsequalibus,  decimo  et  undecimo  clavam  magnam  ovalem  biarticulatam  eiEcientibus 
(articulis  subsequalibus,  illo  subpoculiformi,  hoc  paulo  angustiore  ovato  basi  truncate).  Labnmi 
(IV.  3  h)  amplum  porrectum,  antice  leviter  bilobum,  lobis  rotuudatis  ct  longe  ciliatis.  Mandi- 
bular (IV.  3  c)  validse  cornese,  apice  incurve  bidentata;.  Maxilla  (IV.  3  f/)  biloba;:  lobo  externa 
elongate,  apice  valde  pubescenti :  interna  breviore  recto,  intus  pubescenti  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares 
elongati,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  longitudine  subsqualibus  (illo  flexuoso,  hoc  subclavato), 
tertio  paulo  breviore,  ultimo  elongate  apice  plus  minusve  acuminate  :  labiales  (IV.  3  e)  e  scapis 
Ugulae  connatis  sm-gentes,  articulo  primo  lengiusculo  subflexuoso,  secundo  paulo  breviore  sub- 
clavato, ultimo  elongato  apice  plus  minusve  acuminate.  Mentum  semicirculare,  ad  sunimum 
apicem  vel  integrum,  vel  (ut  in  specie  nostra)  leviter  truncatum.  Ligula  subovata  antice  acumi- 
nata, lobis  longis  teuuissimo-membranaceis  aucta.  Pedes  parum  graciles  :  tibiis  anticis  (IV.  3/) 
apicem  versus  leviter  dilatatis,  ad  apicem  externum  in  angulum  exstantem  productis,  ad  internum 
unco  robustissimo  munitis,  pasterioribus  (IV.  3  g)  rectis  gracilibus :  tarsis  4-articulatis,  articulis 
primo,  secundo  et  tertio  longitudine  subsequalibus  (primo  vix  longiore,  et  subtus  ante  basin 
leviter  constricto, — ahum  articulum,  sc.  basalem,  fere  simrdanti),  quarto  longissimo  subclavato 
unguiculis  simpHcibus  munito. 


152  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

The  insect  wliich  represents  Lyctm  in  !Madeii"a  constitutes  the  genus  Xylotrogiis 
of  Stephens,  which  was  established  in.  1830  to  receive  the  identical  species  now 
under  consideration,  which  appears  to  be  liable  to  importation  throughout  the 
civilized  world,  and  in  which  the  prothorax  is  more  constricted  behind,  and  \vith 
its  anterior  angles  more  developed  and  produced,  than  is  the  case  with  the  acknow- 
ledged tj^ie.  IMi'.  Stephens's  characters  being  merely  external  ones,  it  would  have 
Ijccn  difficult  mthout  dissection  to  have  offered  an  opinion  as  to  theii-  real  value, 
or  whether  they  were  accompanied  by  corresponding  differences  of  positive  struc- 
tiu'c.  In  addition  however  to  the  Madeiran  examples,  I  have  lately  received  fi-om 
Mr.  Westwood  (by  whom  the  specimen  wMch  is  figured  was  dissected)  a  true 
X.  brtmneus  (captured,  many  years  ago,  at  Paris  by  M.  Che\Tolat, — who,  beheving 
it  to  be  im described,  proposed  for  it  the  name  of  Jj.  Gli/ci/rrJiizce),  and  have  conse- 
quently been  enabled  to  examine  minutely  its  oral  organs  and  other  details.  After 
comparing  them  carefully  with  those  of  the  i.  cancdiculatKs,  I  cannot  perceive 
any  decided  distinctions  whatsoever  between  the  two, — the  slightly  more  elongated 
and  apically-acuminated  palpi  of  the  X.  hrunneus,  in  conjimction  with  its  rather 
less  robust  antennae,  being  the  sole  points,  unless  I  am  much  mistaken,  in  which 
(apart  from  the  shape  of  its  prothorax)  it  recedes  from  the  normal  state ; — and  it 
is  clearly  impossible  to  regard  such  trivial  modifications  as  of  more  than  specific 
importance.  In  defining  its  palpi  as  "  very  short,"  and  its  prothoracic  margins  as 
"not  crenatcd"  (the  main  features  selected  in  order  to  separate  it  from  Lyctus), 
Mr.  Stephens  was  unquestionably  in  error,  since  its  palpi  are  distinctly  longer 
than  those  of  the  L.  canaliculutus,  whilst  the  edges  of  its  prothorax  are  certainly 
crenulated, — albeit  more  obscvu'cly  so  than  in  the  common  generic  type.  So  com- 
pletely indeed  are  the  structvu'al  minutiae  of  the  L.  canalicidatus  possessed  by  the 
X.  brmmeus  that  it  is  almost  needless  to  enumerate  them :  suffice  it  therefore  to 
obsene  that,  in  the  proportions  of  theii-  antennae,  in  their  bUobed  upper  Hps, 
bidentate  mandibles,  as  also  in  theu*  maxiUae,  semicii'cular  menta,  pecviliar,  apicaUy- 
acumiuatcd  ligula?,  in  theu'  powerful  and  ciuiously  armed  anterior  tibite,  and  in 
the  constricted  basal  joint  of  theii-  quadiiarticulate  feet,  the  tAvo  insects  are 
actually  identical. 

124.  Lyctus  bnmneus.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  .3.) 

Ij.  angustus  cylindricus  pubescens  bnmneus,  capite  prothoiaceque  crebre  punctatis,  hoc  postice  leviter 
angustato  angulis  anticis  productis  obtusis,  elytris  ferrugineis  obsolete  substriato-pvinctatis  (striis 
suturam  versus  evanescentibus),  interstitiis  minutissime  punctulatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^— 2i. 

Lyctus  parasiticus,  Steph.  Syst.  Cat.  of  Brit.  Ins.  94  (1829). 
Xiilotrogus  hninnciis,  Steph.  777.  Brif.  Ent.  iii.  116  (1830). 
Lyctus  Colydioides  ?  Dej.  Cat.  (edit.  3)  338  (1837). 
OlycyrrhiziB,  Chev.  in  Dej.  Cat.  (edit.  3)  338  (1837). 

Habitat  Maderam,  circa  oppida  et  vicos,  vcl  etiam  iu  urbe  ipsa  Funcbaleusi,  hinc  inde,  rarior :  in 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  153 

domo  quadam  ad  Seisal,  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850,  primus  detexit  Rev''"''  Dora.  Lowe  ;  sed  plmima 
specimina  a  Dom.  Hartung  Madera  ablata  nuper  cl.  Dohrn  communicavit. 

L.  narrow,  linear,  cylindrical,  brown  or  reddisb-brown,  pubescent,  and  but  very  slightly  shining. 
Head  and  jn'othorax  coarsely  and  rather  closely  punctured  :  the  former  widest  about  the  eyes, 
which  are  very  large  and  prominent :  the  latter  elongated,  a  little  narrowed  and  straightened 
posteriorly,  and  with  the  anterior  angles  considerably  enlarged  (although  obtuse)  and  downwardly 
produced;  the  sides  minutely  crenulated;  convex  in  front,  where  there  is  no  appearance  of  a 
dorsal  channel,  but  with  a  wide  and  more  or  less  shallow  longitudinal  depression  on  the  hinder 
disk.  Elytra  ferruginous,  being  paler  and  more  rufescent  than  the  head  and  prothorax;  obso- 
letely  and  finely  striate-punctate, — the  strise  being  tolerably  apparent  towards  the  outer  portion, 
but  vanishing  near  the  suture ;  the  interstices  minutely  punctulated ;  entire  and  roimded  at  the 
apex.     Antenna  and  legs  concolorous  with,  or  perhaps  a  little  darker  than,  the  elytra. 

The  present  Lyctus  lias  in  all  probability  been  naturalized  in  these  islands,  it 
being  an  insect  which,  from  its  habits,  is  liable  to  constant  transmission  through- 
out the  world  :  nevertheless,  since  it  would  appear  to  establish  itself  with  greater 
facility  in  subaustral  than  in  northern  regions,  it  may  perhaps  be  truly  indigenous 
on  the  southern  Mediterranean  limits, — in  which  case  it  is  just  possible  that 
Madeh-a  may  come  within  its  legitimate  range.  It  is  my  belief,  however,  that  it 
has  been  imported  from  other  countries, — an  hj^iothesis  which  is  somewhat 
strengthened  by  the  fact  that  it  is  never  found,  so  far  at  least  as  I  am  aware, 
except  either  in  or  near  the  villages  and  towns,  whilst  most  of  the  specimens 
which  have  hitherto  turned  up  were  captured  in  the  houses  themselves.  The 
first  example  which  came  beneath  my  notice  was  detected  by  the  Rev.  E.  T.  Lowe, 
dm-ing  July  1850,  in  a  Quinta  at  Seisal :  and  it  was  not  untU  June  of  the  follow- 
ing year  that  it  again  occm-red, — when  a  second  was  communicated  by  M.  Dohrn 
of  Stettin,  which  had  crawled  out  of  a  di-ied  skin  which  had  been  prepared  in 
Madeii-a  by  M.  Hartimg.  About  the  same  time,  moreover,  I  received  it  from 
Mr.  Leacock, — taken  in  Funchal;  and  within  the  last  month  M.  Dohrn  has 
informed  me  that  it  has  been  reared  in  abundance  at  Konigsberg,  from  larv« 
which  have  been  lately  brought  away  from  the  island.  In  its  habits,  it  would 
seem,  to  a  certain  extent,  to  combine  the  dermaphagous  tendency  of  Trogositu 
with  the  Hgnivorous  propensities  of  the  true  I/ycti,  since  it  is,  apparently,  able  to 
adapt  itself  to  even  dried  animal  food.  Still,  like  the  common  European  L.  cana- 
liculatus,  it  is  normally  attached  to  wood, — from  out  of  which  indeed  M.  Dohrn 
states  that  the  Konigsberg  specimens  were  produced. 

Fam.  12.  TROGOSITIDiE. 

Genus  53.  TROGOSITA. 

Olivier,  Ent.  ii.  19  (scrip.  Trogossita)  (1790). 

Corpus  mediocre,  elongatum  :  protkorace  ssepius  subcordato,  angulis  anticis  productis :  alts  amplis. 

X 


154  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Antenna  breviusculae  (capitis  prothoracisque  vix  longitudine),  artieulo  primo  robusto,  secimdo 
minuto,  reliquis  usque  ad  apicem  sensim  crassioribus  (rarius  subclavatis),  Labrum  transverso- 
quadratunij  antice  integrum  et  valde  ciliatum.  Mandihulce  magase  valida;  cornese  porrectje,  basi 
lata",  apice  fortiter  bidentatse.  Maxilla  lubo  sincjulo  elongato  valde  ciliato  ad  apicem  obtuso 
instructse  [intemo  obsoleto).  Palpi  artieulo  ultimo  elougato,  subfusiformi-truncato.  Mentum 
transversum,  apice  late  emarginatum.  Ligula  ampla  cornea  integra,  antice  pilosa.  Pedes  validi : 
tibiis  anticis  apicem  %Trsus  lev'itcr  dilatatis,  calcari  intemo  maximo  robusto  unciformi  (externo 
reliquis  fcquali,  miuuto)  :  larsis  artieulo  primo  minutissimo,  ultimo  elongato  subclavato. 

The  elongated  and  more  or  less  flattened  bodies  of  the  Trogositce,  in  conjunction 
with  thcu-  obsolete  inner  maxillary  lobe,  and  the  extraordinary  enlarg-emcut  of 
one  of  then'  two  front  til)ial  s^jiu's,  as  compared  with  the  other,  will  be  sufficient 
whereby  to  distinguish  them  from  theii"  immediate  allies.  In  the  construction  of 
theu"  mentum,  and  in  the  minute  basal  joint  of  theu*  tarsi,  as  well  as  in  the  small- 
ness  of  the  second  articulation  of  their  antennae,  they  approach  the  Lcemophloei 
and  other  t}q>ical  members  of  the  Cuciijidce, — Avith  many  of  which  in  habits, 
likewise,  they  essentially  coincide.  Hence,  I  have  preferred  the  present  position 
for  them  to  placing  them  amongst  the  Nitidididce,  with  which  they  are  now 
usually  associated, — deeming  the  above  peculiarities  of  greater  importance  than 
even  the  non-development  of  the  inner  lobe  of  their  maxillae ;  and  especially  so  since 
several  of  the  Ciicicjidce  have  that  lobe  so  far  reduced  in  size  as  to  indicate,  even 
in  this  respect,  a  no  very  distant  relation  vdih  Trogosifa.  "N^'ere  its  habits  indeed 
alone  to  be  taken  into  account,  the  present  genus  might  be  supposed  to  have  some 
affinity  with  Teuehno  and  other  representatives  of  the  Seteromera  ;  but  its  penta- 
merous  feet,  and  the  total  absence  of  an  internal  emargination  to  its  mandibles, 
apart  from  other  points  no  less  evident,  will  at  once  remove  it  m  toto  from  the 
whole  of  those  groups. 


§  I.  Prothorax  subcordatus,  angulis  ipsis  postiois  exstantihus  :  antenna  apicem  versus  sensim  incrassata. 

125.  Trogosita  mauritanica. 
T.  depressa  picea  subniticTa,  elytris  post  medium  leviter  dilatatis,  subpunctato-striatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  4. 

Tenebrio  mauritanicus,  Liun.  Syst.  Nat.  ii.  G74  (17C7). 
Trogossita  mauritanica,  Qi]i\.Ent.  ii.  19.  6.  pi.  1.  tig.  2  o,  i  (1790). 
Trogosita  carahoides,   Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  115  (1792). 

mauritanica,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  72  (1808). 

,  Erich.  JVat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  243  (1848). 

Habitat  in  grauariis  douiibusque  Maderje,  prsesertim  circa  Funcbal,  vulgaris :   interdum  in  ipsa  urbe 
(mercatorum  rcpositoriis)  abundat,  e.x  alienis  certe  introducta. 

T.    elongated,   much    depressed,   dark   piceous,   and  slightly  sinning.     Head  and  prothorax  deeply 
punctured  :  the  latter  somewhat  short  aud  cordate  (being  broad  in  front  and  narrowed  behind), 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  155 

with  the  anterior  angles  produced,  and  the  extreme  posterior  ones  distinctly  prominent.  Elytra 
widest  behind  the  middle,  and  faintly  jjunctate-striated ;  the  interstices  each  with  two  rows  of 
minutely  impressed  points.  Bodij  beneath,  and  the  legs  bright  rufo-piceous.  Antenna  darker 
(especially  in  the  middle),  and  gradually  incrassated  towards  their  apex. 

The  common  T.  mauritanica  is  one  of  those  insects  Avhich  follow  in  the  wake  of 
commerce,  and  it  is  consequently  fonncl,  at  times,  in  nearly  all  countries  of  the 
world.  It  is  not  only  with  flour  and  grain,  but  even  amongst  skins  and  fiu's,  and 
such  like  merchandise,  that  it  is  liable  to  become  introduced ;  and  in  England  it 
has  been  frequently  received,  alive,  in  boxes  of  natural  curiosities  from  India  and 
China.  In  Madeu-a  it  is,  in  lilve  manner,  at  intervals  abundant, — occurring  in 
granaries  and  warehouses  in  and  near  Funchal ;  and  I  have  occasionally  captured 
it  on  board  vessels  which  have  been  lying  at  anchor  in  the  bay. 


§  II.  Protliorax  sulqmdratus,  angulis  ipsis  posticis  vLv  exstantihus  :  anfennce  breviores,  ad  apicem  clavafce 
{articulis  nono,  decimo  et  undeoimo  clavam  distinctam  intiis  serratam  e_fficientibus). 

126.  Trogosita  serrata,  Woll. 

T.  angusto-subcylindrica  picescenti-ferruginea  subopaca,  elytris  parallelis  profunda  punctato-striatis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  3|. 

Habitat  Maderam ;  mihi  non  obvia,  sed  duo  specimina  benigne  communicavit  ReV^^^  Dom.  Lowe. 

T.  narrower,  more  cylindrical  and  parallel  than  the  T.  mauritanica,  also  less  depressed,  of  a  pale 
piceo-ferruginous  hue,  and  much  more  opake.  Head  and  prothorax  deeply  punctured :  the 
latter  much  more  quadrate  than  that  of  the  last  species  (being  narrower  in  front  and  broader 
behind,— and  consequently  with  the  sides  straighter) ;  with  the  anterior  angles  rather  obtuser  and 
less  produced,  and  the  extreme  posterior  ones  not  so  much  thickened  or  prominent  as  those  of  that 
insect.  Elytra  narrow,  parallel,  and  deeply  punctate-striated ;  the  interstices  each  with  two  rows 
of  most  minutely  impressed  points.  Antenna  and  legs  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  surface  ; 
the  latter  rather  shorter  than  those  of  the  T.  mauritanica,  and  distinctly  clavated  at  their  apex, — 
the  terminal  three  joints  forming  a  tolerably  abrupt  and  internally-serrated  club. 

In  its  distinctly  clavated  antennae  and  comparatively  subquadrate  prothorax  the 
present  insect  recedes  from  the  normal  members  of  the  genus.  As  regards  the 
former  indeed  its  structure  is  very  remarkable,  the  ninth,  tenth  and  eleventh 
joints  forming  an  abrupt  and  internally-serrated  club  : — nevertheless  there  can  be 
no  doubt  but  that  it  is  a  true  Trogosita,  since  in  aU  other  respects  it  retains  the 
essential  characteristics  of  the  group.  I  have  not,  myself,  succeeded  in  detecting 
it  in  the  Madeira  Islands,  the  only  two  specimens  which  have  hitherto  come 
beneath  my  notice  having  been  presented  to  me  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  from  the 
collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heineeken,  by  whom  they  were  captured  many  years  ago 
near  Funchal, — and  where  it  is  far  from  improbable  that  they  may  have  been 
accidentally  introduced  with  corn  or  merchandise. 

x2 


156  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Fam.  13.  CUCUJID^. 

Genus  54.  CRYPTAMORPHA,  WoU.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  1.) 

Corpus  minusculuni,  parallelo-elongatum,  depressum,  Psammoeco  affine  :  prothorace  subcylindrico, 
lateribus  (pncsertiin  ad  aiigulos  anticos)  creiiulatis  :  scutellu  distincto,  transverso :  alls  auiplis. 
AntenruE  capite  prothoraceque  paulo  longiores,  parum  robustse,  subfiliformes  (apicem  versus  vix 
sensim  incrassatae),  articulo  primo  sat  elongate,  secundo  brevi,  rebquis  ad  dccimura  longitudine 
vix  decrescentibus,  undecimo  ovato  basi  truncato.  Labrum  (IV.  I  a)  porrectum  transversuni, 
anticc  integrum  ciliatum.  Mandibulce  (IV.  1  b)  vabdae,  basi  latae,  ad  sumnium  apicem  (ut  in 
Dendi'opbago)  bidentatse,  necnon  infra  apicem  dente  minuto  instructse.  Maxillx  (IV.  1  c) 
bilobae :  lobo  externa  lato,  apice  valde  j)ubescenti :  interno  minuto  angusto  valde  pubescenti 
membranaceo.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  j)rimo  minutissimo,  secundo  magno  crasso  subclavato, 
tertio  minora  transverso,  ultimo  fusiformi-subacuminato  basi  truncato  :  labiales  (IV.  1  d)  articulo 
primo  minutissimo,  secundo  magno  crasso  subclavato,  ultimo  maximo  brevi  latissimo  securiformi- 
transverso  apice  truncato.  Meiiliim  breve  transversum,  antice  angustatnin,  ad  summum  a])icem 
excavato-emarginatum  et  angulis  lateralibus  porrcctis  acuti.s.  Ligula  membrauacea,  antice  pilosa. 
Pedes  valde  cursorii :  tibiis  muticis :  tarsis  (IV.  1  e)  pilosis  (in  maribus,  nisi  fallor,  heteromeris), 
articulo  primo  leviter  abbreviate,  secundo  et  tertio  longitudine  subsequalibus  (illo  subcordato, 
boc  profunde  bilobo),  quarto  minutissimo  inter  lobos  tertii  inimerso,  ultimo  clougato  unguicuUs 
siiupHcibus  niunito. 

A  Crypta  (genus  Coleopteroruni)  ct  fJ.op(f)Tj  figura. 

I  had  for  some  time  regarded  the  insect  on  wliich  the  present  genus  is  founded 
as  a  true  Fsammoecus  {=  Crypta,  Steph.  a.d.  1830),  to  which  both  in  its  habits 
and  outline  it  is  very  closely  allied.  A  more  careful  examination,  however,  of  its 
oral  organs  and  feet  has  subsequently  con'vinced  me  that  it  is  impossible  to  asso- 
ciate it  ^ith  that  group,  as  usually  defined  (and  of  which  the  Anthicusbipimctatus 
of  Fabricius  is  supposed  to  be  the  typo),  however  much  it  may  resemble  some  of 
the  meml)crs  of  it  externally, — since  it  is  wanting  in  many  of  the  most  essential 
structural  characteristics  on  which  it  is  made  to  depend.  Thus,  the  enormously 
developed  secm-iform  joint  \\'\.t\\  which  the  maxillary  palpi  of  Psamiiioecus  are 
terminated  is  here  narrow  and  fusiform,  and  even  acuminated  towards  its  apex ; 
whilst  the  labial  ones  have  their  ultimate  articulation  immenselv  swollen,  and 
more  abruptly  hatchet-shaped  than  is  there  the  case.  Its  mandibles  also,  which 
are  bidiMitate  at  their  extremity,  and  have  a  small  additional  subapical  tooth 
within,  recede  from  those  of  Fsainmoecm,  and  coincide  almost  entirely  with  the 
modification  which  obtains  in  Dendrophagxs.  Then,  the  mentum  likewise  is  of  a 
very  different  form,  being  deeply  emarginated  anteriorly,  instead  of  produced; 
whilst,  lastly,  its  tarsi  (instead  of  being  quadriarticulate)  arc  pentamerous  in  the 
females  (the  minute  fourtli  joint  being  concealed  between  the  greatly  enlarged 
lobes  of  the  third),  and  heteromerous  (unless  indeed  my  observations  deceive  me) 
in  the  males.     U])on  the  whole,  therefore,  I  should  consider  Cryptamorpha  as  an 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  157 

undoubtedly  new  genus, — intermediate  perhaps  between  Psammcecus  and  Dendro- 
phagus ;  since  it  partakes  of  the  former  in  its  general  habits  and  aspect,  in  its 
prominent  upper  lip,  and  in  the  construction  of  the  inner  lobe  of  its  maxillae  and 
thh'd  tarsal  joint ;  whilst  in  its  mandil)les  and  maxUlary  palpi,  and  in  the  number 
of  the  articulations  of  its  feet  (in  one  sex  at  all  events,  if  not  indeed  in  both)  it  ap- 
proaches the  latter.  In  the  shape  of  its  nientum  and  labial  j)alpi,  on  the  other 
hand,  it  agrees  with  neither, — although  the  first  more  nearly  resembles  that  of 
Dendrophagus  than  of  PsammoecKs,  whilst  the  second  assimilate  those  of  Psani- 
moeciis  rather  than  of  Dendrophagus. 

127.  Cryptamorpha  Musse,  Woll.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  l.) 

C.  elongata  depressa  pubescens  rufo-testacea,  elytris  profunde  punctato-striatis  testaceis  macula  sub- 
scutellari  fasciaque  postmedia,  necuon  linea  plus  minusve  coujungenti  vel  sufTusa  (in  singido 
prope  suturam  sita),  nigre.scentibus,  antennis  pedibusque  pallido-testaceis,  illaruni  articulis  sub- 
apicalibus  infuseatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  If. 

Habitat  in  Madera  australi,  circa  urbem  Funcbalensem,  rarissime :  in  horto  EcclesiEe  Anglicanse  (qua; 
in  Bcco  das  Arliubas  sita  est),  sub  libra  Musa  sapientitm,  Linn.,  Augusto  ineunte  a.d.  1850  pri- 
mus inveni ;  et  tempore  vernali  a.d.  1851  in  floribus  Calocasiee  cl.  Dom.  Heer  detexit. 

C.  elongated,  depressed,  very  pubescent,  and  rufo-testaceous.  Head  rather  large  and  prominent, 
finely  punctulated,  and  with  a  deep  and  narrow  longitudinal  impression,  or  groove,  on  either  side 
between  the  eyes,  which  however  terminates  abruptly  on  the  hinder  portion  of  the  forehead. 
Prothorax  elongated  and  subcylindrical,  a  little  narrowed  behind,  and  with  the  hinder  disk  a 
good  deal  flattened ;  rather  more  deeply  punctured  than  the  head  (the  spaces  between  the  punc- 
ttu'es  appearing  beneath  a  high  magnifying  power  to  be  very  delicately  roughened,  or  somewhat 
granulose) ;  with  the  lateral  edges  minutely  crenulated, — especially  about  the  anterior  angles, 
which  are  a  little  downwardly-produced.  Elytra  deeply  punctate-striated ;  testaceous,  with  a 
somewhat  triangular  patch  in  front  of  the  scutellum,  and  a  transverse  postmedial  abbreviated 
zigzag  fascia,  common  to  both, — as  also  a  narrow  connecting  line  close  alongside  the  suture  of 
each  (but  which  is  often  suffused,  or  even  evanescent,  especially  in  front), — black.  Antenna  and 
legs  pale  testaceous :  the  former  with  their  subapical  joints  more  or  less  infuscated, — the  terminal 
one  being  always  pale. 

A  most  elegant  insect,  and  apjoarently  extremely  scarce ;  being  confined,  so  far 
as  I  am  aware,  to  hot  sheltered  spots  in  and  immediately  around  Funchal.  It  was 
first  discovered  by  myself,  early  in  August  1850,  in  the  garden  of  the  English 
Church  in  the  Beco  das  Aranhas,  beneath  the  outer  fibre  of  the  stems  of  the 
Banana  {Ilusa  sapientmu,,  Linn.), — where  it  would  appear  more  especially  to  reside, 
subsisting  (much  in  the  same  manner  as  the  Psammcecus  bipimctatus  does  on  the 
Carex  acuta  of  central  and  northern  Europe)  on  the  sap  with  which  that  gigantic 
Monocotyledon   abounds ; — a  mode  of  life  for  which  its  unarmed  and  densely 


158  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

pubescent  maxill83  and  its  deeply  bilobed  antepenultimate  tarsal  joint  would  seem 
to  be  peculiarly  adapted.  It  is  exceedingly  rapid  in  its  movements,  running  with 
such  immense  velocity  when  exposed  to  the  light  as  not  to  be  seciu'ed  without 
some  degree  of  dexterity.  Professor  Heer  informs  me  that  he  met  with  it  sparingly 
on  the  flowers  of  a  Calocasia,  in  Funchal,  during  the  spring  of  1851 ;  and  I  have 
lately  received  a  specimen  from  M.  Dohrn  of  Stettin,  communicated  to  him  by 
M.  Hartunff. 


^O" 


Genus  55.  L.ffiMOPHL(EUS.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  7,  8  et  9.) 
(Dcj.  Cat.  edit.  2.  315)  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  315  (184:8). 

Corpus  minusculum  vol  parvuni,  parallelo-eloogatum,  plcrumque  valde  deprcssum :  capite  pro- 
thoracequc  stria  longitudinali  elevata  utrinque  ssepius  instructis,  hue  angulis  anticis  plus  minusve 
leviter  productis :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  vel  (III.  8)  filiformes  et  (praesertim  iu  maribus)  lon- 
giuscula?,  vel  (III.  7,  9)  moniliformes  breviores  robustse  et  apicem  versus  sensim  subincrassatse ; 
articulo  primo  sat  elongato  robusto,  secundo  bren,  reliquis  modo  (III.  8)  latitudine  a-qualibus  et 
lougitudiue  subcrescentibus,  modo  (III.  7,  9)  longitudine  suba'qualibus  et  latitudine  leviter 
crescentibus  (ultimo  interdum  subturbinato,  aut  potius  ad  apicem  ipsum  tuberculato).  Labrum 
(III.  8  a)  porrectum,  subscmicirculare,  antice  ciliatum.  Mandihuhe  (III.  8  b)  validie,  ad  sum- 
mum  apicem  bidcntata;  et  infra  ajiicera  excisce,  basin  versus  niembrana  tcnui  auct?e.  Maxilla 
(III.  8  c)  bilobse :  lobo  extemo  lato,  apice  valde  pubescenti :  intemo  minutissimo  brevi  angusto, 
ad  apicem  acutissimo-uncinato.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo  minutissimo,  secundo  majore 
crassiore  subclavato,  tertio  brevi,  iiltimo  secundo  vix  longiore  fusiformi  basi  truncate :  labialcs 
(III.  8  d)  e  scapis  ligula;  connatis  surgentes,  articulo  primo  minutissimo,  secundo  et  ultimo 
elongatis  longitudine  subrequalibus  (illo  subclavato,  lioc  subfusiformi  basi  truncato).  Mentum 
breve  transversum,  antice  excavato-emarginatum.  Liyula  cornea,  antice  pilosa.  Pedes  sat 
robusti :  tibiis  calcari  terminali,  praecipue  iu  anticis  (III.  8  e),  armatis :  tarsis  simplicibus  (in 
maribus  heteromeris),  articulo  primo  minutissimo  a;gre  observaudo,  ultimo  elongato  unguiculis 
simplicibus  munito. 

In  addition  to  the  structure  of  their  oral  organs  and  feet, — amongst  the  details 
of  which  the  excessive  minuteness  of  theu-  (imciuated)  inner  maxillary  lobe  (as 
though  to  connect  them  with  the  Trogositid(B,  in  which  that  lobe  is  obsolete),  and 
the  heteromerous  condition  of  the  male  sex  should  be  especially  noticed, — the 
Lcnmophloei  may  be  at  once  recognised  by  many  external  characteristics  peculiarly 
their  own.  Thus,  their  usually  small  size  and  exceedingly  flattened  bodies,  in 
conjunction  witli  the  elevated  submarginal  stria  wliich  (although  occasionally 
increased  by  a  second  one)  is  seldom,  if  ever,  entu'ely  absent  from  the  edges  of 
either  theu*  forehead  or  prothorax,  as  also  the  singidar  tendency  which  a  portion 
of  the  species  possess  to  have  the  terminal  joint  of  theu*  antennae  so  distinctly 
tubercled  at  its  apex  as  almost  to  seem  (beneath  a  high  magnifying  power)  to  be 
composed  of  two,  are  nearly  sufficient,  even  alone,  to  separate  them  fi-om  the 
members  of  the  allied  groups.  Nevertheless,  in  some  other  respects  they  present 
considerable  diversity  inter  se, — so  much  so  indeed,  that,  were  the  extremes  of  form 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  159 

merely  to  be  taken  into  account,  they  might  appear  to  arrange  themselves  under  two 
well-defined  sections ;  in  the  first  (III.  8)  of  which  the  antennae  are  long  (especially 
in  the  males)  and  filiform  (the  articulations  being  inclined,  if  anything,  rather  to 
increase  hi  length  and  dimiaish  in  breadth),  and  the  forehead  is  terminated  abruptly, 
and  hollowed  out,  immediately  before  the  point  of  their  insertion :  wliUst  in  the 
second  (III.  7,  9)  the  antennae  are  comparatively  abbreviated,  moniliform,  and  roliust 
(the  joints  becoming,  for  the  most  part,  gradually  thicker  from  the  base),  and  the 
forehead  is  much  more  produced  anteriorly,  being  truncated  only  at  its  extremity, 
— and  generally  moreover  in  a  straight  line  instead  of  an  incui'ved  arc.  These 
modifications  however,  although  remarkably  apparent  in  the  extremes,  are  so  far 
lost  sight  of,  and  merged  into  each  other,  in  the  means  as  to  be  scarcely  traceable ; 
and  hence  it  is  not  possible  to  make  use  of  them,  for  even  subsidiary  purposes,  in 
a  universal  arrangement.  Still,  since  aU  the  representatives  which  I  have  hitherto 
been  able  to  detect  in  the  Madeira  Islands  are  unmistakeable  members  of  one  or 
the  other  of  these  ojjposite  types,  the  divisions  may  be  employed  hi  the  present 
instance  with  great  convenience. 


§  I.  AntenncB  longed  filiformes,  articulo  ultimo  dehiliore  tuherculiforml  (quasi  ex  articulis  duobus  composito)  : 
frons  ad  antennarum  insertionem  late  subemarginato-truncata  :  elytra  apice  truncata. 

128.  Laemophloeus  Lonacioides,  Wall.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  8.) 

L.  plumbeo-piceus  granulatus  opacus,  capite  prothoraceque  subtiliter  punctatis,  hoc  breviusculo  sub- 

quadrato,  angulis  antici-s   subexstantibus,  posticis  subrotundatis,  margine  antico  lineis  duabus 

brevissimis  politis  submediis  notato,  elytris  testaceis  striatis  ad  apicem  valde  truncatis,  sutura, 

striis  et  interdum  margine  plumbeis,  antennarum  basi  ferruginea,  pedibus  testaceis. 

Mas,  antennis  longissimis,  prothorace  pone  discuni  punctis  duobus  magnis  (rarius  evanescentibus) 

utriuque  longitudinaliter  impresso. 
Foem.  antennis  minus  elongatis,  prothorace  haud  impresso. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  mas,  If :  fmm.  I3— 1|. 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam,  sub  cortice  arbonim,  rarissimus  :  in  sylvis  convallis  Boa  Ventura  dictse 
d.  18  Febr.  a.d.  1849  primus  iuveni ;  necnon  in  castanetis  Sanctse  Annse  sestate  media  a.d.  1850 
parce  coUegi. 

Ij.  large,  exceedingly  depressed,  dull  piceous  with  a  lead-coloured  tinge,  opake,  and  almost  free  from 
pubescence.  Head  and  prothorax  very  closely  and  rather  coarsely  granulated,  and  with  fine 
punctures  intermixed :  forehead  with  the  anterior  edge  truncated,  and  hollowed  out  immediately 
in  front  of  the  antennse ;  with  a  raised  marginal  stria,  and  a  very  distinctly  impressed  central 
one  down  the  disk.  Prothorax  rather  short,  subquadrate,  and  slightly  narrowed  behind;  the 
posterior  angles  somewhat  rounded,  and  the  anterior  ones  a  little  prominent;  with  two  small, 
polished,  longitudinal  spaces  in  the  centre  of  the  front  margin, — resembling  very  minute  portions 
of  glabrous  lines.  Elytra  more  delicately  granulated  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  very  shortly 
and  most  sparingly  pubescent ;  very  much  truncated  behind,  exposing  the  pygidium  ;  distinctly 


160  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

striated  upon  the  disk, — the  strhe  vanishing  towards  the  base  and  apex,  especially  the  latter ; 
testaceous,  with  the  suture,  the  strije,  and  occasionally  also  the  external  margins,  darker. 
Antenna  at  base  ferruginous  ;  and  with  their  apical  joint  very  distinctly  tubercled  at  its  extremity. 
Legs  testaceous. 
Male,  with  the  antennae  exceedingly  long ;  and  with  two  large  punctures,  or  rounded  fovese  (rarely 
evanescent),  placed  longitudinally  on  either  side  of  the  hinder  prothoracic  disk. 

A  large  and  most  beautiful  Lccmophlcc)(s,  and  one  which  recedes  in  many  ini- 
jjortant  particulars  from  the  other  members  of  the  genus  here  described, — its  dark 
and  comparatively  variegated  surface,  and  the  great  length  of  its  antemiae,  in  con- 
junction with  the  two  abbreviated  polished  spaces  at  the  anterior  margin,  and  the 
four  rounded  impressions  (in  the  male  sex)  on  the  hinder  disk  of  its  prothorax, 
giWng  it  a  character  essentially  its  own.  It  is,  apparently,  very  rare,  and  confined 
to  intermediate  altitudes  within  the  sylvan  districts.  I  have  taken  it  during  the 
summer  months,  on  more  than  one  occasion,  from  beneath  the  bark  of  the  Spanish 
chestnuts  in  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly's  vineyard  at  Santa  Anna ;  and,  likewise,  in 
the  Boa  Ventura,  on  the  18th  of  February  1849. 

129.  Lsemophloeus  graniilatus,  WuU. 

Ij.  rufo-ferrugineus  granulatus  opacus,   capite  prothoraceque  parce  leviter  punctatis,  hoc  elongato- 
subquadrato  angulis  subaequaliter  exstantibus,  elytris  striatis  ad  apicem  leviter  truncatis,  pedibus 
rufo-testaceis. 
Mas,  antennis  longioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1^. 

Habitat  per  regionem  Maderse  sylvaticam,  non   infrequens :    in  convalle  Boa  Ventura  dicta  mense 
Februario,  necnon  tempore  sestivo  in  castanetis  Sancta  Annie,  sat  copiose  observavi. 

Ij.  exceedingly  depressed,  parallel,  rufo-ferruginous,  opake,  and  almost  free  from  pubescence.  Head 
and  prothorax  very  closely  granulated,  and  with  fine  and  very  shallow  punctures  intermixed  : 
forehead  with  the  anterior  edge  truncated  and  hollowed  out  immediately  in  front  of  the  antennae; 
with  a  raised  marginal  stria,  and  a  very  distinctly  impressed  central  one  down  the  disk.  Prothorax 
elongate-subquadrate,  and  very  slightly  narrowed  behind;  with  the  anterior  and  posterior  angles 
almost  equally  ])roniinent  (the  former  perhaps,  if  anything,  being  rather  the  more  so).  Elytra 
rather  long,  similarly  granulated  with  the  head  and  ])rothorax ;  much  less  truncated  behind  than 
those  of  the  last  species;  striated, —  the  subsutural  strise  being  generally  obsolete  in  front. 
Antenna  longer  in  the  males  than  in  the  females  (longer,  in  both  sexes,  than  those  of  any  of  the 
following  species,  but  shorter  than  those  of  the  L.  Donncioides) ;  and  with  their  apical  joint  very 
distinctly  tubercled  at  its  extremity.      Legs  rufo-testaceous. 

In  their  opake,  granulated,  and  almost  unpubescent  sm'faces,  and  in  the  com- 
paratively great  length  of  theu"  antennaj  (the  apical  articulation  of  which  is  shrunk 
and  suddenly  acuminated  at  its  extremity, — so  as  to  resemble  a  separate  tubercle, 
or  even  an  additional  joint),  as  well  as  in  the  broad  truncation  (or  somewhat 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  161 

emargined  anterior  edge)  of  theii-  foreheads,  the  present  insect  and  the  last  are 
coincident :  but  the  small  size  and  pale  immaculate  hue  of  the  L.  grannlatus 
would  tend,  2)i'imd  facie,  to  associate  it  more  with  the  members  of  the  second 
section  than  with  the  i.  Donacioides.  The  above  characters  however  will  of 
cou.rse  at  once  distinguish  it  from  any  of  the  following  species, — from  which, 
moreover,  its  deep  fi-ontal  stria  and  the  subequaUy  prominent  angles  of  its 
straightened  prothorax  will  serve  even  farther  to  remove  it.  It  is  widely  distri- 
buted over  the  forest  regions  of  Madeu-a,  above  the  elevation  of  about  1500  feet. 
I  have  captiu-ed  it  from  beneath  the  bark  of  trees,  during  the  winter,  in  the  Boa 
Ventm-a  ;  and,  in  the  summer,  at  the  Eibeu-o  Prio  and  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueii-os, 
— as  also,  though  more  sparingly,  in  the  Chestnut- woods  of  Santa  Anna. 


§  II.  Antenna:  breviores,  iilus  minusve  moniliformes  {apicem  versus  interdum  leviter  incrassates),  articulo 
ultimo  fere  vel  omnino  integro  ;  frons  antice  magis  producta,  ad  apicem  solum  subrecto-truncata  ; 
elytra  apice  Integra. 

130.  Lsemophlceus  vermicvdatus,  Wall. 

L.  angustus  pallido-ferrugineus  subnitidus  parce  subtiliter  pubescens,  capite  prothoraceque   (prse- 
sertim  illo)   subvenniculato-punctato,  hoc  postice  attenuate,  angulis  anticis  subobtusis,  posticis 
rotundatis,  elytris  striatis  vis  pallidioribus,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Mas  adhuc  latet  (exemplar  umcum,  sc.  foemineum,  tantum  possideo) . 

Long.  corp.  lin.  ^. 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem  sylvaticam, — in  castanetis  SanctseAnnse  sestate  medi^  a.d.  1850  a  meipso 
repertus. 

Ii.  small  and  narrow,  depressed,  parallel,  pale  ferruginous,  slightly  shining,  and  very  sparingly 
pubescent.  Head  and  prothorax  rather  deeply,  but  somewhat  irregularly  punctured, — the 
punctures  (especially  on  the  former)  being  lengthened,  or,  more  strictly,  with  a  tendency  to 
become  confluent  and  to  produce  somewhat  curved  furrows,  as  though  they  had  been  scooped  or 
eaten  out :  forehead  considerably  produced  anteriorly,  and  with  the  extreme  edge  straightly 
truncated  (as  is  more  or  less  the  case  with  all  the  species  of  this  division)  in  front ;  with  a  raised 
marginal  stria,  but  with  scarcely  any  indications  of  a  central  line  down  the  disk.  Prothorax 
long,  rather  more  convex  than  that  of  the  L.granulatus,  and  naiTOwed  behind;  with  the  anterior 
angles  obtuse  and  scarcely  at  all  prominent,  and  the  posterior  ones  rounded  oiF.  Elytra  rather 
long  and  parallel,  a  little  paler  than  the  head  and  prothorax ;  entire  at  their  apex ;  and  very 
distinctly  striated.     Leys  testaceous. 

The  present  minute  species,  of  which  I  have  seen  hitherto  but  a  single  example, 
may  be  kno^\Ti  by  its  narrow  and  parallel  outline,  and  by  the  singular  punctxu'es 
of  its  head  and  (somewhat  posteriorly-narrowed)  prothorax, — which  (especially  on 
the  former)  have  the  appearance,  when  viewed  beneath  the  microscope,  of  being 
carved  or  eaten  out,  rather  than  round  and  isolated.  My  unique  specunen  was 
captm-ed  in  the  Chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna,  dui"ing  the  summer  of  1850. 

T 


162  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

131.  Lsemophlceus  pusillus. 
I>.  curtus  pallido-ferrugineus   subnitidus  valde  pubescens,  prothorace  subquadrato  punctato,  angulis 
anticis  obtusis,  posticis  rectis,  elytris  striatis  vix  pallidioribuSj  interstitiis  obscure  seriato-punctu- 
latis,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Mas,  antennis  paulo  longioribus. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  ^. 

Cueujus  minutm,  Oliv.  {nee  Kugell.  in  ScJineid.  Mag.  1791-1794)  Ent.  iv.  bia  8,  9  (1795). 

pusillus,  Schou.  Syn.  Ins.  iii.  55  (1817). 

LcemopMceus pusillus,  Erich.  Xat.  cler  Ins.  Deiitsch.  iii.  321  (1848). 
,  Sturm,  Beutscli.  Fna,  xxi.  50.  tab.  383.  fig.  E,  F  (1851). 

Habitat  in  granariis  domibusquc  Maderse,  priesertim  in  urbe  ipsa  Funcbalensi,  toto  anno  vulga- 
tissimus, — foi'san  e.x  Europa  vel  Americse  meridionalis  insulis  introductus. 

1m.  very  minute,  short  and  comparatively  broad,  exceedingly  depressed,  pale  ferruginous,  slightly 
shining,  and  very  pubescent.  Head  and  prothorax  rather  unequally  punctured :  forehead  less 
produced  anteriorly  than  in  the  last  species,  but  transversely  truncated  iu  front ;  with  a  raised 
mai-ginal  stria,  and  sometimes  with  exceedingly  faint  indications  of  an  abbreviated  central  line 
behind.  Prothorax  short,  broad  and  subquadrate,  scarcely  at  all  narrowed  behind,  and  with  the 
disk  much  depressed  ;  the  posterior  angles  right  angles,  and  the  anterior  ones  obtuse.  Elytra  a 
httle  paler  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  very  pubescent ;  entire  at  then-  apex ;  distinctly  striated, 
and  with  the  interstices  longitudinally  (though  obscurely)  punctured.  Antenna  of  equal  thick- 
ness throughout, — short  and  rather  robust  in  the  females,  and  with  the  joints  subglobose  ;  a 
little  longer  in  the  males,  and  with  the  joints  rather  less  abbreviated.     Leys  testaceous. 

The  smallest  of  the  Madeii-an  Lcemophloei,  and  readily  knoTAii,  apart  from  its 
diminutive  hulk,  hy  its  comparatively  short  and  Ijroad  outline  and  very  puhes- 
cent  siu'face,  and  hy  the  somewhat  irregular  pvmctm-es  of  its  head  and  (ahnost 
quadrate)  prothorax.  It  is  unquestionahly  an  imported  insect  into  Madeu-a, 
heing  extremely  common  in  the  granaries  and  houses  of  Funehal ;  and  it  may  he 
frequently  ohserved  crawling  up  the  outer  walls,  even  in  the  city  itself,  in  great 
l)rofusion.  At  tunes  indeed  it  makes  its  appearance  in  actual  multitudes,  espe- 
cially during  the  autumnal  months, — Avhen  it  may  he  seen  emerging  from  the 
windows  and  doorways,  especially  of  the  shops  in  various  parts  of  the  town,  the 
white-washed  exteriors  of  the  huildings,  in  conjimction  with  its  somewhat  sluggish 
moA^ements,  rendering  it,  even  though  thus  minute,  remarkahly  conspicuous. 
It  has  hecome  natiu-alized  in  most  parts  of  Europe,  heing  a  species  liahle  to 
transmission  amongst  civilized  countries  Avith  different  kinds  of  stores, — though 
especially  with  corn  and  rice.  It  a])pears  howcA'cr  to  he  tridy  incUgenous  in  certain 
districts  of  central  and  subaustral  latitudes ;  and  it  is  not  improbahle  therefore 
that  the  southern  Mediterranean  limits  may  have  heen  one  of  its  original  centres 
of  diflrision. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  163 

132.  LgemopMoeus  ferrugineus. 
L.  pallido-ferrugineus  nitidus  piibescens,  prothorace  elongato  punctate,  postice  attenuate,  angulis 
anticis  obtusis,  posticis  exstantibus,  elytris  striatis  vix  pallidioribus,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Mas  mihi  in  Madera  non  obvius  (focminam  tantum  habeo) ;  sed  differt  solum  antennis  paulo  lon- 
gioi'ibus  (teste  Lcemophlcei  Monographid,  in  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xxi.  tab.  383.  fig.  B). 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 

Cuciijus ferrugineits,  Creutzer,  in  lift. 

testaceus,  Payk.  {nee  Fab.  1792)  Fna  Suec.  ii.  168  (1798). 

ferrugineits,  Stepb.  Bl.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  232  (1831). 

Lcemopliloeus  ferrugineus,  Ericli.  JSTat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  322  (1818). 
■ ,  Sturm,  Bewtsch.  Fna,  xxi.  53.  tab.  383.  fig.  B  (1851). 

Habitat  in  iisdem  locis  ac  praecedens,  semel  tantum  (in  urbe  Funchalensi)  captus. 

I».  a  little  longer,  more  parallel  and  shining  than  the  L.  pusillus,  depressed,  pale  ferruginous,  and 
clothed  with  a  silken  pubescence.  Head  and  prothorax  rather  more  finely  punctui'ed  than  (and 
perhaps  not  quite  so  much  depressed  as  in)  the  last  species  :  forehead  as  in  that  insect,  but  with- 
out the  slightest  indication,  apparently,  of  a  central  line.  Pruthurax  rather  long,  and  narrowed 
behind ;  the  posterior  angles  prominent,  and  the  anterior  ones  obtuse.  Elytra  a  little  paler 
than  the  head  and  protjiorax,  rather  longer  than  in  the  last  species,  very  pubescent ;  entire  at 
their  apex  ;  and  distinctly  striated.     Legs  testaceous. 

Somewhat  intermediate  between  the  L.  pusillus  and  the  L.  clavicollis, — from 
the  former  of  which  however  it  may  be  known  by  its  rather  longer,  more  parallel 
and  shining  body,  and  by  the  totally  different  construction  of  its  prothorax ;  AvhUst 
the  more  distinctly  prominent  hinder  angles  of  the  last,  which  is  of  a  more  de- 
pressed and  less  posteriorly-narrowed  form,  in  conjunction  with  the  comparatively 
broader  outline  of  the  entire  insect,  will  serve  to  separate  it  from  the  latter*.  In 
its  habits  and  general  contour,  however,  it  is  clearly  more  related  to  the  first  of 
those  species  (with  which  it  appears  to  be  found  in  company)  than  to  the  second, 
it  being  liable,  in  the  same  manner,  to  importation,  amongst  grain, — under  which 
circumstances  it  occasionally  makes  its  appearance,  in  Europe,  in  considerable 
abundance.  In  Madeira  I  have  hitherto  captured  but  a  single  specimen;  but, 
since  that  one  was  taken  in  Funchal,  it  is  probable  that  it  wotild  be  detected  in 
sufficient  numbers  were  the  granaries  and  storehouses  of  the  city  to  be  properly 
investigated. 

133.  Laemophloeus  clavicollis,  WoU. 

Ij.  angustus  pallido-ferrugineus  subnitidus  pubescens,  capite  prothoraceque  subconvexis,  illo  postice 


*  In  size  and  outward  aspect  the  L.  ferrugineus  approaches  the  L.  duplicalus  of  Waltl;  but  it  has  not 
the  slightest  indication  of  the  double  protlioracic  line  which  constitutes  one  of  the  principal  distiuctiye 
featiu-es  of  that  insect ;  whilst  from  the  L.  vermiculatus  it  may  be  recognized  by  its  broader  and  more 
pubescent  siu-face,  by  the  different  character  of  the  pimctuation  of  its  forehead,  and  by  the  prominent 
hinder  angles  of  its  prothorax, 

y2 


164  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

lato,  hoc  punctate  antice  dilatato  et  postice  valde  attenuato,  angulis  anticis  obtusisj  posticis  sub- 
rotundatis,  elytris  striatis  vix  pallidioribus,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Mas,  antennis  paulo  longioribus,  capite  postice  latiore. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  f-1^- 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam,  sub  cortice  arborum,  prjesertim  in  castanetis ; — ad  Sanctam  Annam 
necnon  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  aestate  media  a.d.  1850  detectus. 

L.  narrow  and  parallel,  pale  ferruginous,  slightly  shining,  and  pubescent.  Head  and  prothor ax  punc- 
tui-ed,  and  more  convex  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing  species  :  the  former  (especially  in  the  male 
sex)  wide  between  the  eyes ;  with  the  forehead  produced,  and  trans\ersely  truncated,  in  front ; 
\^^th  a  raised  marginal  stria,  but  usually  without  any  indications  of  a  central  line.  Prothorax 
long,  wide  in  front  and  exceedingly  narrowed  behind ;  with  the  anterior  angles  obtuse,  and  the 
posterior  ones  just  perceptibly  prominent  at  their  extreme  point.  Elytra  parallel,  a  little  paler 
than  the  head  and  prothorax ;  entire,  or  nearly  so,  at  their  apex  ;  and  distinctly  striated.  An- 
tenna just  iicrcejitibly  thickened  towards  their  extremities, — the  joints  being  subglobose ;  a  little 
longer  in  the  males  than  in  the  females.     Legs  pale  testaceous. 

The  peculiar  shape  of  the  head  and  prothorax  of  the  present  Lcemophloens, — the 
former  of  which  (especially  in  the  male  sex)  is  vddc  hetween  the  eyes,  whilst  the 
latter  is  very  much  attenuated  posteriorly, — will  serve  to  distinguish  it,  prima 
facie,  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described  except  the  L.  axillaris ; — 
from  which  nevertheless  its  much  smaller  size  and  pallid  hue,  in  conjimction  with 
its  pubescent  surface  and  different  sculptiu-e,  will  equally  remove  it.  From  the 
L.  ferrtigineiis  it  differs  in  its  narrower  outline,  and  in  the  more  roimded  hinder 
angles  of  its  somewhat  convexer  and  much  more  posteriorly-attenuated  prothorax. 
In  its  habits  it  is  quite  distinct  from  that  insect,  being  a  truly  indigenous  species, 
and  confined  to  the  sylvan  districts  of  intermediate  altitudes.  It  is  apparently 
however  more  attached  to  the  chestnut-woods  than  to  the  native  laurels, — my 
specimens  being  princijjally  from  the  -sdneyards  of  Santa  Anna  and  fi-om  that 
portion  of  the  dense  forest-region  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueii"os  kuoflTi  as  the 
Chao  das  Castanheiras. 

134.  Laemophloeiis  axillaris,  Woll.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  7.) 

li.  angusto-subcylindricus  piceus  subopacus,  capite  prothoraceque  convexis,  illo  postice  latissimo  pro- 
funde  longitudinaliter  striguloso-punctato,  hoc  subtilissime  granulato  et  subruguloso-punctato, 
antice  valde  dilatato  et  postice  attenuato,  angulis  rotundato-obtusis,  elytris  striatis  subtilissime 
granulatis  ad  humeros  liete  rufescentibus,  antennis  tibiisque  picescenti-ferrugineis,  tarsis 
testaceis. 
Mas  (III.  7),  antennis  brevibus  moniliformibus  robustis,  apicem  versus  subincrassatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  \\. 

Habitat  in  ^Madera  sylvatica,  rarissimus ;  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  Augusto  ineuntc  a.d.  1850  semel  tantum 
repertus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  165 

L.  long,  narrow,  and  somewhat  cylindrical,  piceous  with  a  slightly  rufescent,  or  rosy  tinge,  subopake, 
but  almost  free  from  pubescence.  Head  and  prothorax  convex :  the  former  rather  suddenly 
shortened  (or  less  convex)  in  front  of  the  antcunse,  exceedingly  wide  (at  any  rate  in  the  male  sex) 
between  the  eyes  (which  are  small,  and  placed  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  anterior  edge 
of  the  prothorax),  and  very  rugosely  punctured, — the  punctures  being  somewhat  confluent,  or 
vermiculate,  causing  the  sculpture  to  be  almost  longitudinally  strigulose;  with  the  forehead  much 
produced,  although  transversely  truncated,  in  front ;  with  a  raised  marginal  stria,  and  a  very 
obscurely  depressed  central  one  down  the  disk.  Prothorax  long,  most  delicately  and  minutely 
granulated,  exceedingly  wide  in  front  and  narrowed  behind ;  and  with  all  the  angles  rounded  or 
obtuse;  the  extreme  front  margin  a  little  paler,  or  rufescent.  Elytra  subcylindrical,  likewise 
most  minutely  granulated  ;  entire  at  their  apex ;  distinctly  striated,  and  with  the  interstices 
longitudinally  (though  very  obscurely)  punctured;  with  an  ill-deSned  and  sufiiised  patch  at  the 
shoulder  of  each  of  a  rosy  or  rufescent  tinge.  Antenna  piceo-ferruginous,  short,  moniliform  (the 
joints  being  subglobose),  and  robust  (at  any  rate  in  the  male, — and  therefore  probably,  «  for- 
tiori, in  the  female),  and  becoming  gradually  a  little  thicker  towards  their  apex.  Femora  rufo- 
picescent :  tibia  piceo-ferruginous  :  tarsi  testaceous. 

One  of  tlie  most  distinct  and  elegant  of  the  Madeiran  L(Bmo2Mcei.  It  may  Ije 
immediately  known  from  all  the  other  species  hy  its  long,  narrow,  and  subcylin- 
drical form,  by  its  excessively  broad  head  and  posteriorly-narrowed  prothorax  (from 
the  anterior  edge  of  which  its  unusually  small  eyes  are  placed  at  a  considerable 
distance),  by  its  deeply  sculptured  and  longitudinally  strigitlose  forehead,  and  l)y 
the  dark  colour  of  its  body, — a  suffused,  rosy,  or  rufescent  portion  at  the  shoulder 
of  each  of  its  elytra  being  alone  paler.  It  is,  apparently,  extremely  rare,  the  only 
specimen  (a  male)  which  has  hitherto  come  under  my  observation  ha\-ing  l^een 
captured  by  myself  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada  of  the  Ribeiro  Erio,  August  6, 1860. 

135.  Lsemophlceiis  Stenoides,  Wall.    (Tab.  III.  fig.  9.) 

L.  antice  subattenuatus  rufo-ferrugineus  opacus  subtilissime  subgranulatus,  capite  prothoraceque  valde 
rugulosis  (sed  vix  punctatis),  hoc  elongato-subquadrato,  angulis  anticis  obtusis,  posticis  leviter 
exstantibus,  elytris  costato-striatis,  pedibus  rufo-testaceis. 
Mas  adhuc  latet  (foeminam  tantum  habeo, — cujus  antennse  sunt  valde  robustse  et  brevissimse) . 

Long,  coi-p.  lin.  \\. 

Habitat  Maderam;  una  cum  L.  axillari,  d.  6  Aug.  a.d.  1850,  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  a  meipso  captus. 

L.  somewhat  attenuated  anteriorly,  depressed,  rufo-ferruginous,  opake,  free  from  pubescence,  and 
most  minutely  roughened,  or  very  delicately  subgranulated,  all  over.  Head  and  prothorax  (espe- 
cially the  former)  greatly  wrinkled,  but  not  punctured :  forehead  much  produced,  though  trans- 
versely truncated,  in  front ;  with  a  raised  marginal  stria,  and  with  obscure  indications  of  a 
slightly  elevated  central  one,  which  vanishes  however  both  before  and  behind.  Prothorax  elon- 
gate-subquadi-ate  (being  straight  and  very  slightly  narrowed  behind) ;  the  anterior  angles  obtuse, 
and  the  posterior  ones  a  little  prominent.  Elytra  entire  at  their  apex ;  and  with  about  four  very 
distinctly  raised  strise  on  each.     Antennce  (at  any  rate  in  the  female,  of  which  I  can  alone  speak) 


166  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

exceedingly  short,  monilrform,  and  robust,  becoming  sensibly  thicker  toyvards  their  apex.     Legs 
rufo-testaceous. 

An  exceedingly  Avell-cleflned  species, — its  anteriorly  subaciiniinated  outline,  in 
conjunction  with  the  excessive  shortness  and  robustness  of  its  antenna?,  the  opake 
and  greatly  wrinlded  (though  tnqmnctured)  siu-facc  of  its  head  and  prothorax,  and 
its  raised  elytral  striae,  at  once  distinguishing  it  from  all  the  Lcemophlcei  -nith 
which  we  have  here  to  do.  Like  the  L.  axillaris,  it  is  hitherto  iinique,  the 
example  from  wliich  the  above  description  has  been  cbaA^Ti  out  having  been  cap- 
tured Ijy  myself,  in  company  'o-ith  that  insect,  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio,  during  August 
1850. 

Genus  56.  SILVANUS. 

Latreille,  Gen.  Crust,  et  Lis.  iii.  19  (1S07). 

Corptis  minusculum  vol  par\'uni,  plus  niinusvc  elongatum  angustatum  et  dcprcssum  :  pruthorace 
angulis  (prasertim  anticis)  sa;pius  valde  productis,  ad  latera  plus  minusve  crenulato-dentato  : 
alis  amplis.  Antenna  spepius  subclavatse,  articulis  inimo,  secundo  et  tertio  longitudine  sub- 
sequalibus  (prime  sat  robusto),  quarto  ad  scptimum  subglobosis,  octavo  ])aulo  niinore,  rcliquis 
clavaui  plus  minusve  obscui-am  laxam  triarticulatam  efficientibus.  Labrum  transvcrsum,  antice 
integrum  ciliatum.  Mandibulee  validaj  acutse,  infra  apicem  profunde  excisse  ciliatse.  Maxilla 
bilobie  :  lobu  externa  lato,  apice  valde  pubesceuti :  interno  minuto  brevi  angusto  pubesccnti. 
Palpi  maxillarcs  articulo  primo  angusto  flexuoso,  sceuudo  et  turtio  crassis  subtcqualibus,  ultimo 
elongato  fusiformi  basi  truncato :  labiates  articulo  primo  minutissimo,  secundo  et  idtimo  elougatis 
longitudine  subsequalibus  (illo  subclavato,  hoc  subfusiformi  basi  truncato).  Mentum  transvcr- 
sum, antice  excavato-emarginatum.  Licjula  ampla  subquadrata,  apice  valde  pilosa.  Pedes 
robusti :  tarsis  articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  magnis  suba^qualibus  (tertio  cordato),  quarto 
minutissimo. 

Not  to  mention  minor  points  of  distinction,  which  Avill  be  readily  gathered  from 
the  above  diagnosis,  the  genus  Silcamts  may  be  kno^\■n  from  Lcemophloeus  by  its 
usually  less  depressed  form,  by  its  shorter  and  more  clavated  antenna?,  and  by  the 
structiu'c  of  its  mandibles  and  tarsi, — the  last  of  which  are  pentamerous  in  both 
sexes,  and  have  their  basal  articulation  comparatively  large  {iiot  being  percei)tibly 
more  abbreviated  than  either  of  the  following  two),  and  their  fourth  one  extremely 
minute.  In  their  oral  organs,  as  well  as  in  their  habits,  the  S'lhani  approach  veiy 
closely  to  the  Cri/ptophagi  (from  wliieh  indeed  one  or  tAvo  of  the  less  tj-pical  species 
are  not,  at  first  sight,  very  easily  separable), — thus  constituting  a  vciy  natural 
link  between  the  Cryptophagidce  and  the  CucttJidcB,  to  both  of  which  they  are  so 
intimately  related  that  it  matters  but  little,  I  conceive,  to  which  of  those  families 
we  choose  to  assign  them.  The  most  essential  featm-es  in  wliich  they  recede  from 
C'rfiptopliayus,  apart  from  their  narrower,  flatter,  and  generally  more  sculptm'cd 
liodies,  are  the  longer  and  subaciuninated  terminal  joint  of  their  palpi,  and  the 
construction  of  theii'  feet, — those  of  the  Cryptophagl  being  heteromerous  in  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  167 

males,  and  with  tlieir  penultimate  articulation,  in  both  males  and  females,  scarcely 
smaller  than  any  of  those  which  precede  it.  The  Silvani  are  insects  peculiarly 
liable  to  dissemination  over  the  world  through  the  medium  of  commerce,  feeding- 
on  sugar  and  other  saccharine  substances, — amongst  which  however  (since  they  are 
more  particularly  indigenous  to  tropical  climates)  they  are,  in  northern  latitudes, 
more  frequently  perhaps  to  be  found  dead  than  alive.  Some  of  the  aberrant 
members  of  the  group  (represented  by  the  S.  advena  in  Madeira)  are  less  restricted 
in  theu-  modes  of  life,  occurring  in  various  kinds  of  stores,  and  being  partially 
attached  even  to  farinaceous  preparations  and  grain, — like  some  of  the  true 
Cryptopliagl. 

136.  Silvanus  Surinamensis. 

S.  subparallelo-elongatus  angustus  fuscus  opacus,  capite  prothoraceque  crebre  et  profunde  piinctatis, 
illo  maguo,  hoc  tricarinato  et  dentibus  sex  lateralibus  utrinque  armato,  elytris  profimde  sub- 
striato-puuctatis,  interstitiis  alternis  leviter  elevatis,  anteunis  minus  clavatis,  pedibus  rufo- 
picescentibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^-ly. 

Dermestes  Surinamensis,  Lum.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  2.  bQ5  (1767). 

Anohium  frumentarium,  Fab.  Mant.  Ins.  i.  39  (1787). 

Ips  fntmentaria,  Oliv.  Ent.  ii.  18.  10  (1790). 

Dermestes  Q-dentatus,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  232  (1792). 

Silvanus  Surinamemis,  Stepli.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  104  (1830). 

frumentarius,  Sturm,  Beutsch.  Fna,  xxi.  90.  tab.  388.  f.  A.  (18.51). 

Habitat  urbem  Funchalensem,  in  domibus  et  mercatorum  repositoriis,  illuc  saccharinis  introductus. 

S.  elongated  and  narrow,  subparallel  (being  very  slightly  narrowed  anteriorly),  less  depressed  than 
the  S.  dentatus,  reddish-brown,  exceedingly  pubescent,  and  opake.  Head  and  prothorax  ven' 
deeply  and  closely  punctured  :  the  former  large,  wide  at  its  base,  and  with  the  sides  sinuous  and 
considerably  raised  in  front  of  the  eyes,  which  are  small :  the  latter  narrow  and  elongated,  almost 
equally  attenuated  before  and  behind ;  with  a  straight  central  ridge  down  the  disk,  and  an 
incurved  one  on  either  side ;  the  lateral  edges  armed,  each,  with  six  teeth, — those  constituting 
the  anterior  and  posterior  angles  being  very  long  and  acute.  Elytra  deeply  substriate-punctate, 
and  with  the  alternate  interstices  elevated.  Antenna  less  clavated  at  their  apex  than  those  of 
either  of  the  following  species,     Leffs  bright  rufo-piceous. 

A  universally  imported  insect  (though,  in  northern  latitudes,  never,  I  believe,  in 
a  living  state),  amongst  sugar  and  other  articles  of  commerce,  tlu'oughout  the 
civilized  world, — and  of  constant  occurrence  in  Madeira,  under  such  circumstances. 
It  may  be  known  by  its  narrow,  elongated  outline,  by  its  largely-developed  head, 
minute  eyes,  and  tricostate  prothorax,  and  by  its  antennae  being  less  distinctly 
clavated  than  those  of  the  allied  species. 

137.  Silvanus  dentatus. 
*  S.  parallelo-elongatus  depressus  fuscus  vix  opacus,  capite  prothoraceque  crebre  sed  minus  profunde 


168  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

subpunctatis,  hoc  amplo  dentibus  sex  lateralibus  magiiis  utrinquc  armatOj  elytris  leviter  sub- 

seriato-punctatis,  interstitiis  alternis  (prsesertim  versus  latera)  elevatis,  antennis  robustis  clavatis, 

pedibns  rufo-picescentibus,  femoribus  denticulo  minuto  subtus  miinitis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  li. 

Corticaria  dentata,  Mshm,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  108  (1802). 

Sihanits  dentatus,  Steph.  111.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  104  (1830). 

intermedins,  Smith,  Cat.  Ins.  Brit.  Miis.  {Cucujida:)  16  (1851). 

Habitat  iu  iisdem  locis  ac  prsecedens,  saccharinis  introductus. 

S.  larger,  broader,  more  parallel  and  depressed  than  the  S.  Surinamensis,  reddish-brown,  pubescent, 
but  not  quite  opake.  Head  and  prothorax  much  less  deeply  and  distinctly  (although  closely) 
punctured  than  in  that  insect :  the  former  with  the  sides  straight  posteriorly,  and  raised  from  the 
extreme  base  to  the  insertion  of  the  antennse,  which  causes  a  longitudinal  groove,  or  depression, 
to  be  shaped  out  at  either  edge  :  the  latter  altogether  larger  and  wider  (especially  in  front)  than 
that  of  the  S.  Suri/iamensis,  much  produced  behind  (in  front  of  the  scutellum),  and  compara- 
tively convex, — there  being  no  appearance  of  ridges,  although  with  two  very  obscure  and  shallow 
curved  depressions  on  the  hinder  disk,  which  almost  unite  posteriorly ;  the  lateral  edges  armed 
each  with  six  powerful  teeth, — which  are  obtuser  and  wider  than  those  of  the  last  species,  the 
ones  which  constitute  the  anterior  and  posterior  angles  (although  greatly  developed)  not  being 
quite  so  long  and  acute,  compared  w^ith  the  remainder,  as  iu  that  insect.  Elytra  more  rufescent 
than  the  rest  of  the  surface,  very  lightly  subseriate-punctate,  and  with  the  alternate  interstices 
(especially  towards  the  margin)  elevated.  Antenna  robust,  and  much  more  clavated  than  those 
of  the  last  species.  Legs  bright  rufo-piceous  ;  the  two  hinder  femora  being  armed  beneath  with 
a  small  and  acute  tooth. 

Eoiind  under  the  same  circumstances  as  the  S.  Simnametisis,  heing  constantly 
liable  to  importation,  amongst  sugar  and  other  saccharine  substances,  from 
tropical  climates.  As  with  that  species,  I  have  never  been  able,  either  in  Madeira 
or  elsewhere,  to  detect  it  in  a  living  state, — it  apparently  not  having  succeeded  in 
naturalizing  itself  in  more  noi'thern  latitudes. 

138.  Silvauus  advena. 

S.  oblougo-ovatus  subconvexus  pallido-ferrugiueus  vel  testaccus  nitidus,  capite  prothoraceque  minute 
puuctulatis,  hoc  convcxo  subquadrato,  angulis  anticis  valde  ampliato-exstantibus,  posticis  sub- 
rectis,  elytris  vL\  pallidioribus  obscure  leviter  subseriato-punctatis,  antennis  abrupte  clavatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 

Cryptophagm  ferruyineus,  Sturm,  Cat.  127  (1826). 

advena,  (Kunze)  AValtl,  in  Silb.  Bev.  Ent.  ii.  256  (1834). 

Silvanus  ferrugineus,  Sturm,  Cat.  235  (1813). 

advena,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  339  (1848). 

,  Stiu-m,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xsi.  100.  tab.  390.  f.  B.  (1851). 

Habitat  in  granariis  domibusque  Madei-je,  rarior, — forsan  cum  frumentariis  in  insulam  invectus. 

S.  smaller,  broader,  more  ovate  and  convex  than  either  of  the  previous  species,  pale  nifo-ferruginous 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  169 

or  even  testaceous,  shiuing,  and  pubescent.  Head  and  prothorax  very  delicately  punctulated, 
and  closely  so  at  the  sides :  the  latter  subquadrate,  a  little  narrowed  behind,  convex  and  without 
any  appearance  of  either  ridges  or  depressions ;  the  anterior  angles  produced  into  a  large, 
powerfid,  and  obtuse  tooth,  or  projection,  and  the  posterior  ones  almost  right  angles, — the  edges 
being  tolerably  straight,  and  very  minutely  and  regularly  crenulated  throughout.  Elytra 
slightly  paler  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  obscurely  and  very  lightly  subseriate-punctate ;  and 
with  the  interstices  very  minutely  punctulated,  but  not  raised.  Antenna  exceedingly  abruptly 
clavated  at  their  apex. 

The  present  insect,  in  its  general  contoiu*  and  testaceous  line,  bears  sucli  a 
strong  resemblance  to  a  Cry2)to])hagus,  that  it  might  be  almost  supposed,  at  first 
sight,  to  be  referable  to  that  genus :  nevertheless  a  more  careful  inspection  of  its 
structui-al  characters  will  show  it  to  be  a  true  Silvanm, — although  imquestion- 
ably  a  less  typical  member  of  the  group  than  either  of  the  preceding  species. 
Apart  from  its  pallid,  more  shining,  and  less  sculptured  surface,  it  recedes  so  com- 
pletely from  the  other  Silvan  I  here  described  in  its  comparatively  convex  and 
oblong  form,  and  in  the  construction  of  its  (subquadi-ate)  prothorax, — which  has 
the  anterior  angles  produced  iato  a  large  and  obtuse  tooth,  and  the  hinder  ones 
nearly  right  angles,  whilst  the  lateral  edges  are  minutely  crenulated  throughout, 
— as  to  render  the  chance  of  confounding  it  with  either  of  them  altogether  im- 
possible. In  its  habits  moreover,  as  well  as  in  its  outward  aspect,  it  makes  an 
evident  approach  towards  CryptophciQus, — it  being  more  general  in  its  mode  of 
Hfe,  and  often  attaching  itself  to  farinaceous  substances  and  grain.  Although, 
owing  to  its  HabUity  to  transmission  amongst  articles  of  commerce,  its  proper 
country  is  not  now  easy  to  decide,  it  is  evidently  a  native  of  more  northern  regions 
than  either  the  »S.  Surinamensis  or  the  S.  clentatus;  and  perhaps  the  southern 
Mediterranean  limits  may  be  regarded  as,  ui  all  probability,  one  of  its  origiaal 
areas  of  diffusion.  It  is  apparently  rare  in  Madeira,  the  only  specimens  which 
have  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice  having  been  captured  by  myself  in  the 
garden  of  the  Quinta  d'iLaibrosio,  near  Punchal,  during  January  1848. 


Fam.  14.  CRYPTOPHAGID^. 

Genus  57.  CRYPTOPHAGUS. 

Herbst,  Nat.  die  Kdf.  iv.  172  (scrip.  Kryptophagus)  (1792). 

Corpus  minusculum  vel  parvum,  plus  minusve  oblongo-ovatum  et  convexum  :  prothorace  angulis 
anticis  elongato-ampliatis  et  subrecurvo-incrassatis,  ad  latera  plus  minusve  deutato-creuulato  ; 
alls  amplis.  Antenna  clavatae,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  praecipue)  parum  robustis,  tertio 
paulo  longiore,  quarto  ad  octavum  brevioribus  subsquahbus,  reliquis  clavam  sublaxam  triarticu- 
latam  eificientibus  (ultimo  ad  apicem  oblique  truncato).  Labrum  transversum,  antice  integrum 
ciliatum.  Mandibulce  validse  acutae,  infra  apicem  subcrenulatse,  dein  excisae  ciliatae.  Maxilla 
bilobBe  :  lobo  externa  Iato,  apice  valde  pubescenti :  interna  minore  angustiore  pubescenti.     Paljii 

Z 


170  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

maxillares  articulo  primo  angusto  flexuoso,  secundo  et  tertio  crassioribus  subxqualibus,  ultimo 
ovato  :  lahialcs  e  scapis  ligulae  connatis  surgentcs,  articulo  primo  flexuoso,  secundo  crassiore 
brevi,  ultimo  apice  subtruncato.  Mentum  amplum,  antice  angustatum,  summo  apice  excavato- 
emarginato.  Li(jula  subquadrata,  apice  membranri  pilosa  ancta.  Pedes  minus  robusti :  tarsis 
simplicibus  (in  maribus  bcteromeris) ;  articuiis  omnibus,  ultimo  excepto,  subjequalibus  latitudiue 
vix  decrescentibus. 

The  Cnjptoj)hagi  may  be  at  once  clistinguislicd  by  the  stmctm-c  of  theii-  pro- 
thorax,  Avkich,  throughout  the  genus,  presents  but  slight  successive  modifications 
of  a  type  which  is  common  to  the  whole  of  it, — in  which  the  anterior  angles  are 
developed  into  a  more  or  less  elongated  shoulder,  or  ridge  (which  forms  a  kind  of 
lengthened  tooth,  with  the  apex  usually  pointing  backwards),  whUst  the  remaining 
l)ortion  of  the  edges  are,  either  partially  or  altogether,  subcrenulated,  and  have  a 
small  and  more  or  less  evident  spine,  on  either  side,  about  the  centre.  The 
species  are  generally  somewhat  pubescent  and  convex,  and  are  principally  of  a 
testaceous,  or  pale  ferruginous  hue ;  whilst  the  males,  unlike  those  of  the  Silvani, 
are  heteromerous, — the  tarsal  joints  moreover,  of  both  sexes,  being  (-nith  the 
exception  of  the  apical  one)  of  almost  equal  length.  They  are  insects  of  rather 
various  habits,  residing  either  in  the  open  coimtry  (amongst  Bolcti,  and  beneath 
the  loose  bark  and  moss  of  trees),  or  else  attaching  themselves,  like  the  Silcani 
and  many  of  the  Seteromera,  to  inhabited  spots, — subsisting  on  grain,  farinaceous 
substances,  biscuits,  and  other  articles  of  commerce,  to  which  they  fi-equently  do 
considerable  damage  on  board  ship.  The  same  species  in  fact  wUl  often  adapt 
themselves  to  these  opposite  modes  of  life, — as  is  eminently  the  case  with  the 
single  Madeiran  representative  of  the  group. 

139.  Ciyptophagiis  affinis. 

C.  oblongo-oVatus  convexus  pallido-ferrugincus  subuitidus  et  valde  pubescens,  capite  prothoraceque 
profunde  punctatis,  hoc  subquadrato-transverso  dcnte  medio  lateral!  utrinque  armato  et  augulis 
anticis  elongato-ampliatis,  elytris  vix  pallidioribus  undique  (sed  baud  striato-)  punctatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1|^. 

Cryptaphagm  affinis,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xvi.  79.  tab.  31-1.  f.  C.  (184:5). 

,  Erich,  ^^at.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  360  (1848). 

,  Ecdt.  Fna  Austr.  192  (1849). 

Habitat  ^iaderani,  a  domibus  granariisque  Funchalcnsibus  usque  ad  rcgionem  sylvaticam  asccndeus, 
toto  anno  \iilgaris  :  in  ipsa  ui-be  iutcrdum  abundat,  inter  plantas  Tea  siccatas  pi-xsertim  latitans, 
quarum  scmina  dcstruit. 

C.  obloug-ovatc,  convex,  pale  ferruginous,  or  sometimes  almost  testaceous,  slightly  shining,  and 
densely  clothed  with  a  long  and  silken  pubescence.  Head  &\x<X  prothvrdx  deeply  punctured  :  the 
latter  more  or  less  transverse-quadrate  (varying  a  little  in  length  in  different  specimens),  with 
the  anterior  angles  enlarged  into  an  obtuse,  shoulder-like  projection,  or  ridge,  and  with  a  minute, 
subrecurved  tooth  about   the  centre  of  cither  lateral  edge,— the  space  between  which  and  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  171 

hinder  angles  is  very  obscurely  crenulated  (the  crenulations  being  only  perceptible  beneath  a 
high  magnifying  power).  Elytra  usually  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface,  and  punc- 
tured all  over,— the  punctures  being  rather  smaller  than  those  on  the  head  and  prothorax,  and 
with  no  tendency  to  be  disposed  in  strise. 

Out  of  the  many  examples  of  Cryptoj)lwgus  whicli  I  have  hitherto  captured  in 
Madeira,  I  have  not  heen  able  to  satisfy  myself  that  more  than  a  single  species  is 
indicated, — although  in  some  respects  there  is  certainly  a  slight  diversity  (espe- 
ciaUy  as  regards  the  length  of  the  prothorax)  in  the  external  outline  of  a  few  of 
them.     Having  carefully  however  examined  the  whole  of  my  specimens  beneath 
the  microscope,  I  find  that  the  shape  and  relative  proportions  of  their  lateral  den- 
ticulations  offer  no  essential  differences  throughout  (even  though  they  may  occa- 
sionally be  rather  largely  developed) ;  and  hence  I  have  not  ventured  to  draw 
lines  of  demarcation  between  consecutive  shades  of  form,  which,  even  if  not  alto- 
gether imaginary,  are  at  any  rate  so  nearly  coincident  as  to  be  with  difficulty 
separable, — and  that  moreover  in  a  genus  which  I  cannot  but  believe  has  been 
already  too  much  subjected  to  a  like  abuse.     Our  present  insect  is,  in  its  normal 
state,  unquestionably  referable  to  the   C.  affinis  of  Sturm,— a  species  very  closely 
allied   to  the    C.  scauicus  and  cellaris,  though  differing  in  being  a  little  more 
strongly   punctm-ed,   and   in   its    (robuster)    central   prothoracic  tooth  having  a 
tendency  to  be  more  perceptibly  recurved  (or  backwardly  directed)  at  its  apex. 
As  ali-eady  stated,  it  is  exceedingly  varied  in  its  habits,  occurring  at  nearly  all 
elevations,  from  the  houses  and  granaries  of  Funchal  (where  it  aboimds  amongst 
Indian  corn,  and  other  stores)  up  to  the  sylvan  districts  of  intermediate  altitudes, 
— in  which  it  is  found  xmder  the  loose  bark  of  trees,  and  decaying  logs  of  wood, 
or  even  stones.     "With  such  a  power  of  adaptation,  it  is  not  surprising  that  it 
should  display  some  slight   distinctive  modifications   according   to   the  circimi- 
stances  of  its  position ;  and  in  fact  we  should  «  ^jr«ori  expect  that  such  would 
actually  be  the  case.     Although  existing  in  such  profusion  at  times  in  Eunchal  as 
to  have  the  appearance  of  having  been  imported,  yet  any  doubt  as  to  its  claims  to 
be  truly  indigenous  are  at  once  set  at  rest  by  the  fact  that  I  have  taken  it  in 
almost  equal  numbers  in  distant  spots,  far  removed  from  any  traces  of  habitations. 
Thus,  I  have  captured  it,  during  May,  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada  of  the  Eibeiro 
Frio ;  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  in  July  (where  I  have  observed  it  crawling 
rapidly  up  the  outer  canvass  of  my  tent,  towards  the  dusk  of  the  evening) ;  and 
at  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte,  in  August,— by  brushing  the  rank  vegetation  beneath  the 
gigantic  chestnut-trees  for  which  that  remote  region  is  so  celebrated. 

Genus  58.  DIPHYLLUS. 

Eedtenbacher,  F/ia  Austr.  188  (1849). 

Corpus  minusculum,  oblongo-ovatum,  subconvexum  :  prolhurace  vix  simphci   (adlatera  minute  sub- 
crenulato)  et  striis  duabus  elevatis  utriuque  instructo:  alls  amphs.      Antenna  breves  clavatte, 

z  2 


172  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

articulis  pniiio  et  secundo  (illo  prsecipue)  robustis,  tertio  ad  uonum  brexdoribus  subsequalibus 
latitudine  vix  crescentibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  laxam  biarticulatam  efficientibus  (decirao 
magno  subpoculiforini,  undecimo  paulo  minore  suborbiculato  basi  subtrimcato).  Labrum  trans- 
versum,  anticc  integruiu  ciliatuni.  Mandibula  valida;  acutse,  ad  basin  exteniam  fisso-sinuatffi, 
intus  excisa;  cilialie  ct  uietubraiia  iustructse.  Maxillie  bdobie :  lubo  externa  subovato,  apice  valde 
pubescent! :  interno  paulo  breviore  pubescenti.  Palpi  maxillares  artieulo  primo  angusto  flexuoso, 
secundo  et  tertio  crassioribus  subsequalibus,  ultimo  elongato  fusiformi  basi  truncate :  labiales 
artieulo  primo  subflexuoso,  secundo  paulo  longiore  crassiore,  ultimo  maximo  crasso  securiformi- 
truucato.  Mmtum  amplum,  antice  angustatum,  summo  apice  excavato-emarginato.  Liyula 
quadrata,  apice  membrana  divergenti  pilosa  aueta.  Pedes  subgi-aciles :  tarsis  articulis  primo, 
secundo  et  tertio  subajqualibus  (tertio  subcordato),  quarto  minutissimo. 

The  genus  Diphyllm  {=B'q}hyllus  of  Dejean's  Catalogue,  a.d.  1821),  founded 
on  the  Bermestes  lunatus  of  Fabricius,  combines,  to  a  certain  extent,  the  cha- 
racters of  Cryj)tophafjus  and  Sihanus,  agi'eeing  with  the  former  in  its  general 
liabits  and  contom-,  in  its  abruptly  clavated  antennge,  and  in  the  shape  of  its 
ligula ;  whilst  in  the  structure  of  its  mandibles,  maxillary  palpi  and  feet  it  ap- 
proaches the  latter.  In  its  biarticulated  club,  and  in  the  greatly  developed,  securi- 
form ultimate  joint  of  its  labial  i)alpi,  it  differs  from  them  both, — peculiarities 
moreoA^er  which  are  sufficient,  even  of  themselves,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  other 
allied  groups.  By  a  glance  at  the  above  diagnosis,  it  will  be  seen  that  Diphyllus 
has  more  in  common  \\dth  Sih-amis  than  it  has  with  Cvyptophagus ;  so  that  it 
miijht,  not  without  reason,  be  svipposed  to  lead  us  in  the  opposite  direction  to  that 
winch  I  have  endeavoured  to  make  it  indicate,  that  is  to  say,  towards  the  prcA-ious 
family,  the  CucuJuIcb, — a  supposition  which  the  large  and  securiform  termination 
of  its  labial  palpi  (in  A\hich  it  assimilates  Psammcecus  and  CryptamorplicC),  and  its 
elevated  prothoracic  striae  (in  Avhich  it  approaches  Lcemophloeits)  would  not  indeed 
tend  to  render  the  less  probable.  Still,  however,  it  has  so  many  points  of  agree- 
ment vi\i\\  Crypfojjhaffus  likewise,  that  I  have  preferred  placing  it  in  the  present 
position  to  breaking  the  link  l)etween  either  Silcanns  and  Crtjptophagus  or  be- 
tween the  former  and  Lcemophloeus, — which  I  cannot  but  believe  are  all  too  nearly 
related  inter  se  to  render  it  desu-able  to  interpolate  a  form  like  Diphyllus  between 
them ;  and  it  would  be  manifestly  unnatural,  I  conceive,  to  assign  it  an  earlier 
position  amongst  the  CitcuJidfO,  receding  as  it  does  in  external  structure  and  habits 
from  the  normal  members  of  that  division.  In  the  selection  of  its  food,  Diphyllm 
does  not  appear  to  display  any  vegetable  tendency, — bones,  and  other  partially 
chied  animal  substances,  being  its  favourite  haunts. 

140.  Diphyllus  lunatus. 
D.  oblongo-ovatus  niger  nitidus  pubescens,  capita  prothoraceque  pi-ofunde  punctatis,  hoc  transverse 

postice  lato,  elytris  punctato-striatis  fascia  media  communi  valde  abbrcviata  bilunulata  albido- 

pubesccnte  ornatis,  antenuis  pcdibusque  piccscenti-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  l/o 

Dermestes  lunatus,  Pab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  232  (1792). 
Siljilia  Sphcti-ice,  Mslim,  Euf.  Brit.  i.  122  (1802). 
BipliyUus  lumtus,  Stepli.  ///.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  78  (1830). 
Biphyllus  lunatus,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  188  (1849). 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarissimus :  unicum  exemplar  solum  adhuc  vidi,— baud  procul  ab  origine  convallis 
Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia  dictse,  per  aerem  volitans,  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1849  a  meipso  de- 
prehensum. 

D.  oblong-ovate,  convex,  black,  with  a  just  perceptibly  bluish  or  subcyaneous  tinge,  shining,  and  ex- 
ceedingly pubescent.  Head  and  pruthorax  deeply  and  rather  irregularly  punctured  :  the  latter 
short,  wide  behind  and  rather  narrowed  in  front  (the  lateral  edges  being  rounded  and  very  obscurely 
crenulated) ;  with  two  raised  longitudinal  lines  on  either  side  (the  outer  one  of  which  is  the  more 
evident)  towards,  and  parallel  to  the  edge.  Elytra  deeply  punctate-striated ;  with  a  sublunulate 
patch  on  each  (confluent  at  the  suture,  and  forming,  in  conjuntdion,  a  transverse  and  exceedingly 
abbreviated  zigzag  fascia,  common  to  both,  on  the  centre  of  the  disk)  composed  of  whitish,  or 
cinereous  pubescence;  and  with  a  muiuter,  and  generally  much  obscurer,  rounded  one,  of  a 
sunilar  character,  near  the  apex  of  each.  Antenna;  and  legs  piceo-ferruginous,  or  rufo-piceous  : 
t\ie,  former  short. 

The  JD.  lunatus,  wliicli  occm-s,  tliougli  not  very  abundantly,  throughout  the 
greater  portion  of  Eiu-ope,  would  appear  to  be  exceedingly  rare  in  Madeira,  a 
single  example  only  having  hitherto  come  beneath  my  observation.  It  was  cap- 
tui-ed  by  myself,  on  the  wing,  towards  the  upper  extremity  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa 
Luzia,  during  my  encampment  there  with  the  Eev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  at  the  end  of  May 
1849.  It  is  just  perceptibly  larger  than  the  average  of  British  specimens ;  as  also 
of  a  somewhat  deeper  black,  and  with  the  discal  fascia  of  a  purer  white. 

Genus  59.  HYPOCOPRUS. 

Motschulsky,  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Imp.  de  Moscou,  72.  tab.  v.  fig.  d^W  (1839). 

Corpus  minutum,  angusto-parallelum  :  prothorace  simplici  (ad  latera  baud  crenulato) :  abdomine  ex 
segmentis  ventralibus  (longitudine  paulatim  decrescentibus)  quinque  composito  :  alis  amphssimis, 
miuutissime  punctulatis,  ad  basin  angustis  sed  apicem  versus  dilatatis,  per  marginem  inferiorem 
totam  longe  ciliatis.  Antenna  capitis  prothoracisque  longitudine,  articulis  primo  et  secundo 
(illo  prsecipue)  robustis,  tertio  (in  specie  typica  minuto,  quarti  longitudine;  sed  in  nostra) 
secundo  vix  breviore  sed  graciliore,  quarto  minuto  globoso,  quinto  (in  typica  maximo  obconico 
extus  producto ;  sed  in  nostrsi)  magno  crasso  globoso  ad  apicem  subtruucato,  sexto,  septmio  et 
octavo  Eequalibus  (in  typica  subconicis ;  sed  in  nostra)  globosis  moniliformibus  pai-vis  (quarto  vix 
majoribus),  reliquis  clavam  laxam  elongatam  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (nono  et  decimo  in  typica 
transversis,  sed  in  nostra  globosis  apice  subtruncatis  ;  ultimo  in  typica  pyriformi,  sed  in  nostra 
ovato).  (Hujus  generis,  apud  cl.  Motschulsky  primum  indicati,  instrumenta  cibaria  baud  exa- 
minavi,  at,  si  ex  unico  specimine  indiscisso  adjudicare  licet,  genus  antennarum  stractura,  habitu 
geuerali  absque  valde  anomalis  amplissimis  ciliatis  sat  distinctum  videtur :  transitum  forsan 
inter  Cryptophagidas  et  Ptiliadas  constituat,  sed  Cryptophagidis  affinitate  proximum  est  et  cum 
illis,  nisi  fallor,  recte  poneudum).  Pedes  cnviorn:  femoribus  sat  incrassatis  :  izfins  gracilibus, 
apicem  versus  vix   dilatatis:    tursis  iiliformibus,  articulo  primo  parvo  ad  basin   subrecondito. 


174  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

secundo,  tertio  et  quarto  majoribus    subsequalibus  (quarto  in  posticis  paulo   minore),  ultimo 
elongate  vix  subclavato  unguiculis  simplicibus  munito. 

Possessing  but  a  single  example  of  the  minute  insect  whicli  constitutes  the 
present  genus,  and  being  unwilling  to  sacrifice  a  unique  specimen  for  dissection,  I 
have  not  examined  the  details  of  its  mouth.  Unfortunately,  the  characters  given 
by  Motschvilsky  in  the  Bulletin  cle  la  Societe  Imperiale  de  Moscou  are,  Ukewise, 
merely  external  ones :  nevertheless  they  include  so  many  points  of  peculiarity 
that  there  can  Ijc  but  little  fear  of  confounding  Hijpocoprus  with  the  members  of 
any  of  the  neighbouring  groups, — its  diminutive  bulk,  and  narrow,  elongated 
outline,  in  conjimction  ^vith  its  pentamerous  feet  and  the  very  singular  conforma- 
tion of  its  antennaj  (which  have  theu-  fifth  joint  considerably  enlarged, — thus 
calling  to  mind,  as  aptly  remarked  by  Motschulsky,  the  little  Pselaphideous 
Tychi, — wliilst  the  one  A\'hich  precedes,  and  the  three  which  follow  it  are  small), 
being  abimdantly  sufficient,  when  combiued,  whereby  at  once  to  identify  it.  The 
anomalous  natiu'c  of  its  wings  does  not  appear  to  have  been  noticed  by  [Mot- 
schulsky ; — a  structure  which  in  fact  tends  very  considerably  to  confii'm  his 
opinion  that  Uypocoprns  may  perhaps  constitute  a  passage  between  the  Crypto- 
phagidxB  and  the  PtiUadce,  theu'  enormous  dimensions  and  hau'-like  appendages 
making  a  very  decided  a])proach  to  those  of  the  latter  family.  In  addition  to 
thcii-  unusual  development,  as  regards  size,  the  ^^ings  of  Uypocoprns  are  greatly 
narrowed  at  theu-  base,  and  then  suddenly  tlilated, — theu*  entii-e  lower  edge  being 
strongly  ciliated,  mu.ch  iu  the  same  manner  (although  ia  a  less  degree)  as  we 
observe  in  the  Ptiliudce.  They  are  nearly  free  from  nerves,  and  delicately  punctu- 
lated  all  over, — coinciding  thus  far  ^"itli  those  of  Ephistemus :  whilst  in  some 
respects  they  are  identical  with  the  modification  which  obtains  in  Paramccosoma, 
— vdih.  which  genus  indeed  I  am  inclined  to  suspect  that  Uypocoprns  has  by  no 
means  a  distant  afiinity. 

141.  Hypocopnis  Motschvdskii,  Woll. 

H.  angusto-elongatus  fuscus  subnitidus  pubescens,  capite  prothoraceque  crcben-ime  et  minutissime 
granulatis  punctisque  obsoletissimis  adspersis,  hoc  elongato-quadrato,  elj'tris  parallelis  pro- 
thorace  vl\  latioribus,  singulo  stria  suturali  postica  impresso,  antennis  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  Hn.  \. 

Habitat  ins.  Portus  Sancti,  rarissimus  :  in  asccnsu  montis  Pico  d'Anna  Ferreira  dicti,  inter  graminum 
radices  humi  cursitaus,  d.  21  Ap.  a.d.  181-9  specimen  unicum  inveni. 

In  honorem  cl.  Dom.  jMotschulsky,  Petropoli,  nomen  trinale  dixi. 

H.  elongated  and  narrow,  dark  brown,  slightly  shining,  and  pubescent.  Head  and  prothorax  closely 
and  minutely  granulated  all  over,  and  with  large  (although  exceedingly  shallow  and  almost 
obsolete)  punctures  intermixed  :  the  former  porrectcd  and  triangular,  being  almost  as  wide  as 
the   prothorax  in  its  widest  part,  which  is  immediately  behind  the  eyes, — which  are  tolerably 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  175 

large,  and  remote  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  prothorax  :  the  latter  elongate-quadrate,  and 
very  slightly  narrower  than  the  elytra  (the  lateral  edges  being  nearly  parallel,  and  the  posterior 
angles  scarcely  more  rounded  or  obtuse  than  the  anterior  ones)  ;  without  any  appearance  of  either 
a  longitudinal  channel  or  ridges,  though  with  a  small  and  obscure  rounded  depression,  or  fovea, 
in  the  centre  of  the  hinder  disk.  Elytra  elongated  and  parallel,  rather  more  shining  and  less 
evidently  sculptured  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  with  their  apex  rounded,  and  each  with  a 
single  impressed  stria  close  alongside  the  suture, — more  especially  apparent  behind.  Antenrue 
and  legs  diluted  testaceous  ;  the  former  with  their  club  a  httle  infuscated. 

Apparently  of  the  greatest  rarity,  tlie  iinique  example  from  which  the  above 
description  has  been  th-awn  out  having  been  detected  by  myself  in  the  island  of 
Porto  Santo,  April  21,  1849, — running  rapidly  over  the  hot  ground,  in  a  diy  and 
grassy  spot  on  the  ascent  of  the  Pico  d'Anna  Ferreira  from  the  west.  I  have 
dedicated  the  species  to  my  friend  M.  Motschulsky  of  St.  Petersburg,  to  whom  we 
are  indebted  for  our  knowledge  of  the  genus,  —which  was  described  by  him  from  a 
specimen,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  H.  LathricUokles* ,  captured  out  of  a  nest 
of  the  Formica  riifa  (into  which  he  supposes  that  it  had  been  accidentally  intro- 
duced with  the  dung  of  mice, — though  it  seems  more  probable  that  the  insect  is 
in  reality  an  attendant  upon  ants)  on  the  prairies  of  the  Caucasus. 

Genus  60.  EPHISTEMUS. 

("Westwood)  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  167  (1829). 

Corpus  minutum,  globoso-ovatum,  valde  convexum :  protliorace  postice  lato,  elytris  arete  applicato : 
alis  plerumque  amplis  et  minutissime  punctulatis,  sed  in  specie  Maderensi  una  obsoletis. 
Antennm  clavatse,  basi  subapproximatse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  prsecipue)  robustis,  tertio 
graciliore  (secundi  fere  longitudine),  quarto  ad  octavum  in  speciebus  typicis  brevibus  subglobosis, 
sed  in  specierum  ]Maderensium  una  alternatim  brevibus  et  longioribus  (i.  e.  quarto,  sexto,  octavo 
brevibus,  et  quinto  septimoque  longioribus),  reliquis  clavam  magnam  laxam  triarticulatam  effi- 
cientibus.  Lahrum  transverso-subquadratum,  antice  leviter  rotundatum  et  ciliatum.  Mandibulm 
validse  acutse,  intus  excisse  et  membrana  ciliata  auctse  (necnon  rarissime  dente  minuto  infra 
apicem  instructs).  Maxilla  bilobae:  lobo  externa  apice  valde  pubescenti :  interno  paulo  breviore, 
ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo  angusto  flexuoso,  secundo  maximo  crasso,  tertio  angus- 
tiore  brevi,  ultimo  elongato  fusiformi  basi  truncato :  labiales  articulo  primo  angusto  flexuoso, 
secundo  maximo  crasso  subgloboso,  ultimo  aciculari.  Mentum  amplum,  antice  angustatum, 
summo  apice  emarginato-sinuato.  Ligula  subquadrata,  apice  truncata  Integra,  angulis  anticis 
(in  Ephistemo  alternante  saltern)  membrana  tenuissima  divergenti-acuminata  auctis.  Pedes 
graciles :  tarsis  articalis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  subsequalibus  (tertio  subcordato),  quarto  minuto. 


*  Judging  from  the  description  and  figiu-e,  given  in  the  Bull,  de  la  Sac.  Imp.  de  Moscow,  our  present 
Hypocoprus  difters  from  the  H.  Lathridioides, — first,  in  the  distinctive  structural  modifications  of  the 
joints  of  its  anteunfe  (which  vriU  be  at  once  gathered  from  the  above  chaguosis ;  but  which  do  not  appear 
to  be  of  more  than  specific  importance,  siace  the  same  essential  character  of  the  enlarged  fifth  articulation 
is  equally  expressed  hi  both)  ;  and,  secondly,  in  its  more  granulated  and  pubescent  sm-face,  iu  its  poste- 
riorly-undilated  prothorax,  and  iu  its  somewhat  broader  head. 


170  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

The  little  genus  Ephistemns*  {=Ps>/cJiidi>()n,  Heer,  Fiia  Col.  Helc.  a.d.  1841) 
may  be  readily  kno\\Ti  by  the  basally-subapproximated  antennse,  and  by  the  very 
incrassated  second,  and  subaciciilated  ultimate  joints  of  both  the  labial  and  maxil- 
lary palpi  of  the  few  minute  and  subglobose  insects  which  compose  it.  Of  the 
two  representatives  wliich  I  have  hitherto  detected  in  Madeira  one  only  is  t\^ical, 
— the  other,  which  is  apparently  peculiar  to  the  island,  being  aberrant  in  so  many 
j)oints  of  its  structm-e  as  well  nigh  to  merit  isolation  from  the  normal  members  of 
the  group.  Thus,  in  addition  to  the  non-development  of  its  wings  (a  local  pecu- 
liarity however  which  seems  to  be  almost  a  geographical  one,  since  it  obtains 
throughout  the  larger  portion  of  the  Coleoptera  mth  which  we  have  here  to  do), 
its  mandibles  have  a  minute  tooth  immediately  within  theii*  apex  (which  I  do  not 
ol)serve  in  any  other  Ejihistemiis  which  I  have  dissected),  wliilst  its  antennse, 
which  (with  the  legs)  are  very  much  longer  than  in  the  ordinary  species,  have 
their  articulations,  from  the  fourth  to  the  eighth  (inclusive),  instead  of  being 
al)breviated  and  subequal,  alternately  long  and  sliort.  The  Ejthistemi  occur  prin- 
cipally amongst  rank  herbage  beneath  trees,  or  else  luider  decaying  vegetable 
substances  on  the  damp  grou.nd, — theii"  apically-subaciculated  palpi  moreover 
seeming  to  indicate  a  partiality  for  moist  spots. 

§  1.  Alee  amplee  :  antenncB  pedesquc  breves ;  iUa  articulis  quarto  ad  octavum  brevibus  subglobosis  cpqualibus  ; 

mandibulw  edentatm.     (Epliistemi  typici.) 

142.  EpMstemus  dimidiatus. 
E.  brevis  niger  Isevis  nitidissiinus  et  fere   impunctatus,  dytris  ad  apicem  plus  minusvc  rufo-pices- 

centibus,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Loug.  Corp.  lin.  j. 

Plialacrvs  dimidiatus,  Shirm,  Deutsch.  Fiia,  ii.  85.  tab.  32.  fig.  D  (1807). 
EpMstemus  confnis,  Stepli.  111.  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  169.  pi.  xv.  fig.  2  (1829). 
Psychidium  ghbulum,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  i.  433  (1841). 
Epistemus  dimidiatus,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xnii.  S3,  tab.  343.  fig.  A  (1846). 
,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  401  (1848). 

Habitat  ]\Iaderain,  et  borealem  et  australcm,  prjesertim  in  cultis  et  graminosis  unibrosis  huniidiusculis 
infra  2000'  s.  m.,  liiiic  inde  nou  infrequens  :  in  vinctis  prope  Funchal  intcrdum  oecurrit,  nccaon 
in  horto  Loweano  ad  Levada  etiam  in  fungis  emortuis  parce  observavi. 

E.  short-ovate,  acute  before  and  behind,  exceedingly  convex  and  polished,  black  with  more  or  less  of 
a  pieeous  tinge,  almost  impunctate  (a  few  most  minute  and  distant  punctures  being  only  just 


*  The  title  of  the  present  group  was  altered  by  Eriehsou  into  Epi.<<temus, — though  it  is  diifieult  to 
understand  why,  since  neither  the  laws  of  nomenclature  required  the  change,  nor  have  the  numerous 
names  similarly  compounded  ever  been  objected  to :  whilst  the  practical  result  of  a  proceeding  thus 
arbitrar\-  is  to  appropriate  as  his  own  a  genus  which  has  been  .already  fidly  described  by  another.  I  have 
consequently  restored  its  original  orthography,  and  assigned  it  to  its  proper  author. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  177 

perceptible  beneath  a  high  power  of  the  microscope),  and  entii-ely  free  from  pubescence.  Elytra 
more  or  less  reddish-castaneous,  or  rufescent,  towards  their  apex.  Antenna  and  legs  short  and 
testaceous  :  the  former  wnth  their  club  a  little  dusky. 

The  common  Em*opean  E.  dimicUatus  occurs  sparingly,  and  at  most  seasons  of 
the  year,  throughout  Madeka,  below  the  elevation  of  about  2000  feet, — though 
more  particularly  in  damp  shady  spots  in  the  immediate  vicLoity  of  the  Wneyards 
and  other  cultivated  grounds.  I  have  captiu-ed  it  at  the  Cm-ral  das  Romeii*as, 
and  in  the  Eev,  H.  T.  Lowe's  garden  near  Eimchal, — in  the  last  of  which  I  have, 
likewise,  observed  it  amongst  dead  fungi  on  the  trunks  of  decayed  peach-trees ; 
and  also  in  the  ueighboui'hoods  of  Sao  Vincente  and  Santa  Anna,  towards  the 
northern  coast. 


§  II.  Alw  obsolete:  antenn<e  pedesque  longiores  ;  itl<B  articulis  quarto  ad  ocfavum  alternatim  brevibus  et 
longiusculis  :  mandibulcB  max  infra  apicem  dente  minwto  instructcB. 

(Subgenus  ]\nCEOUM,  Woll.) 
143.  Ephistemus  altemans,  Woll. 

E.  fusco-niger  pubescens  subopacus  et  distincte  punctulatus,  elytris  ssepius  ad  basin  rufo-castaneis 

ad  apicem  concoloribus,  antennarum  basi  ferruginea,  pedibus  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |-|^. 

Habitat  per  partem  Madera;  sylvaticam,  in  graminosis  humidiusculis,  rarissime; — ad  Ribeu-o  Frio 
sestate  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  captus. 

E.  larger,  more  ovate,  and  rather  more  acuminated  posteriorly  than  the  E.  dimidiatus,  also  subopake, 
both  distinctly  punctulated  and  pubescent,  and  vaiying  from  a  brownish  black  into  a  light 
chestnut  hue.  Head  and  prothorax  rather  more  opake  and  more  perceptibly  punctm-ed  than  the 
elytra, — their  surface  moreover  appearing,  beneath  the  microscope,  to  be  closely  and  most 
delicately  granulated.  Elytra  with  their  apex  concolorous,  but  with  their  base  (especially  about 
the  shoulders)  usually  bright  rufo-castaneous.  Antennce  and  legs  veiy  much  longer  than  those 
of  the  last  species ;  the  former  (which  have  their  joints,  from  the  fourth  to  the  eighth,  alternately 
short  and  long)  brownish-piceous,  with  their  base  ferruginous ;  the  latter  pale  diluted  testaceous. 

A  most  elegant  and  truly  indigenous  Uj^histemus,  and  apparently  extremely 
scarce.  Apart  from  the  peculiarities  of  its  structure,  which  have  been  akeady 
pointed  out,  its  large  and  comparatively  elongated  form,  added  to  its  distinctly 
punctulated,  pubescent,  subgranulated  and  partially  opake  surface,  and  the  ten- 
dency of  its  elytra  to  become  bright  rufo-castaneous  at  their  base  (whilst  the  apex 
is  concolorous),  wiU  serve,  prima  facie,  to  separate  it  from  every  other  species* 

*  In  size  and  general  contoiu-  the  -E.  altemans  approaches  rather  nearer  perhaps  to  my  species,  the 
E.  palustris  {Ann.  of  Nat.  Hist,  xviii.  pi.  9.  fig.  2),  than  to  any  other :  nevertheless  the  above  structural 
characters,  apart  from  its  subopake,  more  pubescent,  and  differently  coloured  sm-face,  will  of  coiu-se 
remove  it  altogether  from  that  insect. 

2  A 


178  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

hitherto  described.  It  is  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  Madeu'an  insects,  the  only  spot 
in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it  being  in  the  district  of  the  Ribeiro  Frio, 
where,  dm-ing  May  and  August  of  1850,  I  captm'ed  five  specimens,  l)y  brushing 
the  rank  grass  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada. 


Fam.  15.  LATHEIDIAD^. 

Genus  61.  CHOLOVOCERA.    (Taj!.  X.  fig.  1.) 

Motschulsky,  Bull,  de  Moscou,  177  (1838). 

Corpus  minutum,  ellipticum  vel  rotundato-ellipticum,  politum :  capite  magno  lato,  oculis  ex  lentibus 
paucis  compositis  :  pruthorace  transverse,  postice  lato  :  scutellu  distincto  triangular! :  alis  obsoletis. 
Antenna  (X.  1  a)  vakle  clavata;,  capitis  prothoracisque  vix  longitudiue,  S-articulatse,  articulis 
primo  et  secundo  (illo  pnecipue)  longiusculis  robustis,  inde  ad  septimum  latitudine  a>qualibus 
(tertio  in  tjqjicis  elongate,  sed  in  specie  Maderensi  longiusculo  tantum ;  quarto  ad  septimum 
minutis),  ultimo  maximo  apice  latissimo,  sccuriformi.  Labrum,  palpos  labiales,  mentwn  ligu- 
lamqiic  Laud  examinare  potui.  Mandibula  (X.  1  b)  validae  acuta;,  mox  infra  apiccm  dente  valido 
instructs,  margine  interno  arcuato  et  membrana  aucto.  Maxilla  (X.  1  c)  vix  bilobae  :  lobo 
extemo  magno  lato  recto,  apice  setoso  leviter  ineurvo ;  interno  minutissimo,  fere  obsoleto, 
uncinato.  Palpi  maxillares  artieulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  incrassatis  (hoc 
breviore),  ultimo  elongate  subfusiformi-ovato  basi  truncate.  Pedes  vix  rebusti :  femoribus  leviter 
clavatis :  tarsis  (X.  1  d)  3-articulatis  simplieibus,  artieulo  secundo  prime  paule  breviore,  xdtimo 
elongate  unyuiculis  simplieibus  munite. 

There  is  no  genus  the  natiu-al  position  of  Avhich  has  been  hitherto  more  doubted 
than  Cholovocera.  Nevertheless,  owdng  partly  perhaps  to  the  extreme  rarity  of  the 
few  species  which  compose  it,  scarcely  any  critical  remarks  have  ever  been  offered 
as  to  its  affinities ;  and,  consequently,  in  the  different  European  Catalogues  Avhich 
have  recently  lieen  published,  it  has  been  made,  successively,  to  occupy  positions 
altogether  remote  from  each  other, — until  at  last  it  has  been  entii-ely  set  aside,  as 
one  of  the  forms  of  almost  impossible  location.  Upon  the  whole,  however,  it  has 
been  more  often  conceded  to  the  Erotrjlidce  than  to  any  other  diAdsion  ;  though  it 
is  difficult  to  understand  why,  since  it  is  neither  pseudotetramerous,  nor  has  it 
the  terminal  joint  of  its  palpi  secm-iform.  The  apical  articulation  of  its  antenncB 
is  securiform,  it  is  true, — but  the  ErotyUda'  have  nothmg  in  common  with  this ; 
and  we  must  clearly  look  for  some  other  section  therefore  to  receive  it.  Now  the 
main  u-rcgularitics  of  Cholovocera  appear  to  lie  in  the  reduced  number  of  the 
joints  of  its  antenna?,  in  its  triarticulated,  yet  simple  feet,  and  in  the  almost 
evanescent  inner  lobe  of  its  maxillae.  And  there  is  but  one  family  in  the  Cole- 
optera,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  which  these  tlu-ee  characteristics  constitute,  in 
conjunction,  the  chief  distinguishing  feature, — namely  the  Lathridiadcc.  Thus, 
for  instance,  in  Holoparamcctis  the  tarsi  are  simple  and  triarticulatc,  the  antennal 
joints  vary  from  nine  to  eleven,  the  inner  maxillary  lobe  is  excessively  small,  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  179 

mandibles  are  bidentate  at  their  extremity,  wliUst  the  body  is  apterous,  extremely 
smooth,  and  highly  polished, — in  all  of  which  it  is  positively  identical  with  Cholo- 
vocera.  Again,  in  Corticaria  and  Luthridhts  the  feet  are,  likewise,  trimerous; 
and,  although  the  antennaj  are  11-jointed,  the  inner  lobe  of  the  maxillae  is  wholly 
obsolete.  Then,  in  Monotonia  we  also  find  a  reduction  in  the  antennal  and  tarsal 
joints  (the  former  being  curtailed  to  ten,  and  the  latter  to  four),  the  inner  maxillary 
lobe  is  absent,  and  the  club  of  the  antennae,  though  not  securiform,  is  compre- 
hended in  a  single  articulation.  Whilst  in  the  little  genus  Metophthalnms  the 
number  of  the  joints  of  the  antennae  is  diminished,  in  like  manner,  to  ten,  the 
feet  are  triarticulated,  the  inner  lobe  of  the  maxillae  is  evanescent,  the  body  is 
apterous,  and  the  eyes  are  constructed,  as  regards  the  paucity  and  magnitude  of 
the  facets  which  compose  them,  on  precisely  the  same  anomalous  type  as  those  of 
Cholovocera. 

Thus,  we  perceive  that  the  genera  of  the  Lathridiadce  contain  cdl  the  elements 
(and  more  or  less  in  conuexion)  for  which  Cholovocera  is  especially  remarkable ; 
and  there  can,  consequently,  be  but  little  doubt,  I  imagine,  that  its  proper 
situation  is  there.  And,  if  we  look  even  to  external  contour  and  habits,  we  shall 
find  that  this  affinity  is  not  the  less  indicated,  since  so  many  of  the  adjoining 
groups  (as  Monotonia,  Langellandla,  Myrmeconomus,  and  Iletoplitlialmus)  are 
notorious  either  for  their  subterraneous  or  Ant-associating  propensities,  or  else, 
like  Soloparamecus,  for  then-  minute  bulk  and  glabrous  surfaces.  The  largely- 
developed,  securiform,  one-articulated  clava  of  Cholovocera  cannot  be  regarded  as 
of  more  than  generic  signiiication ;  and  it  is  therefore  by  no  means  necessary  that 
we  should  expect  to  find  even  the  rudiments  of  a  similar  organization  amongst  its 
immediate  allies  :  nevertheless  we  may  perhaps  detect  some  slight  expression  of  it 
in  the  ohliquelij-truncated  last  joint  of  the  antennae  of  Koloparamecus,  and  in  the 
uni-articnlated  club  of  Monotonia.  Upon  the  whole,  however,  I  am  inclined  to 
suspect  that  it  has  a  more  intimate  relation  with  Koloparamecus  than  with 
anything  else  hitherto  described :  and,  although  the  Madeiran  representative  may 
seem,  at  first  sight,  in  its  rounded  outline  to  recede  very  considerably  from  the 
normal  members  of  the  Lathridiadce ;  yet  the  only  two  other  species  known 
(namely  the  C.  formicarla,  Mots.,  from  Georgia,  and  the  C.  2>i'nctaf a,  Mnvkel,  from 
Sicily,— typical  specimens  of  both  of  which  I  have  been  enabled,  through  the 
kindness  of  Mr.  Westwood,  to  examine,  but  which  seem  to  be  so  nearly  akin  that 
it  is  not  easy  to  assert  in  what  they  differ)  approach  them,  in  this  respect,  far  more 
closely, — since  in  their  narrower,  and  less  convex  bodies,  and  in  then*  basally-sub- 
constricted  elytra  they  do  in  fact  bear  a  very  strong  j)rimd  facie  resemblance  to  at 
any  rate  the  Soloparameci  (with  wliich  it  has  been  akeady  shown  that  in  many  of 
the  most  essential  of  their  structural  peculiarities  they  are  actually  coincident). 

This  remarkable  genus  was  first  described  by  Motschulsky,   from  specimens 

discovered  beneath  stones  (in  the  vicinity  of  Ants'  nests)  at  Derbent,  not  far  from 

the  Caspian  Sea. 

2  a2 


180  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

144.  Cholovocera  Maderae.    (Tab.  X.  fii,'.  l.) 

C.    rotuiidato-elliptica  convexa    fernigiiiea    glaberrima    politissima    et    fere    iinpunctata,    protliorace 

postice  lato,  antennis  pedibusque  vix  pallidioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |. 

Coccinella  succina,  Heinecken,  in  lift. 
Cholovocera  Ifadens,  Westw'ood,  in  litt. 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarissima, — formicarum  nidos  certe  colens :  unicum  exemplar  tantuni  vidi,  a 
jigydo  Dom.  Lowe  e  rnuseo  Heineckeaiano  mihi  munifice  donatum. 

C.  roundish-elliptical,  convex,  pale  rufo-ferruginous,  exceedingly  highly  polished,  almost  impunctate, 
and  perfectly  free  from  pubescence.  Head  large  and  wide,  with  the  eyes  (which  are  of  a  most 
anomalous  structure,  being  composed  of  merely  a  few  large  facets,  set  widely  apai't  upon  a  convex 
surface)  prominent.  Pruthorax  transverse  and  convex ;  widest  behind,  where  it  is  of  the  same 
breadth  as  the  elytra,  on  which  excessively  minute  punctures  are  just  traceable  beneath  the 
highest  powers  of  the  microscope.     Antemue  and  legs  scarcely  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

A  single  cxaniplc  ouly  of  this  most  interesting  little  insect  has  hitherto  come 
under  my  observation, — ^which  was  captured  many  years  ago  (probably  near  Fun- 
chal)  l^y  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken,  from  whose  collection  it  was  presented  to  me  by 
the  Rev.  H.  T.  Lowe.  It  differs  from  the  Georgian  and  Sicilian  representatives  of 
the  group  (\\  hich  however,  as  abeady  stated,  appear  to  be  almost,  if  not  indeed 
entirely,  identical)  in  its  larger  size  and  almost  impunctate  surface,  and  in  its 
broader,  less  apically-acuminated,  and  more  roimded  outline,^the  prot  borax  and 
elytra  being  widest  at  their  extreme  bases,  instead  of,  as  there,  a  little  constricted, 
or  pinched  in  (a  peculiarity  which,  we  may  just  remark,  is  particularly  evident  in 
Holoparamecus,  likewise).  In  addition  to  which,  the  third  joint  of  its  antennae  is 
not  quite  so  long  as  is  the  case  with  those  of  either  of  the  above-mentioned  species. 
Like  them,  it  is  unquestionably  an  attendant  upon  iVnts, — as  in  fact  the  general 
singularity  of  its  structiu'e,  more  especially  of  its  eyes,  would  lead  us,  a  priori,  to 
suspect. 

Genus  62.  HOLOPAEAMECUS. 

Curtis,  Ent.  2Iay.  i.  IsG  (1S33). 

Corpus  minutum,  plus  minusve  subelliptico-oblongum,  politum  :  jirothorace  postice  constricto  et  trans- 
verse impresso  :  alls  obsoletis.  Antenna  clavata^,  capitis  prothoraeisque  longitudinc,  modo  (ut 
in  specie  nostra)  11-,  modo  10-,  modo  etiam  9-articulat<T,  articulis  primo  ct  sccundo  (illo  prse- 
cipue)  elongatis  robustis,  indc  ad  nonum  minutis  longitudine  suba-qualibus  ct  latitudine  vix 
crescentibus,  rcliquis  clavam  magnam  laxam  biarticulatam  cfficicntibus  (peuultimo  subpoculi- 
formi,  ultimo  ovato  ad  apicem  oblique  truncato).  Lnhrum  amplum,  scmicirculare,  ant  ice  in- 
tegrum ciliatum.  Mandibulte  validae  acutae,  mox  infra  apicem  dcute  sat  conspicuo  instructse, 
membranS,  basah  auctse.  Maxilla  bilobae :  lobo  externo  lato  recto,  apice  incurvo  valde  ])ubescenti : 
interna  angustissimo  brevi,  intus  valde  pubcsccnti.  Palpi  maxillarcs  articulo  primo  miuutissimo, 
sccundo  maximo  crasso,  tertio  paulo  angustiore  brevi,  ultimo  elongato  fusiformi  basi  truncato : 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  181 

labiales  articulo  priino  parvo,  secundo  maximo  crasso  subgloboso,  ultimo  minore  subconico. 
Mentum  amplum,  antice  angustatum,  summo  apice  (nisi  fallor)  emarginato.  Ligula  antice 
rotundata  et  lueuibrana  tenuissima  (ad  apicem  truncata  ciliata)  aucta.  Pedes  subgraciles  :  tarsis 
3-articulatis,  articulo  secundo  primo  paulo  breviore,  ultimo  elongato. 

Soloparamecus  {;=Calijptohium,  Villa,  Cat.  Col.  Eur.  dupl.  a.d.  1833)  may  be  at 
once  distinguished  from  Cortlcaria  and  LatlirkUus  by  the  biai'ticulated  club  of  its 
antennae;  by  its  freedom  from  wings,  by  its  apically  bidentate  mandibles,  and  by 
its  perceptibly  bilobed  maxillae.  The  numerical  variations  also  in  the  joints  of  its 
antennae  are  exceedingly  remarkable,  and  present  an  anomaly  which  I  am  not 
aware  that  wc  find,  to  the  same  extent,  in  any  other  genus  of  the  Coleoptera. 
This  peculiarity  of  structure  has  been  ably  discussed  by  Mr.  Westwood  in  a  very 
interesting  paper,  read  before  the  Entomological  Society  of  London  in  May  1845, 
and  published  in  the  fourth  volvime  of  their  Transactions.  After  tracing  back  the 
generic  synonymy  to  its  source,  and  pointing  out  the  confusion  which  had  arisen 
in  three  separate  diagnoses  (put  forth,  successively,  by  Mr.  Curtis,  himself,  and 
Dr.  Aub(^),  in  which  different  species  had  been  accidentally  selected  as  the  type, 
he  thus  sums  up  the  result  of  his  inquiry,  from  which,  I  think  (after  a  careful 
consideration  of  the  several  forms  in  question,  externally  and  in  detail),  it  is  im- 
possible to  dissent : — "  We  have  therefore  a  genus  in  which  the  characters  assigned 
to  it  by  three  different  writers  entirely  agree,  except  that  Mr.  Curtis  describes  the 
antennae  as  9-jointed,  Dr.  Aube  as  11-jointed,  and  myself  as  10-jointed.  On 
examining  these  insects,  and  comparing  them  with  Dr.  Aube's  figui-es,  it  is  im- 
possible to  arrive  at  any  other  conclusion  than  that  they  belong  to  one  and  the 
same  genus,  and  that  the  variation  in  the  number  of  the  joints  of  the  antennae  is 
either  a  specific  or  a  sexual  character,  a  circumstance  in  itself  of  so  unusual  occur- 
rence in  the  Clavicorn  Coleoptera,  that  I  have  considered  it  weU  worthy  of  being 
brought  l)efore  the  notice  of  the  Society."  Making  use  however  of  these  varia- 
tions in  the  joints  of  the  antennae  for  sectional  purposes,  which  at  any  rate  we  are 
entitled  to  do,  we  find  that  the  European  representatives  of  the  group  arrange 
themselves  imder  three  heads, — the  first  of  which  embraces  the  H.  caularum,  Aub^ 
(=:Pa)ikoucJdi,  Guerin),  and  the  S.  niger,  Aub6,  characterized  by  their  11-jointed 
antennae ;  the  second  the  H.  Kimzei,  Aube,  in  which  the  antennae  are  but  10-arti- 
culate ;  and  the  third  the  11.  singular  Is,  Beck.  {=^depressus,  Curtis,  =  Villas,  Aub6), 
which  has  the  antennae  composed  of  nine  joints  only. 

Regarding  the  affinities  of  this  genus  various  opinions  have  been  entertained. 
Mr.  Curtis  imagines  that,  in  conjunction  with  Eutheia,  it  may  very  likely  consti- 
tute a  passage  between  the  LathridiadcB  and  the  Scydmcenidce.  Nevertheless,  of 
its  certain  connexion  with  at  all  events  the  former  there  can,  I  think,  be  no 
reasonable  doubt,  its  trimerous  feet,  and  the  largely  develoj)ed  second  articulation 
of  both  its  labial  and  maxillary  palpi,  apart  from  its  general  habits  and  aspect, 
bespeaking  a  very  close  relationship  with  Cortlcaria  and  Lathridius.  Its  palpi 
indeed   correspond   almost   precisely  with  those   of  Atomaria  and   Ephistenius, 


182  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

amongst  the  Cryptophagidce,  thus  additionally  strengthening  the  bond  of  union 
between  that  family  and  the  present  one, — which  I  cannot  but  believe  are  most 
intimately  allied,  even  though  placed  by  many  recent  naturalists  far  asunder. 
And  in  fact  I  should  be  even,  further,  inclined  to  suspect  that,  taking  into  account 
both  its  tarsi  and  oral  organs,  there  is  perhajis  no  form  more  evidently  suggestive 
of  the  two  (whilst  belonging  essentially  to  one  of  them)  than  JZoIojHiratneciis.  In 
theu"  modes  of  life  the  Soloparameci  somewhat  recede  fi'om  the  Corticarice  and 
Lathridii,  being  found  more  especially,  like  certain  of  the  Cryptophagidce,  in 
the  vicinity  of  warehouses  and  dwellings,  where  they  are  frequently  introduced 
with  different  kinds  of  stores  (though  it  may  be  that  they  should  be  rather  re- 
garded as  inhabiting  the  crevices  of  the  boxes  in  which  the  stores  are  contained 
than  the  stores  themselves) :  and  in  England  they  have  often  been  received,  in  a 
living  state,  amongst  insects  and  skins,  from  India  and  China.  They  are  not 
however  solely  attached  to  such  positions,  since  one  or  two  of  the  species  occur 
beneath  stones  in  hot  exposed  localities,  far  removed  fi'om  any  traces  of  habita- 
tions,— as  is  the  case  in  many  parts  of  the  south  of  Europe,  and  \^■ith  the  Madeiran 
representative  of  the  genus.  It  is  only  in  rare  instances  that  they  ajipear  to 
subsist,  like  the  tj^ical  Lathridiadce,  under  the  bark  of  trees. 

145.  Holoparamecus  niger. 
H.  subelliptico-oblongus  angustus  ferrugineus  politus  et  subtilissime  punctulatus,  prothorace  postice 

constricto  et  injequaliter  transverso-signato,  elytro  singulo  stria  suturali  subflexuosa  profunda 

impresso,  antenais  pedibusque  pallido-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |. 

Cdlyptohivm  nigrum,  Chevrier,  in  litt. 

,  Aube,  Ann.  dc  la  Soc.  Ent.  Je  France  (2i*'"«  serio)  i.  246  (1843). 

Habitat  in  locis  inforioribus  Madcrre  ct  Portus  Sancti,  vol  aprico  bumi  inter  graminum  radices  cur- 
sitans  vel  sub  seoriis  lapidibusque  latens,  ab  autumuo  usque  ad  ver  novum  vulgatissimus : 
"  Praya  Formoza,  sub  lapidibus/'  teste  Dom.  Heer. 

H.  minute,  narrow  and  elongated,  and  somewhat  elliptical-oblong  (the  widest  part  being,  although 
the  sides  are  not  continuous,  a  little  behind  the  base  of  the  elytra),  varying  from  ferruginous 
into  a  reddish-chestnut  hue, — the  cf)lour  being  generally  of  a  rather  unequal  intensity,  which 
causes  the  surface  to  seem  somewhat  transparent,  or  pellucid  ;  exceedingly  shining,  and  appearing 
beneath  the  microscope  to  be  most  minutely  and  distantly  punctidated,  and  even  perceptibly 
pubescent.  Head  long  and  convex,  scarcely  so  broad  as  the  anterior  part  of  the  prothorax, 
which  is  rounded  at  the  sides,  constricted  behind,  and  with  its  posterior  region  broadly,  trans- 
versely, and  >nievcnly  impressed, — the  impressed  band  continuing  to  the  hinder  angles  (which 
are  almost  right  angles,  and  have  their  extreme  lateral  edge  a  little  thickened,  and  produced 
backwards,  in  the  form  of  an  elevated  and  straight  longitudinal  ridge,  to  about  a  third  of  the 
distance  towards  the  anterior  margin),  and  being  interrupted  in  the  centre  by  a  large  and 
slightly  raised  portion,  which,  from  being  cloven  by  a  medial  line,  has  somewhat  the  appearance 
of  two  rounded  tubercles  in  front  of  (but  remote  from)  the  scutellum.     Elytra  considerably 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  183 

acuminated  posteriorly,  and  slightly  so  in  front,  being  widest  at  a  short  distance  behind  the 
base ;  and  with  a  deeply  impressed  sutural  stria  on  each,  which  is  slightly  curved  (and  more 
especially  distinct)  in  front.     Antenna  and  legs  pale  testaceous. 

The  present  Holoparameciis  recedes  from  the  S.  ccmlarum  (the  only  other 
member  of  the  genus  hitherto  described  which  has  eleven  joints  to  its  antennae) 
principally  ia  its  darker  and  more  pellucid  hue,  and  ia  its  somewhat  more  pubes- 
cent and  posteriorly-actuniaated  form;  whilst  its  hinder  prothoracic  constriction 
is  of  a  different  nature, — the  raised,  cloven  portion  in  the  centre  beiag  more 
distinctly  developed  than  in  that  species,  which  has  (instead  of  it)  a  twofold 
impression  a  little  in  advance  of  its  place.  Nevertheless  it  must  be  admitted  that 
the  two  insects  approach  each  other  very  closely.  The  S.  niger  was  discovered  in 
Sicily,  in  1842,  by  the  late  Mr.  Melly  of  Liverpool,  beneath  the  bark  of  a  fig-tree 
in  the  garden  of  a  Convent  near  Catania,  and  was  sent  by  Che\T.*ier,  under  the 
specific  title  which  it  still  retains,  to  Dr.  Aube  for  description, — by  whom  it  was 
characterized  in  the  Amiales  de  la  Societe  Entomologique  de  France  in  1843.  As 
its  name  would  seem  to  imply,  the  Sicilian  specimens  are  very  much  darker  than 
the  Madeiran  ones, — which  last  appear  to  correspond  better  with  a  pale  variety 
detected  by  Gene  in  Sardinia.  On  the  simny  slopes  of  Madeii'a,  at  low  altitudes, 
it  is  exceedingly  abiuidant,  dvu'ing  the  autumnal  and  winter  months,  adhering  to 
the  under  sides  of  stones  and  scorige,  from  the  latter  of  which  it  is  often  almost 
impossible  to  extricate  it, — its  very  minute  size  enabling  it  to  retreat  into  the 
numerous  cavities  and  air-holes  with  which  they  are  everywhere  ramified.  I  first 
took  it,  in  October  1847,  on  the  high  cliffs  between  Funchal  and  the  Cabo  Gerajao ; 
and  it  has  subsequently  occurred  to  me  in  innumeraljle  localities  throughout  the 
southern  districts  of  the  island,  from  the  level  of  the  shore  at  the  Praya  Formoza 
to  the  summit  of  the  little  hills  of  the  Pico  da  Cruz  and  the  Pico  do  Cardo.  In 
dry  exposed  spots  towards  the  south  of  Porto  Santo,  slightly  elevated  above  the 
sea,  it  is  equally  common :  but  I  have  not  as  yet  observed  it,  either  there  or  else- 
where, in  any  other  position  except  either  beneath  stones,  or  else  crawling  at  the 
roots  of  grass  on  the  hot  ground  in  their  immediate  vicinity. 

Genus  63.  CORTICARIA. 

Marsham,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  106  (1802). 

Corpus  minutum,  plus  minusve  ovatum,  convexiusculum,  pubescens :  prothorace  subrotundato,  ad 
latera  interdum  crenulato  sed  haud  marginato :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  clavatse,  capitis  pro- 
thoracisque  vix  longitudine,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo,  subgloboso,  prsecipue)  robustis, 
tertio  secundi  longitudine,  quarto  paulo  brcviore,  iude  ad  octavum  paulatim  brevioribus  lati- 
tudine  subjequalibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  laxani  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (ultimo  ovato 
apice  oblique  truncato).  Labrum  transversum,  antiee  integrum.  Mandibula  acutissimae  eden- 
tatse  incuiTfe,  intus  membraua  tenuissinia  ciliata  auctse.  Maxilla  lobo  singulo  recto  apice  piloso 
instructse.     Palpi  maxillares  breves,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  minutissimis,  tertio  magno  sub- 


184  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

globoso,  ultimo  minore  subconico  :  labiales  brcvissimi,  articulo  primo  minutissimo  brevissimo, 
sccundo  maximo  crasso  subgloboso,  ultimo  minutissimo  teauissimo  aciculari  vix  perspicuo,  ad 
apicem  ipsum  setis  paucis  munito.  Mentum  hexagonum,  antice  angustatuin.  Lirjulu  aiiij)la 
lata,  apicc  truncata  Integra  ciliata.  Pedes  subgraciles :  tarsis  3-articulatis,  articulo  primo  secundo 
longiorc,  ultimo  elongato. 

The  CorticaricB  are  x'eadily  separable,  even  prima  facie,  fi'oin  the  Lathridii  by 
their  more  convex,  ovate,  pubescent,  and  less  scul2)tm-ecl  bodies,  and  by  their 
prothorax  bciag  broader  and  more  rounded, — occasionally  crenulated  at  its  edges, 
l}ut  never  margined  like  that  of  the  latter ;  neither  are  the  angles  at  all  produced, 
nor  is  the  disk  flattened  and  costate.  In  pui-cly  structiu-al  characters,  abnost  the 
only  })oints  in  Avliich  the  groups  differ  inter  se  would  appear  to  consist  in  the  very 
slight  distinctive  proportions  of  the  joints  of  their  respective  antennae  and  feet, — 
the  former  of  which  in  Corticaria  have  the  second  articulation  much  less  thickened 
than  the  first,  and  the  third  perceptibly  longer  than  the  foiu-th ;  whereas  in 
Lathridius  the  second  joint  is  nearly  as  much  iucrassated  as  the  basal  one,  and 
the  third  is  distinctly  shorter  than  the  foui'th :  whilst,  as  regards  their  tarsi,  the 
first  articulation  (if  indeed  my  observations  be  correct)  is  always  a  little  longer 
than  the  second  in  those  of  the  Corticarice,  but  shorter  in  those  of  the  Lathridii. 
In  their  habits,  tlie  members  of  the  present  genus  are  not  so  strictly  subcortical  as 
those  of  the  following  one, — which  in  fact  their  less  hardened  and  depressed  forms 
would  seem  to  imply.  They  occur,  for  the  most  part,  amongst  heritage  in  grassy 
spots,  hybernating  more  commonly  under  moss  and  lichen  on  the  trunks  of  trees 
than  beneath  the  bark. 

146.  Corticaria  rotiihcollis,  WoU. 

C.  clongato-ovata  rufo-picea,  capite  prothoraceque  profunde  et  crcbre  punctatis,  hoc  ad  latera  valde 
crenulato,  fovea,  postmediii  rotundat^  profunda  impresso,  elytris  paulo  obscuiioribus  rugulose 
substriato-pvmctatis,  antcnnarum  basi  pcdibusque  rufo-testaceis. 

Long.  corj).  lin.  |-1. 

Habitat  Madcram,  rarior, — a  Rev''"  Dom.  Lowe  prope  Funclial  primo  detecta :  sed  plurima  specimina 
nuper  collcgit  Dom.  Hartung,  qui  inter  bolctos  in  truncis  laurorum  nascentes  invenisse  apud  el. 
Dohrn  dicitur. 

C.  elongate-ovate,  rufo-piceous,  pubescent,  and  very  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prot/ioraj:  deeply  and 
closely  punctured  :  the  latter  with  the  edges  rounded,  and  powerfully  crenulated  throughout ;  with 
a  large,  round,  and  deeply  impressed  fovea  on  the  centre  of  the  hinder  disk.  Elytra  a  little 
darker  and  less  rufeseent  than  the  head  and  jirothorax ;  rather  nigosely  striate-punctate.  An- 
teniue  and  leys  rufo-testaceous ;  i]ie  former  with  their  club  infuscate. 

A  large  and  well-marked  species ;  distinguished  from  the  other  Corticarice  here 
descriljed  by  the  rather  deep  and  closely-set  punctures  of  its  head  and  prothorax, 
and  by  the  greatly  developed  creuulations  of  the  latter.     It  is  apparently  some- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  185 

■what  scarce,  though  taken  occasionally  near  Funchal,  from  whence  I  possess 
specimens  captured  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  and  Mr.  Leacock :  and  several 
examples  have  been  recently  communicated  to  me  by  M.  Dohrn  of  Stettin,  which 
are  stated  to  have  been  collected  by  M.  Hartung  from  Boleti  growing  on  the 
trunks  of  the  native  laurels. 

147.  Corticaria  crenicollis. 

C.  elongato-ovata  antice  siibacuminata,  fulvo-ferruginea,  capite  prothoraceque  granulatis  (sed  vk, 
prajsertim  illo,  punctatis),  hoc  ad  latera  leviter  crenulato,  fovea  postmedia  rotundata  profunda 
impresso,  elytris  substriato-punctatis,  antenuis  pedibusque  vix  pallidioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 

Corticaria  crenicollis,  Mann,  in  Germ.  Zeitsch.filr  die  Ent.  v.  37  (1844). 

Habitat  prope  urbem  Maderse  Funchalensem,  in  horto  ad  Quinta  d'Ambrosio  pertinente  seinel  tantum 
(mense  Januario  a.d.  1848)  lecta. 

C.  elongate-ovate,  and  rather  acuminated  anteriorly,  bright  fulvo-ferruginous,  and  sparingly  pubes- 
cent. Head  and  prothorax  almost  opake,  and  very  distinctly  granulated  :  the  former  with 
scarcely  any  indications  of  additional  punctures  intermixed  :  the  latter  with  them  most  obscurely 
develo]3ed,— merely  imparting  to  its  surface  a  rather  rugose  or  wi-inkled  appearance ;  with  the 
edges  rounded  and  obscurely  crenulated  (though  rather  more  evidently  so  behind  than  in  front) ; 
the  postmedial  fovea  well-defined  and  exceedingly  deep.  Elytra  rather  shining;  and  substriate- 
punctate.     Antenna:  and  legs  almost  concolorous  with,  or  a  little  paler  than,  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

At  once  known  from  the  other  Madeiran  Corticarlce  by  its  rather  anteriorly- 
subacuminated  outline  and  pallid  hue,  by  its  somewhat  shining  elytra,  and  liy  the 
very  distinctly  granulated  sm-face  of  its  head  and  prothorax,— the  former  of  which 
is  almost  entirely  free  from  larger  additional  punctures,  whilst  even  the  latter  (the 
hinder  fovea  of  which  is  excessively  deeply  impressed,  but  the  sides  only  obscm*ely 
crenulated)  has  them  but  imperfectly  developed.  It  is  very  probably  an  imported 
insect  into  Madeira,  the  single  example  on  which  its  admission  into  the  Fatma 
rests  having  been  captm-ed  by  myseK  in  the  garden  of  the  Quinta  d'Ambrosio,  near 
Funchal,  during  the  winter  of  1848.  It  is  stated  by  Mannerheim  to  be  common  in 
Finland  and  France. 

148.  Corticaria  fulva. 

C.  elongato-ovata  magis  pubescens  fulvo-ferruginea,  capite  prothoraceque  valde  profunde  punctatis, 
hoc  ad  latera  crenulato,  fovei  postmedia  rotundata  minus  profunda  impresso,  elytris  substriato- 
punctatis,  antennis  pedibusque  vix  pallidioribus. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1-1^. 

Latridius  fulvus,  Che\Tier,  in  lift. 

,  Villa,  Cat.  Col.  Eur.  45  (1835). 

Oortica/riafuloa,  Mann,  in  Oerm.  Zeifsch.fur  die  Ent.  v.  42  (1844). 
,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  209  (1849). 

Habitat  Maderam,   hinc  inde  in  domibus  et  hortis,   ex  Europ^  forsan  introducta :    ad    Sanctum 

2  B 


186  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Vincentium  cepit  Rev''"'  Dom.  Lowe,  necnon  prope  urbem  Funchalensem  tempore  hibemo  egomet 
parce  deprehensi. 

C.  large,  elongate-ovate,  pale  fulvo-ferruginous  (sometimes  almost  testaceous),  elothed  with  exceedingly 
long,  and  rather  robust  pubescence,  and  but  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  beset  wnth 
very  large,  deep,  but  comparatively  distant  punctures  :  the  latter  with  the  edges  rounded  and 
distinctly  crenulated  (though  not  quite  so  powerfully  so  as  in  the  C.  rotulicollis),  especially 
behind;  the  postmcdial  fovea  shallower  and  obscurer  than  in  either  of  the  preceding  species. 
Elytra  rather  coarsely  substriate-punctate.  Antenna  and  legs  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the 
surface. 

A  rather  common  Eiu'opean  insect,  and  in  all  probability  naturalized  in  !Madeii"a 
from  more  northern  latitudes.  It  may  be  immediately  recognised  by  its  large 
size  and  pallid  hue,  by  its  exceedingly  pubescent  and  deeply  pimctm'ed  sm-face, 
and  by  the  tolerably  distinct  crenulations  (especially  behind)  of  its  prothorax. 
The  Madeiran  specimens  differ  in  no  respect  fi-om  the  ordinary  type,  except  that 
perhaps  their  postmcdial  prothoracic  depression  is  a  little  fainter.  It  appears  to 
be  somewhat  scarce,  occm-ring  sparingly  about  dwellings  and  out-houses,  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  callages  and  towns.  I  have  captiu'ed  it,  dm-ing  January, 
in  the  garden  of  the  Quinta  d^imbrosio,  near  Funchal ;  and  it  has  been  taken  in 
the  north  of  the  island,  at  Sao  Vincente,  by  the  llev.  R.  T.  Lowe. 

149.  Corticaria  rotiindicollis,  iVolh 

C.  ovata  rufo-picea,  capite  prothoraceque  granulatis  et  leviter  punctatis,  hoc  circa  medium  dilatato  ad 
latera  integro,  foveS,  postmedia  rotundata  profundi  impresso,  elytris  obscurioribus  substriato- 
punctatis,  antennaram  basi  pedibusque  rufo-testaceis. 

Long,  coi-p.  lin.  |. 

Habitat  in  montibus  Madcr<e,  rarissima:  ad  Lombo  das  Vacas  solstitio  sestivo  a.d.  1850  duo  speci- 
mina  inveni. 

C.  ovate,  rufo-piceoiis,  pubescent,  and  rather  shining.  Head  sai  prothorax  distinctly  granulated,  and 
intermixed  with  rather  obscure,  shallow,  and  distant  punctures :  the  latter  with  the  edges 
rounded,  but  apparently  not  at  all  crenulated  j  widest  about  the  middle ;  the  postmcdial  fovea 
well-defined  and  deep.  Elytra  darker  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  rather  convex  posteriorly  j 
and  substriate-punctate.  Antennce  and  legs  rufo-testaceous ;  the  former  with  their  club  in- 
fuscated. 

The  ovate  outlines  of  the  present  species  and  the  following  one  -will  readily 
distinguish  them  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  with  which  we  have  here  to  do. 
The  C.  rotundicolUs  however  recedes  fi'om  the  C.  curta  in  its  darker  hue  (especially 
of  the  elytra),  in  its  slightly  larger  size,  and  in  its  different  prothorax, — which  has 
its  edges  entu-e  (and  with  no  appearance  of  an  excavation  and  tooth  at  the  hinder 
angles),  and  its  sm-face  (like  that  of  the  head)  very  evidently  granidated,  the  punc- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  187 

tures  with  which,  the  granules  are  intermixed,  being  remarkably  shallow  and  ill- 
defined.  Its  postmedial  prothoracic  fovea  is,  likewise,  deeper,  and  the  club  of  its 
antennae  is  more  dusky  than  is  the  case  in  that  insect.  The  only  two  specimens 
which  I  have  hitherto  seen  were  captured,  by  myself,  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas, 
June  21,  1850. 

150.  Corticaria  curta,  Woll. 

C.  ovata  nifo-fusca,  capite  prothoraceque  punctatis  sed  vix  granulatis,  hoc  curto  pone  medium  dilatato 
ad  latera  subintegro,  circa  angulos  posticos  leviter  excavato  (angulis  ipsis  exstantibus),  fovea 
postmedi^  vel  minus  distinctS,  vel  obsoleta,  elytris  obscurioribus  (paulo  magis  infuscatis)  striato- 
punctatis,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  |-|. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  omnium  insularum  Maderensium,  prsesertim  in  locis  graminosis,  vulgaris :  in 
Porta  Sancto  necnon  in  Deserta  Grandi  tempore  vernali  abundat. 

C.  short,  ovate,  reddish-brown,  pubescent,  and  very  shghtly  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  much 
more  deeply  punctured  and  less  evidently  granulated  than  in  the  last  species :  the  latter  short, 
with  the  edges  rounded  and  almost  free  from  crenulations  (or  with  very  slight  indications  of 
them) ;  widest  behind  the  middle ;  minutely  excavated  immediately  before  the  hinder  angles 
(which  are,  themselves,  however,  a  little  prominent) ;  the  postmedial  fovea  usually  faint,  and 
occasionally  obsolete.  Elytra  rather  darker  and  less  rufescent  than  the  head  and  prothorax, 
being  of  a  purer  brown  ;  and  somewhat  distinctly  striate-punctate.  Antenna  and  legs  testaceous ; 
the  former  not  having,  usually,  even  their  club  iufuscate. 

The  smallest  of  the  Corticarice  here  described,  and  known  by  its  short,  ovate 
outline,  by  its  more  or  less  reddish-brown,  or  infuscated  hue,  and  by  the  construc- 
tion of  its  prothorax, — which  is  broadest  a  little  behind  the  midtUe,  obsciu'cly 
excavated  immediately  in  fi'ont  of  the  postei'ior  angles  (which  are,  themselves, 
consequently  prominent, — assuming  somewhat  the  form  of  a  minute  tooth),  and 
(unlike  that  of  the  C.  rotundicolUs)  is  impressed  with  distinct  and  rather  large 
punctures,  the  intermediate  granulations  being  scarcely  perceptible.  Its  antennee 
moreover  are  usually  quite  pale,  and  the  postmedial  prothoracic  fovea  is  often 
entii-ely  obsolete.  It  would  seem  to  be  the  Madeiran  representative  of  the  common 
Eui'opean  C.fuscula,  although  with  too  many  distinctive  characters  of  its  own  to 
aUow  of  its  being  referred  to  that  insect.  Thus,  for  instance,  it  is  more  ovate,  and, 
in  all  cases,  considerably  smaller ;  its  prothorax  is  more  suddenly  dilated  behind 
the  middle,  and  less  distinctly  excavated  at  the  posterior  angles ;  and  its  antennse, 
which  are  iuvariably  more  abbreviated  and  less  robust,  want  the  dusky  apex 
which  is  there  so  conspicuous.  It  is  the  most  abundant  of  the  Corticarice  of  these 
islands,  and  a  truly  indigenous  species, — beiag  widely  distriljuted  throughout  the 
group,  and  in  positions  for  the  most  part  far  removed  from  cultivated  spots.  In 
Porto   Santo  and   on  the   Dezerta  Grande  I  have  taken   it  ia  profusion,  from 

2  B  2 


188  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

beneath  stones,  durins^  the  spring  and  early  summer  months ;  whilst  at  interme- 
diate altitudes  of  Madeii'a  proper,  whether  within  the  sylvan  regions  or  out  of 
them,  it  is  ixniversal. 

151.  Corticaria  Fagi,  WoU. 

C.  elongato-parallela  angusta  fiilvo-fen'uginea,  capite  prothoraceque  profuude  et  subremote  punctatis, 

hoc  ad  latera  postice  crenulato,  fovea  postmedia   magnii   profundi  impresso,    elytris   striato- 

punctatis,  antennis  pedibusque  vix  pallidioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  §. 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem  sylvaticam,  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  copiosissime 
lecta. 

C.  narrower,  more  elongated  and  parallel  than  any  of  the  foregoing  species,  very  pubescent,  pale  fulvo- 
ferruginous,  and  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  beset  with  very  large,  deep,  but  some- 
what remote  punctures  :  the  latter  with  the  edges  rounded  and  finely  crenulated  posteriorly ;  the 
postmedial  fovea  large  and  deep,  but  not  quite  so  rounded  as  in  the  other  species, — having  a 
tendency  to  be  a  little  curved,  or  arcuated  in  front.  Elytra  regularly  and  distinctly  striatc- 
punctate.  Antenna  and  legs  concolorous  with,  or  (especially  the  former)  a  little  paler  than,  the 
rest  of  the  surface. 

The  narrow  and  linear  outline  of  the  present  Corticaria,  in  conjunction  Avith  its 
pallid  hue  and  its  large  hinder  prothoracic  fovea,  will  at  once  separate  it  from  the 
whole  of  the  preceding  species.  It  is  apparently  the  Madeiran  representative  of 
the  C.  elongata  of  Schuppcl,  though  clearly  not  identical  with  it, — since  it  is  not 
only  somewhat  darker,  and  less  parallel  and  pubescent  than  that  insect,  but  its 
prothorax  is  less  perceptibly  crenulated  posteriorly,  and  (together  with  the  head)  is 
beset  with  extremely  large,  coarse  and  deep  punctures ;  whereas  in  the  C.  elongata 
the  punctures  are  so  minute  as  to  be  scarcely  perceptible.  It  is  exceedingly  local, 
and  would  seem  to  be  confined  to  the  forest  regions  of  intermediate  and  rather 
lofty  altitudes.  The  only  district  in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it  is  that  of 
the  Lombo  dos  Peccgueu-os,  where,  during  July  1850,  I  captured  it  in  profusion, — 
especially  on  the  outer  canvass  of  my  tent  towards  the  dusk  of  the  evening  and 
after  showers.  The  particular  spot  in  which  I  was  encamped  (known  as  the  Chilo 
das  Castanheiras)  being  thickly  studded  wdth  enormous  Spanish  chestnuts,  I  am 
inclined  to  suspect  that  it  was  from  off  that  tree,  rather  than  the  native  laurels, 
that  my  specimens  must  have  flowia. 

Gemis  64.  LATHRIDIUS. 

Herbst,  Natursyst.  v.  S  (script.  Lati-idius)  (1793). 

Corpus  minutum,  plus  minusve  clongato-  vol  parallelo-ovatum,  depressiusculum,  calvum  sed  sculptu- 
ratum  :  protlioracc  srcpius  elytris  angustiorc,  clonguto-subquadrato  aiigulis  auticis  plus  minusve 
ampliatis,  ad  latera  marginato  et  plus  minusve  complanato :  alls  amplis.     Antenna  capitis  pro- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  189 

thoracisque  vix  longitudine,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  vix  prsecipue)  subglobosis  robustis, 
tertio  secundo  paulo  breviore,  quarto  longiore,  inde  ad  octaviim  paulatim  brevioribus  latitudine 
subfequalibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  laxam  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (ultimo  subquadrato- 
ovato  ad  apicem  oblique  truncato).  Labrum  breve  transversum,  antice  vix  emarginatum.  Man- 
dibulte  acutae  incui-vae,  apice  vix  denticulatse,  intus  membrana  tenuissima  ciliata  auctse.  Maxillie 
lobo  singula  recto  apice  piloso  instructfe.  Palpi  maxillares  breves,  articulo  priuio  minutissimo, 
secundo  majore  crassiore,  tertio  magno  subgloboso,  ultimo  minora  subconico :  labiales  brevissimi, 
articulo  primo  minutissimo  brevissimo,  secundo  maximo  crasso  subgloboso,  ultimo  minutissimo 
tenuissimo  aciculari  vix  perspicuo,  ad  apicem  ipsum  setulis  paucis  munito.  Mentum  hexagonum, 
antice  angustatum.  Ligula  ampla  lata,  apice  truncata  Integra  ciliata.  Pedes  subgraciles  :  tarsis 
3-articulatis,  articulo  primo  secundo  breviore,  ultimo  elongato. 

The  distinctions  between  the  Lathridii  and  the  Cort'icarice  have  been  already 
pointed  out, — the  flatter,  usually  less  ovate,  somewhat  harder  and  more  sculp- 
tui'ed  (though  unpubescent)  bodies  of  the  former  being  at  once  sufficient,  apart 
from  the  minute  characters  to  be  gathered  from  the  relative  proportions  of  their 
antenna!  and  tarsal  joints,  whereby  to  sej^arate  them,  even  at  first  sight,  from  the 
latter.  As  lately  stated,  they  are  more  strictly  subcortical  in  tliek  habits  than 
the  members  of  the  previous  genus :  nevertheless  both  groups  are  usually  more  or 
less  abundant  during  the  summer  months  (at  which  season  the  insects  are  in  an 
active  state)  amongst  dense  herbage  and  vegetation, — particularly  in  shady 
localities  beneath  trees,  and  in  waste  spots  adjoining  cultivated  grounds. 

152.  Lathridius  assimilis. 

L.  parallelo-subovatus  piceo-ferrugineus,  capite  prothoraceque  subpunctato-rugosis,  hoc  ad  latera 
valde  complanato,  angulis  auticis  rotundato-ampliatis,  elytris  profunda  punctato-striatis,  intar- 
stitiis  altarnis  elevatis,  antennis  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 

Lathridius  assimilis,  Maun.  i?i  Germ.  Zeitsch.  v.  98  (1844). 
coUaris,  Motschulsky,  in  litt. 

Habitat  prope  urbem  Maderae  Funchalensem,  hinc  inda,  rarior. 

I».  elongata-subovate,  rather  mora  parallel  than  either  of  the  following  species,  and  more  or  less  picao- 
ferruginous,  or  pale  rusty-piceous.  Head  and  prothorax  rugosely  punctured  and  wrinkled, — thf 
punctures  being  large,  a  good  deal  confluent  and  ill-defined  :  \h^  former  almost  unchannelad  :  the 
latter  tolerably  large,  and  narrowed  behind  ;  the  sides  much  flattened,  and  with  the  anterior  angles 
considerably  expanded,  or  rounded,  outwards ;  with  an  obscure  impression  (or  wide  abbreviated 
channel)  on  the  fore  part  of  the  disk,  and  transversely  impressed  behind.  Elytra  rather  parallel 
at  the  sides ;  deeply  punctate-striated, — the  punctures  being  very  large,  distinct,  and  regular ; 
the  interstices  convex,  and  the  alternate  ones  elevated.  Antenna  and  legs  a  little  palar  than  the 
rest  of  the  insect, — being  dull  rusty-testaceous. 

The  present  Lathridius  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  L.  mimittis  by  its  rather 


190  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

larger  and  more  parallel  outline,  by  its  paler  and  more  rusty  hue,  Ijy  its  somewhat 
longer  prothorax  (which  has  the  anterior  angles  more  distinctly  expanded,  or 
rounded,  outwards),  and  by  the  raised  alternate  interstices  of  its  more  deeply  and 
regularly  punctate-striated  elytra.  It  is  apparently  scarce  in  Madcii-a,  the  only 
district  in  which  I  have  hitherto  taken  it  being  the  Weinity  of  Funchal, — where  it 
may  possibly  have  been  accidentally  introduced  from  more  northern  latitudes.  It 
is  not  an  imcommon  insect  throughout  Eiu'ope,  being  recorded  in  Finland,  Russia, 
Germany,  Poland,  and  Switzerland ;  it  is  however  far  less  abimdant  than  either  of 
the  following  species. 

153.  Lathridius  minutus. 
I*,  ovatus  nigro-piceus,  capite  prothoraceque  (vix  subpunctato-)  rugosis,  hoc  ad  latera  complanato, 

angulis  anticis  minus  rotundato-ampliatis,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  interstitiis  convexis,  anten- 

narum  basi  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |-|. 

Tenebrio  minutus,  LLim.  Syst.  Nat.  ii.  675  (17C7). 
Ips  minuta,  Oliv.  Ent.  ii.  18.  22  (1790). 
Corticaria  puUa,  Mslim,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  Ill  (1802). 
Lairidius  porcatus,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  113  (1830). 
Lathridius  minutus,  Mann,  in  Germ.  Zeitsch.  v.  96  (1844). 

Habitat  Maderam,  usque  ad  4000'  s.  m.  ubique  \Tilgaris. 

L.  shorter  and  more  ovate  than  the  L.  assimilis,  and  dark  piceous-black.  Head  and  prothorax  ahnost 
as  rugose  as  in  that  insect,  but  with  the  punctures  even  more  irregular,  being  scarcely  at  all 
defined :  the  former  with  a  distinct  longitudinal  channel  down  the  centre  :  the  latter  rather  short, 
and  naiTowed  behind;  the  sides  flattened,  and  with  the  anterior  angles  expanded,  or  rounded, 
outwards, — though  much  less  so  than  in  the  L.  assimilis ;  usually  with  a  very  obscure  impression 
(or  abbreviated  channel)  on  the  fore  part  of  the  disk,  and  transversely  impressed  behind.  Elytra 
rounded  at  the  sides,  the  widest  part  being  about  the  middle ;  punctate-sti-iated, — the  punctures 
being  smaller  and  much  less  distinct  than  those  of  the  last  species ;  the  interstices  rather  convex, 
but  the  alternate  ones  not  more  elevated  than  the  remainder.  Anteniue  and  legs  diluted-testa- 
ceous;  the  former  with  their  club  often  a  little  infuscated. 

Distinguished  from  the  i.  ossimilis,  as  alroadv  stated,  bv  its  smaller,  more 
ovate,  and  darker  body,  by  its  more  deeply  channeled  forehead  and  less  anteriorly- 
dUated  prothorax,  and  by  the  sculpture  of  its  el}i:ra, — which  arc  not  only  more 
obscurely  pimctured  than  in  that  insect,  but  want  Hke^ise  the  elevated  alternate 
interstices  which  are  there  so  apparent.  It  is  by  far  the  most  abundant  of  the 
Madeiran  Lothridii,  occiu'ring  in  profusion  in  nearly  aU  parts  of  the  island  below 
the  altitude  of  about  1000  feet.  In  the  llibciro  de  Santa  Luzia,  near  Funchal ; 
in  the  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  AixavL ;  throughout  the  region  of  the  Kibeiro  Frio ; 
and  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  I  have  captured  it  commonly,  dm'ing  the  spring 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  191 

and  summer  months —particularly  in  the  last  of  these  districts,  where  in  July 
1850  I  observed  it  by  thousands  on  the  outer  canvass  of  my  tent,  whither  it  had 
flown,  in  company  with  the  Cortlcaria  Fagi,  towards  the  dusk  of  the  evening.  It 
is  a  species  of  very  wide  geographical  range,  being  recorded  by  Mannerhekn  in 
Lapland,  Sweden,  Finland,  Siberia,  Russia,  Germany,  England,  France,  Italy, 
Armenia,  the  Caucasus,  and  even  from  Greenland. 


154.  Lathridius  transversus. 

L.  ovatus  antice  subacuminatus,  femigineus,  capite  prothoraceque  (vix  subpunctato-)  rugosis,  hoc 
parvo  subquadrato  (angulis  anticis  baud  ampliatis),  ad  latera  complanato  necnon  ad  basin  pro- 
fundius  transversim  impresso,  elytris  (antice  sat  profunde)  punctato-striatis,  antennis  pedibusque 
nifo-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  |-|. 

Ips  transversa,  Oliv.  Ent.  ii.  18.  20.  pi.  3.  fig.  20  a,  h  (1790). 
Corticaria  transversa,  Mshm,  I^nt.  Brit.  i.  109  (1802). 
Latridius  transversus,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  112  (1830). 
Lathridius  transversus,  Mami.  in  Germ.  Zeitsch.  v.  94  (1844). 

Habitat  Maderam,  prsesertim  prope  ui-bem  Funchalensem,  rarior;  una  cum  L.  assimili  a  meipso 
captus. 

L.  ovate,  rather  acuminated  anteriorly,  and  bright  ferruginous.  Head  and  prot/iorax  sculptured  much 
in  the  same  manner  as  those  of  the  L.  minutus :  the  former  obscurely  channeled  down  tlie  centre  : 
the  latter  smaller  and  narrower  (especially  in  front)  than  in  either  of  the  other  species,— being 
subquadrate,  and  with  the  anterior  angles  hardly  more  developed  (although  much  more  rounded) 
than  the  posterior  ones ;  with  a  tolerably  distinct  and  rounded  impression  on  the  fore  part  of  the 
disk,  and  with  the  hinder  transverse  impression  deeper  than  in  either  of  the  preceding  species. 
Elytra  rather  shining,  and  rounded  at  the  sides,  the  widest  part  being  a  little  behind  the  middle ; 
somewhat  deeply  punctate-striated  in  front,  but  with  the  sculpture  altogether  much  fainter 
posterioriy,— the  punctures  towards  the  base  however  being  rather  large  and  distinct.  Antenna 
and  legs  (especially  the  former)  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

The  somewhat  anteriorly-acuminated  outline  and  pallid  hue  of  the  present 
insect,  in  conjunction  mth  the  sculptm-e  of  its  elytra  (which  is  deep  at  theii-  l^ase, 
but  fainter  towards  their  apex),  and  the  more  distinct  transverse  impression  and 
less  expanded  front  angles  of  its  (comparatively  small,  narrow  and  subquack-ate) 
prothorax,  will  be  at  once  sufficient  to  separate  it,  prima  facie,  from  the  other 
Madeii-an  Lathrklli.  Like  the  last,  it  is  a  species  of  wide  geographical  range, 
abounding  in  all  parts  of  Europe,  and  being  recorded,  in  Asia,  from  Siberia  to  the 
Caucasus.  In  Madeira  it  would  seem  to  be  decidedly  scarce,  or  at  any  rate  local, 
—the  exceedingly  few  specimens  which  have  come  beneath  my  notice  having  been 
captui-ed  by  myself  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Fimchal  and  towards  the  upper 
extremity  of  the  Ribeii'o  de  Santa  Luzia. 


192  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  65.  METOPHTHALMUS.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  4.) 

Motsc'hidsky,  in  Jitt.  (scrijjt.  ^letaphthalinus). 

Corpus  minutum,  parallelo-subovatum,  depressum,  cal\Tim,  sculpturatum,  Lathridio  babitu  proximum 
sed  ab  co  valdc  distinctum :  capite  porrecto  costatOj  ad  latera  crenulato ;  oculis  minutis  valde 
convexis  subconicis,  supra  marginem  capitis  lateralem  omnino  sitis  atque  ex  lentibus  paucis  com- 
positis :  prothorace  elytris  angustiore,  sulcato,  ad  latera  crenulato  rotundato  et  late  complanato  : 
alls  obsoletis.  Antenna  (IV.  4  a)  ad  basin  ab  oculis  remotre,  et  supra  marginem  (ad  angulos 
anteriores)  capitis  insertfe,  lO-articulatre,  clavatse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  praecipue) 
magnis  crassis  (illo  subquadrato,  hoc  globoso),  tertio  brevi  minuto,  quarto  longiore  graciliore 
subclavato,  inde  ad  octavum  longitudine  decrescentibus  latitudine  vix  crcscentibus,  rebquis 
clavam  magnam  laxam  elongatam  biarticulatam  efficieutibus  (penultimo  brevi  subpoculiformi, 
ultimo  maximo  elongato-ovato  ad  apicem  internum  oblique  truncato  et  setis  paucis  munito). 
Labrum  prominulum,  breve  transversum,  antice  rotundatum  integrum.  Mandibulas  baud 
observare  potui.  Maxilla  (nisi  fallor)  lobo  singula  pubescenti  instructie.  Palpi  maxillares 
articulo  primo  niinutissimo,  secundo  magno  crassiore,  tertio  maximo  valde  incrassato  sub- 
globoso,  ultimo  tcrtii  longitudine  sed  graciliore  fusiformi  apice  truncato  :  labiales  brevissimi, 
articulo  primo  minuto  brevissimo,  secundo  maximo  crasso  subgloboso,  ultimo  minutissimo  (aegre 
observando)  mammuliformi  apice  obtuso  setisque  paucis  obscm'issimis  munito.  Mentum  trans- 
versum, in  parte  media  transversim  punctato-perforatum,  antice  leviter  dilatatum,  apice  sinuato. 
Ligula  ampla  lata,  apice  vix  emarginata.  Pedes  subgraciles  :  tibiis  rcctis  subclavatis  r  tarsis 
(IV.  46)  3-articulatis  simplicibus,  articulo  primo  secundo  vix  breviore,  ultimo  valde  elongato 
fusiformi,  ad  ajjicem  (in  anticis  saltem)  miuutissimc  bispinoso  unguiculisque  simplicibus  magnis 
munito. 
A  /u,€Ta  post,  et  6cp9a\fj,6^  oculus. 

The  very  interesting  little  genus  for  which  Motschulsky  has  proposed  the  name 
of  3Ietaphthalmus, — hut  which,  since  it  has  not  yet  heen  either  puhlished  or 
defined,  I  have  altered  to  Metophthalmns  (as  the  more  correct  orthograj)hy), — is 
c-vidently  nearly  akin  to  Lathrklius,  though  at  the  same  time  with  abundant 
distinctive  cltaracters  of  its  own  which  must  altogether  separate  it,  generically, 
from  that  group.  Thus,  its  10-jointed  antcnnoe,  ^ith  then*  biarticulated  club,  in 
conjunction  with  the  remarkable  construction  of  its  eyes,  which  are  exceedingly 
convex  (although  minute),  and  placed  completely  on  the  upper  siu"face  of  the  head 
(the  lateral  edges  of  a\  hich  jn'oject  perceptibly  beyond  them),  are  points  amply 
sufficient,  even  alone,  to  separate  it  from  the  LctthrkUi, — with  which  nevertheless 
in  the  details  of  its  palpi  and  feet,  as  well  as  in  its  general  contour  and  deeply 
sculptured  siu-face,  it  is  coincident.  A  glance,  however,  at  the  diagnosis  avlLI  show 
that,  apart  from  the  more  conspicuous  points  just  aUuded  to,  there  are  other 
peculiarities,  albeit  less  apparent,  in  ^^  liich  it  does  in  reality  recede  from  Latliri- 
dius  very  considerably, — amongst  which,  its  total  freedom  from  \vings  and  the 
serrated  margins  of  its  hecal  should  be  especially  noticed.  Still,  it  is  unquestion- 
ably in  its  organs  of  siglit  that  its  most  extraordinary  feature  is  indicated,  which, 
from  their  anomalous  situation  and  diminutiAc  size,  and  in  the  paucity  of  the 
large  facets  which  unite  in  composing  them,  are  of  a  very  unusual  natiu-e.   This  type 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  193 

of  eye  (which  is  likewise  carried  out,  in  almost  every  respect  except  iti  position,  in 
Cholovocera)  is  of  extremely  rare  occurrence  in  the  Coleoptera :  and  since-  the 
sides  of  the  head  entii-ely  intercept  it  fi-om  below,  it  follows  that  the  insect  must 
be  incapable  of  perceiving  what  is  immediately  beneath  it;  and  it  would  be 
interesting  therefore  to  inquii-e  whether  its  habits  are  in  any  way  modified  so  as 
to  meet  this  restricted  arrangement  for  vision.  In  a  certain  degree  this  apparent 
deficiency  has  been  compensated  for  by  the  great  convexity  of  the  eye,  the  remote 
lenses  of  which  are  so  adjusted  as  to  form  somewhat  of  a  cone,  which  thus  not 
only  gives  the  creature  a  more  extended  horizon,  but  causes  also  objects  which  are 
placed  at  merely  a  very  short  distance  from  it  to  come  within  its  field  of  view.  I 
tliink  it  far  fi'om  unlikely  however  that  it  is  a  native  of  Ants'  nests,  or  at  least 
subterraneous  in  its  propensities, — the  single  example  which  has  hitherto  been 
detected  being  in  all  probability  a  chance  specimen,  astray  from  its  legitimate 
haimts ;  in  which  case,  many  of  the  above-mentioned  irregularities  become,  if  not 
actually  intelligible,  at  any  rate  in  accordance  vriih.  what  experience  tells  us  that 
under  such  cii-cumstances  we  may,  in  some  measure,  expect. 

In  my  dissection  of  this  minute  insect,  I  have  unfortxmately  failed  to  detect  the 
mandibles  :  but  the  remaining  particulars  of  its  structiu'e  will  more  than  suffice  to 
point  out  its  affinities, — if  indeed  there  could,  even  a  priori,  have  been  any  doubt 
regarding  them. 

155.  Metophthalmus  asperatus,  WoU.    (Tab.  IY.  fig.  4.) 

M.  parallelo-subovatus  rufus,  capite  prothoraceque  rugosis  insequalibus,  illo  subacuminato-porrecto  in 
fronte  binodoso  utrinque  costato  necnon  ad  latera  serrato,  hoc  ad  latera  serrato  rotundato  et  late 
complanato,  pone  medium  transversim  impresso,  in  dorse  convexo  sed  in  media  parte  ipsa  longi- 
tudinaliter  concavo,  elytris  rufo-piceis  profunda  punctato-striatis,  sutm-a  interstitiisque  alternis 
valde  elevatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  |-. 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem  sylvaticam,  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  d.  22  Jul.  a.d.  1850  a  meipso 
repertus. 

M.  elongate-ovate,  narrow,  somewhat  acuminated  anteriorly,  rufous,  and  a  little  shining.  Head  and 
prothorax  rough,  and  very  uneven  :  the  former  elongated,  and  considerably  acuminated  in  front  j 
crenulatedj  or  more  strictly  perhaps  serrated,  at  the  edges ;  with  an  elevated  and  slightly  curved 
ridge  on  either  side  from  the  inner  margin  of  the  eye  to  the  insertion  of  the  antenna,  and 
another,  almost  straight  and  less  evident  one  (being  perceptible  only  beneath  a  high  magnifying 
power),  between  it  and  the  lateral  edge,  and  extending  from  the  antenna  to  the  outer  margin  of 
the  eye ;  the  forehead  with  two  very  abbreviated  strise  (forming  minute  nodules)  in  the  centre, — 
which  are  nearly  confluent  at  their  commencement,  but  which  diverge  outwards,  in  the  direction 
of  the  mouth,  and  enclose  within  their  angle  a  minute  rounded  impression  somewhat  resembling 
an  ocellus ;  eyes  minute,  and  extremely  convex, — placed  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  head,  the 
lateral  margins  of  which  project  sensibly  beyond  them.    Prothorax  regularly  rounded  and  crenu- 

2  c 


19 i  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

lated  at  the  sides,  although  somewhat  wider  towards  the  posterior  than  the  anterior  portion ; 
Ukewise,  excessively  uneven  and  furrowed, — though  it  is  not  easy  to  perceive  the  exact  direction 
which  the  impressions  take ;  the  sides  however  are  very  broadly  flattened,  and  the  dorsal  portion 
is  elevated,  though  at  the  same  time  with  an  evident  and  wide  channel,  or  lougitudinal  groove, 
down  its  (otherwise)  highest,  or  central  portion  (especially  apparent  in  front) ;  this  groove  is 
inten-upted  behind  the  middle  by  a  transverse  one,  which  is  somewhat  more  distinct, — the  two 
intersecting  each  other  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  Elytra  considerably  darker  than  the  head  and 
prothorax,  being  rufo-piceous ;  rather  undulating  in  its  external  outhne ;  vei-y  deeply  jjunctate- 
striated  (the  punctures  being  exceedingly  large  and  distinct) ;  and  with  their  sutm-e  and 
alternate  interstices  considerably  raised.  Antenna,  mouth  and  legs  very  pale  rufous,  or  rufo- 
ferruginous. 

Apparently  extremely  rare ;  the  only  specimen  wliicli  I  liave  seen  liaA-ing  been 
captured  by  myself  in  the  north  of  Madeira,  by  brusliing  the  long  and  rank  grass 
at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  near  the  edges  of  the  precipitous  cliff-road  Ijctween 
Sao  Vincente  and  Seisal, — at  a  short  distance  from  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Ribcii-o 
de  Joao  Delgada, — on  the  22nd  of  July,  1850. 


Fam.  16.  MYCETOPHAGIDiE. 

Genus  66.  BERGINUS. 

(Dejean)  Erichson,  Nat.  do-  Ins.  Brutsch.  ill.  405  (1848). 

Curpus  minvitum  suboblongo-cjliudricuni,  pubescens :  prothorace  elytris  paulo  angustiore,  ad  latera 
minutissime  crenulato-marginato  (sed  baud  complanato) :  alis  amphs.  Antenna  capitis  pro- 
thoracisque  fere  longitudine,  clavatse  pilosse,  articulo  primo  robusto  subgloboso,  secundo  longiore 
graciliorc  subclavato,  tertio  huic  longitudine  requali  sed  graciliore,  inde  ad  nonum  paulatim  vix 
brevioribus  latitudine  suba;qualibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  laxam  perfoliatam  biarticulatam 
efficientibus  (decimo  magno  subpocidiformi,  ultimo  paido  angustiore  ovato  ad  apicem  oblique 
subtruncato).  Labrum  porrectum  subquadratum,  antice  rotundatum  vLx  emarginatum  ciliatum. 
MundibuliE  valida?  triangulares,  apice  acuta  bidentata;,  intus  basin  versus  membrana  tcnuissima 
auctae.  Maxilla  biloba; :  lobo  externa  magno  lato  subovato,  apice  vakle  pubcscenti  :  iiiternu 
breviore  angustissimo  valdc  pubescenti-pencillato.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  ])riiuc)  ))arvo, 
secundo  magno  elongato  subcla\ato,  tertio  breviore,  ultimo  magno  (fere  subsecuriformi)  sub- 
ovato apice  oblique  truncato  :  lubiales  robusti,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  maximo  crasso, 
ultimo  vix  breviore  sed  multo  graciliore  subcylindrico.  Mentum  amplum  transverso-quadratum, 
antice  integrum.  Ligula  ampla  lata,  apice  truncata  ciliata.  Pedes  graciles  :  tibiis  rectis,  apicem 
versus  leviter  dilatatis :  tnrsis  l-articulatis,  articulo  ])rimo  Icviter  elongato,  secundo  et  tertio 
brevioribus  suba;qualibus,  hoc  cmarginato  ultimum  elongatum  recipiente ;  unguiculis  simplicibus. 

Berginus  may,  I  think,  be  regarded  as  constituting  a  veiy  natui-al  passage 
between  the  Luthvidiada:  and  the  ^lycetophagkhc,  being  allied  to  both  of  them  in 
many  particulars  of  its  economy  and  structiu'c,  whilst  at  the  same  time  it  cnil)races 
the  entire  essential  characters  of  neither.  It  is  usually  however  placed,  and  per- 
haps rightly,  amongst  the  latter,  as  possessing  a  considerable  affinity  with  such 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  195 

genera  as  lAtargus  and  Typhcea, — though  it  is  almost  equally  impossible  to  over- 
look its  relationship  with  LathricUus  likewise,  to  which  in  its  general  contour  and 
habits,  as  well  as  in  the  largely-developed  penultimate  joint  of  its  labial  palpi,  it 
makes  a  decided  approach.  StUl,  its  tetramerous  feet  and  pubescent  body  (the 
former  of  which,  nevertheless,  do  not  appear  to  be  triartictdate  in  the  anterior 
male  pair),  in  conjimction  Avith  its  distinctly  bilobed  maxillte,  would  seem  (in  a 
choice  between  the  two  families)  to  remove  it  into  the  Ilycetoplmgicla;, — where 
indeed  it  is  stationed  by  Erichson,  alongside  the  genus  Typhcea,  which  is  in  all 
probability  its  most  correct  position. 

156.  Berginus  Tamarisci. 

B.  suboblongo-cylindricus  brunneo-ferrugineus  pubescens,  capite  prothoraceque  rugose  punctatis, 
hoc  elongato-subquadrato  ad  latera  minutissime  crennlato,  basi  foveola  rotundata  utrinque 
impresso,  elytris  rugose  subpunctato-striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^1. 

Berginus  Tamarisci,  Dejean,  in  lift. 

Habitat  in  locis  subinfevioribus  Maderae  australis,  prsesertim  in  cultis  vix  ab  urbe  Funcbalensi  remotis, 
tempore  vernali  uon  infrequens :  in  Portu  Sancto  praedominat,  qua  Aprili  exeunte  a.d.  1848  in 
clivis  graminosis  mox  infra  summum  ipsum  montem  Pico  de  Facho  dictum  copiose  collegi. 

B.  elongated,  parallel,  and  rather  cylindric,  reddish-brown,  pubescent,  and  nearly  opake.  Head  and 
prothorax  rugosely  punctured,— the  punctures  being  large,  a  good  deal  confluent,  and  not  at  all 
well-defined :  the  former  with  the  eyes  large  and  prominent :  the  latter  somewhat  elongate- 
quadrate  (though  with  the  hinder  angles  a  good  deal  rounded)  and  convex;  very  minutely 
margined  and  crenulated  at  the  edges ;  and  impressed  on  either  side,  at  the  base  (towards  the 
posterior  angles),  with  a  small,  though  distinct  and  rounded  fovea.  Elytra  parallel,  rugosely 
punctate-striated, — the  punctures  however  being  even  less  defined  still  than  those  of  the  head 
and  prothorax ;  and  with  the  interstices  (especially  in  front)  a  little  raised.  Antennce  and  legs 
(particularly  the  latter)  paler,  being  usually  dull  rufo-testaceous. 

By  no  means  an  uncommon  insect  thi'oughout  the  southern  districts  of  Madeii'a, 
below  the  elevation  of  about  800  feet, — though  more  attached  perhaps  to  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Funchal  than  elsewhere.  It  occurs  principally  amongst  old 
wood  in  waste  neglected  spots  within  the  cidtivated  regions,  often  frequenting 
gardens  and  vineyards, — under  which  circumstances  I  have  once  or  twice  captured 
it  in  that  of  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  at  the  Levada,  where,  if  I  mistake  not,  it  had 
issued  from  out  of  the  rotten  stalks  of  the  Datura.  On  the  little  hill  above  Santo 
Antonio,  known  as  the  Pico  do  Cardo,  I  observed  it  plentifully,  during  March 
1848,  in  the  decayed  stump  of  a  tree,  in  company  with  the  Ftinus  longicornis 
and  orhatus :  whilst  in  Porto  Santo  it  is  altogether  more  aloundant,  and  would 
seem  likewise  to  be  more  strictly  indigenous, — where,  in  April  and  May  of  the 
same  year,  I  took  it  in  profusion  by  brushing  the  short  grass  on  the  mountain- 

2  c  2 


196  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

slopes  of  the  Pico  tie  Faclio  (IGOO  feet  above  tlie  sea),  facing  the  south.  It  is  a 
species  of  Mediterranean  latitudes,  though  apparently  somewhat  scarce.  It  is 
recorded  in  the  south  of  France ;  and  I  possess  specimens,  also,  from  Sicily,  which 
agree  in  every  respect  with  the  Madeiran  ones,  except  that  they  are  just  perceptibly 
darker  in  their  colouring. 

Genus  67.  MICROCHONDRUS.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  2.) 
Gueriu-Meueville,  in  litt. 

Corpus  minutum,  ovatum,  convexum,  pubescens,  Jlycetscfe  affinitate  proximum  sed  ab  eo  (nisi  fallor) 
distinctum :  prothorace  lato,  ad  latera  minute  subcrenulato-marginato  :  alis  amplis.  Antenme 
capitis  pi'othoracisque  longitudlne,  clavatfe  pilosa;,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo,  subgloboso, 
pnecipuc)  robustis  longitudiiie  subtcqualibus  (hoc  subclavato),  tcrtio  ad  octavum  parns  sub- 
sequalibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  laxam  perfoliatam  triarticulataiu  efScientibus  (nono  et 
decimo  subsequalibus  subpocuHformibus,  ultimo  niagno  ovato  ad  apicem  oblique  truncato). 
Lnhrum  (IV.  2  a)  aiiipluin  transversuni,  antice  membranaccum  leviter  emarginatum  et  ciliatum. 
Mandibula  (IV.  2  b)  validje  incurva;,  apice  acuta  fortiter  bidentatsCj  intus  late  cmarginata;  et 
membrana  tenuissima  auctse.  Maxilla  (IV.  2  c)  bilobse :  lobo  externa  magno  lato  subovato  valde 
pubescenti :  interno  brevissimo  angusto  valde  pubesccnti,  apice  acutissimo  incurvo.  Palpi 
tnaxillares  articulo  primo  minute,  secundo  longiore  subclavato,  tcrtio  brenore  transverse,  ultimo 
clongato-subovato :  labiahs  (IV.  2  d)  robusti,  articulo  primo  minutissimo,  secundo  longiore 
crassiore  subclavato,  ultimo  maxinio  valde  inflate  globose  apice  truncate.  Menium  amplum 
transvcrso-subquadratum,  antice  leviter  angustatum  mcmbranaceum  integrum.  Liijula  ampla 
lata,  apice  vix  emarginata  valde  pubescens  ciliata.  Pedes  graciles :  tibiis  rectis,  apicem  versus 
leviter  dilatatis :  tarsis  (IV.  2/)  4-articulatis,  articulis  prime  et  secundo  inter  sc  arete  cou- 
junctis  (suturS,  segi-c  observanda),  ille  hoc  paido  bre\dore,  tertio  secundi  lengitudine  sed  paule 
angustiore,  ultimo  elongate  subclavato  unguiculis  simplicibus  munito. 

A  fitKph'i  pan'us,  et  ^j^ot'S/ao?  granum. 

The  insect  from  which  the  above  generic  diagnosis  has  been  drawn  out  is  inti- 
mately allied  to  3Ii/cetceo,  for  which  indeed  it  might,  at  first  sight,  be  easily 
mistaken.  After  a  careful  examination  however  of  the  various  parts  of  its  struc- 
ture, I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  it  may  perhaps  present  sufficient  differences  to 
warrant  its  separation  from  that  genus : — an  hjqiothesis  which  is  rendered  the 
more  probable  since  Mr.  Westwood  informs  mc  that  it  has  in  fact  been  already 
detached  liy  M.  Gudrin-^M^ncAille,  who  had  sui)plicd  him  with  a  copy  of  the 
dissections  from  his  vmpubUshed  manuscript,  which  appear  miquestionably,  in 
spite  of  certain  discrepancies,  to  belong  to  the  species  now  imder  consideration. 
Although  of  an  important  nature,  these  incongruities  are  nevertheless  such  as 
may  be  readily  accounted  for  in  objects  thus  small  and  difficult  of  observation ; 
and  it  was  not  untU  I  had  placed  them  beneath  the  highest  magnifying  poAver 
that  I  succeeded,  myself,  in  detecting  their  actual  condition.  Thus,  M.  Gueriu's 
details  represent  the  tarsi  as  composed  of  only  three  articulations,  and  the  inner 
maxillarv  lobe  as  obsolete  :  whereas  in  realitv  the  former  are  tetramcrous ;  and 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  197 

the  latter  certainly  exists,  although  in  a  very  diminutive,  or  rutUmentary  state. 
As  regards  the  feet,  the  truth  is  that  the  fii'st  two  joints  are  so  exactly  connected 
mter  se,  and  are  so  precisely  of  the  same  breadth  throughout,  that  even  the  micro- 
scope does  not  show  then*  line  of  demarcation  without  some  difficulty ;  biit  that  it 
is  to  be  perceived,  when  closely  looked  for,  there  cannot  be  the  remotest  doubt. 
Whilst  it  inust  be  admitted,  therefore,  that  the  points  of  deviation  from  Mycetcea 
are  considerably  reduced  from  what  they  were  originally  supposed  to  lie,  yet  there 
stUl  remain  many  distinctive  modifications  in  the  minutiae  of  its  oral  organs 
which,  when  combined  with  external  ones,  will  go  far,  I  uuagine,  towards  render- 
ing its  isolation  desirable.  Thus,  for  example,  the  enormously  developed  sub- 
globose  termiual  joint  of  its  labial  palpi  (which,  with  that  of  the  antennae,  is 
obliquely  truncated  at  its  apex),  added  to  its  transverse,  subemarginated  upper  lip, 
the  excessive  minuteness  of  the  inner  lobe  of  its  maxillae,  and  the  diflPerent  con- 
struction of  their  palpi,  are  all  of  them  features  which  recede  from  the  parallel 
ones  of  Mycetcea  :  whilst  its  ?f«margined  pvothorax  (the  sides  of  which,  however, 
are  obsoletely  crenulated),  and  the  total  exemption  of  its  elytral  punctures  from 
longitudinal  distribution,  would  still  farther  tend  to  remove  it  from  that  genus,^ — 
to  which  in  its  general  habits  it  manifestly  approximates. 

157.  Microchondrus  domuiun.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  2.) 
M.  ovatus  rufo-testaceus  nitidus  longe  sed  parce  pubescens,  prothorace  transverso  subtilissime  et 
pai-ce  punctulato,   ad  latera  minutissime  subcrenulato,  basi  fovea  valde  profunda  (extus  siib- 
costato-terminata)   utrinque  instructo,  elytris  vix  distinctius  punctulatis,  singulo  stria  suturali 
antice  ilexuosa  impresso,  antenuis  pedibusque  paulo  pallidioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |— 1. 

Microchonirus  domuiim,  G-uerin,  in  lift. 

Habitat  in  domibus  Funchalensibus,  rarissimus, — a  meipso  Novembri  mense  a.d.  1847  primo  detectus  : 
sed  in  Madera  boreali,  sub  cortice  arborum  in  castanetis  Sanctse  Annae,  sestate  a.d.  1850  paulo 
copiosiorem  obseiTavi. 

M.  ovate,  obtuse  both  before  and  behind,  rufo-testaceous,  shining  (especially  the  prothorax,  which  is 
brilliantly  polished),  and  sparingly  beset  (more  thickly  so  however  towards  the  sides)  with  long 
pile.  Head  and  prothorax  almost  inipunctate  (most  minutely  impressed  and  distant  points  being 
only  just  distinguishable  even  beneath  the  microscope) :  the  latter  broad,  transverse,  convex,  and 
widest  a  short  distance  in  front  of  its  extreme  base;  with  the  edges  rounded  and  a  little  recurved 
(and  appearing  beneath  a  high  magnifying  power  to  be  most  obscurely  subcrenulatcd)  ;  and 
deeply  impressed  on  either  side  behind  with  a  large  fovea,  which  is  abruptly  terminated  towards 
the  base  of  its  outer  limit  by  a  slightly  raised  line,  or  costa  (which  however  is  apparent  only 
when  the  insect  is  viewed  obliquely).  Elytra  broad  at  the  base,  and  with  the  lateral  margins 
about  the  shoulders  slightly  and  very  narrowly  recurved ;  the  punctures  larger  and  rather  more 
evident  than  those  of  the  head  and  prothorax,  but  with  no  tendency  whatsoever  to  be  disposed  ni 
rows;  and  with  an  impunctate  stria  on  each  alongside  the  suture, — and  parallel  to  it,  except  in 


198  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

front  where  it  is  considerably  curved  outwards.     Antenna  and  legs  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of 
the  surface,  being  testaceous. 

Independently  of  the  structural  characters  ali'eady  enumerated,  the  present 
insect  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  common  Mycetceu  liirta,  to  which  in  many 
respects  it  is  so  nearly  allied,  by  its  broader  and  less  acmninated  outline  (especially 
posteriorly),  by  its  shorter,  ^ider  and  more  shining  prothorax  (on  which  the  raised 
sublateral  costa,  which  is  so  conspicuous  in  that  genus,  is  but  faintly  expressed  by 
a  small,  obsciu-e,  and  exceedingly  abbreviated  ridge  on  either  side  beliind),  and  by 
its  vei-y  much  less  sculptured  smface, — its  elytra  (which  are  broad  at  their  base, 
and  hare  a  distinct  sutural  stria  on  each)  displaying  moreover  no  tendency  what- 
soever to  have  thcii'  pimctures  even  longitudinally  disposed,  and,  therefore, 
a  fortiori,  of  being  deeply  and  regularly  punctate-s^/v'«ie(Z  as  in  Ilycetcea.  It  is 
apparently  exceedingly  rare,  subsisting,  for  the  most  part,  about,  or  in  the  imme- 
diate Wciuity  of  dwellings.  I  tii-st  captui'ed  it,  in  November  of  1847,  in  a  house 
in  Funchal :  and  in  the  sunmicr  of  1850  several  specimens  occurred  to  me  beneath 
the  bark  of  an  old  Spanish  chestnut-tree  in  the  north  of  the  island, — in  Senhor 
Louiz  Acciaioly's  vineyard  at  Santa  Anna. 

Gemis  68.  TYPH^A. 
(Kirby)  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iu.  70  (1830). 

Corpus  par\Tim,  oblongum,  valde  pubesccns  :  prothorace  transverso,  postice  lato  elytris  arete  applicato  : 
alts  aniplis.  Antenna  capitis  prothoracisque  longitudiuc,  clavatie  pilosa;,  articulis  primo  et 
secundo  longitudine  subfequalibus  (illo  robusto  subgloboso),  tertio  graciliore,  inde  ad  octavum 
longitudine  levitcr  decrcscentibus  latitudine  crcscentibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  laxam  elon- 
gatam  perfoliatam  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (nono  et  decimo  subpoculiformibus,  ultimo  subovato 
basi  trancato).  Labrum  transversum,  antice  vix  integrum  cdiatum.  Mandibula  vaUdse,  apice 
acutse  bifidae,  intus  late  emarginatfc  et  membrana  tenuissima  auctae.  Maxilla  bilobae  :  lobo  externa 
magno,  apice  dilatato  valde  pubescenti :  interna  breviore  angusto,  apice  pubescenti-pencillato. 
Palpi  maxillares  articulo  prinio  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  longioribus  crassis  subsequalibus,  lUtimo 
elongato  subfusiformi  apice  oblique  tnmcato  :  labiales  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  paulo 
longiore  subclavato,  ultimo  elongato  fusiform!  apice  recte  truncato.  Mentum  subquadrato-trans- 
vcrsum,  apice  integrum.  Liyula  ampla  lata  cornea,  apice  pubesccns  vix  emarginata.  Pedes 
graciles  pilosi :  tibiis  sctosis  et  apicem  versus  parcc  spinulosis,  anticis  vix  rectis  apice  leviter 
dilatatis :  tarsis  4-articulatis  (anticis  in  maribus  3-articulatis)  fihformibus,  in  utroque  sexu 
articulo  primo  (praesertim  in  pasticis)  longiusculo. 

Ty2>h(ca  (characterized  wrongly  by  Stephens  in  1830,  and  rightly  by  Curtis  in 
1838)  is  very  nearly  aUied,  in  its  structural  details,  to  Litargiis.  It  may  however 
be  known  by  its  pallid  hue,  by  its  oblong  and  exceedingly  pubescent  body,  and  by 
its  robust  and  corneous  ligula.  The  basal  joint  of  aU  its  tarsi  is  much  less  elon- 
gated than  in  Litargus,  whilst  that  of  the  front  male  pair  is,  lilvcwise,  not  so  broad. 
In  its  habits  it  is  more  fungivorous  than  subcortical;  nevertheless   it  is  often 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  199 

found  in  flowers,  and  is  very  active  on  the  wing.     Like  the  following  genus,  it 
retains  all  the  characters  of  the  typical  Mycetophagida. 

158.  Typhaea  fumata. 
T.  oblonga  testacea  subnitida  valde  pubesceus,  prothorace  traosverso,  elytris  rugulosis  piloso-seriatis, 

antennis  pedibusque  vix  pallidioribus. 
Long,  coi-p.  lin.  1;^. 

Dermestes  fumatus,  Linn.  Sjst.  Nat.  ii.  56i  (1767) . 

Mycetophagiis  fumatus,  G-yll.  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  399  (1813). 

Typlima  testacea  et  tomentosa,  Stepb.  111.  Brit.  Unt.  iii.  71  (1830). 

fumata,  Ciirtis,  Srit.  Enf.  xv.  702  (1838). 

,  Sturm,  Beutsch.  Fna,  xix.  35.  tab.  318  (1847). 

Habitat  Maderam,  mibi  non  obvia ;  nuperrime  a  Dom.  Rousset  communicata. 

T.  oblong,  testaceous,  very  slightly  shining,  and  densely  clothed  with  long  and  pale  pubescence. 
Head  and  prothorax  deeply  punctured  :  the  latter  a  little  narrowed  iu  front,  but  wide  behind, 
where  it  is  of  the  same  breadth  as  tlie  elytra,  and  closely  appUed  to  them.  Elytra  rather  rough 
or  wrinkled,  obscurely  punctured,  the  punctm-es  having  merely  a  very  slight  tendency  to  be 
disposed  in  rows ;  and  with  the  pubescence  very  distinctly  seriate.  AntenruE  and  legs  a  httle 
paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

Apparently  very  rare  (although  abvmdant  throughout  the  whole  of  Europe), 
having  hitherto  entkely  escaped  my  o\vn  observations  in  the  Madeka  Islands. 
The  only  specimens  which  I  have  seen  have  been  lately  communicated  to  me  by 
M.  Rousset,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  many  additions  to  the  entomological 
fauna  of  the  group.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  confusion  regarding  its  synonymy, 
o^\dng  partially  perhaps  to  the  Linnsean  description  and  type  not  altogether 
tallying.  That  the  Dermestes  fumatus  is  really  however  the  present  insect  is 
evident  from  a  specimen  still  in  existence,  with  the  original  label  attached  to  it,  in 
the  Linnaean  collection, — as  was  also  remarked  by  Gyllenhal,  on  the  au.thority  of 
Kii'by,  who,  it  would  seem,  likewise  noticed  the  discrejmncy  between  the  diagnosis 
and  its  representative.  The  Dermestes  fumatus  of  Marsham,  although  supposed 
both  by  liimself  and  others  to  be  the  Linnaean  species,  is  the  Mycetcea  hirta  of 
European  cabinets, — Marsham  having  apparently  transcribed  Linnaeus's  description 
and  referred  a  wronsr  insect  to  it. 


■'o 


Genus  69.  LITARGUS.    (Tab.  IY.  %.  5.) 

Erichson,  Nat.  der  Lis.  Deutscli.  iii.  -±15  (1848). 

Corpus  parvum,  eUipticum,  Isete  picto-variegatum :  prothorace  transverso,  postice  lato  elytris  arete 
applicato  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  capitis  prothoracisque  vix  longitudine,  clavatse  pilosfe,  articulis 
primo,  secundo  et  tertio  longitudine  subsequalibus  (primo  leviter  robustiore,  tertio  graciliore 
subclavato),  quarto  ad  octavum  longitudine  decrescentibus  latitudine  vix  crescentibus,  reliquis 


200  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

clavam  magnam  laxam  elongatara  perfoliatam  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (nono  subquadrato, 
decimo  subquadrato-transverso,  ultimo  subovato  basi  truncato).  Labrum  transversum,  antice 
integrum  parce  ciliatum.  Mandibula  valida;,  apice  acutse  bifida;,  intus  late  emarginatse  et  mem- 
brana  tenuissima  auctje.  Maxilla  bilobse  :  lobo  extemo  magno,  apice  dilatato  valdc  j)ubcscenti : 
interno  breviore  minuto  angusto,  apice  pubcscenti-pencillato.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo 
brevi  flexuoso,  secundo  et  tertio  longioribus  crassis  subfequalibus,  ultimo  elongate  subovato  apice 
oblique  tnincato :  labiates  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  paulo  longiore  subclavato,  ultimo 
eiongato  subfusiformi  apice  recte  truncato.  Mentum  amplum  subquaJi'atum,  apice  integrum  et 
Icviter  rotundatum.  Ligula  ampla  lata  membranacea,  apice  leviter  emarginata  pubescens  ciliata. 
Pedes  valde  cursorii,  graciles  pilosi :  tibiis  anticis  subrectis  apice  leviter  dilatatis,  posterioribus 
rectis  extus  sctosis  et  (in  specie  Madercnsi  saltcni)  ad  apicem  ipsura  pectinato-spinulosis :  tarsis 
4-articulatis  [anticis  in  maribus  3-articulatis,  articulo  primo  latiore),  posteriuribus  filiformibus ; 
omnibus  in  utroque  sexu  articulo  primo  eiongato  (in  anterioribus  ultimi  longitudine  sed  in  posticis 
ultimo  multo  longiore),  secundo  minore,  tertio  paulo  breviore,  ultimo  subclavato  unguiculis  sim- 
plicibus  munito. 

The  exceedingly  elegant  insect  wliicli  represents  the  present  genus  in  Madeu'a 
(lilTcrs  so  ^^idely  from  every  other  member  of  the  Coleoptera  with  which  we  are 
here  concerned,  that  even  its  specific  characters  would  more  than  suffice  to  identify 
it.  Nevertheless,  it  may  be  desu-ablc  to  state  that  the  main  featiu-es  Avhich  eom- 
Ijiuc  in  separating  Litargus  from  the  rest  of  the  typical  Mycetophagidcc  are,  its 
entire  eyes  (which  arc  not  emarginated  anteriorly,  as  is  the  case  vrith  those  of 
Mycetoj)h((gus  and  TrijjJiyllus),  the  triarticulated  club  of  its  antenna?,  and  its 
membranous  and  anteriorly-subemai-giaated  ligida.  It  is  the  only  normal  genus 
of  the  Mycetophagidce  (the  discovery  of  TyphcBa  being  due  to  M.  Eousset)  which  I 
have  myself  detected  in  these  islands, — the  construction  of  its  tarsi,  which  are 
com])osed  of  three  joints  only  in  the  anterior  male  pau-,  the  remainder  being 
quacb'iarticulate,  entirely  according  with  the  family  diagnosis  as  rigidly  defined. 
The  group  was  established  by  Erichson  in  1818,  to  embrace,  amongst  other  species 
(extra-European),  the  Mycetophagus  bifasciatus  of  Eabricius,  an  insect  by  no  means 
uncommon  in  Germany  and  France,  and  with  which  in  all  its  piu-cly  structm'al 
details  the  one  now  under  consideration  strictly  coincides.  In  external /rtc/^s  how- 
ever there  are  a  few  particulars  m  Avliich  it  recedes  fi'om  it,  such  as,  for  instance, 
the  basal  angles  of  its  pronotum  not  being  produced,  and  its  elj'tra  being  punctate- 
striatecl,  as  well  as  in  the  extreme  apex  of  its  four  hinder  tibiae  being  fringed  with 
minute  spines ; — but  these  are  characters  Avhich  can  scarcely  be  looked  upon  as 
of  generic  signification,  and  hence  I  have  no  hesitation  in  regarding  it  as  a  true 
Zitargiis.  The  Litargi  seem  to  be  more  peculiar  to  Mediterranean  than  to  northern 
latitudes ;  and  I  have  been  informed  by  M.  Leon  Fairmaire,  of  Paris,  that  he  has 
lately  received  two  undescribed  forms,  somewhat  allied  to  the  L.  picliis,  from  Sicily 
and  Algeria. 


■T)^ 


159.  Litargns  pictus,  Jfolt.    (Tab.  IV.  fii,'.  5.) 
L.  cllipticus   niger  vel  nigro-piceus   subnitidus  pubescens,  prothorace  brevi    trausverso,    lateribus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  201 

elytrorum  punctato-striatorum  maculis  parvis  fasciisque  variis  interruptis,  antennarum  basi  pedi- 
busque  rufo-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  mas,  ly-l|^ :  fcem.  l|-2. 

Habitat  per  partem  Maderae  sylvaticam,  inter  2000'  et  4000'  s.  m.,  sub  cortice  arborum  laxo  non  in- 
frequens :  specimen  unicum  etiam  in  horto  Loweano  prope  Funchal  (vespere  volitans)  deprebensi, 
— illic  forsan  e  regione  montana,  arboratoribus  casu  deportatum. 

L.  elliptical  (or  perhaps  slightly  more  acuminated  behind  than  before),  black  or  piceous-black,  slightly 
shining,  and  clothed  with  a  short  but  robust  pubescence.  Head  and  prot/ioi-ax  deeply  punc- 
tured :  the  latter  narrowed  in  front  but  wide  behind,  where  it  is  of  the  same  breadth  as  the  elytra 
and  closely  applied  to  them ;  the  posterior  margin  nearly  straight  (the  basal  angles  not  being 
at  all  produced  as  in  the  typical  Litargi) ;  the  edges,  especially  the  lateral  ones,  more  or  less 
broadly  and  distinctly  rufo-testaceous ;  with  a  deep  fovea  on  either  side  of  the  hinder  disk,  which 
does  not  however  extend  to  the  posterior  margin.  Elytra  deeply  punctate-striated,  and  with  the 
interstices  minutely  punctulated ;  with  the  lateral  margins  and  a  quantity  of  detached  patches 
(which  have  rather  the  tendency  to  form  aii  interrupted  anterior,  and  a  somewhat  less  broken 
postmedial,  fascia)  bright  rufo-testaceous.  AntenruE  at  base,  and  the  legs  testaceous  ;  the  former 
with  their  club  (except  the  apical  half  of  the  terminal  joint)  darkly  infuscated ;  and  the  latter 
with  their  hinder  tibife  sometimes  a  little  dusky. 

A  triily  indigenous  and  distinct  lAtargus,  and  by  no  means  uncouunon  through- 
out the  sylvan  regions  of  Madeira  between  the  limits  of  from  2000  to  aboixt  4500 
feet  above  the  sea.  I  have  rarely  observed  it  below  the  former  of  those  altitudes ; 
although  I  once  detected  a  single  specimen  even  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Fun- 
chal (in  the  E-ev.  E/.  T.  Lowe's  garden  at  the  Levada),  attracted  by  the  light  of  a 
candle  into  an  open  window,  after  twUight : — that  specimen  however,  I  have  but 
little  doubt  was  an  accidental  one,  brought  dovni  perchance  from  the  moimtains 
through  the  agency  of  the  wood-cutters,  or  by  some  other  means  equally  the  result 
of  chance.  It  is  found  for  the  most  part  beneath  the  loose  bark  of  trees, — under 
which  circumstances  I  have  taken  it  abundantly  diu'ing  the  summer  months  in 
the  districts  of  the  Ribeiro  Frio  and  the  Panal ;  as  also,  on  the  18th  of  February 
1819,  in  the  Boa  Ventura :  and  in  July  1850  it  was  extremely  plentiful  at  the 
Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  In  point  of  size,  the  males  are  a  trifle  smaller  than  the 
females;  but,  as  regards  rarity,  both  sexes  would  appear  to  be  pretty  evenly 
distributed,  since  out  of  forty-six  specimens  fi-om  which  the  above  description  has 
been  compiled,  twenty-five  are  males  and  twenty-one  females.  Although  its 
habits  are  typically  subcortical,  it  may  be  occasionally  extracted  from  the  very 
interior  of  soft  decomposed  wood, — a  mode  of  life  which  would  seem  to  be  espe- 
ciaUy  denoted  in  insects  of  an  elliptical  form ;  and  which  is  carried  to  its  maximum 
in  such  genera  as  Flceosoma  and  Cerylou,  in  which  the  unangalar  and  boat-shaped 
bodies,  so  eminently  adapted  for  forcing,  rather  than  gnaicing  theu-  way  (like  the, 
more  cylindrical,  Xyloplmgi)  through  a  spongy,  or  porous  medium,  is  still  further 
qualified  by  the  excessive  smoothness  of  their  surface,  which  off'ers,  consequently, 
no  resistance  to  their  progress. 

2d 


202  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


Fam.  17.  DERMESTID^. 

Genus  70.  DERMESTES. 
Linnteus,  Si/st.  JS^at.  ii.  501  (17G7). 

Corpus  mediocre,  oblongum,  convexum  :  prothorace  postice  lato  dytris  arete  applieato,  necnon  in 
medio  obtuse  lobato :  alls  amplis.  Antennte  breves  (capite  paulo  longiores)  clavatse  pilosse, 
artieulo  primo  subovato  crasso,  secundo  ad  septimum  paulatim  miiuitioribus  vix  suba;qualibus, 
octavo  brcvi  transverso  subpatelliformi,  reliquis  elavam  magnam  ovatam  triarticulatam  efficientibus 
(ultimo  antecedente  angustiore  minore).  Labrum  transversum,  antice  emarginatum  ciliatum. 
Mandihulte  validse  eurtse  crassa;,  apice  vix  bidentataj,  intus  ad  basin  emarginatse  ct  membrana 
pilosa  aucta;.  Maxilla  bilobse  :  loho  externa  lato,  apice  valde  pubesceuti :  inferno  ineurvo  un- 
cinato,  intus  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares,  artieulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  sub- 
aequalibus,  ultimo  elongato  subfusiforini  apice  truneato :  labiules  artieulo  primo  minuto,  secundo 
magno  subclavato,  ultimo  majore  subcylindrico.  Mentum  amplum,  oblongum  postice  truncatum, 
apice  vix  emarginatum.  Ligula  ampla  lata  cordata.  Pedes  gracdes  retractUes :  tibiis  extus 
setoso-spinulosis,  anticis  subrectis  apice  versus  leviter  dilatatis,  posterioribus  rectis  :  tarsis  articulis 
quatuor  baseos  subsequalibus. 

The  common  genus  Dermestes  may  be  kno^^^l  by  the  thick,  oblong  forms  of  the 
insects  which  compose  it,  and  which  are  ahnost  equally  roimded  at  either  extre- 
mity, and  are,  most  of  them,  more  or  less  mottled  with  closely-set  sericeous  pUe. 
The  club  of  their  antenna;  is  ovate  and  does  )iot  vary  in  the  sexes,  and  the  first 
fom-  joints  of  all  then-  tarsi  are  subcqual.  The  species  are  found  principally  in 
skins,  or  amongst  bones,  furs,  and  other  animal  substances, — whether  in  a  par- 
tially dried  state  or  prepared  by  art;  as  likewise  about  larders,  and  in  houses 
generally,  where  they  often  commit  considerable  damage. 

160.  Dermestes  vulpinus. 

D.  oblongus  niger  subflavcscenti-cinereo-pubescens,  prothorace  ad  latera  densius  pubescenti;  subtus 
niveo-villosus,  segmento  penultimo  tuberculo  medio  rotundato  picco  instructo,  et  ultimo  vitta 
media  nigra  longitudinal!  lata  ornato  necnon  ad  apieem  (cum  scutello)  fulvo-pubescenti ;  elytro 
singulo  ad  apieem  ipsum  mucronato,  antenuarum  basi  pedibusque  picescentibus. 

Long.  cOrp.  lin.  3-45. 

Dermestes  vulpinus,  Fab.  Spec.  Ins.  i.  6-1  (1781). 

,  OUv.  Ent.  ii.  9.  8.  pi.  1.  fig.  6  (1790). 

,  Gyll.  7«.s.  Sure.  i.  147  (1808). 

— ,  Steph.  HI.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  123  (1830). 

Habitat  in  urbe  Fuucbalensi,  ex  alienis  introductus :  specimen  uuicum  per  acrem  volitaus  autumno 
A.D.  1847  deprehensit  Rev''"'  Dom.  Lowe. 

D.  oblong,  black,  slightly  shining,  closely  and  minutely  puuctulated  all  over,  and  clothed  with  a  short 
yellowish-cinereous,  or  somewhat  griseous  pubescence.     Prothorax:  with  the  pubescence  towards 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  203 

the  sides  longer,  much  denser,  and  slightly  paler  than  that  of  the  elytra, — the  disk  being  almost 
denuded.  Body  beneath  densely  beset  with  sno^vy-white  pubescence,  with  a  black,  subdenuded 
marginal  spot  at  either  lateral  edge  of  each  of  the  abdominal  segments,  with  a  round  piceous 
tubercle  in  the  centre  of  the  penultimate  one,  and  with  a  broad  longitudinal  dark  subglabrous 
vitta  on  the  ultimate  one, — the  apex  of  which  is  more  or  less  beset  (like  the  scutellum)  with  a 
fulvescent,  or  golden-brown  pile.  Antenn(B  and  legs  piccscent, — the  basal  portion  of  \\ie  former, 
and  the  tarsi  of  the  lattei-  being  paler,  or  more  rufescent. 

An  insect  almost  cosmopolitan  in  its  distribution,  being  a  universal  attendant 
on  commerce  throughout  the  civilized  world.  It  aboufids  amongst  merchandise  of 
various  kinds  in  Eiu'ope  and  America,  and  it  was  captured  by  Dr.  Horsfield  in 
Java.  I  have  seen  hitherto  but  a  single  Madeiran  specimen, — which  was  taken  in 
Funchal,  on  the  wing,  by  the  Eev.  R.  T.  Lowe  in  the  autumn  of  1847 ;  but  as  it 
is  manifestly  an  imported  species,  no  very  great  interest  can  attach  to  it, — since  it 
would  probal^ly  be  found  in  sufficient  numbers  were  the  proper  localities  inves- 
tigated which  its  destructive  habits  render  bitt  too  necessary  for  its  sustenance. 

Genus  71.  ATTAGENUS. 

Latreille,  Gen.  Crust,  et  Lis.  ii.  32  (1802). 

Corpus  sat  parvum,  ovale,  convexum  :  prothorace  postice  lato  elytris  arete  applicato,  necnon  in  medio 
ssepius  subacute  lobato :  alls  amplis.  AnteniuE  breviusculse  clavatre  pilosffi,  articulo  primo  sub- 
ovato  crasso,  secundo  miuore  subgloboso,  inde  ad  septimum  minutis  longitudine  vix  decrescentibus, 
octavo  brevi  transverso  paulo  latiore,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  elongatam  triarticulatam  efficien- 
tibus,  ultimo  in  marc  elongatissimo,  in  foemina  ovato  basi  truncato,  in  utroque  sexu  antecedente 
multo  longiore.  Labrum  transversum,  autice  integrum  ciliatum.  Mandibulm  validse  curtfe 
crassse,  apice  denticulatse,  intus  ad  basin  integrse  et  membrana  ciliat4  angusta  auctse.  Maxilla 
bilobfe :  lobo  externo  lato,  apice  valde  pubescenti :  interna  incurvo  uncinato,  intus  ciliato.  Palpi 
maxillares  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  (iUo  hoc  paulo  longiore),  ultimo 
elongate  fusiformi  apice  acuminato-subtruncato :  labiales  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  majore 
crassiore,  ultimo  elongato  fusiformi  apice  acuminato-subtruncato.  Mentiim  aniplum,  subqua- 
dratum  antice  angustatum,  apice  leviter  productum.  Liyula  ampla  lata  cordata.  Pedes  graciles 
retractQes :  tibiis  extus  seriato-spinulosis,  anticis  subrectis  apicem  versus  leviter  dilatatis,  poste- 
rioribus  rectis :  tarsis  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  in  posterioribus  elongato. 

The  Attac/eiii  may  be  readily  kno^vn  from  Dermestes  by  their  smaller  size,  by 
the  hinder  margin  of  theii-  prothorax  being  usually  more  acutely  jDroduced,  or 
sinuated,  in  the  centre,  and  by  the  proportions  of  their  antennae  and  trophi, — the 
former  of  which  are  dissimilar  in  the  sexes,  whilst  the  latter  differ  in  having  the 
upper  lip  entire,  the  mandibles  less  emarginated  at  theu*  inuer  base,  and  the  ter- 
minal joint  of  the  palpi  longer  and  more  aciuninated  than  is  the  case  in  that 
group.  The  four  hinder  feet,  moreover,  oi  Attageniis  have  their  second  joint  much 
more  elongated  than  (the  ultimate  one,  of  course,  excepted)  any  of  the  remainder, 
— a  character  indeed  which  at  once  separates  it  from  the  other  genera  of  the 
Dermestid(^, 

2d  2 


204  IXSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

161.  Attagenus  megatoma. 

A.  ovalis  piceo-niger,  supra  nigro-,  iulra  subcinereo-flavescenti-pubescens,  auteiinarum  basi  pcdibus- 

que  rufo-ferrugineis. 

Mas,  antennanim  articulo  ultimo  elongato  subcylindrico. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  lf-2. 

Dermestes  megatoma.  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  v.  Suppl.  71  (1798). 

,  Dufts.  Fna  Austr.  iii.  40  (1825). 

Attafjeiius  megatoma,  Sturm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xix.  76.  tab.  355.  fig.  c  (1847). 
,  Ericii.  .VaC.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  441  (1848). 

Habitat  in  domibus  Madenc,  rarissimus  :  duo  specimina  a  Doin.  Heinecken  olim  capta  amicissiiue 
communicavit  Rev*""'  Dom.  Lowe. 

A.  short,  oval,  slightly  shining,  piceous-black,  very  closely  and  minutely  punctulated  all  over  (less 
distinctly  so  however  than  the  D.  vulpinus),  and  clothed  (above)  with  a  black  pubescence.  Body 
beneath  more  or  less  densely  beset  with  a  somewhat  ashy-yellow  pubescence.  Antenna  and  legs 
rufo-f(M'rugiuous  ;  the  former  with  their  club  somewhat  darker. 

Two  specimens  only  of  this  insect  have  hitherto  conic  beneath  my  notice, — 
which  were  captured  many  years  ago  (probably  in  Funchal)  l>y  the  late  Dr.  Hei- 
necken, from  whose  collection  they  were  presented  to  me  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe. 
Being  extremely  old,  and  in  a  somewhat  imperfect  state,  they  are  not  very  satis- 
factory subjects  for  examination :  nevertheless  I  have  no  doubt  but  that  they  are 
correctly  referred  to  the  A.  megatoma  of  European  cabinets, — from  Silesian 
examples  of  which  in  my  jjossession  they  do  not  appear  at  all  to  differ,  unless 
indeed  it  be  that  their  blackness  is  slightly  less  intense  (the  result  perchance  of 
immatimty, — and  answering  to  the  var.  /3.  of  Duftschmidt's  Fauna  Auslriaca), 
and  that  their  ^irothorax  is  perhaps  just  perceptil)ly  shorter  than  is  there  the  case. 
Like  most  of  the  Dermestklw,  it  is  a  species  liable  to  transmission  -^-ith  mer- 
chandise ;  so  that  it  has  consequently  obtained  for  itself  a  wdde  geograjihical 
range, — being  recorded  by  Erichson  from  Syria,  North  America,  and  the  West 
Indian  Islands*. 

Genus  72.  ANTHRENUS. 

GKjoflroy,  Hist,  ties  Ins.  i.  113  (17G1). 

Corpus  parvum,  fere  orbiculatum  (subtus  valde  coiivexum),  squamis  dcciduis  variegatum  :  capite  parvo 
inflcxo,  ad  prosternuni  applicando,  et  occUo  frontali  instructo  :  prothorace  posticc  lato  clytris  arete 

*  In  Dejean's  Catalogue  there  is  an  insect  quoted  as  coming  li-oiu  Jhuleira,  mider  the  name  of  Noso- 
ilendron  Maderense,  Faldermami,  and  given  as  a  synonym  of  the  Attagcniis  ohtusus  of  Gylleuhal.  I 
possess  specimens  of  the  true  A.  ohttisus  (Schonlierr)  from  Algeria,  which  are  altogether  distinct  from  the 
present  species;  and  since  I  have  no  reason  to  believe  that  any  Attageniis,  except  the  megatoma,  has 
liitherto  occurreil  in  JNIadeira,  I  should  be  iucliucd  to  suspect  that  some  mistake  has  arisen  in  either  the 
identification  or  the  locality  of  Faldermann's  insect. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  205 

applicato,  necnon  in  medio  acute  lobato  (z.  e.  in  angulum  medium  producto)  :  scutello  minu- 
tissimo,  ifigre  observando  :  alts  amplis.  Antenna  brevissimse  (capitis  longitudiiie)  clavatse,  in 
fovea  sub  margine  pvothoracis  inter  otium  repositfe,  articulis  primo  et  ^ecundo  robustis,  mde 
ad  octavum  minutis  subaequalibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  subsolidam  triarticulatam  efficien- 
tibus.  Labrum  transversum,  antice  integrum  rotuudatum  ciliatum.  Mandibula  validre  curtse 
arcuatjE  acuta;.  Maxilla  bilobre  :  lobo  externa  pubescenti :  interno  setaceo,  intus  ciliato.  Palpi 
iiliformes,  articulo  ultimo  cylindrico  apice  truncato.  Mentum  amplum,  subquadratum  antice 
angustatum,  apice  \dx  emarginatum.  Li</ula  lata  cordata.  Pedes  breves  gracillimi  retractiles  : 
femoribus  tibiisqae  (insecto  quieto)  corpori  arete  applicandis :  tarsis  liberis,  articulis  quatuor 
baseos  subsequalibus. 

Anthreniis  is  supposed  to  constitute  a  passage  between  tlie  present  family  and 
the  ByrrUdcB,  agreeing  with  the  former  ia  the  structiu-e  and  habits  of  its  larvse, 
and  in  the  squamose,  variegated  surface  and  slender  Umbs  of  its  imago ;  whilst  ia 
the  contractility  of  its  legs  and  antennse  (which  is  more  perfect  than  in  the  re- 
mainder of  the  Dermestklce, — albeit  not  complete,  since  the  tarsi  are  free),  and  in 
its  s-eneral  subglobose  contour  it  assimilates  the  latter.  In  their  modes  of  life 
moreover  the  species  are,  likewise,  somewhat  intermediate  between  Dermestes  and 
Byrrhus,  being  found  not  only  amongst  skins,  bones,  furs,  &c.,  but  also  in  the 
open  country  on  the  flowers  of  Umbelllferw,  or  even,  occasionally,  like  the  true 
Byrrlii,  adhering  to  the  undersides  of  stones  in  grassy  spots. 

162.  Anthrenus  varius. 

A.  suborbiculatus  niger  vel  fusco-niger  et  squamis  luteis  variegatus,  prothorace  circa  angulos  posticos 
necnon  ad  angulum  ipsum  medium  niveo-squamoso,  elytris  fasciis  tribus  undatis  (plus  minusve 
distinctis)  niveo-squamosis  ornato ;  subtus  squamis  niveis  dcnsius  tectus ;  antennis  pedibusque 
nigris. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  \-\^- 

Anthrenus  Verhasci,  Oliv.  (nee  Liim.  1767)  i:nt.  ii.  14.  7.  pi.  1.  fig.  2a-d  (1790). 

mriiis,  Y&h.Snt.  S//st.  i.  262  (1792). 

,  Stiirm,  Deutsch.  Fna,  ii.  127  (1807). 


Verbasci,  Hear,  Fna  Col  Helv.  i.  441  (1841). 

varius,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Deutsch.  iii.  455  (1848). 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  circa  domos  vel  inter  flores  in  hortis  Funchalensibus,  tempore  vernali 
vulgaris. 

A.  suborbicular,  black  or  brownish-black,  and  with  the  entire  upper  surface  more  or  less  densely 
clothed  with  luteous  or  golden-yellow  scales.  Prothorax  with  the  region  about  the  hmder 
angles,  and  a  minute  spot  at  the  central  angle  of  the  posterior  margin  with  the  scales  more  or 
less  snowy-white.  Ebjtra  with  three  transverse,  flexuous,  or  zigzag  fasciae  (sometimes  a  good 
deal  interrupted,  and  occasionally  altogether  obliterated),  likewise,  composed  of  white  scales. 
Body  beneath  with  the  scales  very  thickly  set,  and  almost  entirely  white, — a  small  basal  space  at 
either  lateral  edge  of  each  of  the  abdominal  segments  (near  which  there  are  indications,  also,  of  a 
few  scattered  yellowish  scales)  being  alone  dark.     Antenna  and  legs  black. 


206  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Much  confusion  seems  to  have  arisen  in  the  synonjiny  of  the  Anthreni* , — 
owing  partially  perhaps  to  the  perishable  nature  of  theii"  scales,  and  their  conse- 
quent liability  to  become  more  or  less  denuded  of  them,  under  which  cu-cum- 
stanccs  many  of  the  species  exliibit,  prima  facie,  but  slight  differences  from  each 
other.  TMien  in  that  condition  the  A.  variiis  and  nutseorum  might  be  ahnost 
confounded  inter  se,  did  not  other  characters  than  the  arrangement  of  their 
pubescence  exist  to  separate  them.  In  aU  instances,  however,  the  entirely  black 
legs  and  antennse  of  the  former  will,  apart  from  its  rather  larger  size  and  its 
normal  tendency  to  be  more  densely  clothed  with  golden-yellow  scales,  serve  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  latter.  The  present  insect  is  very  abundant  at  times  in 
the  vicinity  of  Funchal, — particularly  in  gardens  during  the  spring,  where  it  may 
be  often  observed  in  the  flowers  of  the  common  moutlily  rose :  and  in  April  of 
1851  it  was  captm'cd  by  Professor  Heer  from  the  blossoms  of  apple-trees.  It  is 
universally  distributed  over  Em-ope,  and  occm-s  likemse  in  the  Canary  Islands. 


Sectio  v.  CORDYLOCERATA. 
Fam.  18.  BYRRHIDiE. 

Genus  73.  SYNCALYPTA. 

(DiUwyn)  Stojili.  7//.  Brit.  Eiit.  iii.  133  (1830). 

Corpus  miuutum,  orbiculato-ovatum,  couvcxum,  plus  miuusve  tomentosum  setisque  rigidis  adspersum  : 
capite  retracto  inflexo,  ad  prosternum  applicando :  prothorace  postice  lato  elytris  arete  applicato  ; 
prosterno  antice  producto :  alis  (in  speeiebus  Maderensibus)  obsoletis.  Antenna  breves  (capite 
paulo  longiores)  elavatfc,  in  fovea  prostcrni  inter  otium  repositse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo 
robustis  subcylindricis,  inde  ad  octavum  (in  speeiebus  typieis  niinutis  sub;eqiialibus,  sed  in 
nostris)  longitudine  decrescentibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  subsolidam  triarticulatam  efficientibus 
(nono  parvo  transverse,  deeimo  majore,  ultimo  maximo  globoso  vel  ovato).  Labrum  breve  trans- 
versum.     Mandibuhe  curtre,  apice  denticulatfe,  intus  basi  profundc  sinuatse.     Maxill<e  biloba; : 


*  The  Anthreniis  -with  which  we  arc  liere  concerned  has  usually  stood  under  the  name  of  Verhasci, 
Linn.,  having  been  supposed  to  be  identical  with  the  Byrrhus  Verhasci  oi  i\\e  Systema  Xaturce  {x.it.  1767), 
— wliich  in  realitv'  however  is  a  totally  diilcrent  insect.  In  point  of  foct,  Olivier  was  the  first  to  charac- 
terize it  (In  1790)  ;  but  since  he  fell  into  the  error  (wliioli  has  since  been  generally  endorsed)  of  referring 
it  to  the  B.  Verbasci  of  Linnaeus,  liis  description,  so  far  at  least  as  tlie  name  is  concerned,  becomes  void, 
and  we  are  compelled  to  accept  the  Fabrieian  one  of  varius  (published  in  1792)  instead.  Linnseus's 
Byrrlius  Verbasci  is  (as  rightly  conjectured  by  Erichson)  the  Altayeniis  trifasciattis  of  modem  authors 
(whicii  title  it  ought  therefore,  in  right  of  priority,  to  supei-sede),- — as  may  be  seen  by  a  reference  to  the 
Linnsean  collection,  where  there  are  two  well-preserved  specimens  stUI  in  existence  of  the  B.  Verbasci, 
with  the  original  label  attached  to  them,  difiering  in  no  respect  from  the  Attagcnus  trifasciatus  of  later 
times. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  207 

lobo  externa  ovato  pubescenti :  interno  angustiore,  intus  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  vdtimo 
fusifoi-mi  apice  acuminato.  Mentum  ad  basin,  ad  apicem,  necnon  ad  latera  emarginatum,  angulis 
omnibus  acutis.  Ligula  brevis,  apicem  versus  angustata  bifida.  Pedes  breves  robustissimi, 
omnino  retractiles  (i.  e.,  insecto  quieto,  corpori  arete  applicati) :  tibiis  latis  compressis  :  tarsis 
longiusculis,  articulis  quatuor  baseos  longitudine  leviter  decrescentibus. 

The  genus  Sy)icalypta,  containing  the  minims  of  the  ByrrMdm,  may  be  known 
by  the  minute,  hispid  bodies  of  the  insects  which  compose  it,  and  by  the  abrupt 
triarticulated  club  of  their  antennae.  It  is  a  group  purely  European,  and  of  small 
extent,  embracing  (hitherto)  four  or  five  species  only,  which  seem  to  be  nowhere 
abundant.  In  Madeira  it  is  represented  by  three  closely  allied  forms,  which 
recede  from  the  more  northern  types  in  being  invariably  apterous.  They  reside 
for  the  most  part  beneath  stones  on  the  grassy  mountain-slopes  of  a  high  eleva- 
tion, and  are,  apjoarently,  somewhat  rare. 

163.  Syncalypta  capitata,  Woll. 

S.  ovata  nigra  setis  rigidis  adspersa,  prothorace  erebre  punctate,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  pedibus 

rufo-piceis,  antennarum  ferrugineai-um  clava  testace^  magna  subglobosa. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  iu  montibus  Maderoe,  rarissima; — prope  summum  montem  Pico  dos  Ai-ieros 
dictum  (circa  5500'  s.  m.)  autumno  a.d.  1848  a  meipso  reperta. 

S.  ovate  (being  rather  acuminated  behind),  slightly  shining,  black,  more  or  less  besprinkled  with  a 
decumbent  cinereous  pubescence,  and  with  erect  rigid  bristles  intermixed.  Head  and  prothorax 
vei-y  obscurely  picescent,  and  closely  punctulated.  Elytra  punctate-striated,  but  more  lightly 
so  than  in  either  of  the  following  species.  Legs  rufo-piceous.  Antenna  ferruginous  ;  with  their 
club  testaceous,  large  and  subglobose. 

Known  from  the  following  two  by  its  superior  size,  less  deeply  striated  elytra, 
and  by  the  large,  abrupt  and  rounded  club  of  its  antennae.  It  is  apparently 
extremely  rare,  the  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  having  been  captiu'ed  by 
myseK,  fi-om  beneath  a  stone,  in  the  lofty  iipland  region  immediately  below  the 
summit  of  the  Pico  dos  Arieros  (about  5500  feet  above  the  sea),  during  the 
autmBn  of  1848. 

164.  Syncalypta  ovuliformis,  Woll. 

S.  ovata  nigra  setis  rigidis  adspersa,  prothorace  erebre  punctate,  elytris  profunde  striato-punetatis, 

pedibus  rufo-piceis,  antennarum  ferruginearum  clava  testacea  ovata. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  li. 

Habitat  in  iisdem  locis  ac  prfecedens,  sed  ilia  paulo  frequentior. 

S.  rather  smaller  than  the  S.  capitata,  and  with  the  bristles  perhaps  not  quite  so  dense,  or  so  robust. 


208  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Head  aud  prothorax  as  in  that  insect,  though  with  the  punctures  appearing,  beneath  the  micro- 
scope, to  be  just  perceptibly  less  deep.  Elytra  deeply  striate-punctate,  the  punctm-es  being  more 
evident  than  in  that  species, — as  also  (on  account  of  the  strise  being  less  deep)  than  those  of  the 
following  one  (even  though  they  are  not  so  large).  Anteiincs  and  leys  as  in  the  S.  capitata, 
except  that  the  club  of  the  former  is  smaller,  more  ovate  and  less  abrupt. 

Apparently  the  most  common  of  the  Madekan  Sy needy ptcB,  though  at  the  same 
time  far  from  abundant.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  the  ^S*.  capitata  by  its 
smaller  size,  more  deeply  punctm-ed  elytral  stria?,  and  by  the  less  abrupt  and  more 
ovate  club  of  its  antcnntc ; — whilst  from  the  following  species  its  less  rounded 
outline  and  different  sculptm-c  will  equally  remove  it.  I  have  taken  it  sparingly, 
dm-ing  the  autumnal  and  winter  mouths,  beneath  stones,  on  the  grassy  mountain- 
slopes  between  the  Fonte  das  Mogas  and  the  Pico  dos  Arieros  (upwards  of  5000 
feet  above  the  sea) ;  and  in  July  of  1850  I  even  captm'cd  it,  at  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte, 
beneath  the  loosely  attached  bark  of  trees, — a  position  however  into  which  it  had 
e^ddently  retreated  by  mere  accident. 


165.  Syncalypta  horrida,  Woll. 

S.  brevi-ovata  nigra  setis  valde  rigidis  adspersa,  prothorace  remote  punctate  (punctis  magnis),  elytris 

profunde  punctato-striatis,  pedibus  rufo-piceis,  antennarum  ferr-uginearum  clava  testacea. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  Portus  Sancti,  in  locis  inferioribus  arenosis ; — prope  oppidum  tempore  hiberno 
A.D.  1848  detecta. 

S.  shorter  than  either  of  the  preceding  species,  being  less  perceptibly  acuminated  behind, — but  with 
the  erect  setse  rather  more  closely  set  and  distinctly  robuster,  being  exceedingly  rigid.  Head  and 
prothorax  as  in  those  insects ;  except  that  the  latter  is  much  less  densely  punctured,  aud  with  the 
punctures  themselves  very  much  larger.  Elytra  deeply  punctate-striated,  the  striae  being  deeper 
than  those  of  the  last  species, — and  with  the  punctures  rather  larger,  though  perhaps  (from  being 
more  deeply  immersed)  scarcely  so  apparent.  Legs  rufo-piceous.  AntemuB  ferruginous,  with 
their  club  a  little  paler. 

The  present  species  may  be  easily  recognized  from  the  previous  two  by  its 
smaller  size  and  shorter  outline,  by  the  deeper,  more  distant,  and  very  much  larger 
pimctures  of  its  prothorax,  and  by  its  more  coarsely  striated  elytra, — the  punc- 
tures of  which  are,  likewise,  exceedingly  large,  though,  on  accoimt  of  the  depth  of 
the  strite  in  which  they  are  immersed,  not  proportionobly  evident.  It  is  hitherto 
unique,  the  specunen  from  which  the  above  description  has  been  di-awn  out  havmg 
been  captm-ed  by  myself  in  Porto  Santo,  from  beneath  a  stone  in  the  immediate 
■\dcinity  of  the  town,  during  the  ^\-inter  of  1818; — thus  receding  in  its  habits 
altogether  from  the  other  Syiicalyptce  here  described,  the  range  of  which  is  the 
grassy  slopes  of  the  loftiest  altitudes. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  209 


Fam.  19.  HISTERID^. 

Genus  74.  HISTER. 

Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  ii.  566  (1767). 

Corpus  mediocre,  plus  minusve  oblongo-quadratum,  durum,  glaberrimum  :  capite  retracto  :  prothorace 
postice  lato  elj-tris  arete  applicato,  mox  intra  latera  striate ;  prosterno  antice  in  lobum  corneum 
(capitis  basin  inferiorem  obtegentem)  producto :  elytris  ad  apicem  truncatis,  striis  subrectis 
(omuino  vel  fere  integris)  impressis :  alls  modo  amplis,  modo  obsoletis.  Antenna  breves  (capite 
vix  longiores)  capitatae  geniculatse,  articulo  primo  elongatissimo  robusto  flexuoso,  in  fovea  sub 
margine  capitis  inter  otium  reposito,  funiculo  {i.  e.  articulis  inter  basalem  et  clavam  sitis, — in 
hoc  genera  ex  articulis  septem  composito)  apicem  versus  paulatim  incrassato,  reliquis  capitulum 
magnum  solidum  ovale  triarticulatum  eflScientibus.  Labrum  subquadratum  niarginibus  valde 
ciliatis,  antice  saepius  integrum,  sed  interdum  (ut  in  specie  nostra)  in  medio  profunde  fisso- 
emarginatum.  Mandibula  magnae  validae  incurvfe  exsertae,  interdum  inaequaies,  infra  apicem 
saepius  dente  valido  instructae,  ad  basin  sinuatae  et  pubescentes.  Maxilla  bilobae  :  lobo  externo 
elongato  recto,  intus  et  apice  valde  pubescenti :  inferno  brevi  pubescenti  membranaceo,  intus 
valde  ciliato.  Paljyi  filiformes ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  reliquis  longitudine  subaequa- 
libus  (secundo  et  tertio  flexuosis  subclavatis,  ultimo  fusiformi) ;  labiales  e  scapis  ligulae  connatis 
surgentes,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  majore  crassiore,  ultimo  elongato  subfusiformi.  Mentum 
transverso-subquadratum  pilosum,  apice  leviter  emarginatum.  Ligula  bipartita  valde  pilosa,  lobis 
longis  divergentibus  membranaceis.  Pedes  validi  retractiles :  tibiis  latis  compressis,  extus  plus 
minusve  fortiter  dentatis  [posterioribus  necnon  seriatim  spinulosis) :  tarsis  filiformibus  {anticis 
subreceptis),  articulis  quatuor  baseos  longitudine  subsequalibus. 

The  members  of  tlie  present  family, — whose  power  of  contracting  their  limbs, 
and  thus  counterfeiting  death,  is  so  great  as  to  have  gaiaed  for  them  the  popular 
appellation  of  "  Mimic-Beetles,"  and  the  generic  name  of  Sister, — are  almost  too 
well  known  to  require  comment.  Their  hard,  subquadrate,  highly-polished  bodies 
and  usually  deep  black  hue,  in  conjunction  with  the  excessive  robustness  of  their 
strongly-spiaed  legs,  are  ia  admirable  accordance  with  their  darkling  nature  and 
eminently  burrowdng  propensities, — the  species  residing  principally  ia  putrescent 
substances  (both  animal  and  vegetable),  which  they  assist  in  decomposing  and  helji 
therefore  materially  to  remove.  The  representatives  of  the  typical  genus  (the  one 
now  under  consideration)  may,  apart  from  their  external  configuration  and 
superior  size,  be  known  from  the  Paromali  and  Scqwini  by  the  structure  of  their 
antennae, — which  have  the  scape  (though  elongated  and  flexuose)  less  strictly 
clavated,  and  the  funiculus  (instead  of  being  filiform)  gradually  and  regularly 
thickened  towards  its  apex, — by  the  last  three  joints  of  their  maxillary  palpi  being 
of  nearly  similar  length,  by  then."  prothorax  being  impressed  wdth  one  or  more 
longitudinal  lines  towards  either  of  its  lateral  edges,  and  the  striae  of  their  elytra 
being  either  altogether  entu'e  or  else  but  very  slightly  abbreviated  behind.  In 
their  anteriorly  produced  prosterna  and  dentate  mandibles  they  coincide  witli 
Paromalus ;  whilst  in  the  formation  of  tlieir  inner  maxillary  lobe,  in  the  subequal 

2  E 


210  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

articulations  of  thcii-  feet,  as  ■well  as  in  their  general  habits,  they  are  more  inti- 
mately related  to  Saprhms.  It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  a  group  so  \ndely 
and  uniformly  distributed  throughout  northern  and  central  latitudes  as  Sister  is, 
and  indeed  over  a  great  portion  of  the  knowTi  world,  shoiild  be  but  sparingly 
indicated  in  islands  only  just  removed  from  the  Em-opean  continent ;  for  in  Ma- 
deu'a  proper  not  so  much  as  a  single  species  has  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice, 
— a  solitary  specimen  of  the  IT.  major,  fi'om  the  sea-shore  of  Porto  Santo,  con- 
stituting its  soIq  claims  to  admission  into  our  fauna  at  all. 

166.  Hister  major. 

H.  oblongo-subquadratus  ater  nitidissimus,  prothorace  intra  latera  unistriato  necnon  ad  latera  pills 
fulvis  dense  ciliato,  elytro  singulo  striis  quatuor  (tribus  fere  rectis  sed  externa  flexuosa  fracta) 
impresso,  abdomine  crebre  punctnlato,  antennarum  articulo  ultimo  fulvo. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  5i. 

Sister  major,  Linii.  Si/st.  ^at.  ii.  566  (1767). 

,  Fab.  Enf.  Si/st.  i.  72  (1792). 

,  Payk.  Mon.  Hist.  11.  tab.  ii.  fig.  3  (1811). 

,  Heer,  Fim  Col.  IMu.  i.  4-52  (1841) 

Habitat  per  oraiu  niaritimam  Portus  Sancti,  semel  tantum  (a.d.  1848)  repertus. 

H.  somewhat  squarisb-oblong,  intense  black,  exceedingly  highly  polished,  and  with  the  faintest 
possible  indications  (rather  more  apparent  however  towards  the  sides)  of  minute  punctures 
throughout.  Prothorax  with  a  deep  submarginal  stria  on  either  side,  and  with  the  lateral  and 
front  edges  (particularly  the  former)  densely  fringed  with  long  fulvous  pile ;  and  with  a  row  of 
punctures  along  the  extreme  hinder  margin, — which  however  are  almost  evanescent  in  the 
middle,  though  extremely  evident  midway  between  the  centre  and  sides.  Elytra  very  obliquely 
truncated  behind ;  and  with  four  somewhat  lightly  impressed  strife  do\TO  the  outer  disk  of  each, 
extending  nearly  to  the  apex, — of  which  the  three  inner  ones  are  nearly  straight,  and  that 
towards  the  margin  greatly  flexuose,  and  broken  in  the  centre  by  a  small  oblique  intersecting 
line.  Abdomen  closely  and  rather  deeply  punctulated.  Antenrue  shghtly  piceous,  with  their 
apical  joint  fulvous. 

The  deeply  bilobed  upper  lip  of  this  large  and  well-marked  Ulster, — in  which  it 
recedes  from  the  ordinary  generic  type, — in  conjimction  ^\ith  the  bright  fulvous 
pile  Avith  Avhich  the  edges  of  its  prothorax  are  densely  fringed,  will  at  once  serve, 
even  alone,  to  identify  it  from  the  remainder  of  the  family  here  described.  The 
only  specimen  which  has  hitherto  come  under  my  obserAation  in  these  islands  was 
captured  by  myself  on  the  beach  of  Porto  Santo,  in  1818.  It  is  an  insect  which 
does  not  appear  to  be  found  in  northern  Europe,  being  more  especially  peculiar  to 
maritime  spots  of  Mediterranean  latitudes.  In  the  south  of  Prance  and  Spain  it 
is  exceedingly  common ;  and  it  occurs  also  in  the  north  of  ^\irica  and  in  the 
Canarian  group :  and  it  is  recorded  by  Linnaeus  as  having  been  received  even 
fi'om  India. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  211 

Genus  75.  PAROMALUS. 

Erictson,  in  Klug  JaJirh.  i.  167  (1834). 

Corpus  parvunij  plerumque  quadrato-rotuudatum,  durum,  glaberrimum  :  capite  retracto  :  prothorace 
postice  lato  elytris  arete  applieato,  latera  versus  haud  striate  ;  prosterno  antice  in  lobum  corneum 
(capitis  basin  inferiorem  obtegentem)  producto :  elytris  ad  apicem  recto-truncatis,  striis  subrectis 
(fere  integris)  ssepius  impressis :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  breves  (capite  vix  longiores)  capitatse 
geniculatre,  articulo  primo  elongatissimo  robusto  flexuoso  clavato,  in  fovea  sub  margine  capitis 
inter  otium  reposito,  funiculo  subfiliformi  (articulis  primo  et  ultimo  majoribus,  illo  sat  elongate, 
hoc  latiore  transverso),  reliquis  capitulum  magnum  solidum  ovale  triarticulatum  eflBcicntibus. 
Labrum  transversum,  antice  integrum  vix  ciliatum.  Mandiliula  magufe  validfe  incurvfe  exsertse, 
infra  apicem  dente  valido  instructae,  ad  basin  lataj  pubescentes.  MaxilLe  bilobte  membranaccEe  : 
lobo  externa  elongato,  intus  et  apice  valde  pubescenti :  interno  brevi  angusto,  apice  incurvo 
uncinato,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  filiformes  ;  maxillures  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio 
majoribus  crassioribus  sequalibus,  ultimo  elongato  fusiformi  basi  truncato  :  labiales  e  scapis  ligulse 
connatis  surgentes,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  majore  cra.ssiore  subclavato,  ultimo  elongato 
fusiformi  basi  subtruncato.  Mentum  parvum,  apice  fisso-emarginatum.  Ligula  bipartita  valde 
pilosa,  lobis  longis  divergentibus  membranaceis.  Pedes  validi  retractiles  :  tibiis  leviter  inciu'vis, 
compressis,  modo  angustioribus  modo  latiusculis,  extus  (prsesertim  anticis)  plus  miuusve  eroso- 
subdentatis  {posticis  fere  integris) :  tarsis  filiformibus  longiusculis  (anticis  subreceptis),  articulo 
primo  elongato. 

Apart  from  the  minute  bulb  of  the  few  insects  which  unite  in  composing  it, 
Faromalus  may  be  known  from  Sister  proper  by  the  proportions  of  its  antennae 
(of  which  the  scape  is  comi^aratively  more  robust  and  clavatecl,  and  the  funiculus 
much  more  filiform,  than  is  the  case  in  that  genus),  by  the  smaller,  narrower,  and 
more  uncinated  inner  lobe  of  its  maxilla?,  by  the  second  and  tliird  articulations  of 
its  maxillary  palpi  bemg  far  shorter  than  the  ultimate  one,  and  by  the  somewhat 
different  construction  of  its  mentum,  tibiae  and  tarsi, — the  last  of  which  have  then* 
basal  joint  distinctly  longer  than  (the  fifth  excepted)  any  of  the  rest*.  It  is  iu 
their  habits  however,  more  than  ia  their  structure,  that  the  Paromali  recede  from 
■the  H'tstri  and  Saprbii,  since  they  are  scarcely  ever  found,  so  far  as  I  am  aware, 
either  in  carrion  or  dung  (the  especial  haunts  of  the  latter),  but  in  fungi,  beneath 
the  bark  and  moss  of  trees,  or  adhering  to  the  under  sides  of  stones  even  in  the 
open  country, — a  position  which  may  perhaps  be  partially  accounted  for  by  the 
fact,  which  has  more  than  once  been  recorded,  that  some  of  the  species  occasionally 

*  Paromalus  approaclies  very  closely  to  the  genus  DendropJiihis,  from  wliich  perhaps  it  is  scarcely 
sufficiently  distinct ;  nevertheless,  since  it  has  been  separated  therefrom  by  Erichson,  I  have  not  ventured 
to  re-amalgamate  them.  After  a  carefid  dissection  however  of  the  two  Madeiran  Paromali.,  and  also  of  a 
specimen  of  Deiulrophilus  punctatiis  (from  Berlin),  it  appears  to  me  that  the  only  points  in  which  the 
former  recede  from  the  latter  are,  fii'st,  in  the  somewhat  longer  and  less  robust  scape,  and  the  more  oval 
club,  of  their  auteimse  ;  and,  secondly,  in  the  stitietm-e  of  their  tibiae,  which  are  a  Httle  incurved,  and  not 
quite  so  broad, — nor  are  they  obliquely  truncated  towards  their  external  base  (a  peculiarity  which, — 
though  but  faintly  expressed  iu  the  anterior  pair, — is  exceedingly  evident  in  the  foiu'  hinder  tibite  of  the 
Dendrophili;  and  which  gives  them  the  appearance  of  being  slightly  angulated  about  the  middle  of  their 
outer  edge) . 

2  E  2 


212  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

associate  ^vitli  Ants.  The  second  however  of  the  two  representatives  described 
below  would  appear  to  be  aberrant  in  this  respect,  occurring,  like  the  true  Histri, 
amongst  putrescent  substances, — of  an  animal  as  well  as  a  vegetable  nature. 


§  I.  Corpus  suhqtMdrato-rotundatum :  tihiis  angustiorihus,  extus  leviter  eroso-subdentatis  :  iarsix  articuJo 

primo  valde  elanqato. 

167.  Paromalus  minimus. 
P.  niger  nitidus  imdique  crebre  punctulatus,  elytro  singulo  striis  quatuor  (interna  minus  profunda, 

postice  abbreviate  sed  antice  fere  ad  suturam  incurva)  impresso,  abdomine  crebre  punctulato, 

antennis  pedibusque  rufo-piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |. 

Ulster  minimus,  Dej.  Cat.  (edit.  1)  (1821). 

Dendrophilm punctafus,  Steph.  (uec  Eiif.  Uefte)  Til.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  159  (1830). 

minimus,  Dej.  Cat.  (edit.  3)  li3  (1837). 

Paromalus  minimus,  Aubc,  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  Ent.  de  France  (2'*"'«  serie)  viii.  322  (1850). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  Maderae,  prsesertim  in  clivis  graminosis  inter  2000'  et  4500'  s.  m.,  hinc  inde 
parum  vulgaris, — formicarum  nidos,  nisi  fallor,  interdum  colens. 

P.  small  and  nearly  round,  black,  often  witb  a  piceous  tinge  (especially  on  the  prothorax),  shining, 
and  closely  punctulated*  all  over, — the  punctures  being  rather  larger  on  the  elytra,  and  towards 
the  hinder  portion  of  the  prothorax,  than  in  front.  Elytra  with  their  extreme  apex  picescent ; 
and  with  four  impressed  and  obscurely  punctate  stri;e  down  the  outer  disk  of  each,  shghtly 
abbreviated  behind, — especially  the  inner  one,  which  is  moreover  very  much  fainter  than  the  rest, 
and  incurved  in  front  (where  it  has  the  appearance,  beneath  the  microscope,  of  being  regularly 
and  curiously  undulated,  or  zigzaged)  nearly  to  the  suture,  where  it  is  suddenly  terminated  at  a 
short  distance  from  the  scutellum.  Abdomen  closely  and  finely  punctulated.  Antenna  and  legs 
rufo-piceous ;  the  former  with  their  club  a  httlc  paler. 

A  very  distinct  little  Paromalus ;  and  kno^-n  at  once  by  its  minute,  roimded, 
and  densely  punctulated  body,  and  by  the  innermost  of  it?,  four  elytral  stria?  being 
exceedingly  lightly  impressed,  and  arcuated  in  front  almost  to  the  suture.  It  is 
rather  a  common  insect  throughout  Madeira,  occurring  for  the  most  part  under 
stones  in  grassy  spots,  between  the  limits  of  from  2000  to  about  4500  feet  above 
the  sea.  On  most  of  the  mountain-slopes  above  Funchal  I  have  taken  it  in 
tolerable  abundance,  and  at  all  seasons  of  the  year ;  as  also  in  exposed  positions  at 
Camacha,  and  on  the  Paid  da  Scrra,  in  July.  It  is  a  species  of  central  and 
Mediterranean  latitudes,  being  recorded  in  France,  Spain,  SicUy  and  Algeria ;  and 
I  have,  likewise,  captured  it  along  the  southern  shores  of  England  and  ^^'ales, 

♦  This  sculpture,  when  viewed  beneatli  a  liigli  magnifying  power,  is  of  a  very  pccuhar  nature,  tlie 
spaces  between  the  larger  pimctures  being  muformly  studded  (especially  on  the  elytra)  \v\i\\  fasciculi  of 
excessively  minute  impressions, — each  fascicidus,  or  cluster,  being  usually  composed  of  about  three  of 
tliese  microscopic  points,  of  which  the  centnd  one  is  the  largest. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  213 

and  on  one  occasion  even  so  far  north  as  Lincolnshire.  Dr.  Aub6  states  that  he 
has  found  it  beneath  dried  animal  remains  near  Paris ;  but  I  have  not,  myself, 
ever  observed  it  in  such  situations, — though  I  think  it  far  from  improbable  that 
it  may  be  an  attendant,  at  certain  times,  within  the  nests  of  Ants. 


§  II.  Corpus  subquadrato-oblongum :   tibiis  lafiusculis,  extus  profunde  eroso-subdentatis :    tarsis  articido 

prima  leviter  elongato. 

168.  Paromalus  pumiHo. 

P.  ater  nitidissimus,  prothorace  versus  latera  parce  punctulato  (punctis  magnis  sed  baud  profundis) 
necnon  per  marginem  ipsum  posticum  seriato-punctato,  elytris  ad  apicem  punctulatis,  singulo 
striis  septem  profundis  (suturali  antice  abbreviata)  punctatis  impresso,  abdomine  subremote 
punctulato,  antennis  pedibusque  pieescentibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1 1-. 

Pa/romalus pvmilio,  Erich,  in  King  Jahrh.  i.  169  (1834). 

Habitat  in  marcidis  Maderse  australis,  mihi  non  obvius  :  per  oram  Funchalensem  maritimam  primus 
collegit  Dom.  Rousset,  qui  plui'ima  specimina  nuper  communicavit. 

P.  larger  than  the  P.  minimus,  squarish-oblong,  of  an  intenser  black,  and  much  more  brilliantly 
polished.  Pruthorax  much  broader  in  front  than  in  that  insect,  almost  unsculptured  on  the 
disk,  but  with  large  (though  shallow)  and  distant  punctures  towards  the  sides;  and  with  a 
row  of  distinct  punctures  along  the  extreme  hinder  margin, — of  which  the  central  one  is  slightly 
advanced  and  the  most  apparent.  Elytra  with  their  extreme  apex  picescent  and  besprinkled 
with  large  shallow  punctures ;  and  with  seven  deeply-impressed  and  distinctly  punctate  strise 
down  each,  extending  almost  to  the  extreme  apex, — though  with  the  inner,  or  sutural  one  con- 
siderably abbreviated  in  fi-ont.  Abdomen  more  sparingly  pimctured  than  in  the  last  species, — 
the  punctures  however  being  large,  though  exceedingly  shallow.  Antenna  and  legs  somewhat 
darker,  or  less  rufescent,  than  those  of  the  P.  minimus. 

Readily  distinguished  from  the  P.  minimns  by  its  larger  size,  less  rounded,  or 
somewhat  squarish-oblong  outHne,  by  its  more  brilliant,  intensely  black,  and  less 
punctulated  surface,  and  by  the  seven  very  deep  and  distinctly  punctui-ed  striae 
with  which  its  elytra  are  impressed.  It  is  an  insect  which  I  have  not,  myself, 
detected  in  the  Madeira  Islands, — the  discovery  of  it  being  due  to  M.  Rousset, 
who  informs  me  that  it  occurs  abundantly  (in  company  vrvih.  Dactijlosternnm 
Boussetii,  Apliodlus  obccenus,  and  Oxyomus  sabulosus)  beneath  stones,  amongst 
animal  and  vegetable  rejectamenta,  on  the  sea-beach  of  Funchal,  especially  at  the 
outlets  of  the  filthy  drains  which  carry  off  the  refuse  of  the  town  below  the  chui-ch 
of  Nossa  Sen^  do  Calhao,  towards  the  St.  Jago  Eort.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  a 
species  of  very  general  European  distribution  :  I  possess  however  specimens  from 
Berlin,   given  to  me  by  Dr.  H.  Schavun,  which    differ   in   no   respect    from   the 


214  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Madeiran  ones,  except  that  the  single  row  of  pimctui-es  along  the  extreme  hinder 
margin  of  theu*  prothorax  is  rather  less  evident. 

Genus  76.  SAPRINUS. 

Erichsou,  in  Klug  Jalirl.  i.  172  (1834). 

Corpus  mediocre,  \A\\%  minusve  ovato-quadratum  (lateribus  plerumque  le\-iter  undulatis),  durum, 
glaberrimum,  srepius  punctatum :  capite  retracto :  pruthorace  postice  lato  elytris  arete  applicato, 
latera  versus  baud  striato :  prosterno  antice  lobo  nullo  iustructo  :  eh/tris  ad  apicem  truncatis, 
striis  obliquis  (postice  valde  abbreviatis)  inipressis  :  alis  plerumque  amplis.  Antenna  bre- 
vissimse  (capitis  longitudine)  capitatse  geniculatse,  articulo  primo  clongato  robustissimo  flexuoso 
cla^•ato,  in  fovea  ad  margiuem  capitis  inter  otium  rejiosito,  funieulo  subfiliformi  (articulo  primo 
robusto  globoso-quadi-ato,  ultimo  brevissimo  lato  lamelliformi),  reliquis  capitulum  magnum 
solidissimum  truneato-globosum  triartieulatum  efficientibus.  Lahmm  transversum,  antice  levitcr 
emarginatum,  lateribus  ciliatis.  Mandibulte  magnse  valida;  incurva;  exsertae  (dente  infra  apicem 
ssepius  obsolcto),  ad  basin  latse  pnbcsccutes.  Maxilf<e  bilobse  membranacese :  lobo  externa 
elongate  latiusculo,  intus  ct  apice  valde  pubescenti :  interno  brcvi  pubeseeuti,  intus  valde  ciliato. 
Palpi  filiformes ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  ct  tcrtio  majoribus  crassioribus  sub- 
ajqualibus  (ultimo  elongato  fusiformi  basi  truncato) :  labiales  e  scapis  ligulse  eonnatis  surgentes, 
articulo  primo  jiarvo,  secundo  et  tertio  longitudine  sub;cqualibus  (illo  subelavato,  hoc  fusiformi 
basi  subtruncato).  Mentiim  subquadratum,  apice  emarginatum.  Liyula  bipartita  valde  pilosa, 
lobis  longis  divergentibus  membranaceis.  Pedes  validi  retractiles  :  tibiis  latis  compressis,  extus 
plus  minusve  dentatis  (posterioribus  necnon  biseriatim  spinulosis)  :  tarsis  filiformibus  liberis, 
articulis  quatuor  baseos  longitudine  subrequalibus. 

SapHntts,  in  the  size  and  habits  of  the  species  which  compose  it,  as  also  in 
the  construction  of  its  inner  maxillary  lobe  and  in  the  subequal  joints  of  its  feet, 
brings  us  nearly  back  again  to  Il/sfer.  Like  the  preceding  group  however,  and 
others  not  found  in  the  ]\Iadeii'a  Islands,  it  would  seem  to  be  best  understood 
when  regarded  as  an  offshoot  from  Sister  proper.  For  ijerhaps  we  are  too  apt  to 
be  misled  by  names,  and  to  imagine  that  genera,  simply  because  they  are  so  called, 
are  necessarily  of  equal  importance  inter  se :  whereas  it  is  well  known  to 
natm'alists,  that,  attendant  upon  great  primary  forms  (such  as  Mister,  Cicindela, 
OtiorJii/iichiis,  &c.),  which  arc  distributed  over  more  or  less  of  the  known  world, 
Ave  almost  invarial)ly  discover  a  certain  niunbcr  of  subsidiary  modiiications,  "which 
remain  constant  within  theh'  respective  boixnds,  and  are  often  of  geographical 
significance,  shaping  out,  as  it  were,  secondary  though  well-defined  assemblages, — 
satellites  around  their  central  tjqies.  It  is  just  such  a  position  as  this  that  the 
genus  before  us  would  appear  to  occupy  : — for,  as  the  Ophoni  arc  distinguished 
from  Harpalus,  the  Allcoitidcs  from  Laparocerits,  and  the  O.vijomi  ivom.  uijjhodiiis, 
so  the  Saprini  are  moulded  out  of  Uister,  according  to  a  fixed  law  which  we  can 
seldom  fail  even  ijrimd  facie  to  detect.  Thus,  theu*  somewhat  shorter,  more 
ovate  and  rather  undulated  outliue,  in  conjunction  AAith  the  more  or  less  sub- 
metallic  hue  of  theu*  comparatively  piuictulated  surfaces,  the  very  oblique  and 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  215 

posteriorly-abbre\datecl  strife  of  theii-  elytra,  and  the  iinimpressed  edges  of  theii- 
prouotum,  all  tend  to  prove  that  this  variation  is  steadfast,  and  therefore, — if  Ave 
choose  so  to  designate  it, — a  generic  one.  And,  as  regards  less  conspicuous  points 
of  structure,  their  anteriorly  unproduced  prosternuni,  their  perceptibly  more 
robust  and  abbreviated  antennae  (the  scape  of  which  is  clavate,  and  the  funiculus 
nearly  filiform, — the  basal  articulation  however  being  large  and  squarish,  and  the 
ultimate  one  broad,  extremely  short,  and  compressed  into  a  thin  plate, — whilst 
the  club  is  very  sohd  and  globose),  added  to  theii-  subemarginated  upper  lip  and 
their  usually  edentate  mandibles,  are  abundantly  sufficient,  when  combined,  to 
separate  the  Scqorini,  not  only  from  the  normal  Histers,  but  also,  equally,  from 
the  FaromaU  and  the  remainder  of  theu-  allies. 


169.  Saprinus  nitidulus. 

S.  subovato-quadi'atus  subsenescenti-niger  nitidissimus,  capite  insequaliter  punctulato,  prothorace 
versus  latera  necnon  per  marginem  posticum  profimde  punctato,  eljiiro  siugido  striis  quinque 
dimidiatis  obliquis  et  una  suturali  recta  antice  obsoleta  impresso,  parte  postica  dimidia  profunde 
punctata,  antennis  pedibusque  picescentibus,  tibiis  anticis  spinuloso-subdentatis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  3-3i. 

Var.  (3.  minor,  paulo  magis  rotundatus,  tibiarum  anticarum  spinulis  minoribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-2i. 

Sister  nitidulus,  Fab.  Syst.  EJeu.  i.  85  (1801). 

■ semistriatus,  Ent.  Sefte,  i.  77  (1803). 

nitidulus,  Payk.  Mon.  Hist.  58.  tab.  v.  fig.  3  (1811). 

Saprinus  nitidulus,  Erich.  Edf.  der  Mark  Brand,  ii.  670  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  mibi  non  obvius :  quinque  specimina,  a  Dom.  Heinecken  M.D.  olini 
capta,  benigne  donavit  Rev'*'^  Dom.  Lowe;  necnon  exemplar  unicum  ad  cram  Funcbalensem 
maritimam  in  marcidis  detectum  Dom.  Rousset  nuperrime  misit. 

S.  squarish-ovate,  black  with  an  aeneous  tinge,  and  exceedingly  shining.  Head  rather  unequally 
punctm-ed  (only  sparingly  so  behind) ;  and  with  the  forehead  most  narrowly  margined  at  the 
sides  (the  margin  being  totally  evanescent  in  front) .  Prothorax  almost  imperceptibly  margined ; 
with  the  anterior  angles  (which  have  a  wide  shallow  depression  within  each)  regularly  rounded, 
and  with  the  front  emargination  shallow ;  with  large  and  rather  deep  punctures  towards  the  sides 
and  along  the  hinder  margin.  Elytra  with  their  extreme  apex  sometimes  a  little  picescent;  with 
their  posterior  region  (equalling  about  one-half  of  the  entire  surface, — and  concave  anteriorly) 
deeply  and  distinctly  punctured ;  and  with  five  deeply-impressed,  punctate  and  very  oblique  striae 
down  the  outer  disk  of  each,  extending  but  slightly  behind  the  middle  (of  which  the  third  is 
usually  rather  the  longest,  and  the  inner  one  incurved  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  scutellum), 
as  also  a  straight  but  anteriorly-obsolete  one  close  alongside  the  suture, — the  space  between  the 
third  and  fifth  striffi  being  more  or  less  punctured  and  rugulose.  Abdomen  rather  acuminated, 
closely  and  coarsely  punctured.     Antenna  and  le(/s  dark  piceous ;  the  former  with  their  funiculus 


216  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

a  little  more  rufescent  and  their  club  infuscate ;  and  the  latter  with  their  anterior  tibise  spinulose 
externally, — the  number  of  the  spines  being  usually  about  twelve. 
Var.  /3.  smaller,  and  rather  rounder  in  outhne;  and  with  the  anterior  tibiae  more  minutely  spinulose 
along  their  outer  edge. 

The  S.  nitidulus  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  two  folloAving  species  by  its  much 
larger,  somewhat  more  ovate  (or  acumiuated)  body,  by  the  anteriorly-obsolete 
sutural  striae  of  its  elji;ra  (the  punctured  portion  of  which  is  concave  in  front),  and 
by  the  number  of  its  fore-tibial  spines  being  usually  about  twelve.  It  is  an 
abundant  insect  thi-oughout  Europe  and  in  the  north  of  Africa,  and  it  is  recorded 
l)y  Weljl)  and  Berthelot  in  the  Canary  Islands.  I  have  not  myself  succeeded  in 
detecting  it  in  Madeu'a ;  but  I  possess  five  specimens,  given  to  me  by  the  Rev. 
R.  T.  Lowe,  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken,  by  whom  they  were 
taken  near  Funchal.  Three  of  these  {var.  /3.)  are  considerably  smaller  than  the 
remaining  two ;  and  from  a  label  still  attached  to  them,  appear  to  have  occurred 
in  his  garden  at  the  Valle.  A  single  recent  individual  only  has  come  beneath  my 
notice, — captured  by  M.  Roussct,  in  company  -with  Faromahts  imm'dio,  amongst 
rejectamenta,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  sewers  and  di-ains,  on  the  beach  of 
Funchal. 

170.  Saprinus  chalcites. 

S.  subrotundato-quadratus  seneus  nitidissimus,  capite  crebre  et  subtiliter  punctulato,  prothorace 
versus  latera  Icviter,  sed  per  margincm  posticum  profunde  punctato,  elytro  singulo  striis  quinque 
dimidiatis  obliquis  (externa  angulata  fracta)  et  una  suturali  recta  intcgra  impresso,  parte  postica 
dimidia,  punctata,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-piceis,  tibiis  anticis  spinuloso-subdentatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  \\-2. 

Mister  chalcites,  lUig.  Mag.  fur  Ins.  vi.  40  (1807). 

rufipes,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  90  (1808). 

njinis,  Payk.  Hon.  Hist.  76.  tab.  vii.  fig.  2  (1811). 

Sa2)rinus  chalcites,  Erich,  in  Khig  Jahrh.  i.  182  (1834). 
,  Lucas,  Col  de  VAlgerie,  229  (1849). 

Habitat  in  marcidis  insidarum  ]\Liderensium,  rarior :  in  Porta  Sancto  duo  specimina  (una  cum 
Sf.  metallico  dcgcns),  necnon  unicum  etiam  in  Dcserta  Grandi  (Maio  cxcunte  a.d.  1850)  collcgi : 
in  Madera  propria  mihi  non  obviu.«,  sed  exemplar  possideo  a  Bom.  Heinecken  prope  urbem  Fun- 
chalenscm  nisi  fallor  olim  rcpertum. 

S.  roundi.sh-quadrate,  peneous  (more  or  less  bright,  and  occasionally  with  even  a  slightlv  ])iceous 
tinge),  and  exceedingly  highly  polished.  Head  \evy  closely  and  finely  punctured;  and  with  the 
forehead  most  narrowly  margined  at  the  sides  (the  margin  being  totally  evanescent  in  the  extreme 
centre  in  front).  Prothorax,  likewise,  narrowly  margined;  with  the  anterior  angles  (which  have 
a  rounded  shallow  depression  at  a  considerable  distance  within  each)  broad  and  somewhat  ob- 
liquely truncated,  and  the  front  cmargination  shallow ;  with  small  and  very  lightly  impressed 
punctures  towards  the  sides,  and  deeper  ones  along  the  hinder  margin.  Elytra  witli  their 
extreme  ape.x  picescent,  or  ferruginous ;  with  their  posterior  region  (scarcely  equalling  a  half  of 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  217 

the  entire  surface)  finely  but  distinctly  punctured ;  and  with  five  deep,  subpunctate  and  oblique 
striae  (not  quite  so  oblique  however  as  those  of  the  S.  nitidulus)  down  the  outer  disk  of  each, 
extending  but  slightly  behind  the  middle  (of  which  the  second  is  rather  the  longest,  the  outer, 
or  marginal  one  obscure,  angulated  and  broken,  and  the  inner  one  incurved  to  within  a  short 
distance  of  the  scutellum,  where  it  joins)  a  straight  and  entire  (though  anteriorly  lightly  im- 
pressed) one  close  alongside  the  suture,  —the  space  between  the  third  and  fifth  strife  being  a  little 
punctured  and  rugulose.  Abdomen  closely  and  coarsely  punctured.  Antmna  and  legs  bright 
rufo-piceous ;  the  la(/er  with  theu-  anterior  tibiae  spinulose  externally, — the  number  of  the  spines 
being  usually  about  eight  or  nine. 

A  very  distinct  species ;  and  one  whicli  may  be  known  from  the  other  Saprini 
here  described  by  its  more  rounded  outline  and  brassy  hue,  and  by  its  bright  rufo- 
piceous  limbs  ;  by  the  anterior  angles  of  its  prothorax  being  wider  and  somewhat 
obliquely  truncated  (instead  of  uniformly  rounded)  at  theii-  apex,  by  the  general 
fineness  of  its  punctuation,  and  by  the  spinules  of  its  front  tibia;  being  about 
eight  in  munber*.  It  is  apparently  somewhat  scarce.  I  possess  an  old  specimen 
taken  by  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken  near  Fimchal ;  and  I  have  myself  observed  it, 
sparingly,  in  company  mth  the  ,S'.  metallicus,  in  Porto  Santo,— as  also  on  the 
Dezerta  Grande,  where  I  captm^ed  a  single  individual  dm*ing  my  encampment 
there,  with  the  Eev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  at  the  end  of  May  1850.  It  is  an  insect  of  rather 
wide  geographical  range,  but  is  not  very  abundant  tlu-oughout  Em-ope, — occurring 
principally  in  Mediterranean  latitudes.  It  is  recorded  as  tolerably  common  in 
Barbary  and  Algeria.  There  are  African  examples  in  the  British  Museum ;  and  I 
have  seen  others,  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Waterhouse,  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope :  whilst  it  is  stated  by  Paykull  to  have  been  received  even  from  the  East 
Indies. 

171.  Saprinus  metaUicixs. 

S.  suboblongo-quadi-atus  jeneus,  vel  aenescenti-niger,  vel  etiam  subcyanescenti-niger,  nitidus,  capite 
fortiter  margiuato  impunctato  sed  antice  rugoso,  prothorace  versus  latera  leviter  substriguloso-, 
sed  per  marginem  posticum  profunde,  punctato,  elytro  singulo  striis  quinque  dimidiatis  obliquis 
(externa  angulata  fracta)  et  una  suturali  recta  Integra  distincta  impresso,  parte  postica  (dimidio 
paulo  majore)  crebre  punctata,  antennis  pedibusque  picescentibus,  tibiis  anticis  quinque-dentatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  ]|-1|. 

Ulster  metallicus,  Herbst,  Xdf.  iv.  32  (1792). 

,  Fab.  Syst.  Eleu.  i.  89  (1801). 

Saj>rinus  metallicus,  Erich,  in  King  Jalirl.  i.  195  (ISSi). 

Habitat  per  oram  maritimam  Portus  Sancti,  a  meipso  copiose  repertus. 


*  In  general  contour,  the  -S.  clialcites  slightly  resembles  the  common  European  (S*.  ceneus ;  nevertheless 
a  closer  examination  will  show-  that  it  does  in  reality  recede  from  it  in  most  of  the  distinctive  characters 
above  enumerated, — though  especially  in  its  elyti-al  striae  (which  are  altogether  dissimilar),  in  the  shape  of 
its  prothorax  (with  its  peculiarly  sub  truncated  anterior  angles),  in  its  less  deeply  pimctulated  suiiace,  and 
m  the  somewhat  greater  robustness  of  its  frout-tibial  spines. 

2r 


218  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

S.  squarish-oblong,  varj'ing  from  feneous  into  acneous-black,  and  often  with  a  bluish  or  cyaneous 
tinge ;  less  shining  than  cither  of  the  previous  species.  Head  unpunctured ;  but  with  the 
forehead  strongly  margined  both  at  the  sides  and  in  front,  and  transversely  wrinkled  and  pitted 
anteriorly.  Protlwrax,  likewise,  more  distinctly  margined  than  in  either  of  the  preceding  species ; 
with  the  anterior  angles  (which  have  no  indication  of  a  depression  within  them)  porrected  (though 
rounded),  and  the  front  cmargination  comparatively  deep ;  verj'  lightly  roughened  towards  the 
sides  with  exceedingly  faint  and  somewhat  contlueut  punctures  (which  causes  the  sculpture  to  be 
slightly  strigulose),  but  with  very  deep  ones  along  the  hinder  margin.  Elytra  with  their  extreme 
apex  more  or  less  picescent,  or  ferruginous ;  with  their  posterior  region  (distinctly  exceeding  the 
half  of  the  entire  surface)  very  closely  and  dcejily  punctured  ;  and  with  five  deeply-impressed 
punctate  and  oblique  strise  do\vn  the  outer  disk  of  each,  extending  but  slightly  behind  the 
middle  (of  which  the  third  is  rather  the  longest,  the  outer,  or  marginal  one  obscure,  angulated 
and  broken,  and  the  inner  one  incurved  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  scutellum,  where  it 
joins),  a  straight,  deep  and  entire  one  close  alongside  the  suture, — the  space  between  the  third 
and  fifth  stritc  being  usually  more  free  from  punctures  and  wrinkles  than  in  either  of  the  other 
species.  Abdomen  closely  and  rather  coarsely  punctured.  Antenna  and  legs  dark  piceous ;  the 
former  with  their  club  fuscous ;  and  the  latter  with  their  anterior  tibiae  armed  externally  with  five 
powerful  teeth. 

An  abundant  insect  throughout  the  whole  of  Europe  and  in  the  north  of  Afi'ica. 
It  may  be  easily  recognized  from  the  previous  two  by  its  more  oblong  form,  by  its 
deeply  pitted  and  strongly  margined  (though  unpunctm-ed)  forehead,  by  the  more 
porrected  anterior  angles  of  its  (laterally  substrigulosc)  prothorax  (which  do  7iot 
enclose  a  depression,  as  in  the  other  sjiecies,  Avithin  them),  by  the  pimctm-ed 
portion  of  its  elytra  rather  exceeding  the  half  of  their  entire  sui'face,  and  by  the 
front  tibia?  being  each  armed  with  five  powerful  and  well-defined  teeth*.  I  have 
taken  it  abundantly  on  the  sea-shore  of  Porto  Santo,  but  have  not  hitherto 
observed  it  in  any  of  the  other  islands  of  the  group. 


Fam.  20.  THORICTID^. 

Genus  77.  THORICTUS.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  G.) 

Germar,  in  Silb.  liev.  Ent.  ii.  2.  15  (1834). 

Corpus  parvum,  obtusum,  dm-um,  politissimum :  prothorace  amplissimo :  mesothorace  brevissimo, 
scutello  min>itissimo  (segre  observando)  :  elijtris  subeonnatis  ad  apicem  rotundatis  integris :  alts 
obsolctis.  AntenruB  (IV.  6  a)  brevissimre  (caj)ite  vix  longiores)  crassK  capitata?,  ad  marginem 
capitis  repositse,  articulis  prime  et  secundo  (illo  prsecipue)  robustis,  tertio  ad  octavum  breubus 


*  The  present  Saprinus  diflers  from  the  S.  metallicus  of  the  Entomohgische  Hefte,  of  Gyllenlial,  and 
of  Paykull's  Monograph  (wluch,  aecordiiig  to  Erichson,  is  the  II.  rugifrons  of  PaykuU's  Fauna  Suecica) 
in  being  a  little  smaller,  and  in  having  only  five  teeth,  mstead  of  six,  to  its  front  tibia\  The  insect  which 
has  usually  stood  in  British  collections  imder  the  name  of  S.  metallicus  is  (accepting  Erichson's  state- 
ment) the  true  rugifrons.  But  I  think  it  for  from  improbable  however  that  the  two  may  be  in  reality  but 
states  of  the  same  species, — in  the  same  manner  as  we  have  two  distinct  modifications  of  the  S.  niiidulus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  219 

longitddine  aqualibus  latitudine  vix  sensirn  crescentibus,  reliquis  capitulum  magnum  solidissimuin 
ovatum  apice  oblique  truncatum  triarticulatum  efficientibus  (nono  et  decimo  magnis  trausversis, 
ultimo  brevissirao  subemerso  oblique  tmucato  necnon  ad  apicem  ipsum  piloso).  Labrum  trans- 
verso-subquadratum,  antice  leviter  bilobura,  lobis  rotundatis  eiliatis.  Mandibula  (IV.  6  b) 
validre  crassffi  obtusa;  latm  glabra;,  apice  bidentatae.  Maxilla  (IV.  6  c)  bilobse  :  lobo  exlerno 
membranaceo  latiusculo,  intus  et  apice  valde  pubescenti :  interno  paulo  breviore  angusto,  apice 
incui-vo  unciuato  acuto,  intus  pubescenti.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo  subflexuoso, 
secundo  et  tertio  crassioribus  sequalibus,  ultimo  elongato-subovato  basi  truncate  :  labiales  (IV.  6  d) 
articulo  primo  parvo  subcarnoso  translucido,  secundo  et  tertio  durioribus  elongatis  (illo  sub- 
flexuoso clavato,  hoc  paulo  longiore  crassiore  oblongo).  Mentum  (IV.  6  e)  corneum  valde 
anomalum,  veluti  e  duplici  parte  formatum,  alia  sc.  apicali  quadrata  ad  apicem  in  medio  leviter 
fissa,  alia  basilari  (prioris  stipite)  latiore  transverso-subquadrata  ad  apicem  et  latera  (ilium  pra- 
cipue)  in  angulum  medium  producta.  Liffula  (IV.  6  d)  membranacea,  antice  leviter  biloba 
ciliata.  Pedes  robustissimi  subcontractiles,  omnes  basi  subapproximati,  anteriores  breves  :  femo- 
ribiis  subcurvatis :  tibiis  setosis,  anterioribiis  apicem  versus  dilatatis  :  iarsis  (praesertim  anteri- 
oribus)  crassis  subconicis  (apicem  versus  sensim  acuminatis),  articulis  quatuor  baseos  sub^qualibus, 
quinto  paulo  longiore  subconico-truncato  unguiculis  simplicibus  munito. 

The  little  genus  Tliorictus,  equal  to  Sphceropliorus  of  Waltl  {Silb.  Bev.  Ent. 
A.D.  1836,  iv.  150)  and  Xylonotrogus  of  Motscliulsky  {Bull,  cle  Moscon,  a.d.  1839, 
tab.  5.  f.  C),  was  established  by  Germav  in  1834  to  contain  a  large  species,  the 
T.  castaneus,  from  Nubia.  It  is  composed  of  a  few,  very  anomalous,  insects  almost 
peculiar  to  Mediterranean  latitudes  (Sicily,  Corfu,  Smyi-na,  Egypt,  Algeria,  &c.), 
and  characterized  by  their  obtuse,  apterous,  shining  and  nearly  glabrous  bodies, 
by  their  enormously  developed  prothoras  and  minute  mesothorax,  and  by  the 
excessive  robustness  of  their  legs  and  antennae, — the  former  of  which,  from  the 
reduced  length  of  the  mesosternujn,  approximate  very  closely  at  their  base,  and 
have  their  tibiae  exceedingly  setose,  and  their  tarsi  thick  and  acuminated  (a  struc- 
ture of  very  rare  occurrence  in  the  Coleoptera,  but  which  is  expressed,  likewise,  ia 
3IyrmecoUus,  Cossyplwdes,  and  in  a  few  of  the  msteridce) ;  whilst  the  latter  are 
remarkable  for  the  terminal  joint  of  their  (particularly  solid)  club  being  unna- 
turally foreshortened  (as  though  deeply  immersed  in  the  penultimate  one),  or 
obliquely  lopped  oif  (and  pilose),  at  its  extremity.  Theii-  pro-  and  meso-thoraces, 
moreover,  would  appear  to  be  very  iatimately  united, — a  peculiarity  which  I  have 
observed  whilst  dissecting  them,  having  at  times  experienced  no  slight  diflaculty 
iu  accomplishing  an  incision  between  the  two.  In  obscurer  details  also,  the 
ThoiHcti  present  abundant  distinctive  features  of  their  own,  amongst  which  their 
broad,  incrassated  mandibles,  and  the  extraordinary  nature  of  their  mentum 
should  be  especially  noticed.  Their  mentum  is  in  fact  extremely  anomalous,  and 
recedes  from  that  of  every  other  genus  with  which  I  am  acquainted ;  being  made 
up,  apparently,  of  two  portions,  not  articulated  to  each  other,  but  springing  out  of 
the  jugulum,  side  by  side,  at  the  same  place,  and  so  firmly  bound  together  that 
the  inner  one  (which  is  elongated  and  parallel,  reaching  beyond  the  other)  wovdd 
have  had  all  the  appearance  of  having  been  engrafted  on  to  the  front  margm  of 

2f3 


220  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  outer  one,  did  not  the  transparency  of  the  latter  allow  the  former  to  be  seen 
through  it  frotn  its  commencement, — thus  disclosing  the  fact  that  it  is  really  an 
additional  plate  (arising  from  then-  common  hase),  and  not  merely  an  apical  piece 
joined  to  the  anterior  edge  of  the  true  mentum,  as  prhnd  facie  it  might  seem  to 
he.  This  rectangular  internal  lamina  hears  some  resemhlance  to  a  corneous 
lio-ula, — which  indeed  I  should  at  first  have  heen  inclined  to  have  considered  it, 
had  I  not  succeeded  in  dissevering  the  undouhted  ligula  from  it  (with  the  palpi 
affixed),  which  is  so  exceedingly  delicate  as  to  he  scarcely  appreciahle  whilst 
attached  to  the  dark  solid  sm-face  over  which  it  is  spread. 

There  are  hut  few  known  species  of  Thorictus ;  and  as  respects  their  hahits  very 
little  indeed  has  heen  hitherto  ascertained.  I  have  no  hesitation  however  in 
regarding  them  as  inhahitants  of  Ants'-nests, — the  few  stray  specimens  which  I 
have  ever  captured  having  been  found  beneath  stones  in  positions  very  similar  to 
those  in  which  Cossyphodes  occurs,  and  theu-  very  curious,  subcorneal  feet  being 
precisely  in  accordance  with  what  we  are  accustomed  to  perceive  amongst  insects 
of  an  Ant-associating  tendency. 

172.  Thorictus  Westwoodii,  JVuU.    (Tat).  IY.  fig.  6.) 
T.  obtusus  mbescenti-badius  iiitidissimus,  punctis  dispcrsis  miuutissimis  vLx  (prsesertim  iu  elytris) 
perspicuis  obsitus,  prothorace  maximo  convexo  ad  latera  valde  rotundato-ampliato   (in  medio 
latissimo  necnon  ad  basin  ipsam  fortiter  constricto),  elytris  pone  discum  convexis,  singulo  costa 
basali  abbreviata  (mox  intra  humerum  sitfi)  iustructo,  antenuis  pedibusque  obseurioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 

Habitat  circa  urbem  Maderse  Funchalcnsem,  rarissime:  duo  specimina  tantuiu  vidi,  unum  sc.  ad 
Praya  Formoza  Maio  ineunte  a.d.  1848  et  alterum  in  coUe  aprico  prope  Ribeiro  de  Sao  Gongalo 
mense  Januario  a.d.  1819,  sub  lai)idibus  a  mcipso  invcnta.  Genus,  ut  structura  tarsorum  sub- 
conica  atque  habitus  generalis  valde  anomalus  indicare  videntur,  formicaruui  nidos  nisi  fallor 
colens. 

In  honorcm  luminis  Entomologicoruiii  J.  0.  Westwood,  arm",  qui  jam  per  plures  annos  indagationi 
deditus  Entomologise  scientiam  insulis  Britannicis  laudibus  amplificavit,  banc  spccieni  Thoricti 
ccrte  novam  institui. 

T.  (ibtuse  (especially  in  front),  bright  reddish-chestnut,  exceedingly  highly  polished,  and  nearly 
glabrous  (there  being  just  perceptible  indications,  beneath  the  microscope,  of  a  few  short  and 
scattered  hairs  towards  the  sides, — though  especially  about  the  humeral  angles  of  the  elytra). 
Prothorax  very  large,  and  widest  about  the  middle  (where  it  exceeds  the  eh'tra  in  breadth),  with 
the  sides  uniformly  rounded,  though  much  constricted  at  the  extreme  hinder  margin  ;  beset  with 
minute  and  distinct  punctures;  extremely  convex,  particularly  in  front ;  and  sometimes  with  an 
obscure  oblique  impression  (as  in  the  plate)  on  either  side  behind, — which  at  others  however 
would  appear  to  be  obsolete.  Elytra  very  convex  (and  semitransparent)  behind  the  middle  of 
the  disk,  being  comparatively  depressed  towards  the  anterior  margin  ;  beset  with  most  minute 
and  distant  punctures  (even  less  perceptible  than  those  on  the  prothorax,  and  only  to  be 
distinguished  uuder  the  microscope) ;  and  with  an  exceedingly  abbreviated  costa,  or  ridge  (and  a 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  221 

fovea  within  it,  which  is  continuous  with  the  obUque  impression,  when  present,  of  the  prothorax) 
at  the  base  (immediately  within  the  shoulder)  of  each.  Antewia  and  legs  somewhat  darker; 
except  the  extreme  apices  of  the  club  and  tarsi,  which  are  more  rufescent. 

Apparently  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  Madeiran  Coleoptera,  the  only  two  specimens 
which  have  come  imder  my  notice  having  been  captured  by  myself  near  Funchal, 
—one  from  beneath  a  stone  (in  company  with  Cossijpliodes  TFoUastonii)  on  tlie 
rocky  ledge  above  the  Praya  Pormoza,  May  8th,  1818 ;  and  the  other,  in  a  sunilar 
position,  on  the  cliff  to  the  eastward  of  the  town,  immediately  beyond  the  Ribeiro 
de  Sao  Gon9alo,  in  January  1819.  Although  most  unquestionably  distinct  from  it, 
it  is  very  nearly  alHed  to  the  T.  gramlicollis,  Germar,  from  SicUy,— for  a  typical 
example  of  which  I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  H.  Schaum  of  Berlin.  In  colour  and 
general  aspect  the  two  insects  are,  at  fii'st  sight,  tolerably  sunilar ;  nevertheless 
the  Madeii-an  may  be  easily  recognised  from  the  SiciHan  one  by  the  form  of  its 
prothorax,  which  is  somewhat  longer  and  less  quadi-ate,  and  has  the  sides  very 
much  more  rounded,— thus  causmg  its  breadth  at  the  extreme  hinder  margin  to  be 
considerably  less  than  is  the  case  in  that  species.  This  difference  of  structure  is 
very  perceptible  when  the  respective  insects  are  viewed  obliquely.  The  elytra, 
also,  of  the  T.  Westwoodii  are  a  little  narrower  throughout,  and  more  parallel  at 
the  shoulders,  than  those  of  the  T.  grandicollis.  In  his  generic  diagnosis  pub- 
lished, as  already  stated,  in  1834,  Germar  remarked,  concerning  the  Nubian 
T.  castaneus  (from  which  his  oljservations  were  drawn  up),  that  he  was  not  al:)le  to 
detect  any  traces  of  eyes.  In  the  Madeii-an  and  Sicilian  representatives,  however, 
as  well  as  in  two  others,  fi-om  Egypt  and  Algeria,  which  I  have  examined,  the  eyes 
are  certainly  apparent. 

Fam.  21.  APHODIAD^. 

Genus  78.  APHODIUS. 

lUiger,  Kdfer  Preuss.  i.  28  (1798). 

Corpus  mediocre,  subcylindrico-oblongum,  plus  minusve  Isete  coloratura  :  clypeo  punctato,  plerumque 
semihexagono  antice  integro,  sjepius  (prajcipue  in  maribus)  tuberculato ;  prothorace  iutegro  {i.  e. 
hand  canaliculato)  :  scutello  distincto :  alis  amplis.  Antemm  breves  (capitis  vix  longitudine) 
lamellato-clavatfe  9-articulata?,  ad  marginem  capitis  inter  otium  repositae,  articulis  prmio  et 
secundo  robustis  (illo  longissimo  subcyhndrico,  hoc  brevi),  tertio  ad  sextum  longitudine  decrescen- 
tibus  latitudine  crescentibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  triphyllam  efficientibus.  Labrum  trans- 
versum  tenuissimo-membranaceum  pilosum,  apice  in  medio  ssepius  leviter  productum  et  interdum 
fissura  minutissima  instructum,  sub  clypeo  (una  cum  mandibulis)  opertum.  Mandibula  latfe,  basi 
corneBe,  dein  membranaceo-coriacese,  apicem  versus  tenuissimo-membranaceae  obtusse,  margme 
interno  ciliato.  MaxillcehWoh?^  subcomese,  lobis  membranaceis  ;  externa  latissimo  subovato,  apicem 
versus  pilis  breviusculis  dense  obsito;  interno  minuto  piloso  bifido.  Palpi  filiformes;  maxillares 
glabri  articulo  primo  minuto  subflexuoso,  secundo  elongate  subclavato,  tertio  brevi,  ultimo  elon- 
gate (secundi  longitudine)  fusiformi-cylindrico :  labiates  pilosi,  e  ligula  ad  lobos  menti  auticos 


222  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

surgentes,  articulo  primo  longiusculo  sat  robusto,  secundo  paulo  minore,  tertio  (primo  vix  breviore) 
subovato.  Mentiim  amplum  subquadratum,  pilis  longissiinis  munitum,  antice  leviter  bilobum. 
Ligula  mento  fere  occultataj  tenuissimo-membranacea  biloba  ciliata.  Pedes  validi  subretractiles : 
tibiis  anticis  dilatatis  cxtus  fortitcr  tridentatis,  posterioribus  spinulosis  :  tarsis  filiformibus,  articulis 
secundo,  tertio  et  quarto  longitudine  subzequalibus,  primo  in  anticis  saepius  brevi,  in  posterioribus 
elongato. 

Theii-  diing-infesting  propensities  and  biuTOwing  nature,  in  conjunction  with 
their  somewhat  cylindrical  and  more  or  less  maculated  bodies,  have  rendered  the 
species  of  the  present  group  familiar  to  almost  every  observer.  In  northern  and 
temperate  regions,  Avhere  they  supply  the  place  of  the  larger  Lamellicorns  of 
warmer  latitudes,  and  have  the  same  office  to  perform,  they  are  especially  abmi- 
dant ;  and  hence  it  is  that  in  Europe  the  Aphod'u  are  connected  with  our  earliest 
associations, — making  then*  appearance  at  particular  times  in  such  vast  multitudes 
as  even  to  have  attracted  the  attention  of  naturalists  in  recording  the  simultaneous 
development  of  animals  and  plants  at  stated  seasons  of  the  year.  Well  known  as 
they  are  however  from  their  habits  and  general  outward  aspect,  they  present 
structurally  far  greater  pecuUarities,  which  will  serve  additionally  to  separate 
them,  in  common  with  the  rest  of  the  family  to  which  they  belong,  from  the 
members  of  the  other  genera  of  this  department  of  the  Coleoptera.  Thus,  theii' 
extremely  thin,  membranous  mandibles  and  upper  lip,  both  of  which  are  concealed 
beneath  their  (in  Aphodlus  proper  usually  tubercled  and  unemarginated)  clypcus, 
added  to  their  powerfully  tridentated  anterior  tibite,  and  the  lamellated  club  of 
theii-  9-joiuted  antennae,  Avill  more  than  suffice,  apart  from  the  obscurer  featm-es 
of  then-  organization,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  whole  of  the  other  insects  with 
which  we  have  here  to  do. 

173.  Aphodius  Hydrochaeris. 

A.  diluto-tcstaceus,  clypeo  (subruguloso),  scutello  (profunde  punctate)  et  pedibus  paulo  rufcscen- 

tioribus,  prothorace  breviusculo  antice  marginato,  sat  crebre  insequaliter  punctulato,  in  disco 

antico  late  nigrescenti  necnon  latera  versus  nebula  obscura  conspurcato,  elytrorum  interstitiis 

minutissime  punctulatis  et  sutura  anguste  nigrescenti. 

Mas   subnitidus,    tuberculo   frontali    medio    valde    distincto,    prothorace   paulo    latiore    subtibus 

punctulato. 

Foem.  subopacus,  tuberculo  frontali  medio  minus  cxstanti  (lateralibus  vix  majore),  prothorace  paulo 

angustiore  fortius  et  crebrius  punctulato. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-4J. 

Scarahceus  ITi/droeJiaris,  Fab.  Eiit.  Sj/st.  Siipj)!.  23  (1798). 
ApJiodiiis  Ili/drocha'ris,  Illig.  Mag.fiir  Ins.  ii.  103  (1S03). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Relv.  i.  522  (18il). 

,  Muls.  LamelL  de  France,  217  (1842). 

Habitat   in  stereore  bovino  Maderfc  Portusque    Sancti,    sat    vulgaris, — ab  autunmo    usque  ad  ver 
primum  prxdominans. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  223 

A.  diluted-,  or  somewhat  dirty-testaceous  :  with  the  chjpeus  (which  is  tubercled,  somewhat  rugulose, 
recurved  at  the  edges,  rounded  in  front,  and  usually  a  little  infuscated  behind),  the  scutellwn 
(which  is  deeply  punctured),  and  the  legs,  rather  more  rufescent,  or  sometimes  rufo-picescent. 
Prothorax  (which  is  rather  short,  and  has  the  extreme  front  edge  distinctly  margined)  unequally 
and  rather  closely  punctulated ;  with  a  large  and  broad  patch  on  the  fore  disk,  and  an  obscure 
and  ill-defined  cloud  on  either  side,  towards  the  middle  of  the  lateral  edges,  more  or  less  black  or 
brownish-black.  Elytra  crenate-striated,  with  the  interstices  most  minutely  and  indistinctly 
punctulated ;  and  with  the  suture  narrowly  darker.     Body  beneath  rather  coarsely  punctured. 

Male  slightly  shining ;  with  the  central  frontal  tubercle  exceedingly  prominent ;  and  with  the 
prothorax  rather  wide,  and  (together  with  the  interstices  of  the  elytra)  less  distinctly  punctulated 
than  that  of  the  female. 

Female  subopake;  with  the  central  frontal  tubercle  much  less  developed  (being  scarcely  more 
evident  than  the  lateral  ones) ;  and  with  the  prothorax  narrower,  and  more  deeply  and  closely 
punctulated. 

The  largest  of  the  Madeiran  Apliodii ;  and  known  from  the  rest  by  its  less 
shining  sui-face  and  dirty  yellowish  hue,  and  by  the  greater  sexual  variation  in  the 
breadth  and  sculpture  of  its  (anteriorly  margined)  prothorax.  From  the  A.  niti- 
dulns,  in  addition  to  the  above  characters,  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  slightly 
paler  legs,  smaller  (and  posteriorly-abbreviated)  prothoracic  patch,  and  by  the 
visually  somewhat  convexer,  and  even  more  minutely  punctulated,  interstices 
of  its  elytra.  It  is  rather  a  common  insect,  both  in  Madeu-a  and  Porto  Santo, 
occurring  in  the  dung  of  cattle  at  most  seasons  of  the  year,  though  more  especially 
during  the  autumnal  and  winter  months.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  very  generally 
distributed  throughout  Europe,  being  more  particularly  confined  to  subaustral 
and  Mediterranean  latitudes.  Thu.s,  in  Germany  and  Switzerland  it  is  scarce ; 
whilst  in  the  south  of  Prance,  Spain,  Italy,  Corsica,  Sardinia  and  Sicily  it  is 
tolerably  abundant ; — as  also  in  the  north  of  Africa  (Algeria  and  Tangier),  from 
whence  indeed  the  specimens  described  by  Pabricius,  in  1789,  were  obtained. 

174.  Aphodius  nitidulus. 
A.  nitidus  testaceus,  clypeo  et  scutello  (profunde  punctato)  picescenti-nigris,  prothorace  sat  crebre 
insequaliter  punctulato,  in  disco  latissime  nigro  (latera  versus  sola  pallido),  elytrorum  interstitiis 
minutissime  punctulatis  et  sutura  anguste  nigrescenti. 
Mas,  tuberculo  frontali  medio  distincto,  prothorace  vix  latiore  paulo  subtilius  punctulato. 
Fcem.  tuberculo  frontali  medio  minus  exstanti  (lateralibus  vix  majore),  prothorace  vix  angustiore 
fortius  et  crebrius  punctulato. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2i-3. 

Scarabceus  nitidulus,  Pab.  JUnt.  8i/st.  i.  30  (1792). 

ictericus,  Payk.  Fna  Suec.  i.  17  (1798). 

Aphodius  nitidulws,  Gryll.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  28  (1808). 

,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  192  (1830). 

— ■ ,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Relv.  i.  523  (ISll). 

Habitat  Maderam  et  Portum  Sanctum,  in  stercore  bovine,  vulgaris. 


224  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

A.  testaceous  and  shining :  with  the  clypeus  (which  is  tubercled,  recurved  at  the  edges,  and  truncated 
and  i-ufescent  in  front)  and  the  scutellum  (which  is  deeply  punctured),  piceous-black,  or  some- 
times almost  black.  Pruthorax  unequally  and  rather  closely  punctulated ;  with  an  extremely 
largely  developed  patch  on  the  disk  (which  covers  the  entire  surface  except  the  sides,  and  is  con- 
fluent with  the  dusky  cloud-hke  blotch  towards  the  middle  of  the  lateral  edges)  black.  Elytra 
crenate- striated,  with  the  interstices  most  minutely  punctulated  (though  rather  more  e\'idently  so 
than  in  the  A.  Hydrochteris)  ;  and  with  the  suture  narrowly  black.  Body  beneath  dusky  brownish- 
testaceous,  and  rather  coarsely  punctured.  Legs  rufo-piceous. 
Sexual  distinctions  the  same  as  in  the  last  species  (only  in  a  less  degree),  except  that  both  sexes  are 
almost  equally  shining. 

A  common.  European  Aphodius ;  and  one  whicli  may  be  distinguished  from  the 
other  species  here  described  by  its  almost  entirely  dark  head  and  prothorax,  and 
pale  testaceous  el}i:ra, — the  last  of  which  have  merely  their  sutm-e  black.  It  is 
the  most  abundant  of  the  Madeirau  representatives  of  the  genus,  being  found  at 
all  seasons  of  the  year  and  in  nearly  every  island  of  the  group, — though  more 
especially  plentiful  (as  indeed  its  stercoraceous  habits  would  lead  us  to  expect)  in 
Madeu-a  proper  and  Porto  Santo.  The  specimens  recede  from  the  northern  type 
in  being  usually  a  little  paler  and  more  distinctly  punctulated. 


175.  Aphodius  nifus. 

A.  angustus  nitidus  rufo-ferrugineus,  clypeo  nx  tuberculato  posticc  infuscato,  prothorace  sat  crebre 
insequalitcr  punctulato,  in  disco  antico  subinfuscato  necnon  latcra  versus  nebula  pan^A  obscu- 
rissimd  conspurcato,  elytris  rufo-testaceis,  interstitiis  minutissime  sed  paruni  crebre  punctulatis, 
pedibus  paUido-rufo-piceis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  2. 

Aphodius  rufus,  Illig.  Mag.filr  Ins.  ii.  195  (1S03). 

,  Sturm,  Beutsch.  Fna,  i.  144.  tab.  14.  fig.  D  (1805). 

,  Dufts.  Fna  Amtr.  i.  127  (1805). 

,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Beutsch.  iii.  836  (1848). 

ferrugineits,  Dalil,  in  lift. 


Habitat  ad  vias  necnon  in  vinetis  Maderae,  in  stercore  bovino  et  equino,  rarior :  propc  urbcm  Funcha- 
Icnscm  atquc  in  castanetis  Sancta;  Annie  restate  obscrvavi. 

A.  narrow,  pale  rufo-ferruginous  and  shining :  with  the  clypeus  (which  is  almost  untubcrcled,  slightly 
recurved  at  the  edges,  and  truncated  in  front)  infuscated  along  its  posterior  portion.  Prothorax 
unequally,  rather  closely,  but  somewhat  finely  punctulated  ;  very  obscurely  infuscated  on  the 
fore  disk,  and  with  exceedingly  faint  indications  of  a  smaller  patch,  iu  the  usual  position,  towards 
the  middle  of  either  lateral  edge.  Elytra  a  little  jjaler  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  being 
rufo-testaceous;  crenate-  (or  almost  punctate-)  striated,  with  the  interstices  most  minutely,  but 
quite  perceptibly  and  rather  closely,  punctidated.  Body  beneath  infuscate.  Legs  pale  rufo- 
piceous. 

Known  readily  l)y  its  narrow  outliae  and  iiallid  luio  (the  hinder  regions  of  its 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  225 

forehead  being  the  only  portion  which  is  invariably  infnscated),  and  by  its  clypeus 
being  ahnost  entirely  free  from  any  indications  of  tubercles.  It  occui-s  both  in 
the  north  and  south  of  Madeira,  but  is  apparently  somewhat  scarce ;  I  have  how- 
ever captured  it  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Funchal,  and  (on  two  occasions)  at  Santa 
Anna,  in  comparative  abundance.  It  occurs,  though  sparingly,  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  Europe ;  and  is  recorded  in  Germany,  Portugal,  Sicily  and  the 
Tyi-ol. 

176.  Aphodius  lividus. 

A.  brevis,  nitidissimus  livido-testaceus,  cljrpeo  postice  nigro-infuscato,  prothorace  utrinque  parcissime 
punctate,  in  disco  antico  late  et  suffuse  nigro-Lnfuscato  necnon  latera  versus  nebula  obscura  con- 
spurcato,  elytro  singulo  in  disco  longitudinaliter  obscuro-,  et  per  suturam  late  nigro-infuscato, 
interstitiis  impunctatis,  pedibus  pallido-rufopiceis. 

Long.  cprp.  lin.  2. 

Scarabceus  lividus,  Oliv.  Etit.  i.  3.  86  (1789). 
ApJtodius  Anaclioreta,  Fab.  Syst.  Eleu.  i.  74  (1801). 
Scarabceus  bilituratus,  Mslim,  Unt.  Brit.  i.  15  (1802). 
Aplodius  lividus,  Stepb.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  192  (1830) 
,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Heh.  i.  524  (1841). 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarissimus :  duo  specimina  tantum  vidi,  unum  sc.  a  meipso  sestate  media  a.d.  1850 
in  stercore  bovine  ad  Sanctam  Annam,  et  alterum  a  Dom.  Heinecken  prope  urbem  Funchalensem 
d.  20  Jul.  A.D.  1829,  reperta. 

A.  ratber  short  and  broad,  livid-,  or  pale  brownish-testaceous,  and  exceedingly  shining :  with  the 
clypeus  (which  is  tubercled,  recurved  at  the  edges,  and  truncated  in  front)  rather  rufesceut 
anteriorly,  but  darkly  infnscated  along  its  posterior  portion.  Prothorax  almost  impunctate, 
though  with  an  exceedingly  few  scattered  punctures  towards  the  sides ;  with  a  large  cloudy,  or 
suffused  patch  on  the  fore-disk,  and  a  dusky  cloud,  in  the  usual  position,  towards  the  middle  of 
either  lateral  edge,  more  or  less  darkly  infuscated.  Elytra  crenate-striated,  with  the  interstices 
almost  impunctate ;  with  the  suture  broadly  and  darkly,  and  a  large  longitudinal  dash  down  the 
disk  of  each  obscurely,  infuscated.  Body  beneath  rather  coarsely  punctured.  Legs  pale  Tufo- 
piceous. 

The  rather  short  and  wide  outline  of  the  A.  lividus,  in  conjunction  with  its 
extremely  glossy,  lurid,  and  comparatively  unpunctured  surface,  its  broadly  infus- 
cated sutm'e,  and  the  cloudy  longitudinal  dash  down  the  disk  of  each  of  its  elytra, 
will  at  once  distinguish  it  from  the  other  ApJiodii  with  which  we  have  here  to  do. 
Although  conmion  thi-oughout  Europe,  and  occurring  also  in  the  north  of  Africa, 
it  is  decidedly  rare  in  Madeira,  two  specimens  only  having  hitherto  come  beneath 
my  notice, — one  of  which  was  captui-ed  by  myself  in  the  north  of  the  island,  at 
Santa  Anna,  dm'ing  the  siunmer  of  1850,  and  the  other  by  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken 
near  Funchal  (according  to  the  origbaal  label,  still  attached  to  it),  on  the  20th  of 
July  1829,  from  whose  collection  it  was  presented  to  me  by  the  E,ev.  U.  T.  Lowe. 

2g 


226  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

177.  Aphodius  Pedrosi,  WoU. 

A.  brevis  antice  subangustatusj  nitidus  nigro-piceus,  prothorace  utrinque  valde  profunde  punctato  ad 
latera  paulo  rufescenti,  elytris  nifo-piceis,  interstitiis  fere  impunctatis,  pedibus  pallido-rufo- 
piceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  in  arcnosis  Portus  Sancti,  semel  tantum  (sub  lapide  prope  oppidum)  Decembri  mense  a.d. 

1848  repertus. 
In  honorem  illustrissimi  Dom.  Pedrozo,  qui  ab  antiqua  stirpe  in  agro  Portosanctano  oriundus  per  tot 

annos  nomen  Lusitanicum  omavit,  hunc  Aphodium  valde  indigenum  denominavi. 

A.  short,  and  ratlier  narrowed  anteriorly,  piceous  black,  and  shining :  with  the  clypeus  (which  is 
rather  wide,  roughened,  tubercled,  recurved  at  the  edges,  and  truncated  in  front)  rather  rufescent 
about  the  anterior  margins.  Prothorax  a  little  narrowed  in  front,  with  exceedingly  large,  deep, 
and  distinct  punctures, — especially  towards  the  sides,  which  are  (particularly  about  the  anterior 
angles)  obscurely  rufescent.  Elytra  rufo-pieeous,  being  much  paler  and  more  rufescent  (especially 
posteriorly)  than  the  head  and  prothorax ;  crenate-striated,  with  the  interstices  almost  impunctate. 
Legs  pale  rufo-piceous. 

A  veiy  distinct  little  Aphodius,  and  hitherto  unique.  It  may  be  recognised  from 
the  rest  by  its  smaller  size,  shorter  and  anteriorly-subacuminated  outline,  by  its 
dull-rufescent  elytra,  and  by  the  extremely  large  and  deep  punctures  of  its  pro- 
thorax. The  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  was  captm*ed,  by  myself,  from 
beneath  a  stone  in  the  \'icinity  of  the  Ciddde  of  Porto  Santo,  dm'ing  December 
1848.  It  was  taken,  in  company  with  other  insects,  towards  the  dusk  of  the 
evening, — whilst  burrowing  into  the  sand  which  forms  so  prominent  a  feature 
throughout  the  southern  district  of  the  island.  I  have  dedicated  the  species  to 
Senhor  Pedrozo,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  much  kindness  and  hospitality  during 
my  sojourns  in  Porto  Santo. 

178.  Aphodius  granarius. 
A.  breviusculus,  nitidus  niger,  prothorace  amplo  utrinque  parce  profunde  punctato  necnon  latera  versus 

plaga  rufescenti  obscurissuna  ornato,  elytris  postice  intcrdum  levitcr  rufescentibus,  interstitiis 

fere  impunctatis,  pedibus  piceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2-2j. 

Scaralceus  granarius,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  ii.  547  (17G7). 

,  Oliv.  Ent.  i.  3.  82  (1789). 

Aphodius  granarius,  Ulig.  Mag.  fur  Ins.  ii.  192  (1803). 

,  Steph.  //;.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  197  (1830). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  i.  519  (1841). 

Habitat  in  stercore  bovine  Maderse  et  Portus  Sancti,  ab  oris  maritimis  usque  ad  cacumina  montium 
ascendens  :  in  hortis  Funchalensibus,  ad  vias,  vel  etiam  in  ips^  urbe  tempore  serene  per  aerem 
volitans  ssepissime  observetur. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


227 


A.  rather  short,  deep  black,  and  shining :  with  the  chjpeus  (which  is  rather  roughened,  tubercled, 
recui-ved  at  the  edges,  and  truncated  in  front)  completely  dark.  Prothorax  ample,  with  large 
and  scattered  punctures  (which  however  are  not  so  large  as  those  of  the  A.  Pedrosi,  though 
larger  and  much  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  A.  lividus), — especially  towards  the  sides, 
which  have  obscure  indications  of  a  rufescent  patch  (sometimes  scarcely  perceptible)  at  about  the 
centre  of  either  lateral  edge  (the  position  occupied  by  the  darker  cloud  which  is  more  or  less 
apparent  in  the  whole  of  the  previous  species).  Ely  Ira  crenate-striated,  with  the  interstices  almost 
impunctate ;  and  with  their  extreme  apex  sometimes  a  httle  rufescent  or  piceous.  Body  beneath 
coarsely  punctured.     Leffs  piceous. 

Its  deep-black  surface,  in  conjunction  with  the  just  perceptibly  rufescent  patch, 
on  either  side  of  its  prothorax,  about  the  centre,  wall  more  than  suffice  to 
distinguish  the  common  European  A.  grcmarius  from  the  other  Apliodii  here 
described.  It  is  a  universal  iusect  throughout  Madeu-a  and  Porto  Santo, — 
occurring  at  all  elevations,  fi-om  the  level  of  the  sea-shore  and  the  streets  of 
Funchal  (where  it  may  be  frequently  captured  on  the  wing)  to  within  a  short 
distance  of  the  extreme  summits  of  the  peaks.  During  July  of  1850  it  was 
tolerably  abimdantiu  the  upland  region  of  the  Tanal. 

Genus  79.  OXYOMUS. 

(Eschscholtz)  De  Castehi.  Hist.  ii.  98  (1840). 

Corpus  minusculum,  oblongo-ovatum,  plerumque  nigrum :  chjpeo  spepius  semi-hexagono  antice  leviter 
emarginato,  punctato  sed  hand  tuberculato  :  profhorace  modo  integro,  modo  postice  canaliculato : 
scutello  distincto :  elytris  plerumque  profunde  sulcatis  :  alls  amphs.  Antenna,  labrum,  mandibula, 
maxillm,  mentum  et  ligula  fere  ut  in  Aphodio,  sed  maxillarum  lobo  externo  apicem  versus  pectinato- 
piloso.  Palpi  vix  filiformes ;  maxillares  glabri,  articulo  primo  minuto  subflexuoso,  secundo 
longiore  subclavato,  tertio  brevi,  ultimo  elongate  (secundo  longiore)  fusiformi-ovato  sed  per  mar- 
ginem  internum  areuato :  labiales  leviter  pilosi,  e  ligula  ad  lobos  menti  anticos  surgentes,  articulo 
primo  breviusculo,  secundo  paulo  crassiore,  ultimo  elongato  (primo  multo  longiore)  ovato.  Pedes 
valitU  subretractiles :  tibiis  anticis  dilatatis,  extus  fortiter  tridentatis,  posterioribus  spinulosis: 
tarsis  filiformibus,  articulis  secundo,  tertio  et  quarto  longitudine  subsequahbus,  primo  elongato. 

The  present  genus  may  be  considered  as  constitutiag  a  passage  between  the 
Aphodii  proper  and  the  Psammodii,  approaching  the  former  in  its  general  outline, 
in  the  lightly  impressed  sculptiu'e  of  its  clypeus,  in  its  apically-mucronated  tipper 
lip,  and  in  the  membranous  and  largely  dilated  outer  lobe  of  its  maxillse ;  whilst  in 
its  freedom  from  frontal  tubercles,  in  the  deep  striation  of  its  elytra,  siibclavated 
palpi,  and  in  the  elongated  basal  joint  of  all  its  feet,  as  well  as  in  the  obscm^e 
colour  of  the  insects  which  compose  it,  it  agrees  more  evidently  with  the  latter. 
In  its  slightly  bUobed  clypeus,  however,  and  in  its  sometimes  entire,  sometimes 
channeled  prothorax,  it  is  intermediate  between  the  two, 

2  g2 


228  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

179.  Oxyomus  Heineckeni,  WoU. 

O.  latiusculus  subnitidus  niger  vel  piceo-niger,  prothorace  transverse  (ad  latere  subrecto  et  ciliato)  sat 
profunde  et  parum  crcbre  punctate,  elytris  profunde  crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  latiusculis  postice 
convexis,  pedibus  piceis  pilosis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2?-25. 

Habitat  prope  urbcm  Funchalensem,  rarissime;  mihi  non  obvius,  sed  insulis  JIaderensibus  certe 
indigenus  :  duo  specimina,  a  Rev''°  Dom.  Lowe  munificc  donata,  sola  \idi,  quae  pridem  invenit 
Dom.  Heinccken,  M.D.,  cujus  in  memoriam  nomen  triviale  dedi. 

O.  broad  and  much  depressed,  black  or  piceous  black,  and  slightly  shining  :  with  the  clypeus  (which  has 
no  indication  of  tubercles,  but  is  convex  in  the  centre,  a  little  recurved  at  the  edges,  and  slightly 
emarginated  in  front)  somewhat  picescent,  and  almost  unpunctured,  anteriorly ;  but  rather  deeply 
and  closely  punctured  behind.  Prothorax  short  and  broad,  of  nearly  the  same  width  before  and 
behind, — the  anterior  and  posterior  angles  being  subequal,  and  the  lateral  edges  (which  are 
distinctly  ciliated)  consequently  comparatively  straight ;  rather  closely  and  deeply  punctured, — 
especially  towards  the  sides,  where  the  punctures  are  larger  and  the  surface  wrinkled,  or  uneven. 
Elytra  very  slightly  narrowed  at  their  base  (where  they  are  not  quite  so  broad  as  the  prothorax) ; 
just  perceptibly  notched  (or  each  obliquely  subtruncated)  at  the  extreme  apex  of  their  suture ; 
deeply  crenate-  (or  almost  punctate-)  striated ;  with  the  interstices  impunctate,  broad  in  front, 
but  gradually  narrowed  and  slightly  more  elevated  behind, — where  however  they  are  scarcely 
costate.  Legs  piceous,  or  rufo-piceous,  and  pilose  (especially  the  femora,  which  have  a  row  of  very 
long  hairs  down  the  centre  of  their  inner  sui-face)  :  fore  tibia  with  three  minute  serrations 
towards  the  base  of  their  outer  edge  (beyond  the  larger  teeth), — which  are  exceedingly  distinct 
under  a  moderate  magnifying  power :  tarsi  with  the  second,  third  and  fourth  joints  subequal,  but 
longer  than  those  of  the  following  species. 

The  present  Oxyomus  approaches  very  closely,  at  first  sight,  to  the  O.  breci- 
collis ;  from  wliich  nevertheless  it  will  be  perceived,  on  examination,  to  be  abtin- 
(lantly  distinct, — receding  from  it  not  only  in  its  greater  bulk,  in  the  different  form 
of  its  laterally  setose  prothorax  (wliich  has  the  hinder  angles  much  less  rounded-olf, 
and  the  sides  therefore  comparatively  straight),  and  in  the  ^"ider,  more  depressed, 
and  less  posterior ly-costate  interstices  of  its  elytra ;  but,  slightly,  even  in  the 
structure  of  its  legs,  which  are,  apparently,  more  pUose  (particularly  the  femora), 
have  the  minute  serrations  towards  the  outer  base  of  their  fore-tibia?  much  more 
e\-ident,  and  their  three  intermediate  tarsal  joints  perceptibly  longer  than  is  the 
case  in  that  species.  It  is  one  of  the  insects  which  I  have  not  myself  succeeded  in 
detecting,  during  my  researches  in  these  islands ;  nor  indeed  have  any  recent  spe- 
cunens  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice, — the  only  two  examples  which  I  have 
seen  having  been  presented  to  me  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  from  the  collection  of 
the  late  Dr.  Heinccken,  by  whom  they  Avere  captured,  many  years  ago,  near 
Fimchal.  Possessing  as  it  does,  however,  so  much  in  common  with  the  O.  brevi- 
colli-s,  I  have  but  little  doubt  that  it  avlU  be  found  to  inhabit  similar  spots, — 
towards  the  southern  coast. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  229 

180.  Oxyomus  brevicollis,  WoU. 
O.  subniticlus  niger,  prothorace  transverso  (angulis  anticis  deflexis,  posticis  truncato-rotundatis)  paiilo 

crebrius  punctato,  elytris  profunde  crenato-striatis,   interstitiis  angustioribus    postice   costato- 

convexis,  pedibus  piceis  minus  pilosis. 
Long,  coi-p.  lin.  2. 

Habitat  Maderam  aiistralem,  non  infrequens :  plurima  specimina  Junio  ineunte  a.d.  1849,  in  horto 
Loweano  ad  Levada,  primus  inveni ;  atque  alia,  per  oram  Funchalensem  maritimam  sub  lapidibus 
in  cloacis  detecta,  nuperrime  communicavit  Dom.  Rousset. 

O,  smaller,  and  not  so  broad  as  the  O.  Heineckeni,  and  not  quite  so  depressed,  black,  and  slightly 
shining :  with  the  clypeus  as  in  that  species,  except  that  it  is  not  quite  so  distinctly  punctui-ed 
behind.  Prothorax  short  and  broad,  rather  narrower  behind  than  before, — the  anterior  angles 
being  more  defiexed  and  the  posterior  ones  much  more  truncated,  or  gradually  rounded-ofF,  than 
is  the  case  with  the  last  species ;  a  stracture  which  causes  the  lateral  edges  (which  are  not  ciliated) 
to  be  comparatively  oblique  (this  difference  becoming  particularly  apparent  when  the  respective 
insects  are  viewed  laterally) ;  rather  more  closely,  and  perhaps  not  quite  so  deeply,  punctured  as 
in  the  O.  Heineckeni,  and  less  perceptibly  wrinkled  towards  the  sides.  Elytra  as  in  that  insect, 
except  that  they  are  a  little  more  narrowed  at  their  base,  have  their  striae  rather  less  evidently 
crenated,  and  their  interstices  narrower  and  more  convex, — being  distinctly  elevated,  or  costate, 
behind.  Legs  much  less  pilose  than  in  that  species  (the  femora  having  their  inner  row  of  hairs 
short,  and  scarcely  apparent)  :  fore-tibiee  with  two  or  three  most  minute  serrations  towards  the 
base  of  their  outer  edge  (beyond  the  larger  teeth), — which  are  but  just  indicated  even  beneath  a 
very  high  magnifying  power  :  tarsi  with  the  second,  third  and  fourth  joints  snbequal,  but  shorter 
than  those  of  the  O.  Heineckeni. 

Both  of  the  Oxyotni  here  described  may  be  known  from  the  remainder  of  the 
Madeiran  members  of  the  present  family  by  theii"  comparatively  broad  and  de- 
pressed bodies,  finely  sculptm'ed,  untubercled  and  slightly  bilobed  clypei,  and  by 
tlieu-  short  and  thickly  punctnlated  prothoraces :  whilst  fi'om  the  O,  Heineckeni 
the  O.  brevicollis  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  smaller  and  somewhat  narrower 
outline,  by  the  different  construction  of  its  prothorax  (which,  moreover,  is  free 
from  the  lateral  cilia  which  are  so  evident  in  that  species),  by  the  posteriorly 
costate  and  less  widened  interstices  of  its  elytra,  and  by  its  more  glabrous  legs. 
Although  exceedingly  local,  it  appears  to  be  rather  a  common  insect  m  the  imme- 
diate \icinity  of  Funchal, — where  I  first  discovered  it,  early  in  June  1849  (abun- 
dantly), in  the  garden  of  the  Hev.  R.  T.  Lowe  at  the  Levada  :  and  many  specimens 
have  been  lately  communicated  to  me  by  M.  B-ousset,  captiu-ed  from  beneath 
stones  and  amongst  rejectamenta  on  the  beach  of  Funchal ;  where  it  would  seem 
to  reside,  in  company  ^vitli  Dactylosternum  Roussetii,  FaronialKS  j^tonilio,  Psam- 
modius  sahnlosus,  and  other  insects  which  delight  in  such  localities,  in  the  neigh- 
botu'hood  of  the  drains  and  sewers,  which  constitute  the  general  receptacles  of  the 
animal  and  vegetable  refuse  of  the  town ; — precincts,  which,  from  their  uninviting 
nature,  I  have  not  prevailed  upon  myself  to  examine,  but  which  in  all  probability 
would  amply  repay  an  investigation. 


230  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  80.  PSAMMODIUS. 
Gyllenhal,  Ins.  Suec.  i.  6  (1808). 

Corpxis  minusculunij  oblongo-ovatum  vel  subcylindricum,  plerumque  nigrum :  clypeo  ssepius  semi- 
circulari  anticc  sat  profunde  emarginato,  granulato-aspcrato  scd  baud  tuberculato  :  prothorace 
postice  canaliculato  :  scutello  distincto  :  ehjtris  plerumque  profunde  sulcatis  :  alis  amplis.  An- 
tenrue,  mandibulce ,  mentum  et  ligula  fere  ut  in  Aphodio.  Lahrum  in  medio  integrum.  Mawillarum 
lobu  extemo  comeo,  apice  dentate.  Palpi  vLx  filiformes ;  maxillares  glabri,  articulo  prime  minute 
subflexuoso,  secundo  longiore  subclavato,  tertio  brevi,  ultimo  elongate  (secundo  longiore)  fusi- 
formi-evato  sed  per  marginem  internum  arcuate :  labiates  leviter  pUosi,  c  ligula  ad  lobes  menti 
anticos  surgentes,  articule  prime  parvo,  secundo  majore  crassiere,  ultimo  elongate  (reliquis  lengi- 
tudine  sequali)  ovate.  Pedes  validi  subretractiles  :  tibiis  anticis  fertiter  dilatatis,  extus  tridentatis, 
posterioribus  spinulosis  ;  tarsis  filiformibus,  articulis  secundo,  tertio  et  quarto  lengitudine  sub- 
sequalibus,  prime  elongate. 

Psammodius  is  distinguished  from  Ajjhoclins  by  the  smaller  size  and  universally 
dark  colour  (as  in  Oxyomiis)  of  the  insects  which  compose  it, — which  have  their 
elytra  more  deeply  sulcatetl,  their  clypeus  coarsely  granuled,  untubercled,  nearly 
semicircular,  and  considerably  bUobed  in  front,  their  prothorax  invariably  grooved 
l)ehind  (and  beset  with  large  punctures,  remote  and  deep),  their  upper  lip  entu*e 
(not  being  produced  into  a  cleft  central  mucro),  the  external  lobe  of  theii*  maxillae 
horny,  and  powerfully  toothed  towards  its  apex,  their  palpi  (like  those  of  Oxyomtts) 
slightly  clavate,  and  the  basal  joint  of  all  their  feet  elongated :  whUst  from  the 
last  genus,  its  more  semicu-cular  (though  anteriorly  emargiuated)  and  roughened 
clypeus,  in  conjimccion  with  its  posteriorly  channeled  pronotum,  the  apically- 
dentated  and  corneous  structure  of  its  outer  maxillary  lobe,  will,  apart  from  minor 
differences,  equally  remove  it.  The  Fsanimodii  slightly  recede,  moreover,  even  in 
theu'  habits  (as  indeed  is  likewise  the  case,  though  less  apparently,  with  the  iater- 
mediate  Oxyomi)  from  the  normal  members  of  the  present  family,  exhibiting  less 
stercoraccous  propensities,  and  residing  either  in  sandy  spots  beneath  stones,  or, 
occasionally,  amongst  putrescent  animal  (as  well  as  vegetable)  substances, — iuto 
which  their  largely  developed  fore-tibiae,  which  are  stUl  more  powerful  than  those 
of  tlie  Aphodil  proper,  enable  them  to  burrow  with  considerable  dexterity. 

181.  Fsammodius  sabulosus. 
P.  subcylindrice-ovatus  nitidus  nigcr  vcl  piceo-niger,  prothorace  antice  subattenuato  valde  profunde 
sed    remote   punctate    (punctis  masdmis),  utrinque    trausverse-sulcato,  el}i;ris  piceis  profunde 
crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  convexis,  pedibus  nifo-piceis. 
Variat  colore  omnino  rufescenti  vel  etiam  ferrugineo. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  Ij-lf. 

Oxyomui  sabulosus,  Dej.  Cat.  (edit.  3)  163  (1837). 
Platytomus  sabulosus,  Muls.  Lamell.  de  France,  310  (1842). 

Habitat  in  locis  inferioribua  Madene  Portusque  Sancti,  hinc  inde  ^Igaris :  in  Portu  Sancte  abundat, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  231 

qua  Aprili  exeunte  a.d.  1848  in  arenosis  prope  oppidum  sitis  primus  detexi ;  sed  per  oram 
Funchalensem  maritimam,  prsesertim  in  cloacis  circa  stabula  suilla,  nuper  collegerunt  DD. 
Rousset  et  Heer. 

P.  somewhat  cylindric-ovate,  and  convex,  being  slightly  narrowed  in  front,  black  or  piceous-black 
(varying  into  more  or  less  of  a  rufescent  or  ferruginous  hue),  and  shining:  with  the  clypeus 
(which  has  no  indication  of  tubercles,  but  is  a  little  recurved  at  the  edges,  and  emarginated  at  its 
apex)  rufescent,  and  very  rugosely  granulated,  anteriorly,  but  almost  smooth  behind.  Prothorax 
very  convex,  broader  behind  than  before ;  beset  with  exceedingly  large,  deep,  and  remote  punc- 
tures ;  with  a  deep  transverse  groove  on  either  side,  towards  the  anterior  angles,  and  a  second, 
usually  obscurer  one,  behind  it ;  and  with  a  distinct,  though  vei-y  abbreviated,  longitudinal 
channel  on  the  hinder  disk.  Elytra  usually  more  picescent  than  the  head  and  prothorax ; 
narrowed  at  the  base  and  widest  behind  the  middle;  deeply  crenate-  (or  almost  punctate-) 
striated ;  with  the  interstices  impunetate  and  rather  convex, — the  suture  being  more  flattened, 
and  sometimes  (together  with  the  apical  portion  of  the  elytra)  very  distinctly  rufescent.  Legs 
and  antenna  rufo-piceous ;  the  latter  with  their  club  ferruginous. 

Readily  distinguished  by  its  ovate,  anteriorly-acuminated  form,  more  or  less 
picescent  elytra,  and  by  the  enormous  and  very  deep  punctures  of  its  prothorax. 
It  is  a  tolerably  common  insect,  in  certain  positions,  both  in  Madeira  and  Porto 
Santo.  It  was  in  the  latter  island  that  I  first,  myself,  discovered  it ;  where,  at 
the  end  of  April  1848,  it  occxirred  in  great  profusion,  beneath  stones  in  sandy 
spots,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Cidade.  It  appeared  to  be  more  especiaUy 
active  during  the  evenings,  biirrowing  into  the  loose  soil  with  considerable  dex- 
terity. In  Madeira  it  seems  to  be  principally  confined  to  the  southern  shore,  and  to 
the  neighbourhood  of  Funchal, — where  it  has  been  captured  abundantly  both  by 
M.  Rousset  and  Professor  Heer,  amongst  animal  and  vegetable  rejectamenta,  on 
the  sea-beach.  It  is  a  species  almost  peciiliar  to  Mediterranean  latitudes,  being 
recorded  in  the  south  of  France  and  in  Algeria ;  and  I  possess  specimens  from 
Spain,  collected  by  Professor  Heer  near  Seville. 

182.  Psammodius  caesus. 
P.  angusto-subcylindricus  nitidus   niger,   prothorace  subquadrato-transverso    profunde    sed   remote 

punctato,  utrinque  transverso-sulcato,  elytris  crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  minus  convexis,  pedibus 

rufo-piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^-lf  • 

Scarabteus  ccesus,  Pauz.  Fna  Germ.  85.  2  (1796). 
Aphodius  ccesus,  Fab.  St/st.  Elew.  i.  82  (1801). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Meh.  i.  530  (1841). 

Psammodius  cmsus,  Erich.  Nat.  der  Ins.  Beutsch.  iii.  913  (1848). 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarior :  in  boreali,  baud  procul  a  Sancta  Anna,  atque  etiam  in  urbe  ipsa  Funcha- 
lensi  egomet  parce  deprehensi ;  necnon  per  oram  maritimam  australem  cl.  Dom.  Heer  detexit. 

P.  cylindrical  and  very  narrow,  being  of  almost  equal  breadth  throughout,  black,  and  shining  (espe- 


232  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

cially  the  males)  :  with  the  clypeus  as  in  the  last  species.  Prothorax  convex,  and  more  quadrate 
than  that  of  the  P.  sabulosus,  being  of  almost  equal  breadth  before  and  behind  (though  perhaps, 
if  anjihing,  a  little  widest  in  front)  ;  beset  with  large,  deep  and  remote  punctures  (though  not  so 
large  or  so  deep  as  those  of  that  insect) ;  with  a  deep  transverse  groove  on  either  side,  towards  the 
anterior  angles,  and  a  second,  obscui-er  one  behind  it ;  and  with  a  distinct,  though  very  abbre- 
viated, longitudinal  channel  on  the  hinder  disk.  Elytra  parallel,  of  equal  breadth  throughout, 
crcnate-striated  (but  less  deeply  so  than  in  the  P.  sabulosus) ;  with  the  interstices  impunctate 
and  rather  flattened, — especially  the  suture,  which  is  sometimes  obscurely  picescent.  Legs  and 
antenruE  rufo-piceous ;  the  latter  with  their  club  ferruginous. 

The  very  narrow,  elongated  and  cylindrical  body  of  the  P.  ctestis  will  at  once 
distinguish  it  fi'om  the  remainder  of  the  Aiihodladce  ^^ith  wliich  we  are  here  con- 
cerned. The  piinctTU'es  of  its  prothorax  are  not  quite  so  large  and  deep,  nor  are 
the  interstices  of  its  elytra  so  convex  as  is  the  case  with  the  P.  sabulosiis.  It 
does  not  seem  to  be  a  very  abundant  insect  in  Madeira,  though  widely  diffused 
over  the  island  at  low  and  intermediate  altitudes.  I  have  taken  stray  specimens, 
occasionally,  in  the  streets  and  gardens  of  Funchal ;  and  a  single  example  occiu'red 
to  me  in  the  north  of  the  island,  during  the  summer  of  1850,  beneath  a  stone  on 
the  lofty  sea-cliif  which  constitutes  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Sao 
Jorge,  at  its  termination :  and  it  has  been  captured  sparingly  on  the  beach  of 
Fimchal  by  M.  Rousset  and  Professor  Hecr, — where  its  habits  are  in  all  proba- 
bility similar  to  those  of  the  last  species.  It  is  pretty  generaUy  distributed 
throughout  Em'ope ;  and  is  recorded,  likewise,  in  Algeria. 


Fam.  22.  TROGID^. 

Genus  81.  TROX. 

Fabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  i.  86  (1792). 

Corpus  mediocre,  plus  minusve  obtuso-ovatum,  crassum,  tuberculato-rugosum  et  setis  rigidis  ad- 
spersum  :  capite  deflexo  :  prothorace  brevi  lato,  per  marginera  posticum  sinuato  :  scutello  distincto  : 
alis  amplis  (rarissime  obsoletis).  Antenna  breves  (capite  vix  longiores)  lamellato-clavat;e  10-arti- 
culatee,  ad  marginem  capitis  inter  otium  repositse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  robustis  sctisque 
elongatis  instructis  (illo  longissimo  subclavato,  hoc  brevi  subgloboso),  tertio  ad  septimum  parvis 
longitudine  suba;qualibus  latitudine  vix  crescentibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  tri])hyllani  effici- 
entibus.  Labrum  subscmicirculare  crustaceum  pilosum  exsertum,  ad  apicem  plus  minusve 
ina;qualiter  emarginatum.  MandibulcE  validse  cornese  crassse,  estus  valde  pUosEe,  apicem  versus 
incurvJE  acutre,  margine  intcrno  in  media  parte  ])rofunde  fisso-sinuato  et  lacinia  parva  sub- 
coriacea  pubescenti  aucto.  MaxilUc  biloba;  subcornea!,  lobis  subxqualibus ;  externa  apice  setis 
incurvis  longissimis  munito;  intemo  leviter  arcuato,  apice  valde  uncinato,  intus  setoso-ciliato. 
Palpi  leviter  clavati;  maxillares  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  elongato  subclavato,  tertio 
brcviorc,  ultimo  elongato  (secundo  longiorc)  fusiformi-ovato :  labiates  articulo  primo  minuto, 
secundo  longiorc  flexuoso  subclavato,  tertio  crassiore  elongato  subovato.  Mentum  auiplum  sub- 
quadratum,  pilis  longissimis  munitum,  anticc   arcuato-emarginatum.     Ligula  mento  occultata. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  233 

membranacea  biloba.  Pedes  parum  validi  svxbretractiles  :  femorihus  anticis  valde  dilatatis  :  tibiis 
anticis  extus  leviter  tridentatis,  omnibus  setosis  :  tarsis  filiformibus,  articulis  quatuor  baseos  lon- 
gitudine  subsequalibus. 

Apart  from  their  thick,  obtuse,  more  or  less  setose  and  rugosely  tuberculated 
bodies,  the  Tvoges  have  many  points  of  peculiarity  which  will  serve  to  separate 
them  from  the  neighbouring  groups.  Thus,  for  instance,  their  10-jointed  and 
basaUy -pilose  antennae,  in  conjunction  with  their  ««eg'««Z/?/-emarginated  upper 
lip  and  singular  maxillas,  the  inner  lobe  of  which  is  powerfully  uncinated  at  its 
tip,  and  scarcely  smaller  than  the  outer  one  (a  structure  of  very  rare  occurrence 
in  the  Corel ylocerata,  in  which  the  interior  division  is  usually  minute,  and  often 
altogether  ol^solete),  are  more  than  sufficient  whereby  to  identify  them.  From 
the  Aphodiad(B  the  members  of  the  present  family  are  immediately  distinguished 
by  the  robust  nature  of  their  corneous  and  incrassated  (though  apically  acute) 
mandibles  and  hardened  labrum  (both  of  which  are  imconcealed  by  the  clypeus, — 
though,  at  the  same  time,  on  account  of  the  deflexion  of  the  head,  they  are  not 
very  apparent  from  above),  and  by  their  broader  anterior  femora  and  less  dilated 
fore-tibige.  In  then-  modes  of  life  the  Trogklce  somewhat  recede  from  the  Cordijlo- 
cerata  generally,  carrying  out  the  subnecrophagous  tendency  which  is  faintly 
indicated  in  the  aberrant  Aphodiadce  to  a  much  greater  extent;  though  it  is 
scarcely  possible  however  to  regard  them  as  strictly  necrophagous,  since  they 
partake  almost  equally  of  the  normal  habits  of  the  Fsammodii,  in  frequenting 
putrescent  vegetable  matter  in  maritime  or  sandy  spots.  Still,  their  constant 
lialDility  to  be  attracted  by  di'ied  animal  remains  compels  us  to  regard  them  as 
at  any  rate  partially  osslpliagous ;  siuce,  whatever  may  be  their  means  of  suste- 
nance in  positions  where  such  food  is  not  to  be  obtained,  it  is  certain  that  they 
not  only  feed,  but  feed  voraciously  on  the  cartilaginous  portions  of  bones  when 
placed  within  their  reach, — a  propensity  which  their  strong,  pointed  mandibles 
and  uncinated  maxillae  would  seem  in  fact  especially  to  favoui*. 

183.  Trox  scaber. 

T.  obtuso-ovatus  niger,  setulis  fulvis  adspersus  necnon  ad  latera  ciliatus,  prothorace  transverso 
injequali,  elytris  leviter  pimctato-striatis,  inteistitiis  longitudinaliter  fasciculato-tuberculatis, 
antennis  ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3. 

Silplta  scahra,  Limi.  ^st.  Nat.  i.  ii.  573  (1767). 
Trox  a/renarius,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  87  (1792). 

,  G-yU.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  11  (1808). 

scahei;  Hear,  Fiia  Col  HcJv.  i.  533  (ISil). 

Habitat  Maderam,  mihi  non  obvius  :  exemplar  unicum,  a  Dom.  Heineckeu  prope  urbem  Funchalensem 
jam  pridem  captum,  amicissime  communicavit  Rev"^"^  Dom.  Lowe. 

T.  ovate,  obtuse  and  thick,  dull  black,  convex,  and  more  or  less  beset  with  short,  rigid,  fulvous  setse, 

2h 


231  IXSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

— with  which  the  extreme  edges  of  the  body  are  uniformly  cihated.  Prothorax  verj'  short  and 
transverse,  and  with  the  hinder  margin  sinuated ;  thickly,  but  confusedly  punctured,  and  densely 
setose ;  uneven,  being  roughened  with  obscure  elevations  and  depressions, — amongst  which  how- 
ever a  broad  longitudinal  canal  down  the  centre  is  exceedingly  apparent.  Elytra  widest  (and 
very  obtuse)  behind ;  lightly  punctate-striated ;  and  the  interstices,  each,  with  a  longitudinal 
row  of  small  tubercles,  which  are  densely  beset,  or  fasciculated,  with  rigid  fulvous  setae, — of 
which  the  alternate  series  are  somewhat  the  largest.     Anteniue  dull  ferruginous. 

A  common  insect  tliroughout  Europe,  and  in  the  north  of  Africa ;  Ijut  apjia- 
rently  of  the  greatest  rarity  in  ^Madeira, — if  indeed  (of  Avhich  I  am  by  no  means 
certain)  it  be  in  reality  indigenous.  A  single  example  only  has  hitherto  come 
beneath  my  notice,  which  was  captured,  many  years  ago,  by  the  late  Dr.  lleincckcn, 
from  whose  collection  it  was  presented  to  me  by  the  Eev.  R.  T.  Lowe.  It  differs 
in  no  respect  from  the  ordinary  type,  except  that  its  prothorax  is  perhaps  a  trifle 
less  distinctly  punctured,  and  the  tubercles  of  its  elytra  are  almost  equal  through- 
out,— the  alternate  series  being  scarcely  at  all  larger  than  the  intermediate  ones. 


Fam.  23.  GLAPHYRID^. 

Genus  82.  CHASMATOPTERUS. 

(Dejean,  Cat.)  LatreiUe,  Eeff.  An.  iv.  567  (1829). 

Corpus  mediocre,  plus  minusvc  oblongo-ovatum  et  valde  hirsutuni :  capite  subdeflexo,  oculis  antice 
profunde  emarginatis :  elytris  apice  truncatis :  alls  amplis.  Antennce  breves  (capitis  vix  longitu- 
dine)  lamellato-clavata;  9-articulatDe,  ad  marginem  capitis  inter  otium  repositre,  articulis  primo 
et  secundo  robustis  setisque  valde  elongatis  iustructis  (illo  longissimo  clavato,  hoc  brevi  sub- 
globoso),  tertio  ad  sextum  parvis  longitudine  nx  decrescentibus  latitudine  leviter  crescentibus, 
reliquis  clavam  magnam  triphyllam  eflScientibus.  Labrum  breve  transversum  crustaceum 
exsertum,  apice  vix  integrum  pilisque  longissimis  munitum,  Mandibula  validae  cornea;,  extus 
pilosse,  apicem  versus  incurva;,  margine  interno  arcuato.  Maxilla  lubo  singulo  coi'nco  valde 
biuncinato  ad  apicem  pilosissimo  instructje  [interno  obsoleto).  Pa^i  vix  filiformes ;  maxillares 
artieulo  primo  parvo  subflexuoso,  secundo  et  tertio  robustioribus  longitudine  suba-qualibus  (illo 
paiilo  majorc),  ultimo  valde  elongate  (reliquis  conjunctim  vix  longiore)  fusiformi-subovato  :  labiates 
e  liguli'l  ad  angulos  menti  antieos  surgentes,  artieulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  longiore  subclavato, 
tertio  paulo  gi-aciliore  elongato  fusiformi-subovato.  Mentum  amplum  subquadratum,  pilis  lon- 
gissimis munitum,  Ligula  mento  fere  occultata,  membranacea,  lobis  elongatis  divergentibus 
introrsum  ciliatis  aucta.  Pedes  elongati  pilosi :  tibiis  posterioribus  extus  mox^ante  medium 
angulato-unisubdentatis ;  anticis  ad  apicem  in  lobum  elongatum  productis,  subtus  concavis 
articulum  tarsorum  basalem  louge  pone  apicem  ipsum  recipientibus :  tarsis  filiformibus  articulis 
quatuor  baseos  longitudine  decrescentibus,  primo  (pra'sertim  in  anterioribus)  elongato,  quinto  vix 
subclavato  unyuiculis  divisis  niunito. 

Chasmatopterits   (which,   ha   it   observed,   contains   the   only  member  of  the 
Thalerophagous   Cordylocerata  hitherto  detected  in  the  Madeii-a  Islands)  may 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  235 

be  known  from  the  other  genera  with  which  we  are  concerned  by  its  extremely 
hairy  hodj  and  sub-abbreviated  elytra,  by  its  long  and  comparatively  slender  legs 
and  divided  claws,  and  by  its  blossom-iafesting  habits.  None  of  its  kindred  forms, 
so  numerous  in  Mediterranean  latitudes,  existing  in  the  present  instance  to  con- 
trast it  with,  there  is  but  little  fear  of  confoundiag  it  with  any  of  the  groups  which 
it  is  necessary  here  to  notice :  sufidce  it  therefore  to  remark,  that  its  strong  and 
arcuated  mandibles,  the  apically  biuncinated  outer,  and  the  obsolete  inner  portion 
of  its  maxiUa?,  in  conjunction  Avith  the  largely  divergent  lobes  of  its  ligula  and  the 
singular  construction  of  its  fore-tibise  (which  are  much  produced  at  thek  extre- 
mity, and  obliquely  scooped-out  within, — the  basal  joint  of  their  tarsi  being 
received  into  the  cavity  at  a  considerable  distance  l)ehind  the  tip),  wUl  be  amply 
sufficient,  apart  from  other  characteristics  readily  apparent,  to  distinguish  Chasma- 
topterus  from  the  remainder  of  the  Coleoptera  descril:)ed  in  this  work. 

And  w^e  may  here  briefly  advert  to  the  extraordinary  circiunstance,  that  the 
immense  department  of  the  Thalerophagous  Lamellicorns  (or  those  which  subsist 
on  living  vegetable  substances),  so  -widely  diflPused  throughout  the  world,  shoiild  be 
represented  in  Madeira  by,  apparently,  but  a  solitary  species, — and  even  that  one 
of  such  extreme  rarity  that,  during  my  constant  researches  in  these  islands,  at 
nearly  aU  seasons  and  extending  over  a  period  of  about  three  years,  not  so  mu.ch 
as  a  single  example  should  have  occurred  to  me ;  its  sole  admission  into  our  fauna 
resting  on  an  isolated  specimen  captured  by  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken,  many  years 
ago,  near  Eimehal.  Wlien  we  consider  the  vast  importance  of  the  Thalerophagous, 
or  Melitophilous,  section  of  the  Cordylocerata  in  promoting  the  fecundation  of 
plants  (the  hau-iness  of  the  numerous  creatm-es  which  compose  it,  in  connection 
with  their  almost  exclusive  attachment  to  flowers,  constituting  them  especial  media 
in  the  distribution  of  poUen),  it  does  certainly  seem  imaccountable  that,  in  islands 
where  sunshine  is  the  ruling  power  and  where  the  flora  is  literally  redundant,  so 
gross  an  oversight  in  the  economy  of  Nature  should  present  itself.  In  the 
Saprophagous  division  (or  those  which  feed  on  decomposed  vegetable  matter,  as,  for 
instance,  the  Aphodiada:),  our  species,  on  the  contrary,  attain  a  very  fail-  average 
in  point  of  number, — especially  when  the  natui-e  of  the  country  and  the  smaUness 
of  the  island  cluster  is  taken  into  account ;  and  we  are  naturally  therefore  led  to 
inquire  why  it  is  that  the  Thalerophagous  type  is  so  sparingly  indicated.  To  a 
certain  extent,  the  large  preponderance  of  Hymenopterous  and  Dipterous  insects 
may  compensate  for  the  deficiency,  and  enable  us  to  arrive  at  a  partial  solution  of 
an  enigma  otherwise  difiiciilt ; — since  it  is  more  than  probable  that  the  dispersion 
of  the  pollen  is  abundantly  effected  (so  far  at  least  as  it  is  dependent  on  insect 
agency  at  all)  by  the  extra  amount  of  individuals  which  those  enormous  Orders  are 
here  made  to  embrace.  StUl,  be  the  explanation  what  it  may,  the  fact  must  ever 
remain  strange,  that  so  significant  a  portion  of  the  Coleoptera,  and  one  which  is 
scarcely  less  universal  than  profuse,  should  be  but  thus  faintly  expressed  amongst 
"  upwards  of  a  thousand  members  of  a  subau.stral  fauna. 

2  h2 


236  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

184.  Chasmatopterus  nigTocinctus,  JVoU. 

C.  oblongo-ovatus  niger  subnitidus  et  pilis  longissimis  pallidioribus  vestitus,  prothorace  convexo 
profunde  punctato,  elytris  subrugidoso-punctatis  rufo-testaceis,  sutura,  margine,  humeris  et 
scutello  nigris,  antennis  tarsisque  picescentibus. 

Long,  coi-p.  lin.  85. 

habitat  Maderani,  rarissime :  specimen  unicum  tantum  \  idi,  e  niuseo  Heincckeniano  a  Rev**"  Dom. 
Lowe  benigne  communicatum. 

C.  oblong-ovate,  deep  black,  with  a  just  appreciable  tendency  to  take  an  obscure  bluish  tinge,  very 
sliglitly  shining,  and  sparingly  clothed  with  exceedingly  long  and  flexible  griseous  pile.  Head 
thickly,  but  rather  confusedly  punctiu'cd ;  and  with  the  front  and  lateral  margins  of  the  clypeus 
raised  and  recurved.  Prothorax  convex,  and  rather  narrower  than  the  elytra  (being  widest  about 
the  middle,  though  slightly  broader  behind  than  before) ;  with  just  perceptible  indications  of  a 
dorsal  channel  jiosteriorly  ;  and  uniformly  beset  with  large,  deep  and  distinct  punctures  (which 
are  dcc])er,  and  much  more  remote  and  defined,  than  those  upon  the  head).  Elytra  subrugulose; 
and  co\  ered  with  large,  but  rather  shallow  and  not  veiy  well-defined,  punctures  (which  are  not 
however  disposed  in  strise) ;  testaceous, — with  the  suture,  the  lateral  and  apical  margins,  and  the 
shoulders  (which  are  exceedinglv  prominent),  together  with  the  scutcllum,  black.  Antenna  and 
tarsi  slightly  picescent. 

Apparently  extremely  rare  ;  and  hitlierto  unique, — tlie  specimen  from  wliich  the 
above  description  has  been  draAin  out  having-  been  communicated  to  me  by  the 
Rev.  H.  T.  Lowe  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  llciuccken,  by  Avlioni  it  was 
captiu'ed,  many  years  ago,  near  Eunchal. 


Sectio  VI.  PRIOCERATA. 

Fam.  24.  THROSCID^. 
Genus  83.  TRIXAGUS. 

Kugelaun,  in  Schneid.  Mag.  v.  534  (1794). 

Corpus  parvum,  ellipticum,  pubescens :  prothorace  postice  lato  lobato  elytris  arete  applicato,  angulis 
posticis  valde  acuto-productis  ;  prosterno  antice  leviter  producto  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  brevius- 
culae  (capite  jjrothoraceque  breviores)  perfoliato-clavatae,  in  foveA  sub  margine  prothoracis  inter 
otium  repositK,  articulis  prime  et  secundo  robustis  (dlo  clongato  subclavato,  hoc  brevi  sub- 
globoso),  tertio  ad  octavum  parvis  subrrqualibus,  rehquis  clavam  magnam  elongatam  snbper- 
foliatam  triarticulatam  efficientibus.  Lalmim  subsemicirculare  jjilosum.  Mandibulte  validse, 
extus  leviter  pilosse,  apicem  versus  incurvae  acuta;.  Maxillce  bilobse :  lobo  externa  lato,  intus  et 
apice  valde  pubescenti :  interna  angusto  incurvo  ciliato.  Pa/pi  clavati;  ma.riUarcs  articulo  primo 
parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  crassioribus  (illo  hoc  paulo  longiorc),  ultimo  magno  subsecuri- 
formi ;  labiates  articulo  priuio  parvo,  secundo  paulo  longiore  subclavato,  tertio  magno  subsecuri- 
formi.      Mention  anipluni  trausversum,  antice  in  lobum  medium   productum.      Lir/ula  magna 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  237 

subquadrata,  apice  truncata.     Pedes  graciles   contractiles :    tihiis   sublineari-compressis :    Uasis 
filifonuibus  gracilibus  in  foveis  tibiarum  receptis,  articulo  primo  elongate,  quarto  leviter  bifido. 

The  little  genus  Trixagns  {=Throscus,  Lat.,  Gen.  Crust,  et  Ins.  ii.  36,  a.d.  1807) 
is  so  doubtful  in  its  affinities,  that  entomologists  are  still  at  variance  as  to  its 
correct  location ;  some  placing  it  near  to,  or  mth  the  J3i/rrhid(B,  some  with  the  Der- 
mestidce,  others  amongst  the  aberrant  Eucnemidce,  whilst  by  Linuseus  and  Latreille 
the  ElateridcB  were  selected  to  receive  it.  In  real  fact  however  it  partakes  in  certain 
respects  of  the  essential  characters  of  all ;  so  that  it  becomes  a  matter  of  no  very 
great  importance  to  which  of  them  we  choose  to  consider  it  as  the  most  nearly 
allied, — and,  esj)ecially,  since  it  cannot  be  actually  admitted  into  any  of  the  above 
divisions,  but  must  constitute  a  separate  family  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  one  or 
the  other  of  them.  In  M.  Gaubil's  recently  published  Catalogue  of  the  European 
Coleoptera  it  is  associated  with  Myrmecobiiis  and  TJiorictus,  and  made  to  perform 
the  passage  from  the  Bijrrhidce  into  the  Sistri :  but,  although  it  is  imquestionably 
desu-able  that  it  should  be  regarded  as  the  type  of  an  isolated  group,  I  am  by  no 
means  convinced  that  it  possesses  anything  in  common  with  the  latter, — whUst 
with  Thorictus  it  does  not  appear  to  me  to  have  even  the  most  distant  connection. 
To  the  ByrrhklcB  it  is  manifestly  akin  in  many  particulars  of  its  structure  (its 
clavated  antennae,  for  instance, — which  are  received  diu-ing  repose  into  grooves  of 
its  miteriorly  jyrodiiced  prosternum, — and  ia  the  contractility  of  its  legs) ;  and  it  is 
impossible  to  deny  that  it  approaches  very  evidently  towards  the  ElateridcB  like- 
wise (as  its  general  contour,  and  the  extremely  acuminated  hinder  angles  of  its 
prothorax  obviously  indicate) :  so  that  it  is,  in  all  probability,  between  those  two 
families  that  it  forms  a  connecting  link, — and  it  is  shnply  therefore  a  question  of 
degree  to  which  of  them  it  is  the  more  closely  related.  For  my  own  part,  I  am 
inclined  to  accept  the  position  assigned  to  it  by  Mr.  Westwood,  in  his  aditiirable 
Introduction  to  the  lloderii  Classification  of  Insects,  as  by  far  the  most  natural 
one, — believing,  with  him,  that  "  the  least  important  of  its  characters  as  family 
characteristics  are  those  which  separate  it  from  the  Elateridce."  The  Trixagi  are 
Em'opean  insects,  and  exceedingly  few  in  species, — three  only  having  been  hitherto 
described.  They  occur  normally  in  fimgi;  though  in  reality  they  are  more 
frequently  to  he  found,  in  an  active  state,  amongst  dense  herbage,  or  on  the  flowers 
and  foliage  of  plants,  in  shady  spots  beneath  trees. 

185.  Trixagus  gracilis,  Woll. 

T.  ellipticus  rufo-brunneus  dense  cinereo-pubescens,  protliorace  punctulato  angulis  posticis  valde  acuto- 
productis  necnon  ad  basin  lobato,  elytris  leviter  subpunctato-striatis,  interstitiis  distincte  punc- 
tulatis,  anteunis  ferragineis,  pedibus  testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  ]^. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,— in  horto  Loweano  ad  Levada,  inter  lichenes  una  cum  Ephistemo  dinii- 
diato  degens,  a  meipso  repertus. 


238  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

T.  elliptical,  reddish-brown,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  decumbent  cinereous  pile.  Head  and  pro- 
thorax  regularly  punctulated :  the  latter  broad  behind,  with  the  posterior  angles  exceedingly  pro- 
duced and  acute,  and  with  the  basal  margin  lobed  in  the  centre.  Elytra  very  finely  striated 
(the  strife  being  most  obsoletely  punctured) ;  and  with  the  interstices  rather  thickly  and  distinctly 
jnuictulated, — the  punctures  being  larger  and  more  oblong  than  those  of  the  prothorax.  An- 
tenrut  fcrniginous.     Leys  testaceous. 

Readily  distinguished  from  the  common  European  T.  clemiestoides  by  its  smaller 
and  narrower  body,  by  the  almost  imperceptibly  punctate  striae,  and  very  distinctly 
punctulated  iaterstices,  of  its  ehi:ra,  by  the  absence  of  the  two  raised  ridges  which 
arc  so  conspicuous  on  the  forehead  of  that  insect,  and  by  the  less  abrupt  and 
differently  formed  club  of  its  much  slenderer  antennae.  It  is  intermediate  between 
the  T.  clemiestoides,  Linn.,  and  the  T.  2ii(siUtis,  Heer;  and  I  should  have  been 
inclined  to  have  referred  it  to  the  T.  elatero'ules  of  the  latter  author,  had  not  that 
species  been  described  as  "  pronoto  longiore,  anterius  multo  angustiore  [quam  in 
T.  dermestokIes~\,  basi  in  medio  impresso;  elytris  striatis,  striis  ad  suturam  valde 
obsoletis," — none  of  wliicli  characters  appertain  to  the  Madeu-an  representative  of 
tlie  group ;  wliich  has  its  elytral  striae  unquestionaljly  punctate,  A\'hUst  the  shape 
of  its  prothorax  differs  in  no  respect  from  that  of  the  T.  dermestoides.  Its  size 
moreover  exceeds  by  the  third  of  a  line  that  given  by  Professor  Heer  for  the 
T.  elaterokles, — of  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  procure  a  specimen  for  com- 
parison ;  and  with  which  I  am  consequently  unable,  with  such  points  of  apparent 
discrepancy,  to  identify  it.  It  is  exceedingly  rare,  the  only  example  which  I  have 
seen  ha\-ing  been  captured  by  myself,  in  the  garden  of  the  Eev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  at  the 
Levada,  in  company  ^vith  Ephistemus  dimidiatiis  and  Cis  fuscijpes,  amongst  lichen 
and  fungi  on  the  rotten  stump  of  an  old  peach-tree. 


Fam.  25.  ELATERID^. 

Genus  84.  COPTOSTETHUS,  Woll    (Tau.  IV.  fig.  8.) 

Corpus  pamim,  elongato-subovatum,  undique  dense  villosum  :  prothorace  magno,  elytris  arete  appli- 
cato,  angulis  posticis  valde  acumiuato-productis ;  jirosterno  antice  producto  et  postice  in  spinam 
acutam  attenuato  (spina  in  mesosternum  recepta)  :  alls  obsoletis.  AntenruB  longissimse  (capite 
prothoraceque  multo  longiorcs)  subfiliformes,  basin  versus  subserratae,  ad  prosterni  superficiem 
inter  otium  arctc  reposita^,  articulo  primo  robusto,  secundo  brevi  subgloboso,  tcrtio  majore 
(sed  hand  quarti  longitudine),  reliquis  latitudine  vix  decresceutibus  longitudine  \vs.  crescentibus. 
Labrum  subsemicirculare  pilosum.  Mandihula  validce  aroiatse  angustae  acutissima?,  ad  basin 
lata;  cxtus  pilosa;,  margine  intcrno  basi  coriaceo  leviter  pubescenti  necnon  apicem  versus  dentc 
\alido  instructo.  Maxilla  (IV.  8  h)  biloba;  memhranacere  :  lobo  externo  lato,  apice  valde  pubes- 
centi :  interno  breviore,  minus  pubescenti.  Palpi  subfiliformes ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo, 
secundo  majore  crassiore,  tertio  breviusculo  (secundo  paulo  graciliore),  ultimo  (secundo  vix  lon- 
giore sed  crassiore)  subfusiformi  apice  oblique  truncato :  labiales  (IV.  8  c)  e  scapis  ligulse  connatis 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  239 

surgentes,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  paiilo  longiore  crassiore,  ultimo  elongate  subovato  apice 
vix  truncato.  Mentum  amplum  subquadratum  membranaceum,  antice  integrum  tenuissimum. 
Ligula  magna  membranacea,  antice  lata,  apice  truncata  pilosa  bifida.  Pedes  elongati :  femo- 
ribus  (prsesertim  posticis)  incrassatis  :  tibiis  gracilibus  :  tarsis  filiformibus  simplicibus  elongatis, 
articulis  quatuor  baseos  longitudine  decrescentibus,  quinto  longissimo  unguiculis  simplicibus 
munito. 

A  KOTTTO'}  sectus,  et  <TTrj6o<i  pectus. 

The  very  interesting  insect  from  which  the  above  structural  diagnosis  has  been 
compLled  Avould  aj^pear,  in  its  habits  and  general  affinity,  to  be  the  Madeiran 
analogue  of  Cryj}tohypmts,  though  at  the  same  time  with  too  many  distinctive 
features  of  its  own  to  allow  of  its  being  referred  to  that  genus.  Thus,  for  instance, 
its  apterous  and  excessively  villose  body,  in  conjunction  with  its  largely  developed 
prothorax,  the  enormous  length  of  its  antennae  (of  which  the  second  joint  only  is 
minute, — the  third  being  scarcely  smaller  than  the  foUoAving  one),  and  the  unusual 
tliickness  of  its  posterior  femora,  w^ill  more  than  suffice,  apart  from  the  modifica- 
tions of  its  oral  organs,  to  separate  it,  even  prima  facie,  from  the  members  of  that 
and  the  immediately  adjoining  groups.  It  would  seem  to  be  of  the  greatest  rarity, 
two  specimens  merely  having  come  beneath  my  notice, — captured  by  myself  in 
Porto  Santo  during  the  winter  of  1848  :  and  since  it  is  the  only  representative  of 
the  Elateri(l(B  which  enters  into  our  fauna,  it  follows  that  in  Madeira  j)roper  the 
family,  so  far  at  least  as  our  researches  up  to  the  present  period  would  tend  to 
prove,  is  literally  not  even  indicated, — a  fact  so  perfectly  astounding  as,  a  priori, 
to  be  well  nigh  incredible.  It  cannot  of  course  be  positively  affirmed  that  a 
department  so  vast  and  important  as  the  Elateridce  is  actually  non-existent  in 
an  island  thus  extensive,  and  abounding  in  every  condition  and  requisite  for  its 
subsistence,  inasmuch  as  it  is  not  possible  to  prove  a  negative  proposition ;  but  I 
can  add  with  certainty,  that,  diu'ing  my  repeated  investigations  of  it,  distributed 
over  an  interval  of  nearly  three  years,  and  those  of  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Low^,  tkrough- 
out  a  far  longer  period,  and  from  amongst  the  constant  collections  which  have 
been  from  time  to  time  communicated  to  me  by  friends  on  the  spot  (which  how- 
ever have  not  added,  in  all,  more  than  about  thirty  species,  in  the  Coleoptera,  to 
those  which  I  had  myself  detected),  not  so  much  as  the  fragment  of  an  Elater  has 
been  hitherto  Ijrought  to  light ;  and  we  are  therefore  at  least  entitled  to  conclude 
that,  should  any  member  of  this  widely-distributed  race  be  present,  it  must  occur 
in  very  scanty  numbers  to  have  escaped  oiu*  combined  observations  thus  far.  We 
have  ali'eady  had  occasion  to  advert  to  the  remarkable  circumstance  that  the 
Thalerophagous  Lamellicornes  should  have  but  a  single  form,  apparently,  to  bear 
them  witness  in  the  Madeii-an  group  :  but  strange  as  that  u.nquestionably  is,  in  a 
coimtry  where  sunshine  may  be  said  to  be  the  one  controlling  element,  it  is 
perhaps  surpassed  by  the  total  absence  (if  such  be  indeed  the  case)  of  the  Elate- 
ridce from  the  central  mass  ; — whilst  even  in  the  smaller  adjacent  island  of  Porto 
Santo  it  is  but  just  expressed. 


240  IXSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

186.  Coptostethus  femoratus,  JVoII.    (Tab.  IT.  fig.  8.) 

C.  elongato-subovatus  subsenescenti-nigro-brunneus  densissime  cinereo-villosus,  prothorace  magno  in 
disco  convexo,  ante  mediimi  lato  uecnon  ad  latera  rotuudato,  elytris  Icviter  striatis,  antennis  fer- 
rugineis,  pedibus  testaceis,  tibiarum  parte  media  infuscata. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  in  montibus  Portus  Sancti,  rarissimus  :  duo  specimina  iu  cavernfi  quadam  basaltica  mox  inii-a 
cacumen  mentis  "Pico  d'Anna  Ferreira"  dicti  sit^  d.  7  Dec.  a.d.  1848  sub  lapidibus  inveni. 

C.  elongate-subovate,  blackish-brown,  with  a  very  obscure  feneous  tinge,  minutely  and  indistinctly 
])unctulated  all  over,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  long  and  soft  cinereous  pile.  ProtJiorax  very 
large,  widest  before  the  middle,  and  narrowed  behind  (the  sides  being  rounded) ;  veiy  convex 
on  the  disk ;  and  with  the  hinder  angles  exceedingly  produced  and  acuminated.  Elytra  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  and  rounded  at  the  sides, — being  broadest  just  behind  the  middle ;  and  very  lightly 
striated.  ^?i/enn«  exceedingly  long,  and  ferruginous,  iej'*  testaceous,  with  the /emora  (which, 
especially  the  hinder  ones,  are  somewhat  thickened)  slightly  infuscated,  and  with  the  tibia 
infuscated  in  their  centre, — their  base  and  apex  being  testaceous. 

Ap])arently  of  the  greatest  rarity ;  the  only  two  spechnens  which  I  have  seen 
lia\ing  ])een  captured  by  myself,  December  7th,  1818,  in  the  island  of  Porto 
Santo, — from  beneath  loose  stones  in  a  large  basaltic  cavern  immediately  below 
the  extreme  summit  of  the  Pico  d'x\.nna  Perreii-a,  facing  the  south. 


ram.  26.  CYPHONID^. 

Genus  85.  EUCINETUS. 
Schuppel,  in  Germ.  Mag.  iii.  255  (1818). 

Corpus  parvum,  ovatum,  supra  \alde  convexum,  infra  planum ;  fegre  saltatorium  :  cnj/ite  inflexo,  ad 
prosternum  inter  otium  applicando :  prothorace  parvo  lato  rotundato,  elytris  arete  applicato ; 
prosterno  simplici :  alis  sat  amplis.  Antenna;  breviuscuhe  (eapite  prothoi'acequc  paulo  longiores) 
tiliformes,  articulo  primo  vix  robusto  cylindrico,  secundo,  tertio  et  quarto  paulo  gracilioribus  lon- 
gioribus  obconicis,  reliquis  (ultimo  ovato  exccpto)  requalibus  suboblongis  apice  truncatis.  Labrum 
transversum  pilosum,  anticc  integrum.  Mandibula  compressfe  subcornese  arcuatiB,  ad  basin  lata; 
extus  Icviter  pilosse,  apicem  versus  aeutissim;e  bifid;e,  intus  late  emarginata;  et  mcnibranii 
tcnuissima  instructae.  Maxillie  biloba; :  lobo  externa  mcmbranaceo  brevi  lato,  apice  valde  pubes- 
centi :  interno  longiore  validiore  angusto  recto,  apice  incurvo  acutissime  uncinato,  intus  pilis 
longis  ciliato.  Palpi  subfiliformes  pilosi;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  crassiore 
leviter  clongato,  tertio  huic  paulo  broviore,  ultimo  elongate  subfusiformi  apice  acuminato ; 
labiates  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  paulo  longiore  crassiore,  ultimo  clongato  subfusiforuii- 
ovato.  Mentum  amplum  subcorneum  pilosum  transverso-subquadratum,  antice  angustatum 
uecnon  ad  apicem  integrum.  Ligula  transversa  membranacea,  basi  valde  constricta,  ajiicem 
versus  dilatata  vix  sub-biloba.  Pedes  elongati  pilosi  subcontractiles  :  femnribus  anticis  gracilibus 
cylindricis,  posterioribus  crassioribus  subovatis  :  tibiis  anticis  gracilibus  subcylindrieis,  apice  vix 
calcaratis  vel  spinulosis;  posterioribus  robustioribus  apicem  versus  dilatatis,  apice  valde  spinu- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


241 


losis  {intermediis  breviusculis  calcariis  duobus  sequalibus,  posticis  longiusculis  leviter  incurvis  cal- 
caribus  duobus  inrcqualibus,  munitis)  :  tarsis  subacuminato-filifomubus  (posterioribus  longissimis), 
articulis  quatuor  baseos  longitudine  decrescentibus  necnon  ad  apicem  ipsum  valde  spinulosis, 
quinto  gracili-subcylindrico  (in  posterioribus  parum  brevi)  unguiculis  minutis  minus  validis  munito. 

The  subsaltatorial  powers  of  Eucinetus  {=Nycteus,  Lat.,  a.d.  1825),  its  convex 
and  anteriorly-obtuse  body  (the  head  being  inflexed,  and  very  closely  appUed  during 
repose  against  the  chest),  in  conjunction  with  its  minute  prothorax  and  largely 
spurred  posterior  tibire  (with  their  exceedingly  long,  spinulose  and  subsetiform,  or 
slightly  aciuniuated*,  feet),  will  readily  distinguish  it  from  every  other  genus  vni\\ 
which  we  have  here  to  do.  As  regards  the  obscui-er  details  of  its  structure,  its 
internally  membranous  and  apically-bifid  mandibles,  added  to  the  basal  constric- 
tion of  its  ligula,  and  the  peculiar  form  of  its  inner  maxillary  lobe  (which,  although 
narrower,  is  perceptibly  longei'  than  the  outer  one, — and  is,  likewise,  more  corneous, 
and  armed  at  its  tip  A\dth  a  robust  and  extremely  acute  claw),  shovild  be  especially 
noticed.  Its  capability  of  jumping,  which  would  appear  to  reside  principally  in 
the  greatly  developed  calcaria  of  its  four  hinder  legs,  is  singularly  imperfect,  and 
often  degenerates  into  a  mere  shufaing  motion,  the  insect  not  being  ordinarily 
able,  even  during  its  most  successful  attempts,  to  rise  much  higher  than  an  inch, 

as  in  fact  its  very  moderately  incrassated  posterior  femora,  as  compared  with 

those  of  the  bounding  groups  generally,  would  seem  to  indicate  (the  strong 
muscles  which  are  so  evidently  denoted  in  the  Salticce  not  being  here  present  to 
require  the  extra  support).  Nevertheless,  the  four  hinder  thighs  are  considerably 
more  thickened  than  the  front  ones, — which  last  indeed  are  unusually  slender ; 
the  whole  leg  being  weak,  almost  destitute  of  spinous  appendages,  and  enth-ely  in 
accordance  with  the  smallness  of  the  prothoracic  segment  for  which  the  Eucineti 
are  so  remarkable.  The  only  other  point  to  which  I  would  particularly  direct 
attention  relates  to  the  spurs  and  spinules  of  the  four  posterior  legs,— the  first  of 
which  are  equal  in  the  intermediate,  and  unequal  in  the  hinder  pair  ; — whilst  the 
second  fringe  the  extreme  apices  of  the  tibiae,  and  of  aU  the  joints,  except  the  last, 
of  the  tarsi,  with  a  dense  cii-cle  of  rigid  bristles,  which  in  all  probability  assist 
very  materially,  in  connexion  with  the  two  larger  spiu-s,  in  enabling  the  creatm-e 
to  perform  its  (more  or  less  abortive)  leap.  In  their  modes  of  life  the  Eucineti 
would  seem  to  be  in  accordance  with  the  ordinary  Cyphonidce,  delighting  in  damp 
and  rather  shady  spots,— and  often  secreting  themselves  beneath  the  loosely- 
attached  bark  of  trees,  or  in  the  grooves  and  crevices  which  indent  the  outer 
surfaces  of  the  trunks. 

*  This  structure  of  foot  must  not  be  confoimded  with  the  (likewise)  acuminated  one  already  discussed 
under  the  genera  Cossi/phodes  and  TJiorictus—vrhich.  we  see  so  often  expressed  in  insects  of  an  Ant-asso- 
ciating tendency,  hut  which  is  of  an  altogether  different  nature.  The  modification  which  obtains  in 
Eucinetus  is  long  and  sefifonn,  and  is  especiaUy  indicative  of  subsaltatorial,  or  shuffling,  habits  (like 
those,  for  instance,  of  the  Mordellida);  whereas  the  other  is  short,  thick  and  conical,  and  completely  free 
from 'anything  like  adcUtional  spinulose  appendages,— being  usuaUy  m  fact  constituted  out  of  a  less 
hardened,  or  more  elastic,  material  than  those  of  the  present  type. 

2  I 


242  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

187.  Eucinetus  ovum,  WoU. 
E.  ovatus  convexus  infra   planus,  infuscato-niger  necnon  cinereo-pubescens,  prothorace    parvo    fere 

impunctato,  clytris  dense  et  minute  punctulatis,  postice  obsoletissime  substriatis,  apicem  versus 

dilutioribus,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l§-2. 

Habitat  per  regionem  Maderae  sylvaticam,  ab  autumno  usque  ad  ver  novunij  rarior :  sub  cortice 
arborum  laxo  ad  Curral  das  Romciras  primus  detexit  Rev'''"'  Dom.  Armitage ;  necnon  ad  Lombo 
dos  Pecegueiros,  in  Madcnl  boreali,  egoiuet  parce  collegi. 

E.  ovate  (being  exceedingly  obtuse  in  front),  very  convex  above  (especially  anteriorl)')  and  flattened 
beneatli ;  brownish-black,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  cinereous  pubescence.  Prothorax  small ; 
wide  behind,  and  with  the  basal  margin  rounded  and  closely  applied  to  the  elytra, — which  it 
exactly  equals  in  breadth ;  highly  polished,  and  almost  impunctate ;  and  usually  a  little  diluted 
in  colouring  towards  the  sides.  Elytra  closely  and  minutely  ])uiictulated  all  over  (the  punctures 
appearing  beneath  the  microscope  to  be  rather  obliquely  impinged,  but  with  scarcely  any  indica- 
tion on  the  surface  of  the  transversely-reticulated  sculpture  which  is  so  conspicuous  in  the 
European  species) ;  less  shining  than  the  prothorax ;  very  obscurely  substriated  behind  (though 
rather  more  evidently  so  towards  the  suture  than  towards  the  margins) ;  and  more  or  less  gradu- 
ally diluted,  or  of  a  paler  brown  hue,  at  their  apex.  Anlennte  at  base,  and  the  legs  diluted- 
testaceous ;  the  latter  with  the  circlet  of  spinules  which  fringes  the  extreme  apices  of  their  four 
hinder  tibia,  and  of  all  the  joints  except  the  last  of  their /owr  hinder  tarsi,  black. 

A  large  and  very  distinct  Eucinetus ;  and  one  which  may  he  readily  known 
from  the  European  E.  hcemorrhous  by  its  much  greater  bulk,  wider  and  less 
apically  acuminated  form,  by  its  less  deeply  black,  or  more  fuscescent,  hue,  and 
by  its  almost  total  freedom  from  any  appearance  of  the  transverse  reticulations, 
and  by  the  entii'c  absence  of  the  briglitly  rufescent  terminal  patch,  which  are  so 
conspicuous  on  the  elytra  of  that  sjiecies.  It  is  exceedingly  rare,  being  found 
sparingly  beneath  the  loose  bark,  or  in  the  cracks  and  iudentations  on  the  outer 
surfaces,  of  trees,  during  the  autumnal  and  winter  months,  throughout  the  sylvan 
districts  of  intermediate  altitudes.  It  has  been  captu.red  by  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Armitage 
at  the  Curral  das  llomciras,  near  Funchal ;  and  I  have,  also,  taken  dead  specimens 
in  the  north  of  tlie  island,  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pccegueii'os,  dvuing  July. 


Fam.  27.  TELEPHORID-E. 

Genus  86.  MALTHODES. 
Kiesenwetter,  in  Linn.  Ent.  vii.  265  (1852). 

Corpus  parvum,  angusto-lineare,  molle :  cnpite  panim  convcxo,  postice  constricto,  oculis  magnis : 
prothorace  parvo  subquadrato-transverso  :  elytris  saepius  valde  abbreviatis,  alas  amplissimas  baud 
tegentibus.  Antenna  (prsesertim  in  maribus)  elongate  filiformes  basi  subapproximata;,  mox  infra 
oculorum   nuirgiuem   internum  iusertre,  articulo  primo  levitcr  robusto  longiusculo  subclavato. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  243 

reliquis  latitudine  sequalibus  longitudine  (secundo  vix  breviusculo  excepto)  subsequalibus.  Man- 
dibulce  cornefe  elongatfe  arcuatfe,  apiceiu  versus  acut,T,  intiis  baud  dentatfe.  Maxilla;  bilobse 
membranacese  :  lobo  externa  lato,  apice  pubescenti  :  inlerno  brevi  barbato,  lacinia  tenuissimo- 
membranacea  ciliata  instructo.  Palpi  subfiliformes ;  maxillares  (ut  mihi  videntur)  articxdo 
primo  parvo  trarislucido,  secundo  elongato  subclavato,  tertio  huic  paulo  breviore  subilexuoso, 
ultimo  elongato  (sccundi  longitudine)  leviter  iucrassato  subfusiforrai,  ad  apicem  valde  acuminate 
translucido ;  Icihiales  omuiuo  translucidi  articulo  piimo  parvo  subgloboso,  secundo  elongato  vix 
subclavato,  ultimo  subfusiformi  ad  apicem  valde  acuminato.  Menlum  membranaceum.  Ligula 
tenuissimo-membranacea.  Pedes  graciles  :  tibiis  subcylindricis  :  tarsis  articulo  pi-imo  (prsesertim 
in  posterioribus)  elongato,  quarto  valde  bilobo,  quinto  breviusculo  subtlexuoso  unguiculis  sim- 
plicibus  munito. 

MalthocJes,  recently  established  by  Kiesenwetter  to  contain  a  portion  of  Mal- 
thimis  of  Latreille,  differs  principally  from  the  latter  in  having  the  head  more 
convex  and  less  suddenly  constricted  behind,  in  the  antennae  being  inserted  slightly 
nearer  to  the  inner  margin  of  the  eyes,  and  in  the  mandibles  being  simple  inter- 
nally, instead  of  (as  in  that  genus)  armed  with  a  powerful  tooth.  It  possesses 
however  many  characters  in  common  with  MaWi'mus, — as,  for  instance,  its  linear- 
elongate  form,  its  delicate  and  flexible  texture,  its  apically  abbreviated  elytra  and 
its  exposed  wings, — which  apart  from  the  peculiarities  of  its  oral  organs  (amongst 
which,  their  ahnost  membranous  general  structure,  and  the  subfusiform,  ex- 
tremely acviminated  terminal  joint  of  the  palpi  should  be  especially  noticed),  will 
serve  at  once  to  distinguish  it  from  every  other  allied  grouj).  They  are  insects 
nearly,  if  not  quite,  peculiar  to  temperate  latitudes,  upwards  of  forty  species 
having  been  described  as  European ;  but,  owing  to  the  extraordinary  softness  of 
their  outer  envelope,  which  is  liable  to  shrivel,  or  collapse,  when  dry,  they  are 
not  always  easy  of  determination.  They  occur  for  the  most  part  amongst  dense 
vegetation  and  flowers,  and  are  often  remarkably  gregarious. 

188.  Malthodes  Kiesenwetteri,  WoU. 

M.  angusto-linearis  subnitidus  infuscato-niger  et  cinereo-pubescens,  prothorace  brevi,  elytris  valde 
abbreviatis  vix  pallidioribus  necnon  ad  apicem  obsolete  flavo-terminatis,  antennarum  basi  pedi- 
busque  paulo  dilutioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l-l^.  ; 

Habitat  per  partem  Maderse  sylvaticam,  sestate  non  infrequens :  usque  ad  5000'  s.  m.  ascendit,  sed  in 

gramiuosis  intermediis  prjedominat. 
Species  M.  brevicolli,  Payk.,  valde  affinis,  ab  illo  tamen  esse  vere  diversa  apud  cl.  Dom.  Kiesenwetter, 

Lipsise,  dicitur,  cujus  in  lionorem  nomen  triviale  proposui. 

M.  narrow  and  linear,  very  sligbtly  shining,  most  delicately  and  remotely  punctulated,  obscure 
brownish -black,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  rather  robust  cinereous  pubescence.  Head  convex. 
Prothorax  very  short.  Elytra  usually  a  little  paler  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  and  exceedingly 
abbreviated ;  rather  wrinkled,  and  with  the  apex  of  each  terminated  with  a  very  obscure  (some- 

2  I  2 


2iJ-  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

times  only  just  perceptible)  yellowish  spot.     AntenntB  ut  base,  and  the  legs  more  diluted,  or 
fuscescent. 

The  Madeiran  representative  of  the  common  M.  brecicollis  of  more  northern 
latitudes,  to  which  it  ap^n'oximates  very  closely :  nevertheless,  ha^-ing  recently 
sent  it  for  examination  to  M.  Kiesenwetter,  of  Leipzig, — the  author  of  an  elaborate 
Monograph  of  the  genus,- published  in  the  sixth  volume  of  the  Liniuea  Entohiolo- 
gica, — who  pronoimces  it  to  l)e  distinct  from  that  species,  I  have  retained  it  as  such. 
It  appears  to  he  tolerably  abundant  throughout  the  sylvan  districts  of  the  island, 
occurring  in  grassy  spots,  and  amongst  flowers,  during  the  spring  and  summer 
months, — though,  from  its  small  size  and  obscure,  delicate  frame,  it  is  very  liable 
to  be  overlooked;  its  exposed  wings,  moreover,  and  general  contonr  giving  it 
rather  the  aspect,  at  first  sight,  of  an  Hvnnenopterous  than  of  a  Coleopterous 
insect.  I  have  taken  it  at  the  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  and  in  the 
Chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna,  in  May ;  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas,  in  June ;  and 
at  the  Cruzinhas,  and  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  in  July. 


Fam.  28.  MELYRID^. 

Genus  87.  MALACHIUS. 
Fabrieius,  Etit.  Si/st.  i.  221  (1792). 

(Corpus  mediocre  vel  parvum,  plus  ininusvc  lineari-oblongum,  molle,  plerumque  late  coloratum  :  capite 
])arum  convexo  subrotundato,  uculis  magnis  prominulis,  clypeo  plus  minusve  membranaceo,  trans- 
verso  :  prothorace  ssepius  subquadrato,  ad  latera  (cum  abdomine)  interdum  flabellato :  alis  am- 
plissimis.  Antenna  (prsesertim  in  niaribus)  longiusculff,  filiformcs  (ut  in  specie  nostra),  vel 
serratse ;  modo  in  utroque  sexu  simplices,  modo  in  masculo  articuiis  basilaribus  intus  productis ; 
basi  plus  minusve  approximatse,  infra  oculorum  marginem  anticum  insertse ;  articulo  primo 
leviter  robusto  subclavato,  reliquis  (secuudo  breviusculo  et  ultimo  ovali  exceptis)  subajqualibus, 
vel  latitudino  leviter  deerescentibus.  Lahnim  corneum  limbo  coriacco,  transverso-subquadratum, 
antice  plus  minusve  rotundatum.  Mandibula  magnae  corner  lat;e,  apicem  versus  acutissimae 
bifidse.  Maxilla  biloba;,  apice  leviter  pubescentes :  lobo  externa  apice  dilatato  submembranaceo  : 
interno  paulo  breviore,  omnino  suhmembranaceo.  Palpi  filiformes  breviuscuh ;  maxillares  articulo 
primo  parvo,  seeundo  et  tertio  crassioribus  subwqualibus,  ultimo  longiusculo  fusiformi-conico  ad 
apicem  ipsum  truncate;  labiales  articuhs  primo  et  seeundo  parvis,  ultimo  paulo  longiore  fusi- 
formi-conico ad  apicem  ipsum  truncato.  Mentum  (nisi  fallor)  veluti  e  duplici  parte  formatum, 
alia  terminali  magna  subquadrato  coriaceO  apice  membranaceri,  alia  basali  (prioris  stipite)  mem- 
branacea  brevissima  transversa.  Ligula  mcmbranacca  pilosa,  apice  rotundata.  Pedes  elongati 
graciles  :  tibiis  cyliiuU-icis :  tarsis  articuiis  quatuor  bascos  subtus  leviter  oblique  productis  (primo 
et  seeundo  sequalibus,  tertio  vix  breviore,  quarto  bren),  quinto  elongato  clavato,  ad  apicem  mem- 
brana  tenuissima  biloba  unffuiculisqne  parvis  validis  munito. 

The  common  genus  Malachins,  well  kno^v^l  by  the  gaily  coloui'ed  (though  not 
usually  metallic)  surfaces,  soft  texture,  and  the  flower-infesting  habits  of  the  active 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  245 

insects  which  compose  it,  is  represented  in  the  Madeira  Islands  by,  apparently, 
but  a  single  species, — wliich,  perhaps,  from  the  short  and  very  membranous 
strvicture  of  its  clj^eus,  may  fall,  more  strictly,  under  the  genus  Attains  of  Erich- 
son.  The  characters  however  on  wliich  this  latter  group  is  made  to  rest  are  so 
small,  that  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  regard  them  as  of  more  than  sectional  import- 
ance ;  and  I  have  preferred  therefore  quotrag  the  present  insect  as  a  Malachiiis, — 
with  which  in  every  essential  particular  (as  may  be  gathered  from  the  above 
diagnosis,  drawn  solely  from  the  Madeiran  tj^Q)  it  unquestionably  agrees. 

189.  Malachius  militaris,  WoU. 

M.  lineari-oblongus  nitidus  subviridescenti-ater  et  subtiliter  ciuereo-pubescens,  prothorace  elytro- 
rumque  apice  ruSs,  illius  disco  nigro,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  anticis  obscure  infuscato- 
picescentibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  lf-2. 

Habitat  iu  floribus  Maderse  australis,  prsesertim  in  urbe  ips^  Funchalensi,  tempore  vernali  non 
infrequens :  in  horto  Ecclesiae  Anglicanae  mense  Maio  a.d.  1849  plurima  specimina  e  rosis 
coUegi. 

M.  narrow,  linear-oblong,  shining,  deep  black  with  an  obscure  greenish  tinge,  and  clothed  with  a  very 
delicate  cinereous  pubescence.  Head  convex  behind.  Prothorax  bright  rufous,  with  a  dark  patch 
in  the  centre  of  the  disk  (very  rarely  absent) .  Elytra  with  the  apex  bright  rufous.  Mesothorax 
underneath  rufous.     Antenrus  at  base,  and  the  two  front  legs  usually  very  obscurely  fuscescent. 

Not  an  uncommon  insect  in  gardens  near  Funchal  dtiring  the  spring.  It 
ajjproaches  a  little,  in  general  external  aspect,  to  the  common  31.  pulicarms  of 
more  northern  latitudes.  Nevertheless  it  is  abundantly  distinct  from  that  species, 
not  only  in  its  smaller  and  narrower  form,  shorter  legs  and  antennse,  more 
glabrous  surface,  and  less  dilated  prothorax,  but  likewise  in  many  points  even  of 
its  structm'C, — amongst  which  its  shorter  and  slenderer  feet,  with  their  more 
oblique  joints,  are  at  once  apparent.  I  took  it  abundantly  in  May  1849  out  of  the 
flowers  of  the  common  monthly  rose,  in  the  garden  of  the  EngHsh  Church,  in  the 
Beco  das  Aranhas,  at  Funchal ;  and  it  has  been  subsequently  captured,  in  similar 
positions,  by  Dr.  Albers  of  Berlin. 

Genus  88.  PECTEROPUS,  Woll.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  7  et  9.) 

Corpus  mediocre  vel  parvum,  plus  minusve  elongato-subovatum,  moUe,  metallicum  :  capite  modo  (ut 
in  P.  Maderensi,  Tab.  IV.  fig.  7)  subrotundato  convexiusculo  oculis  prominuhs  chjpeoqne  brevi, 
modo  (ut  in  P.  rostrato,  Tab.  IV.  fig.  9  a)  subelongato  depresso  oculis  minus  prominuhs  clypeo- 
que  longiusculo,  modo  (ut  in  P.  rugoso)  intermedio  (?'.  e.  subrotundato  depressiusculo  oculis  pro- 
minuhs clypeoqae  leviter  longiusculo) ;  clypeo  in  omnibus  membranaceo :  pi'othorace  rotundato- 
subquadi-ato :  alis  amplissimis.  Antenna  (prsesertim  in  maribus)  longiusculse  subserrato- 
filiformes  (in  utroque  sexu  simplices),  basi  minus  approximatse,  infra  oculorum  marginem  anticum 


246  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

(et  ab  illis  remotse)  insertse,  articulo  primo  leviter  robusto  clavato,  reliquis  (secundo  breviusculo 
et  ultimo  ovali  exceptis)  subsequalibus.  Lubrum  vix  coriaceum,  limbo  merabranaceo,  transverso- 
subquadratum,  antice  rotundatum.  Mandibulte  magUK  corncfe  longiuscuhe,  apicem  versus 
acutissimee  bifida,  intus  membrana  angusta  tenuissim^  auctse.  Maxilla  (IV.  9  b)  bilobse,  apice 
leviter  pubescentes :  lobo  externa  basi  angusto  subcoriacco,  apice  subito  dilatato  submembranaceo : 
inferno  breviorc,  omnino  submembranaceo.  Paljji  filiformes,  breviuseuli  vel  elongati ;  maxillares 
articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  crassioribus  suba?qualibus  (mode,  ut  in  P.  Maderensi, 
brevibus;  modo,  ut  in  P.  rostrato  et  i-ugoso,  longiusculis),  ultimo  elongate  fusifornii  sub- 
acuminato  ad  apicom  ipsum  vix  truncato;  labiahs  (IV.  9  c)  conici  crassi,  articulis  primo  et 
secundo  latitudine  sub.-equalibus  (illo  brevi  lato,  hoc  paulo  longiore),  ultimo  augustiore  longiusculo 
subfusifomii-conico  ad  apicem  ipsum  truncato.  Mentum  (ut  mihi  vidctur)  veluti  e  duplici  parte 
formatum,  alia  terminali  magna  (subquadratii  ad  latera  rotundata)  coriacea  antice  membranacea, 
aliil  basali  (prioris  stipite)  cornea  apice  subcoriacea  (transverso-subquadratu  ad  latera  in  angulum 
medium  producta  pilisquc  duobus  longissiniis  instructii).  Ligula  clongata  membranacea  pilosa, 
apice  truncata.  Pedes  elongati  graciles :  tibiis  cylindricis  :  tarsis  (IV.  9  d)  articulis  quatuor 
baseos  subtus  leviter  oblique  productis  (primo  et  secundo  ajqualibus,  tertio  vix  breviore,  quarto 
brevi),  anticis  in  maribus  (IV.  7  a,  et  9e)  articulo  secundo  in  lobum  elongatissimum  concavum 
subgaleiformcm  apice  subito  incur\'um  (introrsum  plus  minusve  valde  nigro-setoso-pectinatum) 
supra-producto,  quinto  (in  omnibus  atque  in  utroque  sexu)  elongato  valde  clavato,  apice  mem- 
bran^  tenuissima  biloba  unffuiculisque  majoribus  validis  muuito. 

A  TreKrrjp  pectinator,  et  iroOv  pes.     (Tj-pus — P.  Maderensis.) 

A  very  interesting  and  well-marked  genus,  being  one  moreover  of  the  most  truly 
indigenous  and  characteristic  throughout  the  Madeiran  Coleoptera.  Apart  from 
the  metallic  lustre  of  the  insects  which  compose  it,  it  may  be  readOy  known  from 
the  allied  forms,  as  indeed  from  every  other  Avith  which  T  am  acquainted,  by  the 
very  peculiarly  constructed  second  joint  of  its  anterior  male  tarsi,  which  is  oblique 
in  an  opposite  direction  to  the  remainder,  being  produced  on  the  upj^er  side  into 
an  extremely  elongated,  subgaleiform  or  concave  process,  Avhich  is  deflected,  and 
strongly  pectinated  within  with  dark  and  powerful  bristles,  which  are  more  or  less 
numerous  in  each  of  the  species  hitherto  discovered, — remaining  constant,  in  one 
case  (P.  7'iigosus)  to  the  extreme  apex  only,  in  another  (P.  rostratiis)  to  the  apex 
and  a  small  portion  of  the  sides,  whilst  in  a  third  (the  P.  Maderensis,  which  I  should 
regard  as  the  tj^ie)  they  fringe  the  terminal  and  lateral  margins  along  very  nearly 
theii'  entire  distance.  All  three  representatives  moreover  difi'er  a  little  in  the  relative 
proportions  (the  length  especially)  of  then'  head,  cl}7)eus  and  palpi, — which,  being 
structural  points,  have  rendered  it  convenient  to  arrange  them  under  separate  sec- 
tions. Yet,  retaining  as  they  do  all  essential  characters  in  common,  and,  more  par- 
ticularly, preserving  unimpaired  the  feature  which  is  so  remarkable  in  theii-  anterior 
male  feet  (the  modifications  in  the  number  of  the  inner  bristles,  and  the  breadth  of 
the  lobe,  being  of  course  merely  specific),  it  is  impossible  to  regard  them  in  any 
other  light  than  as  members  of  a  single  (and  perhaps  geographical*)  group. 

*  Belonging  evidently  to  the  present  genus  (though  I  have  not  been  able  to  procure  a  male  specimen, 
and  therefore  to  examine  the  anterior  tarsi  of  that  sex)  is  a  very  interesting  and  distinct  species,  detected 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  247 

§  I.  Caput  subrotundatum  latum  suhconvexum,  clypeo  hrevi,  oculis  prominulis :  palpi  maxillaresbreviusculi, 
articuJis  secundo  et  tertio  breviusculis :  tarsi  antici  maris  articulo  secundo  in  lohum  elongatwn 
{margine  apicali  lateribusque  intus  peetinatis)  supra  producto. 

190.  Pecteropus  Maderensis,  Woll.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  7.) 
P.  antice  subacuminatusj   parce   pubescens  nitidus   viridescenti-  vel  cuprescenti-seneus,  capite  pro- 
thoraceque  parce  punctatis,  elytris  leviter  subpunctato-rugulosis,   antennarum  basi  pedibusque 
rufo-testaceis. 
Mas  sjepius  viridescenti-seneus  (Interdum  etiam  omnino  viridi-micans),  an  tennis  pavdo  longioribus, 

femoribus  (prsesertim  posterioribus)  plerumque  subinfuscatis. 
Fcem.  sjepius  cuprescenti-aeneus,  antennis  paulo  brevioribus,  femoribus  rarius  iafuscatis. 
Var.  /3.  capite  protboraceque  crebrius  punctatis  necnon  subtuberculatis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1|-2|. 

Habitat  Maderam,  tempore  sestivo,  bine  inde  \Tilgaris,  a  2500'  s.  m.  usque  ad  caciimina  montium 
ascendens :  ad  Lombo  das  Vacas  die  solstitiali  a.d.  1850  primus  inveni,  et  plurima  specimina  e 
floribus  Cineraria  aurita  {■=  Senecionis  Maderensis,  De  Candolle)  ad  Cruzinhas  crescentis  mense 
Jubo  ejusdem  anni  cepi;  aba  etiam  in  summo  ipso  monte  (6100'  s.  m.)  Pico  Ruivo  dicto,  flores 
EriccE  cinerete  circumvolantia,  Augusto  ineunte  deprebensi. 

P.  elongate-ovate  (being  rather  dilated  behind  and  acuminated  anteriorly) ;  pubescent  and  shining ; 
seneousj  with  a  more  or  less  brilliantly  greenish  or  coppery  splendour.  Head  and  prothorax  brightly 
polished,  and  sparingly  punctured  :  the  forrner  roundish,  convex  behind,  and  with  two  rather  deep 


by  the  Eev.  W.  J.  Armitage  in  Teneriffe  : — so  that  it  is  far  from  improbable  that  Pecteropus  may  em- 
body a  type  of  form  which  obtains,  more  or  less,  throughout  the  whole  of  the  islands  of  this  portion  of 
the  Atlantic.     The  following  short  description  may  serve  to  characterize  the  Canarian  representative  : — 

Pecteropus  pelluoidus,  Woll. 

P.  antice  subacuminatus,  pubescens  nitidus  feuescenti-mger,  capite  protboraceque  parce  pvmetatis,  illo 
subrotundato  latiusculo,  hoc  parvo  ad  angidos  posticos  pallido-pellucido,  elytris  leviter  subpunctato- 
rugulosis,  antennarum  tarsorumque  basi  subinfuscata. 

Long.  corp.  Un.  1§. 

Habitat  in  insula  Tenerifia  Canariensi,  a  Eev''°  Dom.  Armitage  communieatus. 

P.  elongate-ovate  (being  dilated  behind,  and  rather  acuminated  anteriorly)  ;  piibescent  and  shining ;  black 
with  a  greenish-brassy  tinge.  Head  and  protJim-ax  rather  brightly  polished,  and  very  sparingly  and 
minutely  punctured :  the  former  roimdish,  nather  convex  behind,  but  with  very  slight  indications  of 
frontal  impressions  ;  vrith  the  ei/es  prominent :  the  latter  small,  and  widest  about  the  middle  ;  and 
with  the  hinder  angles  pale  whitish-testaceous  and  pellucid.  Elytra  very  lightly  rugulose  and  sub- 
punctate.  AntenncB  at  base,  together  with  the  extreme  apices  of  the  tibia  and  the  bases  of  the  tarsi, 
infuscate. 

A  most  elegant  little  species ;  approaching  more  nearly,  in  its  general  outline  and  sculpture,  to  the 
P.  Maderensis  than  to  either  of  the  other  Madeiran  members  of  the  group  :  nevertheless,  its  comparatively 
dark  siu-face  (which  is  black,  with  a  greenish-brassy  tinge),  in  conjunction  with  the  pale  and  curiously 
transparent  portion  of  its  margin  at  either  posterior  angle,  will  at  once  abundantly  characterize  it. 


248  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

longitudinal  impressions  in  front ;  with  the  eyes  prominent :  the  latter  widest  about  the  middle. 

Elytra  rugulose  (but  not  very  coarsely  so)  and  subpunctate  ;  usually  expanded  behind.    Antenna 

at  base  (rarely  at  the  apex  also),  and  the  legs  rufo-testaceous. 
Male,  usually  greener  than  the  female ;  with  the  antenna;,  also,  a  little  longer ;  and  with  the  femora 

(especially  the  four  hinder  ones)  generally  more  or  less  infuscated. 
Female,  generally  more  aeneous,  or  else  more  coppeiy,  than  the  male ;  with  the  antenna;  a  little 

shorter ;  and  with  the  legs  usually  altogether  pale,  their  femora  being  rarely  infuscated. 
Var.  /9.  with  the  head  and  prothorax  (of  both  sexes,  though  especially  of  the  female)  more  closely 

and  coarsely  punctured :  and  likewise  subgranulate,  particularly  towards  the  sides. 

Known  readily  from  the  foUofldng  members  of  the  genus  by  its  usually  more 
brilliant  colour  (the  greenish  lustre,  which  is  seldom  very  apparent  on  either  of  its 
Madeii-an  allies,  being  here,  especially  in  the  male  sex,  often  exceedingly  con- 
spicuous), and  by  its  brighter  and  less  roughened  sm-face, — the  closely-set  granules 
which  are  so  evident  on  the  head  and  prothorax  of  the  P.  rugosus  and  rostratus 
being  represented  by  distant  punctures  (even  though  in  extreme  varieties  a  ten- 
dency to  tubercles,  at  any  rate  towards  the  sides,  may  be  occasionally  detected). 
In  its  broad  head  and  prominent  eyes  it  approaches  the  former  of  those  species 
more  nearly  than  the  latter ;  so  much  so  indeed,  that  aberrant  females  (where 
granulations  are  slightly  indicated)  might  sometimes  be  mistaken,  jr/'imd  facie, 
for  those  of  the  P.  rugosits :  nevertheless,  the  rather  larger  size  and  more  apicaliy- 
expanded  form,  in  conjunction  with  their  convexer  head  (which  has  two  deep 
longitudinal  impressions  in  front),  more  shining,  metallic  body,  and  fainter  sculp- 
ture, will  always  serve,  on  inspection,  to  separate  them  from  that  insect.  It 
recedes  from  it  very  decidedly,  moreover,  even  in  its  habits ;  being  confined 
exclusively  to  the  mountains,  and  ranging  from  about  the  altitude  of  2500  feet  to 
the  highest  peaks.  It  would  seem  also  (as  in  fact  its  alpine  natvu-e  Avould  lead  us 
to  expect)  to  come  into  existence  later  in  the  season  than  the  P.  rugosiis,  occui-ring 
pecidiarly  during  the  summer  months.  It  is  more  especially  abundant  within  the 
sylvan  districts,  and  is  much  attached  to  the  flowers  of  the  Cineraria  aurita 
{=Senecio  Madcrensis,  De  Cand.),  which  hang  in  clusters  over  the  damp  rocks  of 
intermediate  and  lofty  elevations.  I  have  captvu-ed  it  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas,  in 
June ;  at  the  Cruzinhas,  the  Fanal,  the  llibeiro  de  Joao  Delgada,  and  the  Lombo 
dos  Pecegueiros,  in  July ;  and  at  the  Ribeu'O  Frio,  in  August.  "Whilst  encamped 
on  the  summit  of  the  Pico  Ruivo  (6100  feet  above  the  sea)  in  August  of  1850,  I 
observed  it  rather  commonly  during  the  heat  of  the  day, — at  Avhich  time  it  Avas 
exceedingly  active  witli  its  wings,  flying  rapidly  from  flower  to  flower ;  especially 
those  of  the  Erica  cinerea,  which  attain  to  such  perfection  on  that  remote  upland 
tract.  The  Pico  Uuivan  specimens  have  their  femora  almost  invariably  dusky, — a 
state  which  I  have  generally  remarked  to  be  the  excejition,  rather  than  the  rule, 
in  lower  regions.  As  would  appear  to  be  the  case  with  most  insects,  the  greater 
the  altitude  at  which  it  occurs  the  moi-e  ready  it  is  as  regards  flight, — the  rarefied 
atmosphere  seeming  to  invest  it  with  additional  strength. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  249 

§  II.  Caput  suhroUmdatum  latum  subdepressum,  clypeo  minus  brevi,  oculis  prominulis :  palpi  maxillares 
longiusculi,  articulis  secundo  et  tertio  longiusculis  :  tarsi  anfici  maris  articulo  secundo  in  lobum 
elongatum  latum  (rnargine  apicali  intus pectinato)  supra  producto. 

191.  Pecteropus  rugosus,  Woll. 

P.  antice  minus  acuminatus  (subparallelus),-  pubescens  subnitidus  cuprescenti-  (rarius  viridescenti-) 
seneus,  capite  prothoraceque  crebre  tuberculato-asperatisj  elytris  profmide  subpunctato-rugulosisj 
antennarum  basi  pedibusqiie  rufo-testaceis,  femoribus  plus  minusve  infuscatis,  antennis  in 
utroque  sexu  brevioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|-1^. 

Habitat  in  locis  inferioribus  Maderse,  prjesertim  circa  urbem  Funchalensem,  tempore  vernali,  rarior  : 
ad  Praya  Formoza  mense  Martio  a.d.  1848  plurima  specimiua  e  floribus  collegi. 

P.  elongate- subovate  (being  however  rather  broader  anteriorly,  and  therefore  a  little  more  parallel, 
than  the  P.  Maderensis)  ;  more  thickly  pubescent,  and  rather  less  shining,  than  the  last  species ; 
aeneous,  with  a  coppery  (rarely  with  a  greenish)  additional  tinge.  Head  and  prothorax  thickly 
and  coarsely  granulated :  the  former  roundish,  less  convex  than  in  the  last  species,  and  \v\i\\ 
scarcely  any  indications  of  frontal  impressions ;  with  the  eyes  prominent :  the  latter  widest  about 
the  middle,  usually  a  trifle  larger  than  that  of  the  P.  Maderensis,  and  with  the  anterior  angles 
perhaps  a  little  more  rounded.  Elytra  coarsely  rugulose,  and  subpunctate ;  very  slightly 
expanded  behind.  Antenna  at  base,  and  the  legs  rufo-testaceous ;  the /onwe;- rather  short,  and 
scarcely  longer  in  the  males  than  in  the  females ;  the  latter  with  their  femora  (in  both  sexes) 
more  or  less  infuscated. 

A  species  confined,  apparently,  to  low  altitudes,  occurring  during  the  spring 
months  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Funchal.  It  appears  to  vary  but  little  either 
in  sculptiu'e  or  coloiu', — the  former  being  universally  coarse,  and  represented  on 
the  head  and  prothorax  by  closely-set  tubercles ;  whilst  the  latter  is  seldom 
brilliant,  being  generally  of  a  dull  coppery-,  or  almost  brownish-brassy  hue 
(having  only  a  tinge  of  green),  and  but  very  slightly  shining.  The  males  of  all 
the  Fecteropi  here  descril^ed  differ  so  essentially  in  the  structure  of  the  second 
joint  of  then-  fore-feet,  that  there  is  but  little  fear  of  confounding  them  (even  when 
their  other  distinctive  characters  are  aberrant)  inter  se.  Nor  indeed  is  there  any 
difficulty  as  regards  the  opposite  sex,  except  now  and  then,  in  rare  cases,  when  (as 
lately  stated)  the  females  of  the  present  insect  might  not  always  be  at  once  recog- 
nised from  those  of  the  last  one.  A  more  careful  examination,  however,  will  never 
fail  to  separate  the  two,  since  the  smaller  size  and  broader  outline  (that  is  to  say, 
less  expanded  posteriorly,  and  therefore  less  narrowed  in  front)  of  the  P.  rugosiis, 
in  conjimction  with  its  flatter  head  (which  has  scarcely  any  indications  of  the 
longitudinal  impressions  which  are  so  conspicuous  in  the  P.  lladerensis),  and  its 
usually  rather  shorter  antennge,  will  aU  tend  (apart  from  its  more  obscure,  coppery 
and  roughened  sm*face)  to  remove  it,  even  at  first  sight,  from  every  variety  of  the 
P.  Maderensis.     It  seems  to  be  somewhat  scarce,  or  at  any  rate  local ;  occurring 

2  K 


250  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

amongst  flowers  in  the  neiglil)oiu'liood  of  Fimclial,  especially  in  low  positions 
towards  the  coast.  On  the  rocky  ledge  above  the  Praya  Formoza  I  took  it  in 
tolerable  abundance  during  March  of  1848  ;  since  which  time  I  have  not  succeeded 
in  detectuig  it. 

§  III.  Caput  ovatum  angustum  depressum,  clypeo  longiore,  oculis  demissis :  palpi  maxilhres  longksimi, 
articulis  secundo  et  tertio  longiorihus :  tarsi  antici  maris  artieulo  secundo  in  lohum  elongatum 
(apicem  versus  intus  valde  pectinatwm)  supra  producto. 

192.  Pecteropus  rostratus,  Woll.    (Tab.  IV.  fig.  9.) 

P.  antice  acuminatus,  pubescens  subnitidus  subviridescenti-  vel  subcuprescenti-aeneus,  capite  pro- 
thoraceque  creberrime   tuberculato-asperatis,  elytris  profunde  puuctato-rugulosis,  antennarum 
basi  pedibusque  rufo-testaceis,  illis  iu  marc  longioribus. 
Var.  a.,  plerumque  subviridescenti-seneus  antice  valde  acuminatus,   prothorace  antice  angustato, 

pedibus  omnino  pallidis.      (Ins.  Partus  Sanctus.) 
Var.  fi.  plerumque  subcuprescenti-seneus  antice  acuminatus,  prothorace  antice  minus  angustato, 
tibiis  intcrdum  vix  obscui-ioribus.      (Ins.  Deserta  Grandis.) 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-21. 

Habitat  in  floribus  Portus  Sancti  et  Desertse  Grandis,  tempore  vemali,  non  infrequens :  var.  a.,  sola  in 
Portu  Sancto  solo  occurrit ;  scd  var.  /3.  ad  Desertam  Grandcm,  et  tantum  uisi  fallor  ad  banc 
insulam,  pcrtinet,  qua  Maio  c.xeunte  a.d.  1850  plurima  specimina  inveni. 

P.  elongate-ovate  (being  more  acuminated  anteriorly  than  either  of  the  preceding  species) ;  thickly 
pubescent  and  very  slightly  shining  ;  fencous,  with  either  a  slightly  greenish  or  a  slightly  coppery 
tinge.  Head  and  prothorax  very  thickly  and  coarsely  granidated :  i]i&  former  ovate  (being  longer 
and  narrower  than  in  either  of  the  other  species),  exceedingly  depressed,,  and  with  scarcely  any 
indications  of  frontal  impressions ;  with  the  eyes  hardly  at  all  prominent :  the  latter  widest  cither 
about  or  a  little  behind  the  middle.  Elytra  coarsely  rugulosc,  and  more  distinctly  punctui'cd 
than  in  either  of  the  previous  species ;  rather  expanded  behind.  Anteniue  at  base,  and  the  legs 
rufo-testaceous ;  the  former  very  distinctly  longer  in  the  males  than  in  the  females. 

Var.  a.  generally  of  a  greenish-brassy  tinge,  and  much  acuminated  anteriorly, — the  prothorax  being 
usually  widest  a  little  behind  the  middle  and  considerably  narrowed  in  front;  the  legs  entirely 
pale.     (The  state  peculiar  to  Porto  Santo.) 

Var.  /3.  usually  of  a  more  coppery  tinge,  and  less  acuminated  auterioi'ly, — the  prothorax  being 
generally  widest  about  the  middle  and  but  very  slightly  narrowed  in  front ;  the  tibia:  generally 
a  little  dusky.     (The  form  on  the  Dezcrta  Grande.) 

A  very  interesting  Pecteropus,  and  one  which  has  been  liitherto  only  detected, 
so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  Porto  Santo  and  on  the  Dezcrta  Grande.  It  may  be 
immediately  recognised  from  the  P.  Jluderensls  and  rtigosus,  th'st,  by  the  strtictiu'e 
of  the  second  joint  of  its  male  fore  feet  (the  peculiarities  in  the  distribution  of  the 
inner  setoe  of  which  have  been  ah'eady  pointed  out) ;  and,  secondly,  by  its  some- 
what larger  and  anteriorly  tapering  outline, — its  narrow,  ovate  and  exceedingly 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  261 

depressed  head,  in  conjiinction  Tvitli  its  iinprojecting  eyes,  giving  it  an  almost 
rostrate  appearance.  This  distinctive  conformation  is  especially  evident  in  the 
Porto  Santan  tj^jc  (Tab.  IV.  fig.  9),  which  has  moreover  the  front  region  of  its 
prothoras  considerably  more  acuminated  (being  defiexed  and  compressed  at  the 
sides)  than  is  the  case  with  the  Dezertan  specimens, — a  difference  indeed  which,  in 
connection  with  its  imiversally  greener  hue  and  paler  legs,  I  might  have  been 
inclined  to  have  regarded  as  specific,  had  not  the  examination  of  a  great  quantity 
of  examples,  from  both  islands,  presented  a  suflicient  number  of  intermediate  links 
to  convince  me  that  they  are  in  reality  but  local  states  of  the  same  insect.  The 
»«r.  a.  I  captured,  abundantly,  in  Porto  Santo,  in  April  of  1848  ;  and  the  var.  ^. 
on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  dui'ing  my  encampment  there  with  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe, 
at  the  end  of  May  1850. 

Genus  89.  DASYTES. 

PaykuU,  Fiia  Siiec.  ii.  156  (1798). 

Corpus  mediocre  vel  parvum,  plus  minusve  lineare  vel  lineari-oblongum,  vix  duram,  sfepe  (ut  iu  specie 
nostra)  viridi-splendens,  pilosum  :  prothorace  ssepius  subquadi'ato :  alis  amplissimis.  AntenruE 
breves  subserrato-filiformes  vel  omnino  intus  serratse,  infra  oculorum  marginem  anticum  insertae, 
articiilis  primo  et  secundo  intus  svibclavato-nodosis  (illo  robustiore  longiore),  reliquis  (ultimo  ovali 
excepto)  subsequalibiis  plus  minusve  obtuse  serratis.  Labrum  vix  corneum  limbo  submem- 
branaceo,  transverso-subquadratum,  antice  integrum  sed  vix  rotundatum.  Mandibula  niagnae 
cornese  latfe,  apieem  versus  acutissimse  bifidse,  margine  interno  integro  ssepius  minute  crenulato. 
Maxilla  bilobse,  apice  pubescentes :  lobo  extemo  subcoriaceo :  interno  paulo  breviore  submem- 
branacco.  Palpi  \ix  filiformes;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  longiore  erassiore, 
tertio  buic  paulo  breviore,  ultimo  longiusculo  subfusiformi  ad  apieem  oblique  truncato ;  labiales 
articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  prscipue)  parvis,  ultimo  erassiore  longiusculo  fusiformi-ovato  ad 
apieem  oblique  truncato.  Mentum  (ut  mihi  videtur)  quasi  e  duplici  parte  formatum,  alia  ter- 
minali  magna  membranacea  apice  coriacea,  alia  basali  (prioris  stipite)  cornea  brevissima  trans- 
versa. Ligula  membranacea  pilosa,  apice  vix  emarginata.  Pedes  elongati :  tihiis  subcylindricis  : 
tarsis  pilosis  plerumque  simplicibus,  articulis  quatuor  baseos  subtus  leviter  oblique  productis 
longitudine  paulatim  decrescentibus  (quarto  minore),  quinto  clavato  unguiculis  validis  (intus 
membrana  angusta  pilosa  auctis)  munito. 

Dasytes,  like  most  of  the  genera  of  the  Ilelyridce,  is  composed  of  insects 
remarkable  for  theu'  flower-infesting  habits.  They  recede  however  from  the  gaily- 
coloured,  more  or  less  painted,  and  often  spotted,  or  fasciated,  Malachii  in  being 
either  of  a  duller  hue,  or  else  brilliantly  (and  generally  vniforwli/)  ornamented 
with  metallic  tints, — the  only  Madeiran  representative  being,  like  several  of  its 
more  northern  allies,  of  a  resplendent  brassy-green  lustre.  In  the  details  of  then- 
structui-e  they  do  not  offer  any  great  peculiarities ;  nevertheless  their  broad  (though 
apicaUy-acute)  mandibles,  which  have  the  internal  edge  scarcely  at  all  emarginated 
and,  in  most  instances,  very  minutely  crenulate,  added  to  the  obliquely  truncated 
last  joint  of  their  palpi,  then-  pubescent  feet,  and  the  narrow  ciliated  membrane 

2k  2 


252  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

whicli  is  attached  along  the  inner  curvature  of  each  of  their  claws,  should  be 
especially  noticed.  Their  bodies  are  usually  more  or  less  elongate,  narrow,  and 
pilose ;  and  there  is  nearly  always  some  slight  tendency  to  metallic  ii'idescence, 
even  on  the  darker  members  of  the  group. 

193.  Dasytes  iUustris. 

D.  angusto-siiblinearis  pubescens  viridi-  vel  subKnesccuti-viridi-si)lendcns,  capite  prothoraccque  pro- 
funde  punctatis,  hoc  brevi  traasverso-subquadrato,  elytris  punctato-rugulosis,  auteiinis  (versus 
apicem)  tarsisque  nigrescentibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2—2'. 

Doii/tes  iUustfis,  ilotschulsky,  in  litt. 

Habitat  in  floribiis  onniium  insularum  Maderensium  tempore  vernali  et  sestivo,  vulgatissimus ;  ab  or^ 
maritima  usque  ad  400U'  s.  lu.  ascendens. 

D.  narrow  aud  sublinear,  thickly  pubescent,  shining,  and  of  a  brilliant  bluish-,  or  brassy-green  hue. 
Head  and  prothorax  very  thickly  and  coarsely  punctured  (the  punctures  being  exceedingly  large)  : 
the  former  roundish,  rather  convex  behind,  aud  with  the  eyes  prominent :  the  latter  short  and 
subquadrate,  though  rather  widest  a  little  before  the  middle.  Elytra  very  slightly  expanded 
behind  (sometimes  almost  entirely  parallel),  punctured  and  coarsely  I'ugulose.  Antenrue  towards 
their  apex,  and  the  tarsi  blackish. 

The  Madeiran  representative  of  the  common  European  D.  nobilis, — of  which  it 
is  possible  indeed  that  it  may  be  an  extreme  geograpliical  variety.  Eor  some  time 
in  fact  I  had  regarded  it  as  such ;  but,  since  it  tmquestionably  dilfers  in  many 
minute;  jjarticulars  from  that  insect,  and  since  moreover  it  has  been  carefully 
compared  with  t\-|iical  specimens  at  Berlin,  by  my  friend  Dr.  H.  Schaum,  who 
considers  it  as  distinct,  I  have  retained  it  under  the  name  which  was  proposed  for 
it  ])y  M.  Motschulsky  diu'iug  his  late  visit  to  England.  It  differs  from  the  D.  nobilk 
in  being  smaUer,  of  a  greener,  or  more  golden  hue,  in  its  prothorax  being  shorter 
and  rather  more  quadrate,  and  in  the  punctiu*es  of  its  (more  rugulose^i  elytra  not 
])eing  so  clearly  defined.  I  possess  a  species  from  Corfu,  which  in  some  respects 
approaches  the  Madeiran  one;  but  it  is  even  smaller  still,  has  its  prothorax 
distinctly  longer,  aud  more  narrowed  behind  (as  in  the  D.  nobilis),  and  its  punc- 
tures altogether  less  developed.  It  is  an  abimdant  insect  throughout  most  of  the 
islands  of  the  Madeiran  group,  occurring  in  flowers  dm'iug  the  spring  and  early 
summer  months,  and  at  nearly  all  elevations.  In  low  grassy  s.])ois  towards  the 
coast  it  may  l)c  observed  at  times  in  great  jirofusion,  esjiccially  in  the  vicinity  of 
Funchal, — making  its  appearance  in  sucli  situations  in  the  spring,  but  in  higher 
altitudes  somewhat  later.  Thus,  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio  and  the  Eeijaa  de  C6rte,  I  have 
captiu'ed  it  in  August.  In  Porto  Santo  it  existed  by  thousands  dui-ing  April  of 
1819 ;  and  in  May  1850  it  was  equally  common  on  the  Dezerta  Grande. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  253 

Genus  90.  MELYROSOMA,  Woll    (Tab.  V.  fig.  l  et  2.) 

Corpus  parvum,  plus  minusve  elongato-suboblongum,  molle,  nigrum,  Melyricli  affinitate  proximum 
sed  ab  illo  certe  distiuctum  :  capite  leviter  rotundato,  ocuHs  pvoininulis,  cli/peo  brevi  mcmbranaceo  : 
prothorace  rotundato-subquadrato :  ehjtris  phis  minusve  costatis :  alis  ami)lissimis.  Antenna 
(V.  2  a),  pi'sesertim  in  maribus  (V.  2),  longiusculse  serrato-filiformes,  in  utroque  sexu  simplices, 
infra  ocuiorum  marginem  anticum  (et  ab  illis  remotse)  insertse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  intus 
subclavato-nodosis  (illo  robustiore  longiore),  tertio  brevi  gracili  extus  oblique  leviter  producto, 
reliquis  (ultimo  ovali  excepto)  sequalibus  intus  acutissime  et  subrequaliter  serratis.  Labrum 
(V.  2  b)  eoriaceura  limbo  membranaceo,  transversum,  antice  rotundatum.  Mandibula  (V.  2  c) 
magnse  cornese  latte,  apicem  versus  acutissimoe  bifidae,  intus  minutissime  subcrenulatse  et  mem- 
brana  angusta  tenuissima  auctse.  Maxilla  (V.  2  d)  biloboe,  lobis  membranaceis  apice  pubescen- 
tibus  :  externa  latiusculo  :  interna  breviore  angustiore.  Palpi  subfiliformes ;  nmxillares  articulo 
primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  crassioribus  subsequalibus,  ultimo  elongato  subfusiformi  basi 
truncato  ad  apicem  aeuminato ;  labiales  (V.  2  e)  e  scapis  submembranaceis  ligulfe  connatis 
surgentes,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  paulo  majorc  crassiore,  ultimo  elongato  subfusiformi 
basi  truncato  ad  apicem  aeuminato.  Mentum  (nisi  fallor)  veluti  e  duplici  parte  formatum,  alia 
terminali  (ad  latera  rotundata)  coriacea  antice  membranacea,  alia  basali  (prioris  stipite)  subcornea 
apice  coriacea  (ad  latera  in  angulum  medium  plus  minusve  producta).  Ligula  elougata  mem- 
branacea pilosa,  apice  biloba.  Pedes  longiusculi  graciles :  tibiis  subcylindricis  :  tarsis  (V.  2/) 
articulis  quatuor  baseos  (primo  et  secundo  prjecipue)  subtus  leviter  oblique  productis  (primo  bre- 
viuscvilo  basi  subrecondito,  secundo,  tertio  et  quarto  sequalibus  paulatim  minus  obliquis),  quinto 
elongato  vix  subclavato  imguiculis  (V.  2 g)  niagnis  valde  bifidis  munito. 

A  Melyris  (genus  Coleopterorum),  et  crco/ia  corpus. 

A  very  interesting  little  genus,  approaching  closely,  in  general  affinity  and 
contour,  to  3Ielyris,  though  at  the  same  time  with  abundant  distinctive  features 
of  its  own.  Thus,  the  structure  of  its  antennae  and  palpi  should  be  especially 
noticed, — the  former  of  which  have  theu'  third  joint  (which  is  the  longest  of  the 
whole  in  Melyris  proper)  excessively  small  and  obliquely  produced  e^rternally,  the 
fourth  to  the  tenth  being  very  acutely  (and  equally)  serrated  within ;  whilst  the 
latter  are  greatly  attenuated  at  their  extreme  apex,  instead  of  (as  in  Ilelyris) 
robust  and  obtuse,  Added  to  which,  its  bifid  and  more  acute  mandibles,  the  short 
and  j)artially  concealed  basal  articulation  of  its  feet,  and  its  deeply  bipartite  claws, 
in  conjunction  with  the  less  transverse  prothorax,  slenderer  legs,  and  the  small- 
ness  of  the  species  which  compose  it,  are  all  of  them  characters  which  wUl  serve 
to  separate  it  from  the  members  of  that  group. 

194.  Melyrosoma  oceanicum,  Wall.    (Tab.  V.  fig.  l.) 

M.  robustum  nigrum  et  pilis   brevibus  subdepressis  parce  vestitum,  capite  prothoraceque  ruguloso- 
subpunctatis,  elytro  singulo  costis  tribus  (externa  fere  obsoleta)  longitudinaliter  instructo,  inter- 
stitiis  profunde,  crebre  et  rugose  (sed  vix  seriatim)  punctatis,  antennarum  basi  tarsisque  fusces- 
centibus. 
Mas  vix  minor,  antenuis  paulo  lougioribus. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  li-2. 


251  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Habitat  in  locis  editioribus  Maderae,  tempore  sestivo,  hinc  inde  vulgare :  in  summo  ipso  monte 
Ruivenso  (GIOC  s.  m.),  flores  Erica  cinerea  (una  cum  Pecteropo  Maderensi)  circumvolans,  necnon 
in  ascensu  montis  a  Feijaa  de  Corte  Augusto  ineunte  a.d.  1850  copiosissime  coUegi. 

M.  elongate  and  robust,  deep  black  (rarely  with  a  piceous  tinge),  and  beset  (although  not  very  densely) 
with  a  short,  nearly  decumbent  and  somewhat  cinereous  pile.  Head  and  prothorax  rugulose  and 
subpunctate :  the  former  tiattencd :  the  latter  convex,  and  narrowed  in  front.  Elytra  with  the 
suture  raised,  and  also  with  three  costse  down  the  disk  of  each, — which  are  abbre\iated  posteriorly, 
and  the  outer  one  of  which  is  usually  nearly  obsolete ;  the  interstices  deeply,  very  closely  and 
coarsely  punctured  (the  punctures  being  vei-y  large,  but  with  only  a  slight  tendency  to  be  disposed 
in  rows).  Antenna  at  base,  and  the  tarsi  just  perceptibly  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 
Male  a  little  smaller  than  the  female,  and  with  the  antennae  distinctly  longer, — though  not  so  long 
as  those  of  (both  sexes  of)  the  M.  Artemisia, 

Readily  known  from  the  follo^\dng  species  by  its  larger  and  more  robust  form, 
and  by  its  more  intensely  black  bue.  It  is  also  far  less  pubescent,  its  forehead  is 
flatter,  and  its  antennae  (in.  both  sexes ;  and  therefore,  a  fortiori,  in  the  female) 
are  proportionably  shorter  than  those  of  that  insect.  It  is,  apparently,  peculiar  to 
the  mountains  ;  and,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  Madeira  proper, — 
whore  it  occtu's,  throughout  the  summer  months,  in  flowers,  from  an  altitude 
of  about  3000  feet  to  the  summits  of  the  loftiest  peaks.  I  fii-st  detected  it, 
August  2nd,  1850,  on  the  ascent  of  the  Pico  Ruivo  from  the  Curral  das  Freiras, 
where  it  was  extremely  abundant, — especially  on  a  precipitous  projecting  buttress, 
known  as  the  Lombo  das  Portaes,  overlooking  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte :  and  during 
my  encampment  on  the  Pico  Ruivo  itself  (GlOO  feet  above  the  sea),  I  captured  it 
in  almost  equal  profusion  (La  company  with  the  Tecteropits  Maderenms)  out  of 
the  flowers  of  Erica  cinerea, — or  else,  on  the  wing,  in  thcu'  immediate  vicinity. 

195.  Melyi'osoma  Ai-temisiae,  Woll    (Tab.  V.  fig.  2.) 
M.  gracile  infuscato-nigrum  et  pilis  subolivaceis  longissimis  mollibus  suberectis  vestitum,  capite  pro- 
thoraceque  leviter  subruguloso-subpunctatis,  elytro  singulo  costis  tribus  longitudinalitcr  instruct©, 
interstitiis  profunde,  crebre  et  rugose  (sed  vix  seriatim)  punctatis,  antennarum  basi,  tibiis  tarsisque 
fuscescentibus,  antennis  in  utroque  sexu  elongatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-lj. 

Habitat  iusulas  Desertas,  restate  novft  sat  frequens  :  in  Desert^  Grandi  rarius  occurrit ;  sed  in  Boreali 
abundat,  qua  inter  plantas  Artemisia  argentea,  Herit.,  fere  per  totam  insulam  nascentes,  Junio 
ineunte  a.d.  1850,  plurima  speciuiina  depi'ehensi. 

M.  smaller,  slenderer,  and  rather  less  e\])andcd  posteriorly  than  the  M.  oceanicum,  also  of  a  less 
intensely  black  hue  (being  more  infuscated  or  piccscent),  and  densely  beset  with  an  exceedingly 
long,  silken,  nearly  erect,  and  yellowish  cinereous  (or  somewhat  olivaceous)  pile, — which  often 
imparts  to  the  surface  an  obscure  subseneous  tinge.  Head  and  prothorax  less  distinctly  sculj)- 
tured  than  in  the  last  species  (being  only  slightly  rugulose,  and  with  veiy  faint  indications  of 
pimctures)  :  the  former  rather  broader  in  proportion  than  that  of  the  M.  oceanicum,  and  a  little 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  255 

more  convex  behind :  the  latter  narrowed  in  front.  Elytra  as  in  the  last  species,  only  with  the 
two  inner  costa;  not  quite  so  much  elevated,  and  the  outer  (or  submarginal)  one  proportionably 
rather  more  so  ;  and  with  the  punctures  of  the  interstices,  if  anything,  even  larger  than  those  of 
that  insect.  Antenna  at  base,  and  the  legs  (especially  the  tibia  and  tarsi)  more  or  less  paler,  or 
fuscescent.  Antenna  in  both  sexes  of  nearly  equal  length,  and  considerably  more  elongated  (in 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  insect)  than  those  of  the  M,  oceanicum. 

A  well-defined  species,  and  apparently  peculiar  to  the  two  northern  Dezertas. 
It  differs  from  the  preceding  one  in  its  smaller  and  slenderer  form,  and  in  its 
less  intensely  black  hue,  in  the  long,  silken,  somewhat  olivaceous  and  almost  erect 
pubescence  with  which  it  is  beset,  and  by  its  more  infuscated  legs  and  less  abbre- 
viated antennse, — which  last  are  of  nearly  equal  length  in  both  sexes.     It  appears 
to  be  scarce  on  the  Dezerta  Grande ;  where,  nevertheless,  I  fii-st  discovered  it,— 
on  the  outer  canvass  of  my  tent,  during  the  hot  sunshine,  at  the  end  of  May  1850. 
On  the  Flat  Dezerta,  or  Illieo  Chao,  however,  it  is  far  more  abundant,— where  a 
few  days  later  (i.  e.  at  the  beginning  of  June)  it  occurred  to  me  in  profusion ; 
principally  from  amongst  the  large  masses  of  AVormwood  {Artemisia  argentea, 
Herit.)  with  which  that  remarkable  little  island  is  in  certain  spots  densely  clothed. 
It  woLild  seem  to  be  less  decidedly  attached  to  flowers  than  the  31.  oceanicum  ; 
and   indeed  less   so  than  is   the  case  with   the   Ilelyridce  generaUy,— in  whicli 
respect,  as  weU  as  in  many  minor  details  of  its  economy,  it  makes  an  evident 
approach  towards  the  following  family,  the  Cleridce. 


Fam.  29.  CLERID^. 

Genus  91.  OPILUS*. 

Latreille,  Hist.  Nat.  cles  Ins.  iii.  Ill  (script.  Opilo)  (1802); 

Corpus  mediocre,  plerumque  lineari-elongatum,  vix  durum,  pubescens,  Isete  coloratura  et  punctatum : 
prothorace  angusto,  subcylindrico  postice  leviter  constricto  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  pilosae,  apicem 
versus  leviter  incrassatse,  articulo  primo  robusto,  secundo  brevi,  inde  ad  octavum  obconicis  lati- 
tudine  subjequalibus,  reliquis  leviter  incrassatis,  clavam  laxam  elongatani  baud  abruptam  tri- 
articulatam  efficientibus.  Labrum  vix  coriaceum,  transversum,  antice  bilobum  valde  pdosum. 
Mandibula  magnje  cornese   validffi   acutissimse,    extus    valde   pilosa;,    infra  apicem  umdentatfe. 

*  Strictly  speaking,  the  title  of  the  present  genus  is  Opilo ;  but  since  it  has  been  usually  quoted  as 
Opilus,  I  have  not  considered  it  worthwhile  to  create  confusion  by  adhering  to  the  original  orthography  : 
nevertheless  I  think  it  exceedingly  questionable  how  far  we  are  justified  in  sanctioning  the  change,  so 
long  as  other  terminations  in  o  (as,  for  instance,  HeUiio,  Pi/tho,  Tenelrio,  Cehrio,  Crabro,  &c.)  are  per- 
mitted to  remain  ;  and  whether  we  do  not  lay  oui-selves  open  to  the  charge  of  inconsistency  by  smgHng 
out  any  one  of  them  as  objectionable,  whUst,"at  the  same  time,  we  endorse  the  rest.  A  similar  absurdity 
presents  itself  in  Bembidion  of  Latreille,  which  is  mvariably  coiTected  into  Bemlidium  ;  and  yet  Omopliron 
and  Cerylon,  of  the  same  author,  are  retained.  If  however  the  Latm  terminal  is  alone  admissible  in  these 
Greek  compounds  (and  I  am  by  no  means  prepared  to  contend  that  it  is  not  to  beprefen-ed,  and  therefore 
far  letter  adhered  to  in  the  comage  of  new  generic  names),  why  is  it  that  we  countenance  such  terms  as 
Borcadion,  Unnearthron,  Pentodon,  Urodon,  Lymexylon,  GymnaHron,  Cercyon,  &c.,  which  at  any  rate 
should  be  governed  by  the  same  law, — be  it  of  rejection  or  sidferance  ? 


256  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Maxilla  bilobse,  lobis  submcmbranaceis,  apice  pubescentibus ;  extemo  latiusculo ;  inferno  bre- 
viore  angustiore.  Palpi  vakle  clavati ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  elongate,  tertio 
breviore  subflexuoso,  ultimo  maximo  dilatato  securiforini ;  luhiales  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo 
elongato,  ultimo  maximo  dilatato  triangulari-securiformi.  Mentuin  pan'um  subquadratum, 
antice  membranaceum.  Liyula  elongata  membranacea,  valde  pilosa  bifida.  Pedes  elongati 
robusti  hirsutissimi  :  tarsis  articulis  quatuor  baseos  subtus  oblique  productis  laciniisque  spon- 
gioso-submembranaceis  pilosissimis  (modo,  ut  in  specie  nostra)  bifidis  (modo  integris)  auctis 
(primo  brevi  ad  basin  recondite  superne  vix  obsen'ando,  secundo,  tertio  et  quarto  longitudine 
decrescentibus,  obliquitate  crescentibus  necnon  paulatim  caudatioribus),  quinto  breviusculo  minus 
clavato  unguiculis  simplicibus  munito. 

Single  species  of  Opilus  and  Necrohia  are  the  only  representatives  of  the 
CleridcB  which  have  been  hitherto  detected  in  the  Madeira  Islands ;  and  even  of 
these,  the  latter  at  any  rate  would  appear  to  have  been  naturalized  from  more 
northern  cotintries, — occurring,  only,  either  about  houses  or  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  towns,  and  at  aU  times  under  doubtful  circumstances.  Opilus  may 
be  readily  known  by  its  linear  outUne,  hirsute  and  prettily  fasciated  siirface,  and 
by  the  largely  developed  securiform  joint  with  which  the  whole  of  its  palpi  are 
terminated.  The  somewhat  spongiose  structm-e,  and  membranous  adjimcts,  of 
the  soles  of  its  feet  should  be  especially  noticed, — the  joints  themselves  moreover 
being  oblique,  with  the  basal  one  extremely  small  and  (on  account  of  its  obUqmty) 
scarcely  perceptible  from  above ;  wliilst  the  penultimate  one  (as  also,  though  in  a 
less  degree,  the  antepenultimate)  has  its  under  appendages  distinctly  bUobed  (a 
peculiarity*  wliich  is  remarkably  apparent  in  the  INladciran  member  of  the  group). 
The  O^nli  are  found  principally  in  rotten  wood,  or  beneath  the  loose  bark  of  trees, 
— on  which,  nevertheless,  they  are  supposed  not  to  feed,  but  rather  on  the  minute 
insects  and  larvae  with  which  such  localities  necessarily  abound. 

196.  OpUas  moUis. 

O.  lineari-elongatus  subcylindricus  fusco-piceus  et  pilis  longissimis  mollibus  suberectis  adspersus, 
capite  prothoraceque  ruguloso-punctatis,  hoc  postice  constricto  ad  apicem  pallidiore,  elytris  pro- 
funde  seriatim  punctatis,  fasciis  duabus  (unS,  sc.  basali  obliqud,  sed  altera  media  transversa)  et 
apice  pallido-omatis,  antennis  pedibusque  pallidis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  4^6. 

Attelahus  mollis,  Linn.  Fna  Sure.  186  (1761)." 
Notoxtts  mollis,  Vab.  Unt.  S^st.  i.  211  (1792). 
Opilo  mollis,  Lat.  Sist.  JVa/.  des  Ins.  ix.  149  (1804). 
Opilus  mollis.  Staph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  323  (1830). 

Habitat  Maderam,  sestate,  rarior  :  ad  Ribciro  Frio  mense  Julio  a.d.  1851  detexit  Rev''""  Dom.  Lowe, 
necnon  tria  specimina  prope  Funchal  reperta  nuperrime  Dom.  Leacock  communicavit. 


*  In  a  few,  less  typical  species  which  do  not  concern  us  here,— as,  for  instance,  the  O.  porcafus.  Fab., 
and  the  O.fasciculatus,  Schreib., — this  bilohed  structure  does  not  appear  to  hold  good  ;  the  appendages 
of  the  tarsal  joints  being  there  undirided. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  257 

O.  narrow,  elongated  and  somewhat  cylindrical ;  dark  piceons  brown,  and  beset  (on  the  limbs  as  well 
as  on  the  body)  with  an  exceedingly  long,  very  soft,  woolly,  and  nearly  erect  paler  pile.  Head  and 
prothorax  closely  and  roughly  punctured :  the  funner  broad  behind  :  tiie  latter  wide  in  front  and 
constricted  posteriorly ;  with  its  anterior  edge  rufo-testaceous,  and  with  indications  of  a  small 
and  oblique  tubercle  on  either  side  of  its  fore-disk.  Elytra  very  distinctly  seriate-punctate  (the 
punctures  being  large,  regular  and  deep)  ;  with  an  oblique  fascia  (commencing  at  the  shoulder 
of  each)  at  the  base,  a  transverse  one  about,  or  immediately  behind,  the  middle,  and  the  apex 
itself  (the  whole  of  them  being  interrupted  along  the  suture)  pale  testaceous.  Body  beneath  with 
the  abdomen  rufescent.  AnteniitB,  pa/jji  and  leffs  bright  rusty-testaceous, — except  the  basal  two- 
thirds  of  the  femora,  which  are  extremely  pale. 

A  common  insect  throughout  central  and  southern  Eui-ope,  and  in  the  north  of 
Africa.  In  Madeira  however  it  woukl  appear  to  be  rare ;  occurring,  nevertheless, 
diu'ing  the  summer  months,  in  positions  far  removed  from  each  other.  I  have 
not  myself  detected  it  in  these  islands :  but  I  possess  specimens  from  the  col- 
lection of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken ;  and  others,  -n  hich  were  captured  by  the  Rev. 
E;.  T.  Lowe,  in  July  1851,  at  the  Eibeiro  Frio ;  whilst  three  more  have  been 
recently  communicated  to  me  by  Mr.  Leacock,— found  in  his  house  at  Santo 
Antonio,  near  Funchal. 

Genus  92.  NECROBIA. 

Olivier,  IJntom.  iv.  76  bis  (1795). 

Corpus  parvum,  oblongum,  sat  durum,  pubescens,  laete  coloratura  et  punctatum :  prothorace  convexo 
subquadrato-rotundato  :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  prothoracis  longitudine,  clavatse,  articulo  primo 
sat  elongato  robusto  clavato,  secundo  brevi,  tertio  elongato,  quarto  ad  octa\'um  brevioribus  lati- 
tudine  vix  crescentibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  subovatam  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (nono  et 
decimo  breviusculis  transversis,  ultimo  maximo  crasso  subquadrato  ad  apicem  oblique  truncato). 
Lahrum  corneum  limbo  coriaceo,  transversum,  antice  bilobum  pilosum.  Mandibulce  magnse 
comese  validse  acutissimse,  infra  apicem  dentat<e.  Maxilla  bilobfe,  lobis  submembranaceis  apice 
pubescentibus  ;  externa  latiusculo ;  interna  breviore,  paulo  angustiore.  Palpi  filiformes ;  maxil- 
lares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  longiusculo,  tertio  breviore  subflexuoso,  ultimo  elongato 
fusiformi  apice  subacuminato ;  labiates  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  longiore,  tertio  elongato 
fusiformi  apice  subacuminato.  Mentum  subquadratum,  margiue  antico  producto.  Ligula  ampla 
membranacea  pilosa  cordata.  Pedes  robusti  subcontractiles  :  tarsis  articulis  tribus  baseos  sfibtus 
oblique  productis  laciniisque  spongioso-membranaceis,  pilosissimis  integris  auctis  (primo  bre- 
viusculo,  secundo  et  tertio  sub?equalibus,  illo  subcordato,  hoc  valde  cordato),  quarto  minutissimo 
inter  tertii  lobos  recondito,  quinto  elongato  clavato  unguiculis  in  medio  unidentatis  munito. 

Necrobia  is  by  some  entomologists  amalgamated  with  Conjnetes  of  Herbst 
(established  in  1792,  and  therefore  the  older  name)  ;  but  it  seems  to  me  to  be  more 
natural  to  regard  them  as  separate  genera,  since  their  antennge  and  palpi  pre- 
sent, both  of  them,  sufficient  characters  to  preclude  the  chance  of  confusing,  inter 
se,  the  species  which  severally  compose  them.  Thus,  the  former  are  thicker,  and 
somewhat  more  abbreviated,  in  Necrobia  than  in  Corynetes,  and  have  their  club 

2l 


258  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

(instead  of  being  oblong,  narrow,  and  composed  of  three  equal  and  loosely-attached 
parts)  robust,  broad,  ovate  and  more  compact, — the  first  two  joints  being  short 
and  transverse,  and  the  last  extremely  large,  wide  and  subquadrate,  and  obliquely 
truncated  at  its  extremity :  whilst,  as  regards  their  palpi,  the  apical  articulation 
in  Necrohia  is  fusiform  and  subacuminated  (not  exceeding  the  prcAaous  one  in 
breadth) ;  whereas  in  Corynetes  it  is  dilated  and  securiform.  In  other  respects, 
the  groups  are  almost  coincident ;  unless  indeed  it  be  that  the  minute  fourth 
articulation  of  theu*  feet  is  perhaps  even  smaller  in  Necrohia  than  it  is  in  Corynetes, 
— which  mav  possibh'  in  fact  be  the  reason  wliy  it  was  overlooked  bv  Cm'tis,  who 
gives  "  the  tarsi  i-jointed  "  as  one  of  the  distinctive  featiu'es  of  the  Necrohice. 

197.  Necrobia  ruficoUis. 
N.  oblonga  cyanea  pubescens  et  pilis  longissimis  mollibus  suberectis  adspersa,  capite  prothoraceque 

punctatis,  hoc  elytrommque  basi  rufis,  thorace  subtus  pedibusque  rufo-testaceis,  antennis  abdo- 

mineque  nigrescentlbus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-2i. 

Anohium  ruficolle,  Thung.  Nov.  Spec.  i.  8.  fig.  7  (1781). 
Dermestes  ruficoUis,  Fab.  Ent.  Si/sf.  i.  230  (1792). 
Necrobia  ruficoUis,  Oliv.  Ent.  iv.  76.  2.  pi.  1.  fig.  2  a,b  (1795). 
,  Stcph.  lU.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  327  (1830). 

Habitat  in  domibus  Maderse  (mihi  non  obvia),  ex  alienis  certe  introducta :  duo  specimina  e  nmseo 
Heineckeniano  a  Rev''"  Dom.  Lowe  munifice  donata  sola  possideo;  sed  in  ipsa  ui-be  Funchalensi 
mense  Aprili  a.d.  1851  collegit  cl.  Dom.  Heer. 

N.  oblong,  cyaneous  (or  shining  blue),  very  pubescent,  and  beset  with  exceedingly  long,  soft,  nearly 
erect,  paler  additional  pile.  Head  and  prothorax  regularly  punctured  :  the  latter,  together  with 
the  base  of  the  elytra  (which  arc  finely  punctate-striated,  and  rugulose),  rufous.  Body  beneath 
with  the  entire  thoracic  segments  pale  rufous,  or  rufo-testaceous,  and  with  the  abdomen  black. 
AntenruB  nearly  black.     Legs  rufo-testaceous. 

An  insect  of  very  wide  geographical  range,  occurring  in  all  parts  of  Europe,  and 
in  the  north  of  a\ii'ica;  and  being  recorded  as  ha^-iug  been  received  even  from 
India.  In  real  fact  however,  it  is  a  species  attendant  upon  commerce,  being  liable 
to  constant  transmission  tlu'oughout  the  ci^olized  world,  amongst  skins  and  other 
articles  of  merchandise, — on  portions  of  which  it  subsists :  and  it  is  probably,  in 
fact,  through  some  such  agency  that  it  has  insinuated  itself  into  Mademi.  It  is 
found  priucii)ally  about  dwellings  and  warehouses,  in  and  near  Funchal ;  but,  as 
my  own  researches  have  been  but  slightly  prosecuted  in  such  positions,  I  have  not 
myself  succeeded  in  detecting  it.  I  possess  however  two  very  old  siiecimens  from 
the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken, — from  a  label  still  attached  to  which,  the 
insect  appears  to  have  been  "common  [about  the  year  1828]  in  rotten  cheese;" 
and  it  has  been  recently  taken  by  Professor  Heer,  in  Fimchal. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  259 

Fam.  30.  PTINID-ffil. 

Genus  93.  PTINUS.     (Tab.  V.  fig.  4,  5  et  6.) 
Lmn»us,  Si/sf.  Nat.  ii.  565  (1767). 

Corpus  parviira,  oblongum  vel  sphsericum,  durum,  plus  minusve  pubescens  vel  squamosum :  capite 
deflexo,  sub  prothorace  vix  abscondito :  scutello  modo  distincto,  modo  baud  observando :  pro- 
thorace  vel  gibboso  ad  basin  constricto,  vel  convexo :  alls  modo  amplis,  modo  obsoletis.  Antenna 
plus  minusve  approximatpe,  aut  filiformes  aut  siibclavatse,  articulo  prinio  robusto,  seeundo  vix 
breviusculo,  reliquis  vel  Eequalibus  ultimo  elougato-ovato,  vel  latitudine  sensim  crassioribus 
ultimo  ovato.  Lahruui  corneum  transversum,  antice  pilosum  leviter  emarginatum.  Mandihula 
maguse  cornefe  validfe  latoe  subtriangulares  obtusse,  intus  medio  dente  obtuso  instructse.  Maxilla 
bilobffi,  lobis  submembranaceis  apice  pubescentibus ;  externa  leviter  incurvo ;  interno  paulo 
breviore  latiore.  Palpi  subclavati;  maxillares  articulo  primo  vel  parvo,  vel  (ut  in  Mezio  et 
Gibbio)  longiusculo  subflexuoso,  seeiuido  et  tertio  crassioribus  subsequalibus,  ultimo  clongato 
robusto  fusiformi  apice  acuminato  ;  labiates  articulo  primo  gracili,  seeundo  lougiore  crassiore, 
ultimo  robusto  subovato  apice  vix  acuminato.  Mentum  corneum,  modo  subrotundatum,  modo 
elongatum  antice  acuminatum.  Ligula  membranacea  elongata,  apice  dilatata  Integra  pilosa. 
Pedes  longiusculi  subcontractiles,  graciles  vel  robusti :  femorihus  apicem  versus  subito  incrassatis  : 
tarsis  modo  longiusculis  articulis  quatuor  baseos  (primo  longiusculo)  longitudine  leviter  decres- 
centibus,  modo  breviusculis  articulis  quatuor  baseos  (prsesertim  in  anterioribus)  subsequalibus ; 
quinto  vel  longiusculo  vel  breviusculo  unguiculis  simplicibus  munito. 

The  great  diversity,  both  in  structure  and  outward  contour,  of  the  Ptini  renders 
the  group  an  extremely  intricate  one  to  define ;  and  the  gradual  manner  ia  which 
many  of  its  variations  are  apt  to  merge  into  each  other  makes  it  almost  equally 
useless,  without  an  intimate  acquaintance  Tvdth  all  the  forms  hitherto  described, 
to  attempt  to  dissever  any  portion  of  it  from  the  remainder.  Yet  some  of  the 
species  do  nevertheless  exhibit,  in  habits  as  well  as  detaU,  such  obvious  differences 
inter  se,  that  it  is  possible  that  a  careful  examination  of  their  oral  organs,  on  a 
comprehensive  scale,  might  succeed  in  detecting  sufiicient  characters  for  generic 
subdivision :  but  until  this  is  done  it  would  be  lost  labour  to  chalk  out  lines  of 
demarcation, — especially  in  a  work  like  the  present  one,  which,  having  but  a  few 
memliers  to  deal  with,  must  of  necessity  be  confined  withia  very  restricted  bovmds. 
StUl,  the  Madeiran  representatives  (from  the  want,  it  may  be,  of  intermediate 
links  to  unite  them)  do  at  any  rate  arrange  themselves  imder  two  clearly-defined 
heads ;  the  fii-st  of  which,  like  the  ordinary  Ftini  of  central  and  boreal  Europe, 
has  the  body  comparatively  elongated  and  pubescent,  and  for  the  most  part 
winged,  the  prothorax  more  or  less  gibbous  (or  nodulose)  in  front  and  transversely 
contracted  behind,  the  scutellum  large,  and  the  antennae  and  feet  slender  and 
filiform  (the  last  of  which,  moreover,  have  their  basal  joiat  perceptibly  longer 
than  any  of  the  folloAving  three) ;— whilst  in  the  second  (a  most  abundant  modifi- 
cation along  the  southern  Mediterranean  limits)  the  shape  is  altogether  more 
spherical,  the  surface  more  or  less  densely  scaly  (but  free  from  pile),  the  body 

2l2 


260  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

apterous,  the  prothorax,  instead  of  being  humped,  is  sinii^ly  convex,  and  (though 
rounded  off)  not  at  all  constricted  posteriorly,  the  scutellum  is  so  minute  as  to  be 
barely  visible,  the  antennae  are  shorter  (generally  very  robust),  and  with  their 
apical  joint  invariably  (and  the  subapical  ones  freqviently)  more  or  less  incrassated, 
and  the  legs  are  often  unnaturally  thickened,  with  their  tarsi  (in  which  the  iirst 
four  articulations,  especially  of  the  two  anterior  pair,  are  subequal)  shorter  and 
proportionably  broader  (though  more  acuminated)  than  is  the  case  in  the  usual 
northern  t\^e. 

How  far  these  distinctions  will  obtain  on  a  more  extended  ^new,  observation 
can  alone  prove ; — Ijut  I  am  inclined  to  suspect  that  a  critical  analysis  of  the 
genus,  with  reference  not  merely  to  the  structure  but  also  to  the  modes  of  life  of 
the  several  insects  which  now  compose  it,  Mill  rather  tend  to  uphold  the  divisions 
just  alluded  to  than  to  re-amalgamate  them.  The  members  of  the  first  of  these 
sections  are  peculiarly  aggressive  in  their  nature,  attaching  themselves  to  inhabited 
spots,  and  occurring  about  dwellings  and  out-houses, — especially  in  the  vicinity  of 
merchandise ;  wliilst  those  of  the  second  prefer  the  open  coimtry,  existing  almost 
exclusively,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  positions  remote  from  any  traces  of  civiliza- 
tion,— as,  for  instance,  in  the  decayed  branches  of  trees,  in  the  crevices  of  weather- 
beaten  rocks,  or  amongst  lichen  and  beneath  the  stones  of  exposed  mountain  sum- 
mits. For  the  latter  of  tliese  the  name  of  Sphtsricus  was  proposed  by  !Motschulsky, 
during  his  late  visit  to  England ; — which  I  have  accordingly  adopted  (although 
in  a  subsidiary  sense,  liolieving  it  to  be  scarcely  prudent,  in  so  widely  distributed 
an  assemblage  and  with  our  imperfect  data,  to  employ  it  in  a  stricter  signilication). 
The  representatives  of  both  of  the  above  departments  are  subject  to  very  great 
variation  in  size  and  colour ;  and  since  even  tlie  sexes  themselves  often  display 
consideralile  incongruities  inter  se,  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  boundaries  between 
some  of  the  species  which  are  nearly  allied  should  be  occasionally  difficult  to  trace 
out.  Such  being  tlie  fact,  it  is  impossible  to  overrate  the  importance  of  studying 
them  in  »itu, — so  as  to  be  enaldcd  not  only  to  connect  the  numerous  aberrations, 
but  even,  at  times,  perhaps,  in  a  certain  measm-e  to  account  for  them  :  since  it  is 
by  this  process  of  inquiry  that  we  are  more  likely  to  arrive  at  the  truth  than  by 
the  collation  of  treble  the  amount  of  individuals  at  a  distance,  where  anything 
like  local  pboenoinena  in  connexion  with  them  must  of  course  be  entirely  over- 
looked. So  completely  indeed  are  some  of  the  Madtm'an  Ffini  affected  by  isola- 
tion, and  by  exposure  to  a  perpetually  stormy  atmosphere,  that  they  do  not  attain 
half  the  bidk  on  many  of  the  adjacent  rocks  that  they  do  in  the  more  sheltered 
districts  of  the  central  mass ;  and  so  marvellously  is  this  veiified  in  a  particular 
instance,  that  I  have  but  little  doubt  that  five  or  six  "  species  "  (so  called)  might 
have  been  recorded  out  of  one,  had  only  a  few  stray  specimens  been  brought  home 
for  identification,  without  any  regard  having  l)een  paid  to  the  respective  circum- 
stances under  which  they  were  found.  Judging  from  many  hundi'cd  exami)les 
which  I  have  submitted  to  a  close  comparison,  the  most  constant  of  their  cha- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  261 

racteristics  would  seem  to  be  outline  and  sculptiu-e, — whilst  size  and  colour  are 
apparently  the  least  to  be  depended  upon :  and  hence  trifling  differences  may  be 
often  of  speciiic  indication  in  the  former  case,  where  in  the  latter  much  larger 
ones  are  worthless. 

A.  Anteniice  hasi  approximated. 

§  I.  Corpus  plus  minusve  oblonc/um  pubescens  alatum,  prothorace  gibhoso  ad  basin  valde  constricto,  scutello 
distincto  :  antenncB Jiliforines  :  tarsi  longiusculi  JtUformes,  articulo  primo  leviter  elongato.  (Ptini 
per  Eiiropce  partem  majorem  typici). 

198.  Ptinus  advena,  WW. 

P.  ferrugineus  valde  (prsesertim  in  prothorace)  subsetuloso-pubescens,  scutello  squamis  subfulveseenti- 
cinereis  tecto,  elytris  ellipticis  punctato-striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  elongatis  graciUbus  parce 
squamosis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  in  domibus  Maderse,  rarissimus  :  exemplar  uuicum,  a  Rev''"  Dom.  Lowe  ad  Sanctum  Vincen- 
tium  captum,  solum  vidi. 

P.  ferruginous,  and  densely  beset  (especially  on  the  prothorax)  with  a  long,  stiff,  suberect,  robust, 
somewhat  setiform,  and  rather  ragged  pile.  Pj-uthorax  gibbous  (but  scarcely  subnodulose)  on 
the  fore-disk;  and  suddenly  and  greatly  constricted  behind.  Scutellum  distinct  and  round;  and 
clothed  with  brownish-,  or  rather  yellowish-cinereous  scales.  Elytra  almost  elliptical  (being  but 
very  slightly  more  acuminated  behind  than  before) ;  and  punctate-striated.  Antenna  and  legs 
elongated  and  slender,  and  rather  sparingly  clothed  with  dull  yellowish-cinereous  scales ;  the 
former  filiform,  with  their  apical  joint  acute;  the  latter  with  their  tarsi  narrow, — the  basal 
articulation  being  distinctly  longer  than  any  of  the  following  three. 

A  Ptinus  of  the  ordinary  northern  mould,  and  one  in  fact  of  the  common  type 
of  form  which  is  so  constantly  liable  to  transmission  throughout  the  civUized 
world ;  nevertheless,  not  having  been  able  to  identify  it  with  any  of  the  species  to 
which  I  have  had  access,  I  have  been  compelled  to  describe  it  as  new.  It 
possesses,  in  conjimction  with  the  P.  mauntanicus,  abundant  characteristics  (as, 
for  instance,  its  comparatively  large,  pubescent,  and  more  oblong  body,  distinctly 
developed  scutellum  and  wings,  its  gibbous  and  posteriorly  constricted  prothorax, 
and  the  subelongated  basal  joint  of  its  tarsi)  which  will  at  once  separate  it  from 
the  other  members  of  the  group  with  which  we  have  here  to  do  ; — whilst  from  that 
insect  in  particular  its  coucolorous,  ferruginous  hue,  and  its  slenderer  and  more 
filiform  antennae  and  feet  will  immediately  remove  it.  It  is  apparently  exceed- 
ingly rare,  the  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  having  been  captured  in  the  north 
of  the  island,  at  Sfio  Viucente,  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe. 

199.  Ptinus  mauritanicus. 

P.  piceo-niger,  prothorace  (fortiter  quadrituberculato)  scutelloque  squamis  cinereo-fulvescentibus  varic- 


262  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

gatis,  elytris  parallelo-oblongis  punctato-striatis    rugulosis,  fasciis   duabus    (un&  sc.  sub-basali 
undulata,  sed  altera  longe  ultra  medium  sita)  nivosis  ornatis,  antennis  pedibusque  elongatis 
robustis  ferrugineis  et  dense  (prsesertim  his)  squamosis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  lf-2. 

Ptinus  mauritanicus,  Lucas,  Col.  de  VAlgerie,  208  (1849). 

Habitat  Maderam,  et  borealem  et  australem,  rarissimus :  duo  specimina  sola  vidi,  unuin  sc.  sestate 
A.D.  1850  in  horto  Loweano  ad  Levada,  et  altcrum  ad  Passo  d'Areia  prope  Sanctum  Vincentium 
(ad  radices  Seiiipcrvivi  tahuliformis,  Haw.,  in  rupibus  crescentis  latitans)  tempore  hiberno  .\.d. 
181-9,  a  meipso  reperta. 

P.  piceous-black,  and  sparingly  beset  with  short  and  decumbent  set?e.  Prothorax  extremely  gibbous 
on  the  fore-disk,  where  it  is  armed  with  four  powerful  nodules  (the  two  outer  ones  of  which  are 
far  apart  and  exceedingly  prominent,  whilst  the  inner  ones  are  smaller,  placed  nearer  together, 
and  slightly  in  advance  of  the  others) ;  suddenly  and  greatly  constricted  behind ;  and  densely 
variegated  with  yellowish-cinereous,  deep  fulvous-brown,  and  whitish  scales.  Scutellum  distinct 
and  rounded,  and  with  the  scales  uniformly  yellowish-cinereous  (being  unmingled  with  either 
darker  or  lighter  ones).  Elytra  ample,  oblong,  and  parallel  at  the  sides;  punctate-striated  and 
rugulose ;  and  with  two  transverse  fasciae  (one  of  which  is  more  or  less  undulated  and  placed 
l)ehind  their  base,  whilst  the  other  is  straighter  and  situated  midway  between  their  apex  and 
the  centre  of  their  disk)  pure  snowy-white.  Antenna  and  le(/s  elongated  and  robust,  and 
densely  clothed  (especially  the  latter)  with  yellowish-cinereous  scales;  the  former  filiform,  with 
their  apical  joint  more  obtuse  than  that  of  the  P.  advena ;  the  latter  with  their  tarsi  broader 
than  those  of  that  insect, — the  basal  articulation  however  being,  as  there,  distinctly  longer  than 
any  of  the  following  three. 

The  largest  of  the  Madeiran  Ftini;  and  (apart  from  the  sect iona I  characteristics 
enumerated  under  the  preceding  species)  it  may  he  at  once  recognised  hy  its  wide 
and  parallel  outline,  hy  the  briglit  fulvescent  scales  of  its  scutellum  and  (quadri- 
tuljcrculate)  prothorax,  and  by  the  two  conspicuous  and  snowy-white  fasciae  with 
which  its  elytra  are  adorned, — the  anterior  one  of  which  moreover  is  not  basal  (as  in 
the  other  decorated  members  of  the  group),  but  sub-basal,  and  usually  well-defined. 
It  is  exceedingly  rare ;  and  in  its  habits  (though  not  in  its  structm-e)  would  appear 
to  be  somewhat  intermediate  between  the  ordinary  I^tini  of  northern  latitudes  and 
the  more  southern  tyjie  (indicated  under  the  following  section),  since  it  occurs 
both  in  the  vicinity  of  old  houses  and,  likewise,  in  the  open  country.  Thus,  out 
of  the  only  two  examples  which  have  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice  (and  which 
were  captured  by  myself),  one  was  taken  near  Funchal,  dm-ing  the  smnmer  of 
1850,  in  the  garden  of  the  Rev.  Ft.  T.  Lowe  at  the  Levada ;  and  the  other  in  the 
north  of  the  island,  in  February  1819,  at  the  roots  of  the  Scniperciciim  luhuli- 
forme.  Haw.,  which  stud  the  perpendicular  rocks  at  the  Passo  d'Areia  near  Sao 
Vincente.  It  is  apparently  a  Mediterranean  insect,  having  been  recently  described 
by  ^I.  Lucas  in  the  magnificent  work  published  by  the  French  Government  on  the 
Natm-al  Histoi-y  of  .iUgeria. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  263 

§  II.  Corpus  plus  minusve  sphcericum  squamosum  apterum,  prothorace  convexo,  scutello  vix  ohservando : 
antennm  ad  apicem  plus  minusve  subclavatce  :  tarsi  hreviusculi  subacuminati,  articuUs  quatuor  haseos 
longitudine  suhceqwalibus.     (Ptiiii  aberrantes,  sed  in  insults  Maderensibm  typici.) 

(Subgenus  SPH^EICUS,  Mots,  in  litt.) 
200.  Ptinus  Dawsoni,  Woll.    (Tab.  V.  fig.  5.) 
P.  piceus  squamis  fulvescenti-cinereis  adspersus,  elytris  rotundato-ovatis  profunde  seriato-punctatis 
(punctis  maximis),  fasciis  duabus  (una  sc.  ad  basin  ipsam  posita  et  postice  valde  iniequaliter 
lacero-indentata,  sed  altera  longe  ultra  medium  sita)  per  sutm-am  late  interruptis  albidis  ornatis, 
antennis  pedibusque  robustissimis  ferrugineis  et  dense  squamosis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  in  ins.  Deserta  Grandi,  sub  lapide  JVIaio  exeunte  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  repertus. 
In  honorem  el.  Ricardi  Dawson,  M.D.,  Londini,  ob  gratias  mihi  per  plures  annos  amice  oblatas  caris- 
simi,  hoc  insectum  pulchritudine  superbiens  et  valde  distinctum  citavi. 

P.  piceous  or  brownish-piceous,  and  more  or  less  besprinkled  with  yellowish-cinereous  scales.  Pro- 
thorax  convex,  rounded  at  the  sides, — and  therefore  narrowed  (although  not  constricted)  both 
before  and  behind.  Elytra  roundish-ovate  (being  widest  a  little  behind  the  base) ;  less  densely 
clothed  with  scales  than  the  prothorax;  very  deeply  seriate-  (but  not  striate-)  punctate  (the 
punctures  being  exceedingly  large  and  distinct) ;  and  with  two  transverse  fascise  (one  of  which  is 
placed  at  their  extreme  base, — and  is  exceedingly  ragged,  and  unequally  produced  backwards, 
posteriorly ;  whilst  the  other  is  straighter,  and  situated  midway  between  their  apex  and  the  centre 
of  their  disk),  which  are  widely  interrupted  in  the  middle,  white.  Antennce  and  legs  extremely 
robust,  ferruginous,  and  densely  clothed  with  yellowish-cinereous  scales ;  the  former  nearly  fili- 
form, with  their  apical  joint  thick  and  ovate;  the  latter  with  their  tarsi  short  and  broad, — 
though  (as  in  most  of  the  other  members  of  the  present  section)  rather  acuminated. 

A  most  elegant  and  weU-defined  Ftinus ;  and  one  which  is  hitherto  unique, — 
the  only  specimen  which  has  been  detected,  so  far  at  least  as  I  am  aware,  having 
been  captured  l)y  myself,  from  beneath  a  stone,  on  the  lofty  weather-beaten  ridge 
which  constitutes  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Dezerta  Grande,  during  my 
encampment  there  with  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  at  the  end  of  May  1850.  As  already 
stated,  the  whole  of  the  members  of  the  present  division  of  the  genus  may  be 
recognised  from  those  of  the  preceding  one  by  their  more  spherical,  scaly  (but 
unpubescent)  and  apterous  bodies,  by  their  ahnost  obsolete  scutella,  by  their 
convex  (though  not  posteriorly  constricted)  prothoraces,  and  by  then-  antennae  and 
legs  being  more  abbreviated  and  robust, — the  former  of  which  moreover  have 
their  apical  joint  universally  (and  occasionally  the  subapical  ones  likewise)  incras- 
sated ;  whilst  the  latter  are  remarkable  for  their  shorter  and  subacmrdnated  feet, 
the  basal  articulation  of  which  (especially  in  the  two  anterior  pair)  is  scarcely 
longer  than  any  of  the  following  tliree,  whilst  the  terminal  one  is  unusually 
minute.  Apart  from  which  characters  (which  are  sectional  and  not  specific),  the 
P.  Dawsoni  may  be  at  once  distingxushed  by  its  excessively  thickened  limbs,  and 


264  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

l)y  the  enormous  punctiires  and  conspicuous  fasciae  of  its  comparatively  ovate 
elytra.  I  have  dedicated  the  species  to  my  friend  Richard  Dawson,  Esq.,  M.D.,  of 
London,  to  whom  I  have  been  indebted  for  much  kindness  throughout  many  years ; 
and  whose  microscopic  researches,  in  a  higher  department  of  natural  science,  have 
been  long  made  known. 

201.  Ptinus  pingTiis,  Wall. 

P.  piceus  squamis  cinereo-fulvescentibus  dense  tectus,  clytris  rotundatis  impunctatis,  fascia  posticA 
obsoletissima  (saepe  omnino  obliterate)  ornatis,  antennis  pedibusque  ferrugineis  et  dense  squa- 
mosis,  illis  in  man;  (?)  robustioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^l^- 

Habitat  Madcram,  rarior :  prope  Funchal  egomet  parce  coUegi,  necnon  exemplar  unicum  possideo  a 
Rev''°  Doin.  Lowe  a  Madera  boreali  communicatum. 

P.  Ijfownish-piccous,  and  densely  clothed  with  yellowish-cinereous  scales  (which  often  assume,  espe- 
cially on  the  prothorax  where  they  are  more  thickly  set,  a  slightly  golden  tinge).  Prothorax 
rather  convex,  tian-ow,  and  scarcely  at  all  rounded  at  the  sides ;  and,  normally,  with  obscure 
indications  of  a  white  line  down  the  centre,  and  another  on  either  side.  Elytra  exceedingly 
round  and  convex  (being  widest  about  the  middle)  ;  rather  less  densely  clothed  with  scales  than 
the  prothorax ;  impunctate ;  and,  in  highly  coloured  specimens,  with  a  very  obscure  paler 
posterior  patch  on  each  (to  indicate  the  usual  hinder  fascia, — the  basal  one  being  quite  obsolete). 
Antenna  and  legs  robust,  especially  in  the  males  (?),  ferruginous,  and  densely  clothed  with 
yellowish-cinereous  scales ;  the  former  nearly  filiform,  with  their  apical  joint  thick  and  ovate ; 
the  latter  with  their  tarsi  not  very  short,  but  rather  broad  at  the  base. 

Easily  distinguished  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described  by  its 
entirely  unpunctate  svu-face; — a  peculiarity  which,  in  connexion  with  its  obese, 
extremely  roxmded  form,  and  the  yellowish  and  somewhat  silken  scales  with  which 
it  is  uniformly  clothed,  gives  the  insect,  jiHmd  facie,  a  rather  greasy,  or  oily 
appearance.  Like  the  following  species,  it  would  seem  to  be  scarce :  nevertheless 
I  have  captured  it  near  Eunchal  (I  believe  in  the  Eibeiro  de  Santa  Ltizia),  and  I 
possess  an  old  specimen  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken ;  wliilst 
another  has  been  recently  communicated  to  me  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  by  whom 
it  was  taken  in  the  north  of  the  island,  at  Sfio  Vincente. 

202.  Ptinus  orbatus,  Woll.    (Tab.  V.  fig.  6.) 

,    P.  ferrugineis  squamis  subfulvescenti-cinereis  parce  tectus,   elytris  subovato-rotundatis  subseriato- 
punctatis  (punctis  magnis  rcmotis),  fascia  subpostica  obsoletissimA  ornatis,  antennis  pedibusque 
brevibus  robustis  et  \-ix  dense  squamosis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  vLx  |. 

Habitat  ^Lideram,  rarissimus :  in  colic  quodani  parvo  (Pico  do  Cardo  dicto)  baud  procul  ab  urbe 
Funclialensi  sito,  e  trunco  arboris  emortuo  (uni  cum  Ptino  lonijicbrni  degens),  tempore  vemali 
A.D.  18-18  specimen  unicum  cepi. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  265 

P.  ferrun-inoiis,  and  apparently  not  much  beset  with  scales.  Prothornx  rather  convex,  small,  narrow, 
and  scarcely  at  all  rounded  at  the  sides.  Elytra  roundish, — though  rather  more  ovate  than 
those  of  the  P.  pinguis  (being  widest  a  little  before  the  middle) ;  subseriate-  (but  not  striate-) 
punctate  (the  punctures  being  very  large,  though  not  deep,  and  exceedingly  far  apart ;  and  with 
only  a  tendency  to  be  disposed  in  rows).  Antenna  and  legs  short  and  robust;  the  former  nearly 
fihform,  with  their  apical  joint  thick  and  ovate;  the  latter  with  their  tarsi  short,  and  rather 
broad  at  the  base. 

Tlie  ferruginous  hue,  in  conjunction  with  the  large,  shallow  and  distant  punc- 
tures of  its  (slightly  ovate)  elytra,  and  the  comparative  shortness  of  its  limhs,  will 
at  once  suffice  to  separate  the  P.  orbatus  from  its  immediate  allies.  The  paucity 
of  scales  on  the  unique  example  from  which  the  above  description  has  been  com- 
piled may  possibly  be  the  result  of  accident, — since,  from  then-  deciduous  nature, 
they  are  very  liable  to  Ijecome  obliterated ;  and  hence  I  would  not  lay  any  great 
stress  on  that  particular  circmnstance,  as  a  specific  character.  Its  outline,  sculp- 
tm-e  and  proportions,  however,  will  more  than  suffice  to  identify  it.  My  specimen 
was  captured  in  the  dead  stump  of  a  tree,  in  company  with  the  P.  longicornis,  on 
the  little  hill,  known  as  the  Pico  do  Cardo  (about  two  miles  to  the  north-west  of 
Eunchal,  in  the  parish  of  Santo  Antonio),  diu-ing  the  spring  of  1848. 

203.  Ptinus  nodulus,  WoU. 

P.  nigro-piceus  squamis  subcinereis  tectus,  elytris  rotundatis  leviter  subseriatim  punctatis  (punctis  sat 
magnis  remotis),  fasciis  duabus  plus  minusve  obsoletis  (sc.  basali  et  subposticii)  per  suturam  late 
interruptis  albidis  ornatis,  antennis  pedibusque  robustis  ferrugineis  et  dense  squamosis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  |-^. 

Habitat  in  montibus  Portus  Sancti,  inter  lichenes  in  rupium  fissuris  nascentes,  tempore  vernali  vul- 
garis :  in  ascensu  montis  illius  Pico  d'Anna  Ferreu-a  dicti  mense  Aprili  a.d.  1849  copiosissime 
observavi. 

P.  dark  piceous,  and  more  or  less  densely  clothed  with  cinereous  or  yellowish- cinereous  scales.  Pro- 
thorax  convex,  narrow,  and  scarcely  at  all  rounded  at  the  sides.  Elytra  round  and  convex 
(being  widest  about  the  middle)  ;  lightly  subseriate-punctate  (the  punctures  being  rather  large, 
but  exceedingly  shallow,  and  somewhat  distant ;  and  with  only  a  very  slight  tendency  to  be 
disposed  in  rows) ;  and  with  a  very  obscure,  interrupted,  transverse  band  at  their  extreme  base, 
and  with  a  rather  more  evident,  though  equally  interrupted,  posterior  one  (in  the  usual  position), 
more  or  less  white.  Antenn<e  and  legs  robust,  ferruginous,  and  densely  clothed  with  yellowish- 
cinereous  scales ;  the  former  nearly  filiform,  with  their  apical  joint  considerably  thickened  and 
ovate ;  the  latter  with  then  tarsi  rather  short,  and  broad  at  the  base. 

In  the  large,  remote  and  lightly-impressed  punctures  of  its  elytra  the  present 
Ftinus  is  som'ewhat  allied  to  the  P. or5ai«5,— nevertheless,  they  are  neither  so  large 
nor  so  wide  apart  as  those  of  that  species ;  whUst,  on  the  other  hand  (as  regards 
profundity),  they  are  even  stiU  shaUower.  In  other  respects  the  two  insects  are 
verv  distinct,— the  more  rounded  oittUne  of  the  P.  nodalus,  in  conjimction  with 
^  2m 


266  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

its  darker  hue,  lai'ger  prothorax,  and  its  longer  and  more  robust  limbs,  being 
at  once  sufficient  to  characterize  it ;  whilst  the  peciiliar  nature  of  its  scvdptvire 
will,  of  itself,  immediately  separate  it  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here 
described.  I  have  hitherto  only  observed  it  in  Porto  Santo, — where  however  it  is 
at  times  exceedingly  abu^ndant,  during  the  early  spring  months,  amongst  lichen  in 
the  fissures  of  the  exposed  rocks,  especially  towards  the  mountain  summits.  In 
such  positions,  diu'ing  AprU  of  1819,  I  captured  it  in  the  greatest  profusion,  in 
company  with  the  F.fragilis  and  the  Tarphius  Loicei, — particularly  on  the  ascent 
of  the  Pico  d' Anna  Perreira  from  the  east. 

204.  Ptiaus  pilula,  WolL 

P.  fusco-piceus  squamis  subcinereis  tectus,  elytris  rotundatis  subruguloso-punctatis  (punctis  minoribus 
crebris),  fasciis  duabus  (sc.  basali  obsoletissima  et  subpostica  plus  minusve  obsoleta)  per  suturam 
late  intcrraptis  albidis  ornatis,  anteniiis  pedibusque  subgracilibus  pallido-ferrugineis  et  parce 
squamosis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^. 

Habitat  Maderam  ;  seme!  tantum,  a  meipso  prope  urbcm  Funchalensem,  detectus. 

P.  brownish-piceous,  and  more  or  less  densely  clothed  with  dirty  cinereous  scales.  Prothorax  rather 
convex,  short,  and  rounded  at  the  sides.  Elytra  round,  short  and  convex  (being  widest  about 
the  middle) ;  very  obscurely  punctured  and  subrugulose  (the  punctures  being  small,  ill-defined 
and  rather  close  together;  and  without  any  tendency,  apparently,  to  be  disposed  in  rows) ;  with 
very  obscure  indications  of  paler  scales  in  the  usual  positions, — to  represent  the  basal  and  post- 
medial  fascife.  Anteniue  and  legs  rather  long  and  slender,  ])ale  ferruginous,  and  very  sparingly 
clothed  with  scales  ;  the  former  nearly  filiform,  with  their  apical  joint  elongate-ovate  ;  the  latter 
with  their  tarsi  (which,  with  the  tibia,  are  paler  than  the  femora)  rather  longer  and  narrower 
than  those  of  the  last  species. 

The  present  insect  approaches  very  closely  to  the  P.  alhopictus,  with  which 
nevertheless  it  can  scarcely  be  associated, — differing  as  it  does  (even  though 
sHghtly)  in  the  most  constant  characters  which  this  section  of  the  Ptini  appears 
to  possess.  Having  unfortunately  but  a  single  individual  to  judge  from,  I  should 
not  have  ventured  to  have  regarded  it  as  distinct,  had  not  the  examination  of  a 
very  large  mass  of  specimens  of  its  nearest  ally  inclined  me  to  suspect  that  the 
minute  peculiarities  which  it  possesses  are  just  of  the  nature  to  indicate  an 
additional  species, — Avhich  as  yet  however  we  reqiiire  greater  niunbers  of  in  order 
to  appreciate.  The  main  points  which  separate  it  from  the  P.  albopictus  are  its 
outline,  proportions  and  sculptxu'e.  Thus,  its  elytra  are  shorter  and  more  spherical 
than  in  any  of  the  varieties  (especially  the  Madeiran  one, — an  important  con- 
sideration, as  coming  from  the  same  island)  of  tliat  insect,  its  prothorax  is  rather 
more  al^brcviated,  and  rounder  at  the  sides,  the  sculptm-e  of  its  elytra  is  more 
rugulose  (and  has  the  punctures,  although  equaUy  small,  less  clearly  defined),  and 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  •  267 

its  legs  and  antennse,  particularly  the  latter,  are  less  robust, — the  former  of  which 
moreover  have  their  tibite  and  tarsi  paler  than  the  femora,  whilst  the  terminal 
joint  of  the  latter  is  more  elongated  and  less  apically  obtuse  than  in  the  P.  albo- 
jnctiis.  The  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  was  captured  by  myself  in  the 
vicinity  of  Funchal  (I  believe  in  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia)  during  the  spring 
of  1849. 

205.  Ptinus  albopictus,  Woll.    (Tab.  V.  fig.  4.) 

P.  fusco-  (rarius  nigro-)  piceus  squamis  cinereis  variegatus,  elytris  subrotundatis  dilutioribus  punc- 
tatis  (punctis  minoribus  crebris),  fasciis  duabus  (sc.  basali,  vel  omnino  diffusa  vel  obsoletissima ; 
et  subpostica,  plus  minusve  distincta)  per  suturam  interruptis  albidis  ornatis,  antennis  pedibusque 
subelongatis  pallidioribus  sed  vix  squamosis. 

Var.  a.  nigro-piceus  parce  cinereo-adspersus,  elytris  rufescenti-brunneis,  fascia  basali  obsoleta  sed 
subpostica  distincta,  pedibus  obscuris.     Long.  1-1^  lin.     (In  Madera  propi-id  stains  typicus.) 

Var.  j3.  fusco-piceus  cinereo-variegatus,  elytris  paulo  dilutioribus,  fascia  basali  diffusa  sed  sub- 
postica distincta,  pedibus  rufo-testaceis.     Long.  |-1  lin.     (In  Desertd  Grandi  status  typicus.) 

Var.  y.  fusco-piceus  vel  fusco-ferrugineus  dense  cinereo-variegatus,  elytris  paulo  dilutioribus,  fasciis 
omnino  diffusis  confluentibus,  pedibus  plerumque  rufo-testaceis.  Long.  'i-\  lin.  (In  Desertd 
Ch-andi  status  aberrans,  sed  in  Porlu  Sancto  typicus.)     (Tab.  V.  fig.  4.) 

Var.  S.  fusco-ferrugineus  dense  cinereo-variegatus,  elytris  dilutioribus  (interdum  etiam  subflaves- 
centibus),  fasciis  diffusis  sed  subposticS,  ssepius  leviter  distincta,  pedibus  rufo-testaceis  vel  etiam 
testaceis.     Long,  vix  i-§  lin.     (In  Desertd  Boreali.) 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  ^-1^. 

Habitat  in  insulis  Maderensibus,  usque  ad  3000'  s.  m.  ascendens :  ror.  a.  ad  Maderam  propriam 
solam  (nisi  fallor)  pertinet :  var.  /3.  Desertse  Grandi  propria  est,  qua.  caules  Silybi  Mariani,  Grtn. 
( =  Cardui  benedicti,  antiquorum)  destruit :  var.  y.  in  Portu  Sancto  prsedominat,  lichenes  in 
rupium  fissuris  crescentes  colens :  var.  S.  in  DesertS,  Boreali,  et  nusquam  nisi  illic,  occurrit,  qua 
Junio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  copiosissime  observavi. 

P.  brownish-  (rarely  dark)  piceous,  and  more  or  less  densely  variegated  with  cinereous  scales.  Pro- 
thorax  rather  convex,  a  little  longer  than  in  the  P.  pilula,  and  very  slightly  rounded  at  the  sides. 
Elytra  subrotundate, — being,  throughout  all  the  varieties,  less  decidedly  spherical  than  those  of 
the  P.  pilula  (nevertheless  not  ovate,  since  they  are  widest  about  the  middle) ;  more  or  less  diluted, 
or  rufescent,  in  colouring ;  punctured  (the  punctures  being  small,  and  close  together ;  and  with- 
out any  tendency  to  be  disposed  in  rows) ;  and  with  more  or  less  obscurely  defined  paler  scales 
in  the  usual  positions,  to  represent  the  fascise, — the  basal  one  of  which  however  is  usually  im- 
mensely diffused,  so  as  to  lose  its  fascia-form  character,  and  often  entirely  confluent  with  the 
posterior  one  (being  only  in  rare  instances  evanescent)  ;  whilst  the  hinder  one  is  generally  better 
defined  (being  seldom  entirely  suffused).  Antennae  and  legs  rather  slender,  more  or  less  pale, 
and  almost  free  from  scales  ;  the  former  nearly  filiform,  with  their  apical  joint  thick  and  ovate ; 
the  latter  with  their  tarsi  rather  long,  but  not  very  broad. 
Var.  a.  usually  large,  dark  ])iceous,  and  only  sparingly  besprinkled  with  (rather  small)   cinereous 

2m  2 


268  •  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

scales ;  elytra  dull  reddish-brown,  with  the  basal  fascia  almost  obsolete,  but  the  posterior  one 
distinct ;  antennjc  and  legs  darker  than  in  any  of  the  following  species, — being  scarcely  paler 
than  the  prothorax.      (The  typical  state  in  Madeira  proper.) 

Var.  /3.  a  little  smaller,  brownish-piceous,  and  rather  more  densely  variegated  than  the  last  variety 
with  cinereous  scales  ;  elytra  a  little  paler,  with  the  basal  fascia  traceable,  but  a  great  deal  diffused, 
and  with  the  posterior  one  usually  very  distinct ;  antennee  and  legs  rufo-testaceous.  (The  typical 
state  on  the  Dezerta  Grande.) 

Var.  y.  (PI.  V.  fig.  4)  a  little  smaller  still,  brownish-piceous  or  brownish-ferruginous,  and  very 
densely  variegated  with  cinereous  scales ;  elytra  a  little  paler,  with  the  fascia;  for  the  most  part 
altogether  diffused  or  confluent, — mottling  the  entire  surface ;  anteunaj  and  legs  generally  rufo- 
tcstaceous.      (The  aberrant  state  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  but  typical  in  Pur/o  Santo.) 

Var.  8.  extremely  variable  in  size  (being  sometimes,  especially  in  the  male  sex,  excessively  minute), 
generally  brownish-ferruginous,  and  often  with  an  obscure  yellowish  (or  almost  aeneous)  tinge, 
and  very  densely  variegated  with  cinereous  scales ;  elytra  a  little  paler  (being  occasionally,  par- 
ticularly when  immature,  almost  testaceous),  with  the  fasciae  generally  greatly  diffused, — the 
posterior  one  however  being  at  times  sufficiently  apparent ;  antennae  and  legs  rufo-testaceous,  or 
even  altogether  testaceous.     (The  state  peculiar  to  the  Northern  Dezerta,  or  Ilheo  Chao.) 

The  commonest  of  the  Madeiran  Ftini ;  and  by  far  the  most  variable,  having  a 
separate  radiating-form  for  aknost  every  island  of  the  grouji, — wliilst,  at  the  same 
time,  the  whole  are  so  intimately  connected  together  (and  merge  into  each  other) 
by  innviniorable  intermediate  links,  that  it  is  impossible  to  regard  them,  in  spite  of 
the  opposite  contour  of  the  extremes,  in  any  other  light  than  as  different  aspects 
of  a  single  species,  according  as  circumstances  may  favoiu-,  retard,  or  otherwdse 
regulate  its  development.  Instability  in  fact  (in  its  broadest  sense)  may  be  con- 
sidered to  be  one  of  its  most  promineiit  characteristics,  since  it  appears  to  be  more 
sensitive  to  isolation  and  altitude  than  any  of  the  other  members  of  the  genus  with 
which  we  have  here  to  do, — as  mav  be  proved  to  a  demonstration  l)v  a  careful  study 
of  its  hal)its  on  the  spot,  where  the  influences  of  position  and  exposure  are,  in  nearly 
all  instances,  more  than  sufficient  to  account  for  the  successive  phases  assiuiicd. 
Thus,  commencing  wdth  var.  u,  which  reaches  its  maximum  in  the  sheltered 
ravines  of  the  central  mass,  the  bulk  is  usually  large,  and  the  tints  comparatively 
intense.  Var.  (3.  is  likewise  Ijrightly  Aaricgated,  but  it  is  smaller.  jS'ow,  if  oui* 
premises  be  correct,  that  locality  and  the  action  of  the  external  elements  have 
much  to  do  with  the  changes  in  question,  we  might  have  expected  a  priori  that 
tills  state,  from  its  peculiarity  to  the  Dezerta  Grande,  would  not  only  have  been 
reduced  in  dimensions  (which  it  is),  but  in  colour  also  (which  it  is  not).  Here, 
therefore,  observation  i/i,  situ  becomes  extremely  imjiortant ;  since  such  does  at 
once  convince  us  that  its  almost  exclusive  attachment  to  the  interior  of  the  stalks 
of  the  Sill/bum  Marianum,  Grtn.  (the  Hohj  Thistle  of  the  ancients),  witli  A\hich 
the  more  protected  portions  of  that  island  everyAvhere  aboimd,  affords  it  ample 
conditions,  even  on  so  bleak  a  rock,  for  its  completion.  Nevertheless,  its  stature 
(as  ah-eady  stated)  is  slightly  diminished  in  spite  of  this :  and  when  we  come  to 
examine  the  individuals  which  infest  the  lichen  of  more  open  situations  (aberrant 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  269 

however  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  and  answering  to  the  car.  y.  of  the  above  diagnosis), 
we  immediately  perceive  that  both  of  our  requii-ed  results  are  indicated, — the 
reduction  not  being  limited  to  size,  but  extended  also  to  hue.  In  Porto  Santo 
this  modification  is  the  normal  one, — where  the  insect,  likewise,  displays  the  same 
lichenophagous  tendency,  and  where  the  districts  in  which  it  exists  are  equally 
barren.  But,  if  its  maximum  be  attained  in  Madeu-a  proper,  and  a  certain 
number  of  minor  delations  range  throughout  Porto  Santo  and  the  Dezerta 
Grande,  it  still  remains  for  us  to  show  where  its  m'mhmim  is  to  be  obtained  :• — 
which,  true  to  the  modus  operandi  by  which  we  have  conjectured  its  divers 
degrees  of  abortion  to  have  been  brought  about,  would  seem  to  be  centred  on  the 
Northern  Dezerta,  or  Ilheo  Chao.  When  we  bear  in  mind  the  minute  dimensions 
of  that  flattened  rock,  which  does  not  include  so  much  as  a  single  valley,  or 
depression,  within  its  bounds,  and  is  consequently  seldom  free  from  the  violence 
of  the  ^vinds  (Avhich  sweep  across  it  incessantly,  from  whatever  qviarter  they  may 
arise) ;  it  could  hardly  be  supposed  that  an  insect  which  is  so  obviously  subser- 
\dent  to  atmospheric  control  should  not  have  become  materially  affected,  in  its 
outward  guise,  through  long  seclusion  on  such  a  spot : — and  accordingly  Ave  are 
not  astonished  to  find  the  race  which  has  been  thus  cut  off  for  ages  on  this  extra- 
ordinary little  island,  itself  as  extraordinary.  It  is  indeed  very  remarkable  to 
trace  out  how  clearly  the  agencies  we  are  discussing  have  here  operated  on  the 
species  under  consideration, — for  both  sexes  (though  especially  the  male)  descend 
on  the  Ilheo  Chao  to  somewhat  less  than  half  a  line  in  length,  being  literally  of 
scarcely  greater  magnitude  than  some  of  the  larger  representatives  of  the  FtiUadce  ! 

After  an  accurate  examination  of  a  great  mass  of  specimens  of  the  P.  alboplctus, 
collected  in  dissimilar  quarters  and  at  nmnerous  elevations,  fom-  principal  phases 
are  all  that  I  have  been  able  to  detect, — and  which  it  will  be  perceived  are  mainly 
dependent  on  geographical  causes.  To  register  every  intervening  gradation  would 
be  superfluous ;  nor,  practically,  could  any  advantage  ensue  from  such  a  step, 
since  the  very  existence  of  varieties  presupposes,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  the 
media  wliich  are  requisite  to  unite  them  to  their  parent  type, — for,  were  such 
indeed  absent,  we  could  have  no  warrant  in  pronouncing  them  to  be  varieties  at 
all.  The  utmost  therefore  that  we  can  hope  to  do  in  an  instance  like  the  present 
one  is,  to  select  those  more  conspicuous  forms  which  stand  forth  as  it  were  from 
the  rest,  and  constitute  local  foci  from  which  subsidiary  rays  would  seem  in  a 
measure  to  branch  out. 

Regarding  the  distribution  of  the  Ptiims  under  consideration,  it  would  appear 
to  be  rarer  on  the  large  than  on  the  small  islands  of  the  group.  Thus,  in  Madeira 
proper  it  is,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  remarked,  decidedly  scarce.  In  Porto  Santo 
it  is  far  less  so,  occurring  from  intermediate  altitudes  to  the  very  siunmits  of  the 
movmtains, — where  I  have  taken  it,  during  the  early  spring,  from  amongst  the 
dense  Hchen  (particidarly  Ramaliua  scopu'lorum  and  Evernia  prunastri)  which 
gathers  around  the  crevices  and  inequalities  of  the  weather-beaten  peaks ;  and  I 


270  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

have,  likewise,  brushed  it  from  off  the  short  grass  on  the  southern  slopes  of  the 
Pico  de  Facho,  IGOO  feet  above  the  sea.  On  the  Dezerta  Grande  it  abounds  in  the 
stems  of  the  Silyhum  Mcmamim,  on  the  pith  of  wliich  (in  common  -ndth  the  Caido- 
trirpis  impiiis)  it  subsists  ;  whilst  on  the  Ilheo  Chao  it  absolutely  teems ; — as  I  had 
an  opportunity  of  witnessing  during  my  encampment  on  that  interesting  little 
island,  with  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  at  the  beginning  of  June  1850.  So  perpetually 
(as  lately  mentioned)  is  that  remote  table-rock  played  over  by  the  breezes  of  the 
ocean,  that  even  a  temporary  resjiite  is  almost  an  anomaly  ■^^'ithin  its  desolate 
area ;  and  if  so  be  that  such  a  crisis  should  chance  at  times  to  arrive,  it  is  curious 
to  note  how  every  species  of  life,  taking  advantage  of  Nature's  repose,  comes  forth 
to  enjoy  the  cabn.  I  shall  not  indeed  forget  the  pleasure  I  derived,  on  the  5th  of 
June  1850,  from  the  sudden  effects  of  a  lull,  after  an  exposui'e  to  the  blasts  diu"ing 
several  successive  days,  on  this  iron-bound  isle, — how  all  things  seemed  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  change,  and  literally  to  rejoice.  Even  the  vegetation,  as  though 
released  from  its  suffering,  began  to  look  up  ;  whilst  insects,  unthought  of  before, 
filled  the  atmosphere  as  it  were  on  the  instant, — as  though  experience  had  taught 
them  that  such  tranquillity  was  of  but  short  dm-ation,  and  that,  if  it  would  be 
enjoyed  at  all,  not  a  moment  was  to  be  lost.  It  was  on  that  particular  afternoon 
that  I  fii'st  appreciated  the  prodigious  numbers  of  the  Hliputian  Ptimis  under  con- 
sideration,— which,  though  apparently  scarce  diu'ing  the  more  boisterous  period, 
commenced  now  to  emerge,  by  thousands,  on  every  side.  From  whence  they 
came  it  would  liave  been  difiicult  to  conjectiu'c,  had  not  analogy  led  me  to  con- 
clude that  it  was  from  out  of  the  stalks  of  some  of  the  softer  plants.  I  believe 
that  I  obtained  more  by  beating  the  Artemisia  argentea,  Herit.,  than  by  any  other 
means  ;  nevertheless  they  were  in  greater  or  less  profusion  everywhere, — until,  as 
the  evening  approached  and  the  winds  began  to  return,  as  quickly  as  they  came 
every  one  of  them  vanished. 

206.  Ptinus  longicomis,  WoU. 

P.  fiisco-piceus  squamis  cinereis  variegatus,  elytris  subelongato-rotundatis  dilutioribus  punctatis 
(punctis  minoribus  crebris),  fasciis  duabus  (sc.  basali  obsoletissiina  diffusa  et  subpostica,  plus 
minusve  distincta)  albidis  ornatis,  antenuis  pedibusque  elongatis  pallidioribus  sed  vix  squamosis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  §-^. 

Habitat  ^laderam,  et  borcalem  et  australem,  hinc  indc  non  infi-equens :  in  graminosis  humidiusculis 
per  regioncm  sylvaticam  sitis  prajdouiinat,  sed  ctiani  in  horto  Loweano  propc  Funchal  acstate 
parce  observavi. 

P.  brownisli-piceous,  and  more  or  less  densely  variegated  with  cinereous  scales, — which  however  arc 
somewhat  less  dense  than  those  of  the  P.  albupidus.  Prothorax  and  elytra  the  same  as  in  that 
species,  except  tliat  the  luttrr  are  rather  more  elongated  (or  less  spherical),  and  not  quite  so 
suddenly  shortened  bchiiul.    Antenna:  and  legs  paler  than  in  the  var.  a.  of  that  insect,  but  darker 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  271 

than  those  of  any  of  the  other  varieties ;  also  rather  longer  (especially  the  former,  which  are  per- 
haps a  little  more  gradually  incrassated  towards  their  apex)  and  more  robust,  and  almost  free 
from  scales. 

I  believe  the  present  Ftinus  to  be  truly  distinct  from  the  P.  albopictus,  never- 
theless it  must  be  admitted  that  it  approaches  it  very  closely.  It  is  however  much 
smaller  than  the  Madeiran  form  of  that  species,  as  also  somewhat  less  spherical 
and  a  little  less  shortened  at  its  apex ;  and  its  antennae  and  legs  (especially  the 
former)  are  proportionably  a  trifle  longer  and  more  robust.  It  is  possible  indeed 
that  it  may  be  but  a  state  of  the  P.  albopictus ;  nevertheless,  since  I  possess  so 
large  a  series  of  that  insect,  and  have  connected  its  numerous  modifications  in  all 
the  islands  in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it,  and  (which  is  more  particularly 
important)  since  the  P.  longicornis  differs  materially,  both  in  size  and  outline,  as 
well  as  in  the  length  and  proportions  of  its  antennae,  from  the  Madeiran  variety  of 
the  P.  albopictus,  I  have  not  hesitated  in  retaining  it  as  separate.  It  appears  to 
be  widely  distributed  over  the  island,  although  nowhere  very  abundant, — attaining 
its  maxhnum  however  in  the  moist  ra\TJies  of  intermediate  altitudes.  Thus,  I 
have  captured  it  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio  in  August,  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  in 
July  (especially  by  brushing  the  rank  grass  and  fern  towards  the  edges  of  tlie 
Ribeiro  do  Inferno),  in  the  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna  during  June,  in  the 
dead  stump  of  a  tree  on  the  Pico  do  Cardo  (to  the  north-west  of  Fuuchal)  during 
the  early  spring ;  and,  on  one  occasion,  even  close  to  Punchal  itself, — namely,  in 
the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe's  garden  at  the  Levada. 


B.  AnteniKB  hasi  distantes,  articuUs  ultimo  et  penultimo  rohnstis,  clavam  efficientihus. 

207.  Ptinus  fragilis,  Woll. 

P.  ater,  squamis  albidis  (praesertim  in  capite  prothoraceque)  incrustatis,  elytris  subquadrato-rotundatis 
punctatis  (punctis  distinctis  et  parum  crebris),  an  tennis  pedibusque  fragilibus  subpicescentibus 
sed  vix  squamosis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  |-^. 

Habitat  in  Portu  Saucto  et  Deserta  Grandi,  inter  lichenes  in  rupium  fissuris  nascentes,  a  vere  novo 
usque  ad  sestatem  vulgaris. 

P.  deep  black,  and  more  or  less  incrusted  (especially  on  the  head  and  proihorax,  on  the  latter  of  which 
they  are  often  dense)  with  pui-e  white  scales.  Prothorax  slightly  rounded  at  the  sides,  and 
widest  behind  the  middle.  Elytra  rather  less  spherical  than  in  the  preceding  species,  and  with  a 
slight  tendency  to  be  somewhat  quadrate  (the  anterior  angles  being  less  rounded-off) ;  very 
convex,  and  punctured  (the  punctures  being  sufficiently  distinct,  and  tolerably  close  together ; 
and  without  any  tendency  to  be  disposed  in  rows) ;  just  perceptibly  pubescent,  and  apparently 
but  very  sparingly  clothed  with  scales, — though,  these  latter  being  of  a  very  deciduous  nature, 
it  is  possible  that  fresh  and  recently  developed  specimens  might  possess  them  to  a  greater  extent. 
Antennae  and  tarsi  shorter  than  in  any  of  the  other  species,  and  remarkably  fragile,  slightly 


272  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

picescent  (especially  in  the  Porto  Santan  specimens),  and  almost  free  from  scales;  the  former 
distant  at  their  insertion,  and  with  their  last  two  joints  distinctly  and  suddenly  thickened,-^ 
forniins:  a  biarticulated  club. 

The  deep  black  siu'face  of  the  present  anomalous  little  Tt'mns  (which  has  its 
head  and  prothorax,  especially  the  latter,  incrusted  with  sno\^y-white  scales),  in 
connection  with  its  comparatively  quadrate  (though  very  convex)  form,  would 
even  of  themselves  at  once  distinguish  it  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here 
described.  Its  structural  details  hoAvever  are  far  more  important,  and  altogether 
remove  it  from  the  other  Madeiran  members  of  the  group, — its  antennae  not  only 
l)eing  distant  at  their  base  (of  very  rare  occurrence  amongst  the  Ptiiii,  though  one 
of  the  essential  characteristics  of  Hedobia, — with  which  nevertheless  in  other 
respects  it  does  not  coincide),  but  having  likewise  their  last  ^?t'o  joints  so  distinctly 
and  suddenly  thickened  as  to  constitute  a  tolerably  well-defined  Inarticulated  club. 
It  displays  moreover  a  very  remarkable  feature  (which  observation  however  in  situ 
can  alone  appreciate)  in  the  exceedingly  fragile  nature  of  its  Hmbs,  Avhich  are  so 
delicate  and  easily  removed,  that  it  was  with  the  utmost  difficulty  that  I  could 
procure  so  much  as  a  single  perfect  specimen  out  of  a  very  large  number  wliich  I 
have,  on  various  occasions,  captured  during  my  researches  in  these  islands.  And 
I  would  lay  particular  stress  on  this  peculiarity,  since  the  limbs  of  the  Ptini  are 
generally  not  only  remarkably  robust,  but  so  fii-mly  attached  to  the  liody  that  it 
requires  consideralde  force  to  disengage  them ; — and  the  present  species  may  con- 
sequently be  regarded  as  entirely  aberrant  from  the  normal  representatives  of  the 
genus.  I  have  not  hitherto  detected  it  in  Madeira  proper ;  but  it  is  abundant  in 
Porto  Santo  and  on  the  Dezerta  Grande  (esjiecially  the  former),  where  it  resides,  I 
believe  exclusively,  amongst  the  dense  masses  of  lichen  which  choke  up  the 
fissures  and  besprinkle  the  surfaces  of  the  exposed  weather-beaten  rocks.  It 
occurs  during  the  spring  and  early  siunmer  months,  in  company  Avith  the 
P.  nodulus  and  (ilboplctns,  Tarphius  Loicei,  Xenostrongylus  hi^trio,  and  the 
numerous  other  insects  of  similar  propensities. 

Genus  94.  MEZIUM. 
(Leach)  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  v.  232  (1828). 

Corpus  parvum,  durum  :  capite  deflexo,  sub  prothoracf  abscondito  :  protlwrace  squamoso  gibboso,  mox 
ante  basin  valde  dilatato  sed  ad  basin  ipsam  subito  constricto  :  scutello  baud  observando  .  elytris 
politissiiuis  compresso-ovatis  subconnatis :  alls  obsoletis.  Antenna  approximatae  setuloso-squa- 
mosic  filiforuics,  articnlo  primo  magno  robusto  intus  producto,  secundo  paulo  breviore  graciliorc, 
reliquis  (ultimo  ovato  oblique  subtruncato  excejjto)  suba>qualibus.  Labrum  corneum,  antice 
pilosum  valde  emarginatum.  MandibuUe  et  maxilla  fere  ut  iu  Ptiuo.  Pulpi  subclavati ;  maxil- 
lares  articulo  ])rimo  longiusculo  subgracili  ilcxuoso,  secundo  et  tertio  crassioribus  subwqualibus, 
ultimo  elougato-ovato  robusto ;  labiales  articulo  primo  longiusculo  subgracili  flexuoso,  secundo 
crassiore,  ultimo  ovato  robusto.     Mentum  corneum  triangulare  pilosum.     Ligula  elongata  sub- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  273 

membvanacea,  apice  integra  pilosa.  Pedes  robustissimi  elongati  et  dense  subsetuloso-squamosi : 
femoribus  apicem  versus  incrassatis :  tarsis  articulis  quatuor  baseos  longitudine  leviter  decres- 
centibus. 

Neitlier  Ilezimn  nor  GihUum  differ  very  materially  in  the  structure  of  their  oral 
organs  from  Ftim(s,—smcQ  their  emarginated  upper  lip,  then*  triangular  form  of 
mentum,  and  the  slender,  arcuated  first  joint  of  their  palpi  are  exhihited,  to  a 
certain  extent,  in  many  of  the  aberrant  members  of  that  group  also.     Yet  ex- 
ternally they  may  be  easily  recognised,  since  both  of  them  possess  characters 
sufficient  (thus  far)  to  AAarrant  their  isolation  from  theii'  central  type,— though 
perhaps   not   more   important  ones  than  those  which  constitute  the   subgenus 
SphcBncus,  which  in  fact  would  appear  to  be  related  to  Ftinus  proper  in  about  the 
same  degree  as  the  two  now  imder  consideration.     As  regards  outward  contour 
however,  Mezium  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  its  extremely  glossy,  and  an- 
teriorly setose  and  compressed,  elytra,  by  the  yellowish-white  scales  with  which 
its  head  and  prothorax  are  densely  clothed  (the  latter  of  wliich  is  strongly  nodose 
and   sulcate,    and   cUlated   behind  the   middle,   though   suddenly  constricted   or 
shortened  immediately  before  its  extreme  posterior  margin),  and  by  the  excessive 
thickness  of  its  antennse  and  legs,— the  former  of  which  have  their  basal  articula- 
tion large  and  internally  produced,  and  theii-  apical  one  somewhat  obliquely  trun- 
cated ;  whilst  the  latter  have  their  thighs  (although  more  robust)  less  abruptly 
clavated  than   is   the   case  in    Gibhium   (with   which   however   in  its   invisible 
scutellum,  subconnate  elytra,  and  freedom  from  wings  it  nevertheless  coincides). 
In  habits  both  genera  agree  precisely  with  the  normal  Ftmi,—heing  found  in  and 
about  houses,  or  amongst  dried  animal  substances. 

208.  Mezium  sulcatum. 
M.  castaneo-piceum,  capita  protboraceque  squamis  albido-cinereis  dense  vestitis,  boc  longitudinaliter 

valde  nodoso  et  sulcato,  elytris  politissimis  et  basin  versus  setis  erectis  parce  obsitis,  antennis 

pedibusque  robustissimis  et  dense  subsetuloso-squamosis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1|. 

Ptinus  sulcatus,  Fab.  Sjjec.  Ins.  i.  73  (1781). 

,  Mshm,  Enf.  Brit.  i.  91  (1802). 

Mezium  sulcatum,  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  v.  232  (1828). 
,  Stm-m,  Deutsch.  Fna,  xii.  31.  tab.  217  (1837). 

Habitat  in  domibus  Maderse,  prsesertim  circa  oppida,  bine  inde  non  infrequens. 

M.  piceous  or  castaneo-piceous,  and  impunctate.  Head  and  prothorax  closely  beset  with  cinereous,  or 
yellowisb-wbite,  scales ;  tbe  latter  large,  greatly  expanded  behind,  though  suddenly  constricted 
at  its  extreme  base,  and  with  three  wide  longitudinal  furrows, — shaping-out  broad  ridges  between 
them,  which  are  greatly  elevated  and  nodule-shaped  on  the  hinder  dilated  portion.  Elytra 
laterally  compressed,   especially  in  front,   and  exceedingly  highly  polished;  and  more  or  less 

2  N 


274  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

sparingly  besprinkled  towards  their  base  with  short,  erect  and  rigid  bristles.  Antennoe  and  legs 
long,  and  densely  clothed  with  paler  scales  (with  indications  of  setse  intermixed) ;  the /onner  with 
their  apical  joint  rather  short,  and  somewhat  obliquely  truncated  at  its  extremity. 

An  abundant  insect  throughout  most  parts  of  Etu'ope, — being,  like  many  others 
of  similar  habits,  lial)lc  to  transmission  through  the  medium  of  commerce.  In 
Madeira  it  occurs  sparingly,  in  houses,  in  and  around  Funchal ;  and  I  have,  like- 
wise, captured  it  at  Machico,  and  (ui  the  north  of  the  island)  at  Sao  Yinceute. 

Genus  95.  GIBBIUM. 

Scopoli,  Lit.  ad  Hist.  Nat.  505  (1777). 

Corptts  parvum,  ovatum,  durum,  glaberrimum,  politum  :  capite  deflexo,  sub  prothorace  abscondito  :  pru- 
thorace  parvo,  basi  late  elytris  arete  applicato  necnon  in  medio  producto  :  scutello  baud  observando  : 
elytris  subconnatis :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenrue  approximate  dense  squamosa;  subsetaceie,  articulo 
primo  parvo,  secundo  ])aulo  niajore,  tertio  leviter  elongato,  reliquis  (ultimo  elongato  acuminato 
excepto)  longitudine  subiequalibus,  latitudine  vix  decrescentibus.  Labrum  corneum,  antice 
pilosum  emarginatum.  Mandilm/te  et  maxilUe  fere  ut  in  I'tino.  Palpi  filiformes ;  maxillares 
articulo  primo  longiusculo  subgracili  flexuoso,  secundo  et  tertio  crassioribus  sub;pqualibus, 
ultimo  elongato  leviter  robusto  apice  subacuminato ;  labiules  articulo  primo  longiusculo  subgra- 
cili flexuoso,  secundo  crassiore,  ultimo  elongato  ovato  robusto.  Mentum  corneum  triangulare 
pilosum.  Ligula  elongata  submembranacea,  apice  cordata  pilosa.  Pedes  robusti  clongati  et 
dense  squamosi :  femorihus  apicem  versus  sub-abrupte  incrassatis  :  tarsis  articulis  quatuor  bassos 
louffitudine  leviter  decrescentibus. 


''D' 


As  already  stated,  the  present  genus  and  the  last  arc  in  the  structm'e  of  their 
trophi  almost  identical ;  nevertheless  in  external  distinctions  they  are  so  well 
defined,  that  it  is  perhaps  desirable  not  to  amalgamate  them.  Apart  from  its  more 
ovate  and  less  laterally-compressed  form,  Gihh'mm  may  be  known  from  Mezium  by 
its  extremely  minute  and  glabrous  prothorax  (which  is  narrowed  in  front  and 
broad  behind, — where  it  is  closely  applied  to,  and  continuous  with,  the  elytra ;  and 
is  angulated,  or  produced  backwards,  in  the  centre,  into  the  place  of  the  scutellum), 
and  by  its  rather  less  thickened  limbs, — of  which  the  antenna;  somc^\■hat  taper 
towards  their  extremity,  and  have  their  basal  articulation  much  smaller,  and  their 
apical  one  longer  and  more  straightly  acuminated,  than  is  the  case  in  that  genus. 
The  single  known  species  of  Gibbium  is  a  very  remarkable  insect, — its  smooth  and 
semi-transparent  surface,  in  conjunction  with  its  posteriorly-uiflated,  ovate  body, 
and  its  peculiar  colour,  giving  it  somewhat  the  appearance,  when  its  limbs  are 
closely  applied  beneath  it,  of  a  drop  of  blood. 

209.  Gibbitmi  scotias. 
G.  ovatum   rufesceuti-castaneum  pohtum  glabrum,   prothorace  brcvi   mmuto,  autennis   pedibusque 

robustis  et  dense  subflavcscenti-squamosis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  H. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  275 

Ptinns  scotias,  Fab.  .S/)ce.  Ins.  i.  74  (1781). 

,  OUv.  Iliit.  ii.  17.  9  (1790). 

Gibhium  scotias,  Kugell.  in  ScJmeid.  Mac/,  iv.  502  (1794). 
,  Sturm,  Beutscli.  Fna,  xii.  32.  tab.  248  (1837). 

Habitat  in  iisdem  locis  ac  praBcedens,  sed  illo  paulo  rarius, 

G.  ovate  (being  attenuated  in  front  and  inflated  behind),  bright  reddish-chestnut,  impunctate,  glabrous 
and  shining.  Head  with  an  abbreviated  costa  on  either  side,  behind  the  insertion  of  the  antennae, 
— terminating  abruptly  in  front.  Prothorax  short  and  minute,  narrowed  anteriorly  and  broad 
behind  (the  sides  being  continuous  with  the  base  of  the  elytra) ;  and  'produced  backwards,  or 
angulatcd,  in  the  centre  of  its  posterior  margin  into  the  place  of  the  scutellum.  Elytra  some- 
what translucent,  and  with  indications  of  being  longitudinally  dappled.  Antenna  and  kffs  long 
and  robust  (though  not  (juite  so  thickened  as  in  Mezium),  and  densely  clothed  with  fine,  yellowish, 
and  rather  silken  scales;  i\x&  former  with  their  apical  joint  long,  and  straightly  acuminated  at  its 
extremity. 

Likewise  a  common  Em-opean  insect,  although  perhaps  not  quite  so  generally 
distributed  as  the  31.  sulcatum.  It  occurs  under  the  same  circumstances  as  that 
species,— namely  in  and  about  the  houses  of  Funchal ;  and  has  unquestionably 
been  imported  into  the  island  from  more  northern  latitudes. 


Genus  96.  ANOBIUM.    (Tab.  V.  fig.  3.) 
Fabricius,  S^yst.  Unf.  62  (1775). 

Corpus  parvum  vel  mediocre,  subcylindrico-oblongum,  sat  durum :  capite  deflexo,  sub  prothorace  vix 
abscondito  :  scutello  distincto  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  distantes  leviter  clavatse,  artieulis  primo  et 
secundo  robustis  (illo  longiore  crassiore),  tertio  ad  octavum  minutis  subsequalibus,  reliquis  lon- 
gissimis  snbrequalibus,  clavam  elongatam  laxam  intus  subserratam  efficientibus  (ultimo  elongato- 
ovato).  Labrum  corneum  transversum,  autice  pilosum  integrum.  Mandibula  magnje  cornese 
validse  latae  subtriangulares  obtusse,  infra  apicem  dente  robusto  obtuso  instructse.  Maxilla 
bilobae,  lobis  submembranaceis  apice  pubescentibus ;  externa  leviter  incui-vo ;  interna  paulo 
breviore  angustiore.  Palpi  subclavati ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio 
crassioribus  subaqualibus,  ultimo  elongato  robusto  subfusiformi-ovato ;  labiates  artieulis  primo  et 
secundo  longitudine  subsequalibus  (illo  graeiliore),  ultimo  elongato  robusto  subsecuriformi-ovato. 
Mentum  corneum  subtriangulare,  apice  truncatum.  Ligula  membranacea  cordata,  apice  pilosa. 
Pedes  parum  graciles  subcontractiles :  femoribus  hand  clavatis,  sidcatis  (tibias  subrecipientibus) : 
tarsis  artieulis  quatuor  baseos  longitudine  decrescentibus. 

Although  typically  somewhat  more  lignivorous,  the  Anohia,  in  their  habits, 
have  much  in  common  with  the  Ptini.  They  may  however  be  easily  recognised 
from  the  members  of  that  genus  by  their  more  cylindrical  and  longer  bodies,  by 
their  distant  and  subclavated  antennae,  and  by  their  apically-bidentate  mandibles, 
—in  all  of  which  respects  it  will  be  perceived  that  they  make  an  evident  approach 
towards  Cis.  The  proportions  indeed  of  their  anteunal  joints  (the  first  two  of 
which  are  rather  robust,  the  following  six  very  minute,  and  the  terminal  three 

2  N  2 


276  IXSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

exceedingly  elongated  and  forming  a  loosely-connected  club)  are  very  remarkable, 
and  woiild  suffice  even  alone  to  characterize  the  group.  "Whilst  apparently 
attaining  theu-  maximvun  in  temperate  and  northern  latitudes,  they  are  insects  of 
a  ^Tide  geographical  range, — the  result  partially  perhaps  of  their  liability  to  trans- 
mission amonecst  ci^"ilized  countries  with  timljer  and  various  articles  of  merchandise 
and  commerce,  on  which  they  principally  su.bsist.  The  peculiar  noise  which  some 
of  the  species  are  accustomed  to  make  duriug  their  season  of  pairing,  by  striking 
then'  robust  jaws  against  the  wood  within  which  they  are  situated, — supposed  to 
be  a  signal  for  the  opposite  sex,  and  wliich,  from  its  measured  repetition,  some- 
what resembles  the  ticking  of  a  Avatch, — has  rendered  them  famous  in  the  annals 
of  oiu"  popular  suijerstitions,  and  gained  for  them  the  name  of  "  Death-watches." 

210.  Anobimn  velatum,  JFuU.    (Tab.  Y.  fig.  3.) 

A.  subcvlindrico-oblongum  rufescenti-bruuneum  et  valde  hirsutuui,  pi'othorace  eequo  (in  disco  con- 
vexo)  et  granulis  inagnis  crebris  obsito,  autice  truncato  nccnon  ad  latera  minus  rotundatOj  elj-tris 
profunde  punctato-striatis,  interstitiis  subrugulosis,  antennis  pedibusque  obscuro-ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  liu.  lf-2j. 

Habitat  in  locis  inferioribus  Madera?,  astate  non  infrequeus  :  iu  horto  Lowcauo  propc  Funchal  niense 
Augusto  deprehensi ;  necnon  ad  Sao  Vincente  in  Madera  boreali  collegit  Rev'*'"  Dom.  Lowe. 

A.  subcylindrical-oblong,  brown  with  more  or  less  (especially  on  the  elytra)  of  a  rufescent  tinge,  and 
densely  and  uniformly  clothed  with  exceedingly  long,  almost  erect,  very  soft  and  flexible  pile. 
Prothorax  closely  beset  with  rather  large  and  coarse  granules ;  short  and  wide,  truncated  in 
front,  and  with  the  sides  straightcr  than  in  any  of  the  other  species, — both  the  anterior  and 
posterior  angles  (particularly  the  former,  which  are  almost  right  angles)  being  distinct ;  convex 
on  the  disk,  but  without  any  Jippearance  of  elevations  or  nodules, — though  with  a  glabrous  lon- 
gitudinal line  down  the  centre,  which  is  more  especially  evident  behind.  Elytra  deeply  punctate- 
striated  (the  punctures  being  very  large  and  well-defined) ;  and  with  the  interstices  rather  convex 
and  roughened,  though  scarcely  perceptibly  punctulated.     Antenna  and  k(/s  dull  ferruginous. 

Intimately  related,  in  general  contour  and  size,  to  the  A.  villosum  of  Mediterra- 
nean latitudes,  though  differing  from  it  very  materially,  on  examination,  in  the 
structm-e  of  its  prothorax, — which  (instead  of  bemg  largely  rounded  oil'  behind, 
and  so  extremely  convex  as  to  l)e  almost  nodose  in  the  centre  of  the  disk)  is  nearly 
straight  at  the  sides  (the  anterior  and  posterior  angles  being  almost  equally  pro- 
minent), and  without  any  appearance  of  elevations  in  any  portion  of  its  surface ; 
whilst,  at  the  same  time,  it  is  uniformly  studded  with  much  coarser  and  more 
closely-set  granules.  The  pubescence,  likcAvise,  is  even  more  dense  and  erect  than 
that  of  the  A.  rillosnm  (and  without  the  slightest  tendency  to  be  disposed,  as  is 
there  the  case,  in  fascia?),  and  the  interstices  of  its  elytra  are  altogether  more 
flattened.  Although  I  have  not  been  able  to  procm-e  specimens  for  comparison,  I 
am  inclined  to  suspect  that  the  Anohiiim  which  is  quoted  by  Brulle  in  AVebb  and 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  277 

Bertlielot's  Sistoire  Natiirelle  des  lies  Canaries  as  the  A.  villostmi  may  be  iden- 
tical with  the  present  one, — which  bears  so  strong  a  prima  facie  resemblance  to 
that  species,  that,  without  a  careful  inspection,  it  might  be  almost  mistaken  for  it ; 
and  especially  so,  since  the  very  short  and  loose  descriptions  given  in  that  work  are 
more  than  sufficient  to  warrant  the  conclusion  that  no  great  pains  can  have  been 
bestowed  on  the  determination  of  any  of  the  Coleoptera  enumerated  in  it.  At  all 
events,  whether  such  be  the  case  or  not,  the  Madeiraii  insect  is  unquestionably 
distinct  from  its  European  ally.  It  is  tolerably  common,  both  in  the  north  and 
south  of  the  island,  at  rather  low  elevations,  dm*ing  the  sumnaer  months, — making 
its  appearance  about  July.  It  occurs  principally  in  vineyards  and  near  neglected 
buildings.  I  have  taken  it  around  Funchal  in  August ;  and  it  has  been  captured 
by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  at  Sao  Vincente,  later  in  the  season. 

211.  Anobium  pauiceum. 

A.  subcylindrico-ovale  rufescenti-brunneum  vel  ferrugineum  et  pubescens,  prothorace  fequo  et  granulis 
minutissimis  subremotis  obsito,  aiitice  producto  necnon  postice  sinuato,  elytris  leviter  subcrenato- 
striatis,  interstitiis  minutissime  seriatim  punctulatis  et  subtilissime  subrugulosis,  antennis  pedi- 
busque  vix  pallidioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1|. 

Dermestes  paniceum,  Lirm.  Fna  Suec.  431  (1761). 
Anohiiim  paniceim,  Oliv.  Ent.  ii.  16.  10  (1790). 

,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  237  (1792). 

,  GyH.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  293  (1808). 

,  Stepli.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  340  (1830). 

Habitat  circa  domos  Maderse,  prsesertim  in  pane  diutius  asservato,  ex  Europ^  certe  introductum  :  in 
domo  amici  cl.  A.  Ross,  M.D.,  in  ipsa  urbe  Funchalensi  sita,  Januario  ineunte  a.d.  1848 
copiosissime  observavi. 

A.  subcylindrical-oval  (being  smaller  and  proportionably  shorter  than  the  A,  velatum),  varying  from 
reddish-brown  into  pale  ferruginous,  and  densely  clothed  with  short  and  nearly  decumbent  pile. 
Prothorax  beset  with  rather  distant  and  exceedingly  minute  granules ;  short  and  rather  wide,  a 
little  produced  and  rounded  in  front,  and  slightly  sinuated  along  its  hinder  margin, — the  central 
portion  being  somewhat  produced  backwards  in  front  of  the  scutellum  ;  without  any  appearance 
of  nodules, — though  with  an  abbreviated,  glabrous,  and  very  obscurely  raised  central  keel  behind. 
Elytra  finely  crenate-  (scarcely  punctate-)  striated ;  and  with  the  interstices  perfectly  flat,  most 
delicately  rugulose,  and  with  a  longitudinal  series  of  exceedingly  minute  punctures  down  each. 
Antenna  and  legs  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

Known  from  the  other  Anobia  here  described  by  its  shorter  and  more  oval 
form,  by  its  usually  paler  (or  more  ferruginous)  hue,  and  by  the  sculpture  of  the 
interstices  of  its  (finely  cre««^e-striated)  elytra, — which  are  most  delicately  rugu- 
lose, and  have  a  longitudinal  series  of  most  minutely  impressed  points  down  each. 
In  the  length  and  decumbency  of  its  pubescence  it  is  intermediate  between  the 


278  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

A.  velatiim  and  striatum  ;  but  the  above  characters  will,  of  themselves,  suffice  to 
distinguish  it.  In  its  habits  it  is  less  strictly  lignivorous  than  any  of  the  re- 
mainder ;  being  evidently  an  imported  insect  into  Madeira,  where  it  is  found  about 
houses  and  amongst  stores,  especially  biscuit  and  bread, — on  which,  as  well  as  on 
different  kinds  of  merchandise,  it  appears  to  subsist.  It  is  occasionally  tolerably 
common  around  Funchal ;  and  I  once  captured  it  in  abundance  in  the  city  itself, 
— on  the  walls  of  the  house  belonging  to  my  friend  Dr.  Ross,  in  the  Rua  da 
Carreii'a, — at  the  beginning  of  January  1848. 

212.  Anobium  striatum. 

A.  subcylindricum  brunneum  et  subtilissime  pubescens,  prothoracc  infecniali  (postice  carinato-nodoso) 
et  granulis  minutissimis  punctisque  obscuris  obsito,  antice  acuniinato-prodiicto  necnon  ad 
angulos  posticos  sinuato,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  feiTugineis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  \\-2. 

Anobium  striatum,  OYw.Ent.  ii.  16.  9.  (1790). 

pertinax.  Fab.  (nee  Linn.  1761)  Ent.  Syst.  i.  237  (1792). 

striatum,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  i.  291  (1808). 

,  Steph.  lU.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  ,340  (1830). 

Habitat  Maderam,  bine  inde  sat  frequens, — ex  alienis  forsan  introdtictum. 

A.  subcylindrical  (being  proportionably  rather  narrower,  especially  anteriorly,  than  either  of  the  pre- 
vious species),  of  a  more  or  less  obscure  broflu,  and  densely  clothed  with  most  minute  and 
decumbent  pile.  Prothorax  closely  beset  with  veiy  small  and  obscure  granules  and  punctm-es ; 
rather  elongated  and  narrow, — particularly  iu  front,  where  it  is  both  constricted  and  rounded 
(which  gives  the  sides  an  unequal,  or  undulating,  appearance) ;  with  the  hinder  angles  sinuated, 
or  scooped  out;  with  a  slightly  impressed  longitudinal  channel,  and  a  greatly  elevated  keel- 
shaped  nodide  in  the  centre  of  the  hinder  disk, — on  either  side  of  which  the  surface  is  trans- 
versely impressed.  Elytra  a  little  paler  than  the  prothorax,  punctate- striated;  and  with  the  in- 
terstices rather  convex,  though  scarcely  punctulated.    Antenna  and  legs  more  or  less  ferruginous. 

A  most  abundant  Eui'opoan  jlnohunn ;  and  one  which  has  in  all  probability, 
like  the  last  species,  been  naturalized  in  Madeira  from  more  northern  latitudes. 
It  is  an  insect  in  fact  peculiarly  liable  to  dissemination  over  the  world  through 
the  agency  of  commerce, — being  attached  to  rotten  wood,  and  often  making  its 
appearance  in  considerable  numbers  on  board  shi}).  It  is  widely  distributed  OA'cr 
IVIadeira,  though  it  does  not  seem  to  occur  anAn\'here  in  profusion.  I  have  cap- 
tured it  in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal  during  the  early  spring,  at  Canical  in  ^lay,  at 
Santa  Anna  and  Sao  Yincente  in  Jime,  and  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio  and  the  Feijaa  de 
C6rte  in  August. 

213.  Anobium  Ptilinoides,  WoU. 
A.  cylindricum  rufesccnti-brunneum  et  subtilitcr  pubescens,  prothoracc  fcquo  convcxo  et  granulis 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  279 

minutis   creberrimis   obsito,    antice   vix  producto,    elytris   paulo   dilutioribus  leviter  punctato- 
striatis,  anteuuis  pedibusque  ferrugiueis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2^-3. 

Habitat  IMaderam,  mihi  non  obviixm  :  tria  specimiua,  prope  urbem  Funchalensem  capta,  nuper  misit 
Dom.  Leacock. 

A.  cylindrical,  brown  with  more  or  less  of  a  rufescent  tinge,  and  densely  clothed  with  short  pile, — 
which  is  dark  and  erect  upon  the  prothorax,  but  pale  and  almost  decumbent  on  the  elytra. 
Prothorax  very  closely  beset  with  minute  points  or  granules, — which,  in  conjunction  with  the 
short  pile,  give  the  surface  an  almost  velvety  appearance ;  convex,  slightly  produced  m  front, 
and  with  the  sides  rounded ;  perfectly  even,  having  no  appearance  of  elevations,  nodules,  or  even 
of  a  central  line.  Elytra  a  little  paler  than  the  prothorax, — the  colour  and  decumbency  of  the 
pubescence  however  causing  it  to  seem  paler  than  it  really  is  j  rather  lightly  punctate- stiiated  ; 
and  with  the  interstices  wide  (but  not  quite  flattened),  though  scarcely  punctulated.  Antenna 
and  legs  ferruginous. 

Readily  known  by  its  large  size  and  extremely  cylindrical  form  (in  wliich 
respect  it  bears  a  very  strong  prima  facie  resemblance  to  a  Ptilinus),  and  by  the 
small  thickly-set  granules  and  somewhat  velvety  surface  of  its  (comparatively 
globose)  prothorax, — the  pubescence  of  wliich  is  darker  and  more  erect  than  that 
of  the  elytra.  It  is  one  of  the  insects  which  entii'ely  escaped  my  own  observations 
in  these  islands, — the  only  tlu-ee  specimens  which  I  have  seen  having  been  recently 
communicated  to  me  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.,  by  whom  they  were  captured  near 
Fimchal. 

Fam.  31.  CISSID^. 

Genus  97.  CIS.     (Tab.  V.  fig.  7  et  8.) 
Latreille,  Precis  des  Caract.  Gen.  des  Ins.  50  (1796). 

Corpus  parvum,  subcylindrico-oblongum  vel  subcylindi-icum,  durum :  capite  subdeflexo  :  prothorace 
antice  plus  minusve  producto,  interdum  cornuto :  alis  parum  amplis.  Antenna  (V.  7  a,  8  a) 
10-articulatfe  clavatse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  robustis  (illo  longiore  crassiore),  tertio  lougius- 
culo  (vel  gracili  vel  parum  robusto),  quarto  ad  septimum  vel  longitudine  paulatim  decrescentibus 
(V.  8  a),  vel  minutis  subsequalibus  (V.  7  a),  reliquis  clavam  magnam  elongatam  perfoliatam 
triarticulatam  efficientibus  (octavo  et  nono  subaequalibus,  decimo  paulo  longiore  ovato  ad  apicem 
tuberculo  acumiuato  instructo).  Labrum  corneum  subquadratum,  basi  leviter  angustatum. 
Mandibula  (V.  8  b)  cornese  validse  latge  subtriangulares,  intus  dentibus  (uno  sc,  mox  infra  apicem 
sito,  robusto ;  et  altero,  basin  versus  posito,  robustissimo  obtuso)  instructse.  Maxilla  (V.  8  c) 
bilobse,  lobis  subcoriaceis  apice  setosis ;  externa  magno  lato  apice  incurvo ;  interna  brevissimo 
minuto.  Palpi  maxillares  clavati,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  longioribus  crassioribus 
(hoc  majore  crassiore  subclavato),  ultimo  robusto  elongato-ovato  :  labiates  (V.  8rf)  articuHs  primo 
et  secundo  latitudine  sequalibus  (illo  brevissimo,  hoc  longiusculo),  ultimo  gracili  subovato- 
cylindi-ico.     Mentum  tenue  \dx  coriaceum  subquadratum.     Ligula  subcoriacea   elongata,  apice 


280  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

levitcr  rotundata.  Pedes  parum  graciles  subcontractUes :  tibiis  saepius  (V.  8  e)  simplicibus,  sed 
intcrdum  (V.  7  b,  7  c)  apice  levdter  dilatatis  et  in  anticis  (\ .  7  h)  extus  denticulatis  :  tarsis  4-arti- 
culatis,  articulis  tnbus  baseos  minutis  subaequalibus,  quarto  longissimo  subclavato  unyuiculis 
simplicibus  munito. 

The  genus  Cis  may  be  readily  kno^^^^  by  the  subcylindi-ical  and  more  or  less 
glabrous  bodies  of  the  species  which  compose  it,  and  by  the  structure  of  its  an- 
tennae and  feet, — the  former  of  which  are  but  10-articiilate,  and  have  their  clava 
(although  perfoliated)  abrupt,  and  fui'nished  with  a  minute  tubercle  at  its  tip ; 
whilst  the  latter  are  made  up  of  four  joints  only,  the  basal  three  being  extremely 
small.  It  may  be  considered  as  forming  a  very  gradual  passage  between  the 
Ptinid(B  and  the  Xylophagous  Fseudotet.ramera :  for  whilst,  on  the  one  hand,  it 
evinces  a  close  relationship  with  the  ylnoiia  (as  its  apically-bidentate  mandibles, 
its  loosely-connected  club,  and  its  generally  simple  tibiae  would,  apart  from 
external  featiu-es,  abundantly  indicate) ;  yet,  the  almost  obsolete  inner  lobe  of  its 
(subsetose)  maxillae,  in  conjunction  with  its  elongated  ligula,  and  the  diminished 
number  of  its  antennal  and  tarsal  joints,  alike  combine  in  pointing  towards  the 
Toinicldce  and  Ilylesini, — in  which  the  whole  of  these  peculiai'ities,  although  more 
developed,  are  amongst  the  most  essential  characters  possessed.  And  indeed  I 
cannot  but  believe  that  the  system,  not  uxifrequently  adopted,  which  would  remove 
that  extremity  of  the  Fseudotetramera  to  a  distance  fi'om  the  Cissidce  is  an}i:hing 
Init  a  natm-al  one ; — and  more  especially  so,  since  there  are  connecting  links 
(shortly  to  be  noticed)  which  effect,  even  more  evidently  than  Cts,  a  transition 
between  the  groups. 

214.  Cis  Wollastonii.    (Tab.  \.  fig.  8.) 

C.  oblongo-subcylindricul^iceus  subnitidus  leviter  subruguloso-punctulatus  et  subtilissime  pubescens, 
prothorace  s-bquadrato,  antice  subtruucato  necnon  ad  latera  subrecto  margiuato,  hiuc  inde 
inaquaiiter  rufescenti,  elytrorum  basi  apiceque  nifcscentibus,  antennis  pedibusque  ferrugineis, 
illarum  clava  infuscata. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  H-2. 

Cis  Wollastonii,  Mellie,  in  Giier.  Jiev.  de  Zool.  (2'^""'  serie)  i.  586  (1849). 

Habitat  IMaderam  sylvaticam,  prsesertim  inter  3000'  ct  4500'  s.m.,  sub  cortice  arborum  laxo,  hinc  inde 
non  infrequens.  ^ 

C.  large,  elongated  and  subcylindrical  (being  however  a  little  narrowed  anteriorly),  not  very  convex, 
piceous,  a  little  shining,  and  rather  sparingly  clothed  throughout  with  au  exceedingly  minute, 
delicate,  and  decumbent  cinereous  pubescence  (wliich  however  is  scarcely  perceptible  except 
beneath  a  powerful  lens).  Head  large,  but  very  slightly  deflexed  (and  therefore  a  good  deal 
exposed),  rounded  and  margined  anteriorly,  with  a  very  faint  transverse  impression  in  front,  and 
obscurely  convex  in  the  centre  of  its  forehead  behind.  Prothorax  subquadrate  (the  sides  being 
nearly  straight) ;  truncated  (or  scarcely  at  all  jiroduced)  anteriorly ;  finely  and  closely  punctulated 
(the  punctures  being  shallow  and  not  very  well  defined) ;  the  lateral  edges  very  broadly  margined, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  281 

and  the  hinder  one  very  narrowly  so ;  the  anterior  angles  rather  obtuse ;  without  any  appearance 
of  a  dorsal  channel ;  and  with  its  surface  more  or  less  unequally  rufescent,  or  diluted,  in  parts, 
— the  extreme  fore-margin,  a  patch  in  front  of  the  scutellum,  and  a  larger  (transverse)  one 
towards  the  anterior  angles  being  the  positions  which  it  is  the  tendency  of  the  paler  por- 
tions to  occupy.  Ehjtra  punctulated  like  the  prothorax,  but  a  little  more  rugulose  or  uneven 
(neither  the  punctures  nor  pubescence  having  any  tendency  to  be  disposed  in  rows) ;  broadly, 
though  more  or  less  obscurely,  rufescent  at  their  base  (especially  about  the  shoulders)  and  apex, 
— the  paler  portions  being  generally  interrupted  along  the  suture,  which  in  occasional  (highly 
coloured)  specimens  causes  them  to  assume  somewhat  the  appearance  of  four  large  patches.  An- 
tennce  and  legs  pale  ferruginous ;  the  former  with  their  club  a  little  dusky. 

A  very  interesting  and  most  elegant  Cls ;  and  one  which  may  be  known  from 
every  other  species  with  which  I  am  acquainted  by  its  large  and  elongated  body, 
which  is  less  convex  than  is  usually  the  case  with  the  normal  members  of  the 
group,  and  by  the  more  or  less  brightly  rufescent  patches  with  which  its  surface 
is  ornamented, — its  entire  general  facies  somewhat  calling  to  mind,  at  first  sight, 
the  Heteromerous  genus  Hypophlceus.  It  is  widely  distributed  over  the  sylvan 
districts  of  Madeira,  between  the  limits  of  from  3000  to  about  4500  feet  above  the 
sea ;  but  does  not  appear  to  be  very  abundant, — although,  from  its  gregarious 
nature,  here  and  there  tolerably  common.  It  is  usually  to  be  met  with  beneath 
the  loosely  attached  bark  of  felled  timber  or  of  decaying  trees.  I  have  captured 
it,  dm'ing  the  spring,  in  the  region  of  the  E-ibeu'o  Frio ;  and,  in  the  summer,  at 
the  Cruzinhas,  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  and  the  Fanal. 

215.  Cis  fascipes. 
C.  ovali-cylindricus  fuscus  subnitidus  ruguloso-punctulatus  et  dense  setuloso-pubescens,  prothorace 
transverso  subconvexo,  antice  leviter  producto  necnon  ad  latera  subrotundato  marginato,  elytris 
vix  pallidioribus,  antennis  pedibusque  omnino  testaceis. 
Mas,  capita  leviter  tuberculato. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^-l^^- 

Cw/««c«>es,(Chevrolat)MelUe,^m8.  JeZaSoc.^w<.&i?Va»ce(2'^™serie)vi.271.tab.2.fig.25(1848). 
Habitat  Maderam  australem,  inter  lichenes  in  horto  Loweano  prope  Funchal  a  meipso  repertus. 

C.  shorter  and  more  oval  (and  likewise  rather  more  convex  and  cylindrical)  than  the  C.  Wollastonii, 
brown,  a  little  shining,  and  clothed  throughout  with  rather  long,  suberect  and  rigid  setae  of  a 
cinereous  (or  sometimes  yellowish-cinereous)  tinge.  Head  rounded  and  margined  anteriorly, 
with  a  transverse  impression  in  front ;  and  slightly  tubercled  behind  in  the  males.  Prothorax 
more  transverse  and  convex  than  that  of  the  last  species  (the  sides  being  slightly  rounded)  ; 
rather  produced  anteriorly  (where  it  is  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface) ;  more  rugosely 
and  deeply  punctured  than  in  the  C.  Wollastonii ;  the  lateral  edges  very  broadly  margined,  but 
the  hinder  one  almost  simple ;  the  anterior  angles  rather  porrected  and  acute ;  and  with  very 
faint  indications  of  a  dorsal  channel.  Elytra  punctured  like  the  prothorax,  but  considerably 
rugulose  or  uneven  (both  the  punctures  and  pubescence  having  a  tendency  to  be  disposed  in 
rows) .     Antenna  and  legs  entu'ely  pale  testaceous. 

2o 


282  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

A  species  which  recedes  in  no  respect  from  the  ordinary  generic  type  of  more 
northern  latitudes.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  its  only  allies  ■ndth  which  we 
are  here  concerned,  by  the  brown  hue  and  setose  surface  of  its  more  parallel  and 
cylindrical  body,  by  the  somewhat  porrected  anterior  angles  of  its  prothorax,  and 
by  its  entu'ely  pale  limbs.  I  am  not  altogether  satisfied  that  it  is  truly  indi- 
genous to  the  Madehan  group,  the  only  specimens  which  I  have  hitherto  seen 
having  been  captui-ed  by  myself  close  to  Funchal,  in  the  garden  of  the  E,ev. 
R.  T.  Lowe  at  the  Levada  (a  spot  in  which  I  once  however  observed  it  in  abun- 
dance),— from  amongst  lichen  and  fungi  on  the  decayed  stump  of  an  old  peach- 
tree.  On  several  occasions  I  have  detected  it  either  in  or  near  the  same  locality  : 
— but,  as  it  has  been  recorded  by  M.  !MeUi6,  in  Ms  exceUent  Monograph  of  these 
immediate  genera,  as  American,  it  is  possible  that  it  may  have  been  accidentally 
imported  into  the  island,  and  thus  become  established  in  the  vicinity  of  the  toAvn. 

216.  Cis  Lauri,  Woll    (Tab.  Y.  fig.  7.) 

C.  ovato-subcylindricus  curtus  fusco-piceus  opacus  leviter  punctulatus  ct  dense  pubescens,  prothorace 
amplo  convexo,  antice  valde  producto  necnon  ad  latera  rotundato  et  angustissime  marginato, 
elytris  (prxsertim  postice)  valde  convexis,  antennis  pedibusque  ferrugineis,  illarum  clava  infuscata- 
Mas,  capite  leviter  tuberculato,  prothorace  antice  sub-bidentato. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^-1. 

Habitat  per  partem  Maderae  sylvaticam,  sub  cortice  arbonmi  vcl  in  fungis,  ubique  vulgatissimus. 

C.  short  and  minute  (being  more  ovate  than  either  of  the  preceding  species),  a  little  truncated  behind 
and  exceedingly  convex,  dull  brown ish-piceous  or  reddish-brown,  opake,  and  clothed  with  a  rather 
fine  and  suberect  pile  of  a  somewhat  cinereous  hue.  Head  rather  small,  rounded  and  margined 
anteriorly,  with  a  faint  transverse  impression  in  front ;  and,  apparently,  slightly  tubercled  behind 
in  the  males.  Prothorax  large  and  extremely  convex  (the  sides  being  rounded) ;  the  anterior 
portion  very  much  produced  over  the  head  (where  it  is  generally  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the 
surface),  and  divided  in  the  males  into  two  small  rounded  prominences  or  obscure  teeth  ;  very 
finely,  uniformly,  but  not  very  closely  punctured ;  the  lateral  and  hinder  edges  most  narrowly 
margined ;  both  the  anterior  and  posterior  angles  much  rounded  off;  and  ijithout  any  appear- 
ance of  a  dorsal  channel, — though  faint  indications  of  a  line  may  be  sometimes  traced  by  the 
absence  of  punctures  along  a  uan-ow  central  portion.  Elytra  rather  more  deeply  punctured  than 
the  prothorax  (neither  the  punctures  nor  pubescence  having  any  tendency  to  be  arranged  in 
rows).     Antenna  and  legs  pale  ferruginous;  the  former  with  their  club  a  little  dusky. 

A  tndy  indigenous  Uttlc  Cis*, — recedmg  in  its  minute  size,  somewhat  ovate, 
thickened,  exceedingly  convex,  and  posteriorly-subtruncated  form,  in  its  opake 
and  finely  punctulated  siu-face,  and  in  its  largely  developed  prothorax  (the  angles 
of  which  are  very  much  rounded  off,  whilst  the  anterior  portion  is  produced  into  a 

*  I  ought  perhaps  to  state  that  I  forwarded  specimens  of  this  CU  for  comparison  to  'M.  JleUie,  of 
Paris,  immediately  after  the  publication  of  his  elaborate  Monograph,  -who  pronounced  them  to  be 
unquestionably  new. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  283 

distinct  hood  over  the  head),  from  the  other  members  of  the  genus  here  described. 
In  conjunction  mth  the  Octotemnns  opacus,  it  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  abimdant 
and  destructive  of  all  the  Madeu-an  Coleoptera, — occurring,  often  by  thousands, 
beneath  the  bark  of  the  native  lam^els  at  intermediate  and  lofty  elevations.  In 
some  of  the  damp  sylvan  districts  which  are  difficult  of  access  it  literally  teems, — 
undergoing  its  changes,  generation  after  generation,  imtouched.  In  such  positions 
it  does  not  confine  its  ravages  to  the  trees  alone,  siace  the  fungi  are  equally  its 
food, — some  of  the  larger  species  of  which  may  be  occasionally  observed  almost 
alive  with  it.  I  have  captured  it  in  profusion  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas,  and  in  the 
regions  of  the  Boa  Ventura  and  the  Eibeko  Frio :  and  it  has  been  taken  by  the 
Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  in  the  nearly  inaccessible  mountain-ravine  between  the  Sao  Vin- 
cente  valley  and  the  Ribeiro  do  Inferno. 

Genus  98.  OCTOTEMNUS. 

Mellie,  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  i:nt.  de  France  (2i^""<=  serie)  \\.  384  (1848). 

Corpus  sat  minutum,  subfusiformi-  cylindricum,  durum :  capite  deflexo  :  prothorace  antice  levitei-  pro- 
ducto  integro  :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  8-articulatse  clavatse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  robustis 
(illo  longiore  crassiorc),  tertio  longiusculo  subgvacili,  quarto  et  quinto  minutis  subajqualibus,  re- 
liquis  clavam  magnam  elongatam  perfoliatam  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (articulis  subsqualibus, 
sexto  et  septimo  vix  majoribus  globosis,  octavo  globoso-ovato).  Instrumenta  cibaria  fere  lit  in 
geuere  prsecedenti ;  sed  palpi  paulo  graciliores,  maxillarium  articulo  ultimo  valde  elongato.  Pedes 
pamm  graciles  subcontraetiles  :  tibiis  apice  leviter  dilatatis,  per  marginem  externum  minutissime 
serratis :  tarsis  4-articulatis,  articulis  tribus  baseos  minutis  subtequalibus,  quarto  longissimo 
subclavato. 

Octotemnns  differs  from  Cis,  priacipally,  in  ha^ing  but  eight  joints  to  its 
antennae  (the  club  of  which  moreover  is  exceedingly  abrupt,  and  has  its  extremity 
free  from  the  acute  tubercle  which  is  so  conspicuous  in  that  genus),  and  in  its 
tibiae  being  very  minutely  spiuulose  along  theu-  entire  outer  edge.  The  size  also 
of  the  only  two  knowTi  species  (the  Madeiran  representative  being  one  of  them) 
which  compose  it  is  smaller,  the  body  somewhat  more  fusiform,  and  the  palpi 
rather  slenderer,  and  more  acuminated  at  thek  apex.  In  other  respects  it  coin- 
cides almost  entu'ely  with  Cis. 

217.  Octotemnns  opacus. 
O.  fusiformi-cylindricus  piceus  subopacus  tenuissime  punctulatus  et  parce  subtiliter  pubescens,  pro- 
thorace antice  producto  necnon  ad  latera  rotundato  et  angustissime  marginato,  elytris  plerumque 
(prsesertim  basin  versus)  pallido-castaneis,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis,  illarum  clava  nigrescenti. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1. 

Octolemnus  opacus,  IMellie,  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  Eni.  de  France  (2'^'°^  serie)  vi.  386  (1848). 

Habitat  per  regionem  Maderfe  sylvaticam,  in  fungis  vel  sub  cortice  arborum,  toto  anno  vulgatissimus. 

2  o  2 


284  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

O.  somewhat  fusiform-cylindric  (being  a  little  narrowed  both  before  and  behind),  convex,  dark  piceous, 
slightly  opake,  most  delicately  granulated  all  over,  and  very  sparingly  clothed  with  a  minute, 
decumbent,  and  somewhat  cinereous  pubescence.  Head  rounded  and  slightly  margined  anteriorly, 
and  with  a  deep  transverse  impression  in  front.  Prothorax  convex  (the  sides  being  rounded)  ; 
rather  narrowed  and  produced  anteriorly  (where  it  is  of  a  bright  reddish-brown)  ;  very  minutely 
and  uniformly  punctulated ;  the  lateral  and  hinder  edges  most  narrowly  margined ;  both  the 
anterior  and  posterior  angles,  especially  the  former,  much  rounded  off;  and  with  slight  indica- 
tions (sometimes  only  just  traceable)  of  an  obscure  central  ridge.  Elytra  rather  more  shining 
than  the  prothorax  ;  also  with  the  punctures  smaller,  and  with  the  surface  towards  their  base  a 
little  roughened ;  of  a  more  or  less  bright  chestnut-brown, — the  humeral  region  of  each  being 
often  exceedingly  pale.  Antenna  and  lec/s  pale  testaceous ;  the  former  with  their  club  darkly 
infuscated. 

A  species  closely  allied  to  the  common  European  0.  ghibriculns  (wliich,  as 
already  stated,  is  the  only  other  member  of  the  genus  hitherto  described) ;  never- 
theless it  may  be  recognised  from  that  insect  by  being  larger,  more  opake,  and 
distinctly  pubescent,  by  ha\ing  the  produced  anterior  portion  of  its  pronotum 
bright  reddish-brown,  by  its  elytra  being  of  a  much  more  diluted  hue  (especially 
at  theu"  base)  than  the  prothorax,  and  by  the  extreme  paleness  of  its  antennae  and 
legs, — the  former  of  which  however  have  theu-  club  uniformly  dark.  M.  MeUie's 
diagnosis  of  it,  in  the  Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomolofjique  de  France  (compiled 
from  a  single  specimen  wliich  I  forwarded  to  him  after  my  retiu-n  from  the 
Madeu-a  Islands  in  1818),  is  not  quite  correct, — since  it  is  there  stated  to  be 
glabrous ;  whereas  the  existence  of  a  Avell-defined  (though  sparingly  scattered) 
pile  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  characters  which  serve  to  separate  it  from 
its  more  northern  ally  (on  ^^•hich  I  am  unable  to  detect  the  smallest  traces,  even 
beneath  a  liigli  magnifying  power,  of  any  pubescence  at  all).  It  is  abundant 
throughout  the  whole  sylvan  districts  of  Madeira,  especially  between  the  limits 
of  from  about  3000  to  5000  feet  above  the  sea.  Like  the  Cis  Laiiri  (with  w^hich 
it  is  often  found  in  company),  it  is  occasionally  to  be  met  with  by  thousands,  par- 
ticularly in  a  species  of  gigantic  fimgus  which  occm-s  in  the  dense  raWnes  of  inter- 
mediate altitudes.  At  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueu-os,  the  Feijua  de  C6rte,  in  the 
region  of  the  Ribeu-o  Frio,  and  at  the  Cvu-ral  das  Eomeii-as  (above  Funchal)  I 
have  observed  it  in  the  utmost  profusion. 

Genus  99.  PTILINUS.  .  ^^^^ 

Geoffroy,  Hist.  Abr.  des  Ins.  i.  65  (ITe^S- 

Corptts  sat  parvum,  elongatum,  cylindricum,  durum :  capite  dellexo  :  prothorace  subgloboso  convexo, 
antice  producto  et  scabroso  :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  intus  in  foeminis  serratae,  in  maribus  valde 
llabcilatie ;  articulis  primo  et  sccundo  (in  utroque  sexu)  simplicibus  (illo  leviter  robusto,  hoc 
parvo  brcvissimo  intus  subnodoso),  tertio  ad  dccimum  in  foemin.i  intus  scrratis,  in  mare  in  lobos 
(primo  bre\i  obtuso,  reliquis  longissimis)  lincaribus  intus  productis,  ultimo  in  foeminis  ovate,  in 
maribus  liiicari  longissimo.     Lahrum  comeum  trausversum,  antice  ])ilusum.     Mandibulce  cuxtie 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  285 

cornese  validse  latje  subtriangulares,  apice  acutse  bidentatse.  Maxilla  bilobse,  lobis  submem- 
branaceis  apice  pubescentibus ;  externa  magno  lato,  apice  truncato ;  intemo  brevissimo  minuto. 
Palpi  subclavati;  maxillares  articulo  primo  longiusculo  subgracili,  secundo  leviter  elougato 
subclavato,  tertio  breviore  (primi  longitudine),  ultimo  elongato  robusto  fusiformi  apice  aciiminato  ; 
labiales  longissimi,  articulo  prinio  parvo,  secundo  longissimo  subflexuoso  clavato,  ultimo  vix 
breviore  robusto  fusiformi  apice  subacuminato.  Mentum  corneum  transversum,  antice  bilobuni. 
Ligula  membranacea  cordata,  apice  pilosa.  Pedes  breviusculi  graciles  :  tibiis  anterioribus  {anticis 
prsecipue)  extus  minutissime  subserratis  necnon  ad  apicem  externum  in  angulum  leviter  exstantem 
subdentiformem  productis :  tarsis  articulis  primo  et  secundo  elongatis,  tertio,  quarto  et  quinto 
brevibus  (tertio  et  quarto  subtus  leviter  oblique  productis,  quinto  crasso  paulo  longiore  clavato). 

Ptllimts  may  be  readily  known  botli  by  external  and  structural  characters, — 
the  narrow  cylindi-ical  bodies  and  globose  prothoraces  of  the  species  which  com- 
pose it,  in  conjunction  with  the  two  elongated  basal,  and  the  three  abbreviated 
remaining,  joints  of  theu*  feet,  and  the  singular  flabeUated  antennae  of  the  male 
sex,  being  at  once  suflS.cient  to  distinguish  it  from  its  allies.  Although  easily 
recognised  however  as  a  genus,  it  is  one  of  rather  doubtful  position  in  a  general 
arrangement,  since  in  the  modification  of  its  antennae  and  tarsi  it  altogether 
recedes  from  the  present  family,  and  has  more  in  common  with  the  Ptinidce. 
Still,  in  its  apically  bidentate  mandibles,  in  the  excessive  minuteness  of  the  inner 
lobe  of  its  maxillae,  and  in  its  almost  simple  tibia?  it  agrees  unquestionably  with 
Cis ;  and  since  in  some  respects  it  is  suggestive  of  groups  even  beyond  it  (pecu- 
liarities moreover  which  are  supposed  to  be  of  greater  importance  than  those  by 
which  it  is  attracted  to  the  Ft  in  Idee, — and  which  its  very  cylindi"ic  form  and  its 
anteriorly  rugulose  pronotum  would  especially  represent),  I  believe  it  is  more 
natural  to  keep  it  nearer  to  this  extremity  of  the  Cissldce  than  to  the  other, — its 
tendency  (as  just  stated)  being  rather  in  the  dh-ection  of  the  departments  in 
advance  of  us  than  of  those  which  we  have  left  behind.  The  Ptilini  reside  abnost 
exclusively  in  rotten  wood,  and  are  most  frequently  to  be  found  about  houses, — in 
the  timber  of  which  their  rounded  perforations  are  often  but  too  conspicuous. 

218.  Ptilinus  cylindripennis,  Woll. 

P.  cylindricus  rufescenti-  vel  fuscescenti-brunneus  et   dense  subtiliter  pubescens,   prothorace  sub- 
globoso  convexo  granulato  necnon  antice  mucronibus  dispersis  asperato,  elytris  vix  punctulatis, 
antennis  pedibusque  pallidioribus. 
Mas,  paulo  minor,  antennis  valde  flabellatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-31. 

Habitat  Maderam,  ab  ord  maritima  usque  ad  3500'  s.  m.  ascendens  :  in  vinetis  circa  urbem  Funchalen- 
sem  sitis,  ad  Sanctam  Annam,  necnon  etiam  in  aperto  bine  inde  observavi. 

P.  elongated  and   cylindrical,  varying  from  a  dark  fuscous  hue  into  a  bright  reddish-brown,  and 
densely,  though  very  minutely  pubescent.    Prvthorax  exceedingly  convex  and  globose ;  minutely 


286  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

granulated,  and  with  coarser  tubercles  or  points  scattered  over  its  anterior  region, — which  is 
produced  and  a  little  acuminated,  and  has  its  extreme  apical  margin  slightly  reflexed ;  with  a 
longitudinal,  abbreviated,  subglabrous  dorsal  line  behind,  and  with  obscure  indications  of  a  small 
irregular  elevation  on  either  side  of  it.  Elytra  usually  rather  paler  than  (and  a  little  naiTower 
than  the  central  portion  of)  the  prothorax ;  free  from  longitudinal  costae,  and  almost  impunctate, 
— or  with  very  slight  indications  of  ill-defined  punctures  just  perceptible  towards  the  outer  mar- 
gins. Antenna  and  legs  generally  pale  ferruginous ;  the  furvier  usually  (particularly  the  flabel- 
lated  processes  of  the  male  articulations)  a  little  infuscated. 

The  Madoiran  representative  of  the  common  Eixropean  P.  ^jec^mecorwis,  although 
most  unqucstionalily  distinct  from  it, — being  not  only,  on  the  average  (for  both 
species  are  exceedingly  variable  in  size),  larger  and  more  rufescent  than  that 
insect,  but  hlvcwise  differing  in  the  sculpture  of  its  elytra,  which  are  (though 
[)ubescent)  comparatively  smooth  and  almost  impunctate ;  whereas  in  the  P.  pec- 
tmicornis  the  punctures  are  large  and  conspicuous.  It  is  decidedly  scarce, — 
nevertheless  widely  distril)uted  over  Madeu'a,  from  the  vineyards  of  the  southern 
coast  to  about  3500  feet  above  the  sea.  I  first  captured  it  in  the  garden  of  the 
Quinta  d'Ambrosio,  near  Punchal,  during  the  spring  of  181-8  ;  and  in  June  of  1850 
I  met  with  it  in  the  north  of  the  island, — in  the  house  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly, 
at  Santa  Anna.  It  is  not  attached  exclusively  however  to  the  -vicinity  of  the 
towns  and  villages, — since,  during  July  of  1850,  I  took  it  in  the  dense  forest 
region  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros ;  and,  in  August  of  the  same  year,  in  the 
(Equally  remote,  though  more  open,  district  of  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte. 

Genus  100.  RHYZOPERTHA. 

Stephens,  ///.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  3o4  (1830). 

Corpus  parvum,  elongatum,  cylindricum,  durum :  capite  deflexo :  prothorace  subgloboso  convexo, 
antice  producto  ct  scabroso :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  lO-articulatse  clavata;,  articulis  primo  et 
sccundo  robustis  (illo  paulo  longiore  crassiore),  tertio  ad  septimum  minutissimis  suba;qualibus, 
reliquis  clavam  magnam  abruptam  perfoliatam  triarticulatam  cfficientibus  (octavo  et  nono  sub- 
aequalibus  intus  productis,  decimo  obliquo-ovato).  Labrum  subcorneum  amplum  hexagonum, 
apice  valdc  pilosum.  MandihuLf  magnne  cornere  valida?  arcuatre,  infra  apicem  dente  obscuro, 
necnon  ad  basin  membrana,  iustructai.  AlaxilUe  bilob:e,  lobis  submcmbranaccis  valde  pubcscen- 
tibus ;  externa  elongato  angusto ;  inteiiw  paulo  brcviore  angustissimo.  Palpi  subfiliformes ; 
maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  longiore  crassiore  clavato,  tertio  huic  paulo  brenore, 
ultimo  longissimo  subacuminato-cylindrico ;  lahiales  articulo  primo  parvo,  sccundo  longiore  cras- 
siore, ultimo  elongato  subcylindrico-ovato.  Mentum  corneum  transversuni,  antice  levitcr  rotun- 
dato-productum.  Ligula  mcmbranacea  longiuscula,  apice  valde  pdosa.  Pedes  breviusculi  sub- 
graciles :  tibiis  extus  sparse  fortiter  serratis  (ad  apicem  externum  in  spinam  majorcm,  pntsertim 
in  aniicis,  productis)  :  tarsis  articulis  quatuor  bascos  miuutis  suba?qualibus  (primo  paulo  brcviore, 
in  tibiarum  apice  immerso,  supernc  vix  couspicuo),  quiuto  longissimo  subclavato. 

Tthyzopertha  is  in  many  respects  quite  as  discordant  as  Ftilinus, — combining 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  287 

the  cliaracters  of  the  present  family,  and  to  a  certain  extent  even  of  the  previous 
one  also,  with  the  outward  fades  of  the  Tomicidce.  Like  it,  however,  its  tendency 
would  appear  to  he  towards  the  last  of  these ;  and,  in  spite  therefore  of  the  many 
points  of  discrepancy  Avhich  it  displays  with  the  incipient  Pseudoietramera,  we  are 
compelled  to  place  it  here,  as,  upon  the  whole,  the  best  position  which  we  can 
assign  to  it : — and  which  is  rendered  the  more  natural  from  the  consideration  that 
both  it  and  Ptilimis  are  perhaps  nearer  akin  to  Apate  than  to  anything  else  (a  group 
which  leads  us  very  gradually  on,  particularly  tlu'ough  the  medium  of  its  accom- 
panying links,  in  the  dkection  of  the  Tomicl).  Thus,  for  instance,  the  10-jointed 
antennoe  of  Rhyzopertha,  with  its  perfoliated  club,  in  connection  with  its  distinctly 
developed  upper  lip  and  slender  legs,  would  go  far  to  establish  its  afl&nity  with 
Cis,  and  its  farinaceous  and  store-infesting  habits  might  indicate  some  relation 
even  mtli  the  PtiuklcB ;  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  in  its  extremely  cylindrical  form,  its 
anteriorly  roughened  and  produced  prothorax,  the  obliquely  subtruncated  apex  of 
its  elytra,  and  in  its  serrated  tibiee,  it  offers  so  strong  a  prima  facie  resemblance 
to  Tomicus,  that,  were  it  not  for  its  loosely-connected  clava,  it  might  be  almost 
mistaken  at  first  sight  for  a  species  of  that  genus, — from  which,  consequently,  it 
Avould  seem  desirable  that  it  sliould  not  be  further  removed  than  is  necessary.  It 
occurs  usually  in  and  about  houses ;  and  since,  like  many  of  the  typical  Ptinidce, 
it  attaches  itself  to  different  kinds  of  provisions  and  articles  of  commerce,  it  is 
liable  to  become  diffused,  in  various  ways,  throughout  the  civilized  world. 

219.  Rhyzopertha  pusilla. 
R.  cylindrica  ferruginea,  prothorace  convexo  valde  scabroso  uecnon  antice  niucrouibus  asperato,  elytris 

nitidis  profunde  substriato-punctatis  (punctis  magnis),  ad  apicem  oblique  subtruncatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1  ~. 

Si/nodendron pusilkim.  Fab.  Hut.  Si/sf.  v.  (Siq^jil.)  156  (1798). 
Ptimis  Jissicornis  et  piceus,  Mslim,  Hut.  Brit.  i.  82  et  88  (1802). 
Bhyzopertha  inisilla,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  354  (1830). 
,  Lucas,  Col.  de  VAlgerie,  468  (1849). 

Habitat  in  domibus  mercatorumque  repositoriis  Maderse,  prsesertim  in  urbe  ipsa  Funchalensi, — in 
insulam  ex  alienis  farinariis  et  radicibus  invecta. 

R.  elongated  and  cylindrical,  bright  ferruginous,  and  nearly  free  from  pubescence.  Prothorax  ex- 
ceedingly convex,  roughly  scabrous  or  granulated,  and  with  coarser  tubercles  or  points  (which 
have  a  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  in  concentric  folds)  densely  scattered  over  its  anterior 
region, — which  is  slightly  narrowed,  produced  and  rounded  (but  not  at  all  acuminated),  and  has 
its  extreme  margin  roughened  and  slightly  reflexed ;  and  without  any  appearance  of  a  dorsal 
channel.  Elytra  shining,  very  distinctly  and  regularly  substriate-punctate  (the  punctures  being 
exceedingly  large  and  deep,  but  the  striae  excessively  shallow) ;  and  with  a  slight  tendency  to  be 
obliquely  truncated  at  their  extremity.  Antenna  a  little  paler,  and  the  le^s  usually  a  trifle  darker, 
than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 


288  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Evidently  an  imported  insect  into  Madeira,  occuiTing  principally  in  tlie  houses 
of  Funclial, — where  it  attaches  itself  to  articles  of  commerce,  though  more  espe- 
cially to  farinaceous  preparations  and  di-ied  vegetable  sul)stances  of  various  kinds. 
It  is  under  such  circumstances  that  it  is  found  throughout  Europe  generally ;  and 
in  England  I  have  obserA'ed  it,  in  great  abimdance,  in  powdered  arrow-root.  It  is 
stated  by  Kii-by  and  Spence  to  have  been  detected  amongst  roots  of  Turkey 
rhubarb  in  the  East  India  Company's  warehouses  in  London ;  and  both  Marsham 
and  Stephens  have  remarked  that  it  is  constantly  liable  to  be  introduced  with  roots 
and  seeds  from  India, — from  whence  indeed  the  specimens  described  by  Fabricius 
in  1798  were  brought.  Hence,  its  original  centre  of  diffusion  was  probably  extra- 
European  :  nevertheless,  if  not  truly  indigenous,  it  would  appear  to  have  esta- 
blished itself  more  completely  on  the  southern  Mediterranean  limits  than  in  cooler 
latitudes,  since  M.  Lucas,  in  his  accoimt  of  the  Coleoptera  of  Algeria,  records  its 
existence  beneath  the  bark  of  the  Quercus  suber  and  Cytisus  spinosiis  dui-ing  the 
winter  and  spring  months,  in  the  vicinity  of  Oran. 


Sectio  vii.  rhyncophora. 

Fam.  32.  TOMICID^. 

Genus  101.  TOMICUS*. 

LatrciUe,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Ins.  iii.  203  (1802). 

Corpus  parvum,  cylindricum  :  capite  subdeflexo,  vix  producto  :  prolhorace  amplo  convexo,  aiitice  pro- 
ducto  et  scabroso :  elytris  apice  plus  minusve  obliquo- truncatis  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  capitatae; 
scapo  (i.  e.  ai-ticulo  primo)  longissimo  clavato ;  funiculo  [i.  e.  articulis  inter  scapum  et  capitulum 
sitis)  5-articulato,  articulo  primo  robusto  apice  truncate,  reliquis  brevissimis  a  basi  angusta 
latitudine  paulatim  crescentibus ;  capitulo  solidissinio,  obscure  quadri-annulato.  Labrum  ob- 
soletum.     Mandibula  comese  validse  subtriangulares  obtusse,  infra  apicem  dente  obtuso  instructae 


*  It  is  difficult  to  understand  on  wliat  principle  many  of  the  European  entomologists  sfill  persist  in 
appropriating  the  title  oi  Bostiicliu.i  iV)r  the  Tomici,  except  ou  the  unfair  partiality  which  exists  of  em- 
pl()\ing  everything  Fahrician  at  the  expense  of  priority.  If  indeed  the  term  of  Bostrichns  is  to  be  used 
at  all  (and  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not),  it  is  clear  that  it  should  be  applied  to  the  Bermestes 
capiicinus,  Linn.,  for  which  it  was  originally  established  by  Geoftroy  inl764, — and  to  which,  eleven  years 
afterwards,  Fabricius  chose  to  give  the  name  of  Apate.  The  fact  of  Fabricius  ha\'ing  cited  (in  1792) 
some  of  the  members  of  the  present  group  as  Bostriclii  cannot  be  the  slightest  excuse  for  endorsing  his 
falsification  of  G^eoflroy's  generic  name, — which  appertains  to  the  Bermestes  capminus  (and  to  whatsoever 
allied  species  may  have  been  since  discovered)  exclusively.  Bostrichus  therefore  having  been  correctly 
disposed  of  (and  moreover  conceded  to  its  projyer  author,  which  in  common  justice  we  are  bound  to  do), 
it  is  evident  that  Latreille's  appellation  of  Tomicm,  proposed  for  these  insects  in  1802,  should,  ui  accord- 
ance with  the  laws  of  precedence,  be  accepted. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  289 

necnon  ad  basin  sinuatfe.  Maxilla  lobo  singula  lato  setoso  instructse  [interno  obsoleto).  Palpi 
conici  crassi ;  maxillares  articulo  pi-imo  brevissimo  lato,  secundo  longiore  vix  graciliore,  tertio 
brevi,  ultimo  mimito  conico;  labiates  articulis  primo  et  secundo  crassiusculis  subsequalibus, 
ultimo  minuto  conico.  Ligula  membranacea  elongata  subtriangularis.  Pedes  brevissimi  validi : 
iibiis  compressis,  apicem  versus  dilatatis,  extus  fortiter  dentatis,  ad  apicem  interuum  spina  recta 
armatis  :  tarsis  articulis  tribus  baseos  longiusculis  crassiusculis  subsequalibus,  quarto  minu- 
tissimo,  quinto  longissimo  subclavato. 

The  TomicidcB,  which  by  some  entomologists  are  amalgamated  with  the  Hylesi- 
nidce,  would  appear  to  supply  a  very  natural  passage  into  the  typical  lihynco2)hora 
from  the  departments  which  we  have  just  left  behind  us  ;  for,  whilst  in  all  essential 
respects  they  are  Pseudotetramerovis,  yet  the  peculiar  characteristics  of  that 
section  (and  especially  of  the  E-hyncophorous  portion  of  it)  are  unquestionably 
less  developed  in  them  than  in  the  more  advanced  forms.  Thvis,  whilst  they 
almost  coincide  as  regards  theii'  oral  organs  with  the  modification  observable  in 
the  Hylesinldce,  yet  the  head,  which  is  distinctly  elongated  in  that  family  (a  struc- 
ture which  reaches  its  maximum  in  the  Curculionklce),  is  here  scarcely  at  all  pro- 
duced ; — and,  whilst  their  tarsi,  on  the  other  hand,  display  the  minute  penultimate 
joint  which  is  so  universal  throughout  the  entire  province  of  the  Pseudotetrmnera, 
yet  the  antepenultimate  (which  is,  normally,  in  that  division,  deeply  cordate,  so 
as  to  receive  the  following  one  between  its  lobes)  is  here  simple, — as  though  to 
connect  the  genera  towards  which  we  are  approaching  with  the  preceding  (penta- 
merous)  ones.  Such  are  the  featm*es  on  which  I  would  lay  more  decided  stress 
in  detaching  the  TomicidcB  from  the  HylesinidcB ;  and  it  must  be  admitted  that 
they  are  very  important,  as  being  of  all  others  perhaps  the  most  prominent 
which  we  make  use  of  in  framing  om'  actual  definition  of  the  Bhyncophora. 
Nevertheless,  essential  as  they  are,  they  do  not  constitute  all,  since  in  the  minor 
details  of  their  organization  there  are  a  few  particulars  wliich  may  serve,  albeit  in 
a  general  way,  to  separate  the  two  groups  in  question.  Thus,  for  instance,  the 
more  cylindrical  bodies  of  the  Tomicidce,  the  more  produced  and  rugose  front 
region  of  their  pronotum  (singularities,  be  it  noticed,  which  are  broadly  expressed 
in  the  later  Cissidce),  in  conjimction  with  their  more  (obliquely)  truncated  extre- 
mity, are  sufficiently  evident,  when  contrasted  with  the  corresponding  points  of 
the  Sylesmidce,  to  be  at  once  appreciated. 

Tomicus  proper  may  be  known  from  its  immediate  allies  by  its  5-articulated 
funiculus,  and  l^y  the  powerful  denticulations  of  its  tibiae.  It  possesses  also  those 
two  primary  diagnostics  of  the  ordinary  members  of  the  family, — namely  the 
anteriorly  roughened  and  hooded  prothorax,  and  the  obliquely  terminated  elytra, — 
more  positively  than  is  the  case  with  either  of  the  other  Madeiran  genera  ;  both  of 
which  indeed  are  extremely  anomalous, — whilst  one  of  them,  in  the  subemarginated 
tliird  joint  of  its  tarsi,  is  so  far  aberrant  as  to  form  a  connecting  link  with  the  Sy- 
lesinidcB.  The  Tomici  are  of  eminently  lignivorous  habits, — attaching  themselves  to 
the  larger  trees,  and  being  in  nowise  connected  with  the  stalks  of  smaller  plants. 

2p 


290  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

220.  Tomicus  villosus. 

T.  lato-cylindricus  subnitidus  piceo-ferrugineus  et  pilis  longissimis  erectis  subfulvescentibus  adspersus, 
prothorace  undique  rugose  scabroso-granulato,  anticc  rotundato  sed  vix  asperato,  elytris  rugose 
seriatim  punctatis  (seriebus  alternis  ex  punctis  maximis  compositis),  ad  apieem  obliquo-truncatis, 
antennis  pedibusque  tcstaceis. 

Long.  corj).  lin.  1^-li. 

Bostrichus  villosus,  Fab.  Unf.  Si/st.  i.  ii.  367  (1792). 

,  Payk.  Fna  Siiec.  iii.  154  (1800). 

Ips  villosus,  Mshm,  IJnt.  Brit.  i.  53  (1802). 

Tomicus  villosus.  Staph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iii.  356  (1830). 

Habitat  Maderam,  sub  cortice  arborum,  rarissimus :  tria  specimina,  in  castanetis  Sanctse  Annae  Junio 
exeunte  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  reperta,  sola  vidi. 

T.  rather  short,  tiiick  and  cylindrical,  slightly  shining,  ferruginous  or  pale  piceo-ferruginous,  and 
densely  besprinkled  with  exceedingly  long,  erect  and  fulvescent  hairs.  Prothorax  not  very 
convex,  uniformly  and  roughly  scabrous  or  granulated,  but  scarcely  more  roughened  in  front 
than  elsewhere, — where  however  it  is  rounded  and  produced ;  and  without  any  appearance  of 
either  a  dorsal  channel  or  ridge.  Elytra  rough,  and  very  deeply  seriate-punctate  (the  punctures 
being  extremely  large  and  distinct),  and  the  interstices  with  a  longitudinal  row  of  very  minute 
punctures  down  each ;  abruptly  truncated  behind, — where  there  is  a  deeply-impressed  stria  on 
either  side  of  the  suture,  which  gradually  vanishes  in  front,  but  without  any  tendency  to  addi- 
tional asperity.     Antenna  and  legs  testaceous. 

A  large  and  well-marked  Tomicus;  and  readily  known  from  the  following 
species  by  its  (proportionably)  short,  thick  and  robust  form,  pale  rufo-piceous,  or 
almost  ferruginous,  hue,  by  its  extremely  hairy  and  roughened  sui-face,  and  by 
the  sculpture  of  its  prothorax  and  el}i;ra, — the  former  of  which  moreover  is  not 
expanded  anteriorly,  whilst  the  latter  are  comparatively  mitch  truncated  at  their 
hinder  extremity.  It  is  a  tolerably  common  insect  throughout  boreal  and  central 
liurope,  Ijut  Avould  appear  in  Madeu-a  to  be  decidedly  scarce, — where  it  is  just 
possible  indeed  that  it  may  have  been  introduced  from  more  northern  latitudes. 
Three  specimens  only  have  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice, — all  of  which  were 
captured  by  myself,  during  the  summer  of  1850,  from  under  the  bark  of  Spanish 
chestnut-trees  in  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly's  vineyard  at  Santa  Anna. 

221.  Tomicus  Dohmii,  Woll. 

T.  angusto-cylindricus  nitidus  nigro-piccus  et  pilis  brevioribus  subcrectis  cinereis  adspersus,  pro- 
thorace amplo  subtilissime  et  parcc  punctulato,  ante  medium  subnodoso-convexo,  antice  dilatato 
obtuse  rotundato  necnon  mucronibus  asperato,  elytris  minute  seriatim  punctatis  (seriebus  alternis 
vix  observandis),  ad  apieem  leviter  obliquo-truncatis,  antennis  pedibusque  palUdo-tcstaceis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1-1  i. 

Habital  in  Mader^  (pi-jesertim  boreali)  excelsd  sylvatic^,  sub  cortice  arborum,  hinc  inde  vulgatissimus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  291 

Species  valde  indigena,  et  in  honorem  illust.  C.  A.  Dohrn,  qui  in  Gennania  per  plures  annos  scientise 
Entomologicse  patronus  exstitit,  a  me  denominata. 

T.  narrower,  and  comparatively  more  elongated,  than  the  T.  villosm,  cylindrical  (though  a  little 
expanded  anteriorly),  shining  (especially  the  elytra),  dark  piceous,  and  besprinkled  with  fine, 
erect  and  cinereous  hairs, — which  however  are  much  shorter,  and  not  all  of  them  so  erect,  as 
those  of  the  last  species.  Prothorax  large,  straightened  behind  and  dilated  in  front ;  with  a  small 
convexity  (almost  resembling  the  rudiments  of  a  nodule)  on  its  fore-disk ;  most  delicately  and 
distantly  punctulated  behind, — where  it  is  nearly  glabrous,  and  sometimes  of  an  obscure  rufescent 
tinge ;  greatly  roughened  in  front  with  coarse  and  somewhat  transverse  tubercles  and  points, — 
where  it  is  produced,  and  (on  account  of  the  expansion)  obtusely  rounded ;  without  any  appear- 
ance of  either  a  dorsal  channel  or  ridge.  Ehjtra  minutely  seriate-punctate  (the  punctures  how- 
ever being  much  larger  than  those  on  the  hinder  portion  of  the  prothorax),  and  the  interstices 
also  with  a  longitudinal  row  of  small  and  exceedingly  shallow  punctui'es  down  each  (which  how- 
ever, on  account  of  their  shallowness,  are  scarcely  perceptible  except  beneath  the  microscope) ;  the 
pubescence  rather  longer  than  on  the  prothorax,  and  somewhat  disposed  in  rows  posteriorly ; 
much  less  evidently  truncated  behind  than  in  the  T.  villosus, — where  however  there  are  indications 
of  a  few  raised  costse  and  tubercles.     Antenna  and  legs  pale  testaceous. 

A  very  distinct  species,  and  one  of  the  most  truly  indigenous  of  all  the  Madeiran 
Coleoptera, — occurring  beneath  the  bark  and  in  the  rotten  wood  of  the  native 
laiu'els  (occasionally  in  great  profusion)  in  most  of  the  sylvan  regions  of  inter- 
mediate and  lofty  altitudes.  It  may  be  easily  recognised  by  its  narrow  cylindrical 
form,  by  the  greatly  roughened  and  dilated  anterior  portion  of  its  (large)  pro- 
thorax,— the  hinder  haK  of  which  is  bright  and  almost  impunctate,  whilst  its  fore- 
disk  is  upheaved  into  an  obscure  convexity  (somewhat  resembling  an  incipient 
nodule)  ;  by  its,  also,  finely  sculptvu'ed  elytra,  and  by  the  excessive  paleness  of  its 
limbs.  Contrasted  with  the  T.  villosus,  it  is  likewise  darker,  much  more  shining, 
and  less  pubescent.  It  is  an  insect  which  does  not  usually  make  its  appearance 
much  before  quite  the  latter  end  of  the  spring.  Its  legitimate  range  would  seem 
to  be  from  about  2000  to  4500  feet  above  the  sea ;  though  it  evidently  attains  its 
maximum  rather  towards  the  upper  than  the  lower  extremity  of  those  limits. 
Thus,  in  the  slightly  raised  districts  of  Santa  Anna  and  Sao  Vincente  it  is  com- 
paratively scarce, — where  nevertheless  I  have  observed  it,  at  times,  during  Jime : 
but  in  the  more  elevated  (and  dense)  forests  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  it  is 
common  ;  where,  in  the  summer  of  1850,  I  took  an  extensive  series  of  specimens, 
— principally  on  the  wing,  or  attracted  to  the  white  canvass  of  my  tent  towards 
the  dusk  of  the  evening:  whilst,  ascending  higher  still,  to  the  upland  Serras 
bordering  on  the  Panal,  we  find  it  in  literal  profusion ;  so  much  so  indeed,  that, 
whUst  encamped  at  the  Cruzinhas  (early  in  July  of  the  same  year),  I  might  have 
captured  it  by  thousands,  —especially,  as  at  the  Pecegueiros,  from  off  my  tent ; 
although  most  abundantly,  in  that  locality,  during  the  heat  of  the  day. 

I  have  dedicated  the  species  to  M.  Dohrn,  President   of  the  Entomological 

Society  of  Stettin,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  contribution  of  various  insects, 

for  comparison,  throughout  the  elaboration  of  this  work. 

2  p  2 


292  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  102.  APHANARTHRUM,  WoU.    (Tab.  YI.  fig.  2.) 

Corpus  parvum,  cyliiKlricum,  laetc  coloratum  :  prothorace  amplo  convexo,  antice  producto  sed  baud 
scabroso  :  etytris  apice  rotundatis  integris  :  alls  ampUs.  Antenna  (VI.  2  a)  capitatae ;  scapo 
longissimo  clavato,  basi  flexuoso;  funiculo  3-articulato,  articulo  pi-iiuo  robusto  apice  truncate 
basi  subflexuoso,  secundo  et  tertio  minutissimis  brevissimis  (hoc  \ix  observando  necnon  in  capi- 
tuhim  oblique  inserto) ;  capitulo  solido  ovato  pilosissimo  quadri-annulato.  Labrum  obsoletum. 
Mandibulte  (VI.  2  h)  corner  vabda;  subtriangularcs  obtusEC,  infra  apicem  dente  obtuso  instructse, 
ad  basin  integrse.  Maxilla  (VI.  2  c)  lobo  singula  lato  setose  instructse  {intemo  obsolete).  Palpi 
cenici;  maxillares  minutissinii  crassi,  articulis  prime,  secundo  et  tertio  brc\issiniis  transversis, 
ultimo  paulo  longiore  graciliore  conico ;  labiates  (V.  2  d)  longiores,  articulis  longitudine  sub- 
a;qualibus,  primo  et  secundo  crassis,  ultimo  gracili  ovato  basi  truncate.  Ligula  membrauacea 
elongata,  apice  truncata.  Pedes  breves  validi :  tibiis  (VI.  2  e)  compressis,  apicem  versus  dila- 
tatis,  extus  fortitev  dentatis  (dentibus,  in  anticis  tribus  vel  quatuor,  in  posterioribus  septem  vel 
octe),  ad  apicem  internum  spina  parva  recta  subacuta  armatis  :  tarsis  articulis  tribus  baseos  lon- 
giusculis  crassiusculis  subsequalibus  (primo  vix  graciliore),  quarto  minutissimo,  quinto  longis- 
simo unguiculis  simplicibus  munito. 

Ab  a<^avri<;  c  visu  absconditus,  et  apOpov  artus. 

Throughout  the  whole  of  the  Madeiran  insects  there  is  perhaps  no  form  more 
interesting  than  the  anomalous  little  species  from  which  the  above  structural 
diagnosis  has  been  compiled.  In  its  general  facies,  it  displays  a  peculiarity  of 
colouring  to  which  we  are  totally  unaccustomed  in  this  department  of  the  Coleop- 
tcra,  in  which  anything  like  painted  or  variegated  sm-faces  is  almost  imkno'mi ; 
whilst  in  the  proportions  of  its  antennae  it  is  scarcely  less  remarkalile.  These  last 
indeed  are  of  a  very  extraordinary  nature,  their  funiculus  being  composed  of  three 
joints  only, — one  of  which  moreover  is  so  excessively  minute,  as  to  cause  it,  before 
very  closely  inspected,  to  appear  actually  biarticulate.  It  was  some  time  in  fact 
})efore  I  discovered  this  diminutive  joint  at  all, — which  is  doubly  difficult  to  be 
detected,  not  only  because  of  its  literally  microscopic  dimensions,  but  likcAnse  on 
account  of  an  irregularity  which  the  genus  possesses  of  having  its  funiculus  in- 
serted obliquely  into  its  club, — the  axes  of  the  two,  instead  of  uniting  at  the  point 
of  contact,  being  separated  by  an  appreciable  space ;  so  that  the  convexity  of  the 
latter  entirely  conceals  this  item  of  the  former  from  view,  except  when  examined 
in  a  particular  direction,  and  ui\der  favom-able  circumstances  for  definition  and 
light — (a  feature  which  suggested  the  nanie  of  Aphanarthrum,  as,  in  the  present 
instance,  singularly  appropriate).  In  its  smooth  prothorax  and  apically  entke 
elytra  it  recedes  from  the  tj^pical  Tomicidce ;  yet  its  short  head,  greatly  produced 
prothorax,  and  very  cylindi'ical  body,  in  conjunction  with  its  simple  tarsi,  point  to 
that  family  as,  nevertheless,  its  correct  location.  Upon  the  whole,  I  am  inclined 
to  think  that  it  may  be  more  akin  to  Jli/pothcnemits  of  '^^'estwood  (enunciated  in 
the  first  volume  of  the  Entomological  Society's  Transactions,  in  1836)  than  to  any 
other  genus  hitherto  known, — which  is  not  only,  like  Aphanarthnnn,  an  exception 
to  the  generality  of  these  groups  as  regards  hue  (exhibiting  gay  and  opposite 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  293 

tints),  but  has,  in  like  manner,  a  3-j orated  funiculus  and  its  feet  moulded  on  the 
same  type.  Although  thus  far  coincident  however  with  ITi/potheneitms,  with 
which  it  must  consequently  be  admitted  to  have  a  very  decided  affinity,  it  is 
almost  needless  to  add  that  it  offers  abundant  distinctive  characters  of  its  o-mi 
which  entirely  debar  it  from  association  with  that  genus, — amongst  which  its  com- 
paratively gigantic  size,  its  anteriorly  um-oughened  pronotum,  and  the  eccentric 
implantation,  and  nearly  evanescent  tliird  joint,  of  its  funiculus  should  be  espe- 
cially noticed. 

222.  Aphanarthrmn  Euphorbise,  Wall.    (Tab.  VI.  fig.  2.) 

A.  cylindricum  opacum  fusco-nigrum  et  pilis  brevibus  cinereis  vestitum,  protborace  subtilissime  et 
creberrime  granulato,  in  medio  obsoletissime  carinato,  antice  subacuminato  lurido  sed  baud 
asperate,  elytris  crebre  ruguloso-subpunctulatis  subolivaceo-luridis,  fasciis  duabus  (una  sc.  sub- 
media  valde  sinuato-undulata  et  altera  postica  subarcuato-transversa)  nigris  ornatis,  ad  apicem 
baud  truncatis,  autennis  pedibusque  lurido-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^-l. 

Habitat  per  partem  Maderae  sylvaticam,  in  truncis  Euphorbia  mellifera,  Linn.  Phil.,  inter  3000'  et 
5000'  s.  m.  nascentis,  bine  inde  nou  infrequens :  in  nemore  illo  Euphorbiarum  in  regione  Fana- 
lensi  (prope  lacum  crateriformem  Lagoa  dictum)  sito  d.  17  Jul.  a.d.  1851  primus  copiosissime 
inveni ;  sed  Augusto  ineunte  ejusdem  anni  pauca  specimina  etiam  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  cepi ;  necnon 
in  trunco  Eupborbise  emortuo  ad  Jardim  de  Serra  d.  10  Jan.  a.d.  1851  coUegit  cl.  Dom.  Heer. 

A.  cylindrical,  nearly  opake,  brownisb-black,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  short,  fine  and  cinereous 
pubescence.  Prothorax  most  delicately  and  closely  granulated  all  over  (but  with  scarcely  any  in- 
dications of  punctures  intermixed),  and  not  at  all  more  roughened  in  front  than  elsewhere, — where 
however  it  is  a  great  deal  produced,  somewhat  acuminated,  and  of  a  dull  lurid,  or  brownish- 
yellow  hue  ;  with  an  obscure  dorsal  ridge  down  the  disk  (more  especially  apparent  posteriorly) ; 
and  with  the  hinder  margin  in  immature  specimens  slightly  diluted,  or  lutescent.  Elytra  closely 
and  rather  rugosely  subpunctulated  (the  punctures  being  small,  ill-defined,  and  without  any  ten- 
dency to  be  disposed  in  rows) ;  the  pubescence  rather  coarser  and  paler  than  on  the  prothorax ; 
rounded  and  entire  at  their  extremity  (having  no  appearance  of  oblique  tmncation) ;  pale  lurid- 
yellow  (often  with  a  slightly  olivaceous  tinge), — with  a  greatly  sinuated  submedial  fascia  (the 
lateral  portions  of  which  are  oblique  and  transverse,  and  the  central  one  suddenly  looped  back- 
wards, and  with  its  concavity  turned  towards  the  base),  and  a  transverse  subarcuated  posterior 
one  (generally  disconnected  at  the  suture,  and  scarcely  ever  extending  to  the  lateral  margins), 
black.  Antenna  and  legs  lurid-testaceous ;  the  former  with  their  club  a  little  picescent ;  and  the 
latter  with  their  tarsi  very  pale. 

An  insect  as  truly  indigenous  as  it  is  remarkable ;  and  one  which  might  be  easily 
overlooked,  even  by  a  careful  observer,  from  its  (apparently)  exclusive  attachment 
to  the  gigantic  Tree  Euphorbia  {Euplwrhla  melUfera,  Liiin.  Phil.)  of  elevated,  and 
more  or  less  remote,  inland  spots.  It  was  not  indeed  until  my  thii'd  sojom-n  in 
these  islands  that  I  succeeded  in  detecting  it :  but,  whilst  encamped  in  the  lofty 


294  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

district  of  the  Fanal  during  July  of  1850,  I  was  induced  by  the  Eev.  R.  T.  Lowe 
to  visit  a  icood  of  these  monstrous  Euphorbias,  immediately  below  the  round 
crater -like  basin  of  the  Lagoa,  on  the  descent  of  the  mountain-road  towards  the 
Ribeu-a  da  Janclla  and  Porto  Moniz, — Avhen,  much  to  my  delight,  I  found  the 
entu'e  substance  of  many  of  the  older  trees  perforated  by  this  elegant  little  AjjJm- 
narthrum ;  in  conjimction  moreover  with  a  species  of  Mesites  which  hitherto  I 
have  not  elsewhere  met  with.  It  is  not  easy  in  fact  to  pronounce  which  afforded 
me  the  greatest  pleasure, — the  sudden  discovery  of  two  novelties  so  interesting,  or 
the  first  sight  of  this  unique  grove  of  noble  Euphorbias  :  both  however  had  their 
charms,  and  will  long  impart  to  that  day  a  reminiscence  peculiarly  its  own.  This 
is  not  the  only  locality  however  in  which  it  has  occurred  to  me ;  for,  ha'ving  once 
ascertained  its  halnts,  I  was  of  course  on  the  look-out  wherever  the  Eupliorhia 
tnelUfera  was  to  be  traced, — and  I  subsequently  procured  it,  although  sparingly, 
at  the  Ribeiro  Erio  likewise.  Nevertheless  it  probably  exists  throughout  most  of 
the  upland  regions  in  which  the  Eupliorh'm  mellifera  j^revails ;  since,  on  the  10th 
of  January  1851,  it  was  captvu'ed,  by  Professor  Hcer,  in  considex'able  numbers  at 
the  Jardim  da  Serra, — where  that  j)lant  is  tolerably  common. 

Genus  103.  LEIPARTHRUM,  Woll.    (Tab.  Y.  fig.  9,  ti  Tab.  VI.  fig.  3.) 

Corpus  minutiim,  cylindricuni :  prothornce  ainplo  convcxo,  antice  prodiicto  haud  scabroso  sed  plerum- 
quc  tubcrculis  minutissiniis  obsito :  ebjtris  apice  rotuudatis  iutegris :  alls  amplis.  Antenna 
(VI.  3a)  capitate;  scapo  elongato  clavato  subflexuoso;  funiculo  4-articulato,  articulo  primo 
robiisto  apice  truncato,  secundo  et  tertio  minutis,  quarto  paulo  latiore  transverso ;  capitulo  soli- 
dissimo  clongato-ovato  piloso,  obscurissime  quadii-aimulato.  Lahntm  obsoletum.  Mandibula 
(VI.  Z  b)  cornea;  validfc  triangulares  obtusa',  intra  apiccni  dente  parvo  obtuso  obseuro  iustructse, 
ad  basin  integra;.  Maxilla  (VI.  3 c)  lobo  singula  latissimo  bre\i  rotundato  setoso  instructae 
{interna  obsoleto).  Palpi  subsetoso-conici ;  maxillares  minuti,  articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio 
bre\issimis  transversis,  ultimo  longiore  graciliore  subconico ;  labiales  (VI.  3  d)  longiusculi, 
articulo  primo  crasso,  secundo  paulo  breviore  crassiusculo,  ultimo  elongato  gracili  subcyliudrico. 
Liyula  membranacea  subelongata  pilosa,  basi  angustata,  apice  truncata.  Pedes  brevissimi,  parum 
validi :  tibiis  compressis,  apicem  versus  lev-iter  dilatatis,  anticis  (V.  9  a,  et  VI.  3  e)  simplicibus, 
pasteriaribus  (V.  9  i,  et  VI.  3/)  subcurvatis  extus  4-dcntatis,  amnibus  ad  apicem  internum  spin4 
(in  anticis  elongata  robustissima  valde  obtusfi  recta,  in  posterioribus  minore  angustiore  leviter 
acutS,  subrecta)  armatis :  tarsis  4-articulatis,  articulis  duobus  baseos  longiusculis  crassis  sub- 
wqualibus  (primo  paulo  longiore  basi  angusto  subflexuoso,  secundo  apice  obscure  emarginato), 
tertio  minutissimo,  quarto  elongate  unyuiculis  simplicibus  munito. 

A  XetTrw  relinquo,  et  apdpov  artus.     (Typus — Leiparthrum  biiuberculatum.) 

At  once  distinguished  from  every  modification  both  of  the  present  and  folloA^ving 
families  with  whicli  I  am  acquainted  by  its  quach'iarticulatc  feet ; — and  from  aU, 
except  Fohjyraplnis,  Xy  later  us  and  CrypludKS,  by  its  fom'-jointcd  fimiculus.  As 
regards  these  three  genera,  however, — apart  from  its  tarsi,  wliich  constitute  its 
most   anomalous   feature, — it  may  be  known;    first,  from  Toli/ffrajifiiis,  by  its 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  295 

simple  front-tibifB,  and  by  its  sinaUer  and  more  cylindrical  form ;  secondly,  from 
Xylotenis,  by  (likewise)  its  diminutive  size,  by  its  robuster  and  more  elongated 
club,  its  unwrinkled  forehead  (in  both  sexes),  and  by  its  strongly-dentate  posterior 
tibiae ;  whilst,  thirdly,  the  structui-e  of  its  tibiae,  and  its  comparatively  smooth 
prothorax  will,  inter  alia,  remove  it  equally  from  CnjplialnS:     In  general  contour 
indeed  it  somewhat  approaches  to  Cryptnrgus,  but  the  biarticulatcd  funiculus  and 
the  toothed  fore-tibia;  of  that  genus  are  of  themselves  sufficient  to  separate  it  from 
LeipaHhrum.     It  is  needless  however  to  trace  out  its  affinities  any  further,  since 
in  its  tetramerous  feet  it  recedes  from  all  the  members  of  the  Tomlcidcs  and 
Hijlesinidce  combined  which  have  been  hitherto  made  known.     The  pecuHar  con- 
formation of  its  anterior  til)ia;  (PL  VI.  fig.  3)  however  should  be  adcUtionally 
noticed  ;  which,  although  not  denticulated,  have  two  most  remarkable  cmcks  (for 
it  is  difficult  to  express  them  by  any  term  so  appropriate)  along  their  outer  edge, 
having  much  the  appearance  of  recently-healed  cuts,  or  wounds,— whilst  their 
terminal  portion  is  lengthened  out  into  an  exceedriigly  powerful,    obtuse   and 
apically-subdilated  lobe.     So  that,  when  (in  connection  with  these  particulars)  we 
take  into  consideration  the  subemarginated  second  joint  of  its  tarsi  (as  though  to 
connect  the  present  family  with  the  foUowing  one),  and  the  singiUar  tubercles 
which  three  of  the  species  described  below  are  armed  with  on  the  anterior  region 
of  theii-  pronotum  (and  which  I  am  inclined  to  suspect  may  in  fact  exist  in  a  rudi- 
mentary state  even  on  the  fourth  also,— though,  if  such  be  the  case,  they  must  be 
amazingly  obscure,  since  I  am  not  able  to  detect  them  even  beneath  the  micro- 
scope), we  may  fairly  regard  Leiparthrum  as  one  of  the  best-defined  and  most 
abnormal  groups  as  yet  enunciated  in  this  department  of  the  Xylophaga. 

223.  Leiparthnun  mandibulare,  WoU.    (Tab.  V.  fig.  9.) 
L.  cylmdricum  diluto-testaceum  et  pilis  rigidis  parce  vestitum,  mandibulis  magnis  ponectis,  pro- 

thorace  minus  amplo,  tuberculis  (sc.  duobus  mox  infra  apicem,  necnon  in  disco  antico  septem 

vel  octo  minutioribus  in  circulum  partim  dispositis),  obsito,  elytris  ragulosis  obsolete  substriato- 

subpunctatis,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  1. 
Habitat  Maderam  borealem,  sub  cortice  arboris  cujusdam  in  castanetis  Sanctse  Anna^  semel  (aestate 

media  a.d.  1850)  repertum. 
Insectum  valde  anomalum,  mandibuUs  porrectis  ordineque  tuberculorum  prothoracicorum  mn'abili  ab 

aliis  hujus  generis  rccedens;  sed  tamen  in  tibiarum  et  tarsorum  quadriarticulatorum  forma  ilbs 

omnino  congruit,  et  cum  Leiparthro  recte  adnumerandum  est. 

L  cylindrical,  slightly  sbining,  diluted-testaceous,  and  sparingly  clothed  with  a  short,  thick,  rigid, 
cinereous  and  somewhat  scaly  pubescence.  Head  with  the  mandibles  exceedingly  large  and  por- 
rected.  Prothorax  rather  small,  and  beset  with  tolerably  distinct  punctures;  very  slightly  pro- 
duced in  front,  where  it  is  armed  with  two  small  and  obtuse  tubercles,  placed  close  together 
immediately  within  the  centre  of  the  anterior  margin,  and  behind  them  (reaching  to  about  the 


296  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

middle  of  the  disk)  seven  or  eight  more  (somewhat  smaller  than  the  front  pair)  arranged  {vide 
PI.  V.  fig.  9  a)  as  follows, — two,  placed  near  together,  at  a  little  distance  behind  (but  rather 
further  apart  than)  the  front  ones ;  and,  at  about  an  equal  distance  behind  these,  a  circlet  of  five 
or  six,  extending  to  about  the  centre  of  the  disk.  Elytra  slightly  rugulose,  and  with  both  the 
punctures  and  set<e  (the  former  of  which  are  exceedingly  obscure)  arranged  in  rows, — there  being 
a  double  series  (one  large  and  the  other  small)  of  each  (a  structure  however  which  is  not  veiy 
perceptible  without  the  aid  of  a  powerful  glass) ;  rounded  and  entire  at  their  extremity.  An- 
tennm  and  legs  testaceous. 

There  are  few  insects  which  have  given  me  more  trouble  in  the  determination  of 
them  than  the  present  one ;  for,  unfortunately,  the  unique  example  which  I  possess 
(extracted  from  out  of  a  cobweb,  in  a  dead  state,  beneath  the  bark  of  a  Spanish 
chestnut-tree  at  Santa  Anna)  is  too  much  mutilated  to  afford  a  full  view  of  all  its 
parts.  Hence  it  is  not  surprising  that,  before  I  had  accurately  examined  such  of 
its  members  as  were  decipherable,  its  enormously  developed  mandibles  (at  least 
for  these  groups)  shoidd  have  led  me  to  imagine  that  it  embodied  the  t^-jie  of  a 
well-marked  and  very  anomalous  genus.  Fiu'thcr  investigation  however  has 
satisfied  me  that  it  is  a  true  Leijiurthrum, — its  l-jointed  tarsi  (which  I  have  been 
able  most  clearly  to  recognise)  and  peculiar  tibise  at  once  associating  it  with  the 
other  three  representatives  described  Ijelow.  The  existence  moreover  of  the  usual 
pair  of  tubercles  witliin  the  front  margin  of  its  pronotum,  and  of  the  smaller  ones 
behind  tliem  (the  arrangement  of  which  is,  in  this  instance,  exceedingly  beautiful), 
in  connection  with  a  similar  sculpture  to  that  which  obtains  in  the  remaining 
forms,  will  still  further  tend  to  remove  all  doubt  as  to  its  correct  generic  identifi- 
cation. Its  ample  mandibles  therefore  (which,  after  aU,  perhaps,  may  be  less 
prominent  in  reality  than  they  seem  to  be, — since  the  single  damaged  individual 
which  I  captui'ed  might  have  been  accidentally  so  distorted  as  to  cause  the  head 
to  be  pvished  forward  somewhat  unnaturally,  but  which  in  all  probability  would 
not  be  perceived  to  be  unnatural  in  an  object  thus  small)  can  be  only  regarded  as 
of  specific  importance, — a  i-emark  which  ■ndll  equally  apply  to  the  distribution  of 
the  raised  points  with  which  the  anterior  disk  of  its  prothorax  is  furnished.  As 
regards  the  species  however,  it  is  imquestionably  most  distinct  and  interesting, — 
reeeduig  from  all  the  rest,  not  only  in  this  singularity  of  its  mandibles  (which 
cannot  possibly  be  entirely  the  result  of  chance,  if  indeed,  as  I  am  by  no  means 
convinced,  it  be  so  at  all),  but  likewise  in  its  much  greater  bulk,  paler  hue,  and  in 
the  collocation  of  its  prothoracic  pustules.  These  last  in  fact  {vide  PL  V.  fig.  9  a) 
should  be  especially  observed,  since  they  do  not  appear  to  be  dispersed  ii-regularly 
about  (as,  when  they  exist  at  all,  is  usual  in  these  groups,  and  which  is  partially 
the  case  with  its  other  Madciran  allies), — but  in  a  given  order,  wliieh  will  be  best 
understood  by  a  reference  to  the  figm'c,  and  which  shoidd  be  avcU  noticed,  since  it 
is  the  modification  which  it  is  the  tendency  of  the  other  species  to  assume  also, 
even  though  the  symmetry  be  less  perfect  in  them  than  it  is  T\-ith  the  L.  mandi- 
bnlnre.     Of  these  tubercles  the  foremost  two  are  slightly  the  largest ;  whilst  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  297 

remainder  (which  are  of  equal  size)  have  the  intermediate  pair  somewhat  wider 
apart  than  the  anterior  ones,  and  those  which  constitute  the  circlet  amoimting  to 
ahout  iive  or  six  in  number.  My  solitary  specimen  was  taken,  during  the  summer 
of  1850,  in  the  vineyard  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly  at  Santa  Anna.  It  is  evidently 
excessively  rare,  otherwise  it  could  hardly  have  escaped  further  observation  during 
my  constant  researches  in  these  islands. 

224.  Leiparthmm  bituberculatum,  WoU.    (Tab.  VI.  fig.  .3.) 

Ii.  subangusto-cylindricum  nigro-fuscuni  et  pilis  rigidis  vestitum,  prothorace  aniplo,  tuberculis  (sc. 

duobus  mox  infra  apicem,  necnon  in  disco  antico  plurimis  minutissimis  in  circulum  vis  dispositis) 

obsito,  per  marginem  posticum  fen-ugiueo,  elytris  rugulosis  obscure  striato-punctatis,  antennarum 

basi  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 
Var.  /3.  paulo  minus,   ferrugineo-fuscum,  prothorace  postice  latius  ferrugineo,   antennarum  basi 

pedibusque  pallidioribus. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  §— ^. 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam,  in  umbrosis  graminosis  inter  2000'  et  4000'  s.  m.  sitis  baud  infrequens  : 
var.  ^.  etiam  ad  locos  subinferiores  descendit,  in  castanetis  Sanctse  Annse  sestate  abundansj  sed 
status  typicus  montibus  proprius  est. 

Ii.  cylindrical,  but  narrower  than  the  last  species,  blackish-brown,  and  more  densely  clothed  with  (the 
same  character  of)  pubescence.  Prothorax  rather  large,  and  beset  with  small  and  somewhat 
distant  punctures ;  produced  iu  front,  where  it  is  armed  with  two  small,  porrected  and  obtuse 
tubercles  (which  are  most  developed  in  the  males),  and  with  a  few  smaller  scattered  ones,  on  the 
fore-disk,  behind  them, — which  have  a  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  in  a  circle,  though  much 
less  evidently  so  than  those  of  the  L.  mandibulare ;  the  hinder  margin  more  or  less  narrowly 
ferruginous.  Elytra  rugiilose,  and  with  the  same  peculiarity  of  sculpture  and  pubescence  as  in 
the  last  species, — except  that  the  latter  is  more  dense,  and  perhaps  more  evidently  arranged  in 
alternate  rows  of  robust  and  finer  scale-like  setse,  or  rigid  pile;  rounded  and  entire  at  then- 
extremity.  Antenna  at  base  and  the  legs  diluted-testaceous ;  the  former  with  their  club  a  little 
dusky. 
Var.  (3.  a  trifle  smaller,  and  of  an  altogether  paler  hue, — being  usually  bright  ferruginous-brown ; 
and  with  the  hinder  margin  of  the  prothorax,  the  antennae  and  the  legs  stUl  paler. 

Both  the  present  species  and  the  following  one  are  readily  distinguished  from 
the  L.  Artemisia  by  the  pustules  of  theu*  pronota;  whilst,  inter  se,  the  greater 
size  and  more  elongated  form,  in  conjunction  with  the  less  developed  prothorax 
and  different  colour,  will  serve  to  separate  the  L.  bituberculatum  from  the  L.  cur- 
tum.  It  is  not  an  uncommon  insect  within  the  sylvan  districts  of  Madeira,  be- 
tween the  limits  of  about  2000  and  4000  feet  above  the  sea, — the  typical  specimens 
occupying  the  upper,  and  the  var.  (5.  the  lower  portion  of  this  range.  Thus,  the 
mountain  state  (which  I  have  assumed  to  be  normal,  and  which  is  somewhat 
darker  and  larger  than  the  other   is  apparently  confined  to  the  moist  and  shady 

2q 


298  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

districts  of  rather  lofty  altitudes.  I  have  captured  it  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas  in 
June,  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  in  July,  and  at  the  Feijaa  de  C6i"te  and  the 
Ribeiro  Frio  in  August.  The  var.  (3.  (which  is  smaller  and  of  a  paler  hue)  descends 
lower, — the  only  spot  in  Avliich  I  have  hitherto  detected  it  being  the  chestnut- 
woods  of  Santa  Anna,  where  I  took  it  in  great  profusion  (by  brushing  the  long 
grass  in  the  vineyard  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly)  dm'ing  May  and  June  of  1850. 

225.  Leiparthrum  curttun,  Woll. 
Im.  brevi-cylindricum  ferrugineum  et  pilis  rigidis  vestitum,   prothorace  amplissimo,  tuberculis  (sc. 

duobus  mox  infra  apicem  minutis,  sed  reliquis  fere  obsoletis)  obsito,  elytris  rugulosis  obscure 

substriato-punctatis,  antennis  pedibusque  fere  concoloribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  i. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem, —  in  horto  Loweano  prope  Funchal,  per  aerem  volitans,  mense  Februario 
A.D.  1848  a  meipso  deprehensum. 

Ij.  shorter,  and  proportionably  thicker,  than  the  L.  bituberculatum,  pale  ferruginous,  and  with  the 
pubescence  and  sculpture  the  same  as  in  that  insect.  Prothorax  comparatively  somewhat  larger 
(being  greatly  developed) ;  with  the  two  anterior  tubercles  a  little  smaller  than  in  that  species, 
and  with  the  scattered  ones  behind  them  exceedingly  minute  and  scarcely  perceptible ;  the  front 
portion  also  darker, — leaving  the  hinder  margin  very  broadly  pale.  Elytra  short ;  rounded  and 
entire  at  their  extremity.  Antennie  and  legs  concolorous  with  (or  perhaps  slightly  darker  than) 
the  elytra. 

Possessing  but  a  single  example  of  this  very  minute  insect,  I  should  not  have 
been  inclined  to  have  retained  it  as  distinct  from  the  preceding  one,  had  not  the 
examination  of  an  extensive  series  of  that  species  failed  in  detecting  any  interme- 
diate links  (in  size,  colour  or  proportions)  to  unite  the  two  forms ;  and  if  indeed 
the  present  individual  be  a  normal  representative  of  its  race  (and  there  is  no  reason 
to  suspect  the  contrary),  there  cannot  be  the  slightest  doubt  as  to  its  specific 
claims.  In  its  habits  moreover  it  woixld  appear  to  be  different ;  for,  whilst  I  have 
never  observed  the  L.  bituberculatum  except  in  the  north  of  the  island,  or  below 
the  altitude  of  2000  feet, — my  unique  specimen  of  the  L.  curtum  was  captured  in 
the  south,  and  in  a  position  but  slightly  elevated  above  the  coast ;  a  fact  which, 
from  the  analogy  of  other  insects  similarly  cii'ciunstanced,  would  go  far  a  priori  to 
render  its  identity  with  the  former  at  any  rate  improbable.  Assuming  therefore 
the  above  description  to  be  imiversaUy  applicable,  the  L.  curtum  may  be  at  once 
recognised  from  the  L.  bituberculatum  by  its  smaller  size,  shorter  and  proportion- 
ably  broader  form,  paler  hue,  and  by  its  more  developed  prothorax, — the  last  of 
which,  being  only  dark  in  front,  has  its  hinder  margin  very  much  more  broadly 
pale  than  is  the  case  even  in  the  var.  /3.  of  the  latter.  My  unique  example  was 
taken,  on  the  wing,  in  the  Eev.  R.  T.  Lowe's  garden,  near  Funchal,  during 
February  184..8. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  299 

226.  Leiparthnun  Artemisise,  WoU. 
Im.  subangusto-cylindricum  nigrum  et  pilis  rigidis  vestitum,  prothorace  minus  amplo,  baud  tuberculato, 

elytris  rugulosis  obscure  striato-punctatis,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  ^-f . 

Habitat  in  ins.  Deserts  Borealis,  qua'Junio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  plurima  specimina  ex  Artemisia  argented, 
Herit.,  collegi. 

L.  of  mucb  the  same  form  as  tbe  L.  bituberculatum,  but  ratber  smaller  in  size,  of  a  uniform  dull  black 
bue,  and  witb  tbe  same  character  of  pubescence  as  that  insect.  Prothorax  ratber  smaller,  a  little 
less  obtuse  in  front,  and  without  any  indication  (apparently)  of  tbe  tubercles  which  are  more  or  less 
evident  in  tbe  other  members  of  the  genus.  Elytra  rounded  and  entire  at  their  extremity,  but 
with  tbe  punctures  rather  more  defined  (and  distinctly  smaller)  than  in  either  of  the  previous  two 
species.  Antenna  at  base  and  the  tarsi  pale  testaceous;  the  club  of  the  former,  and  the /mora 
and  tibim,  being  more  or  less  dusky. 

A  most  distinct  little  species,  being  intermediate  in  length  between  tbe  L.  bitn- 
herculatmn  and  ciirtim,—jet  at  once  separated  from  tbem  both  by  its  uniformly 
dark  hue  (its  tarsi  and  tbe  base  of  its  antennae  being  alone  pale),  by  its  narrower 
form,  and  by  tbe  absence  (apparently)  of  any  indication  of  tubercles  on  its  (some- 
what smaller)  prothorax.  It  appears  to  be  peculiar  to  the  Northern  Dezerta, 
Avhere  I  detected  it,  whilst  encamped  there  with  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  at  the 
beginning  of  June  1850.  It  seemed  to  be  more  particularly  attached  to  the  thick 
masses  of  wormwood  {Artemisia  argentea,  Herit.)  with  which  that  singular  island 
is  in  certain  positions  densely  clothed,  and  from  off  which  the  greater  number  of 
my  specimens  were  taken, — those  which  did  not  occur  on  that  plant  having  been 
either  attracted  to  the  white  canvass  of  my  tent,  dtu'ing  the  hot  sunshine,  or  else 
captured  on  the  wing. 

Fam.  33.  HYLESINID^. 

Genus  104.  PHLCEOPHTHORUS,  Wall.    (Tab.  YI.  fig.  l.) 

Corpus  parvum,  subcylindricum  :  capite  leviter  producto :  prothorace  amplo  convexo,  antice  minus 
producto  et  baud  scabroso :  elytris  apice  rotundatis  integris  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  (YI.  1  a) 
longiusculffi  clavatse;  scapo  elongate  subclavato,  basi  flexuoso;  funiculo  5-articulato,  articulo 
primo  robusto  apice  truncato  ad  basin  constricto  sinuato,  reliquis  brevissimis  longitudine  sub- 
ffiqualibus,  a  basi  angusta  latitudine  paulatim  crescentibus ;  clava  elongata  laxa  valde  perfohata 
triarticulata,  articulis  longitudine  subaequalibus  (primo  et  secundo  latioribus,  illo  leviter,  hoc  vix 
intus-producto,  iiltimo  subacuminato-ovato).  iairam  obsoletum.  Mandibula  {YI.  1  b)  cornese 
validffi,  basi  latse,  apicem  versus  parum  angustse  acutse,  infra  apicem  dente  minutissimo  obscurissimo 
instruct-e.  Maxilla  (VI.  1  e)  lobo  singulo  lato  brevissimo  setoso  instructae  {interna  obsolete) . 
Palpi  subsetoso-conici ;  maxillares  minuti,  articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio  brevissimis  trans- 
versis,   ultimo   longiore   graciliore    subcylindrico-conico ;    labiates  (YI.  1  d)   longiores,  articulo 

2q2 


300  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

primo  crasso,  secundo  paulo  breviore  crassiusculo,  ultimo  graciliore  elongato-subovato.  Liyula 
niembranacea  subclougata,  basi  angustata,  apice  truncal  a.  Pedes  longiores  validi :  tibiis  com- 
pressis,  apiccm  versus  cxtus  dentatis  necnon  subito  et  valde  dilatatis,  ad  apiceni  internum  spina 
recta  (in  anticis,  V.  1  e,  robustu  obtusa,  in  posterioribus  gracili  acuta)  armatis :  tarsis  pseudo- 
tetramcris  [i.  e.  5-articulatis,  articulo  tertio  valde  bilobo  quartum  minutissimum  inter  lobos  reci- 
pientc)  articulis  tribus  baseos  longiusculis  crassiusculis,  quinto  elongato  crasso  clavato  unguiculis 
simplicibus  munito. 
A  ^Xoto?  cortex,  et  <f>d6po<;  excisio. 

A  most  important  and  well-marked  genus,  supplying  a  link  which  has  been  long 
looked  for  1)etween  the  present  family  and  the  Cissiche.  It  is  difficult  indeed  to 
overrate  the  significance  of  this  interesting  form,  bearing  witness  as  it  does  in  the 
strongest  manner  to  the  affinity  of  the  two  groups  in  question ;  for,  whilst  its  oral 
organs  and  feet  are  moulded  on  the  Rhjoicophorous  type,  the  triarticulated  and 
perfoliated  clava  of  its  (comparatively  elongated)  antennae  is  almost  coincident 
with  that  of  Cis.  ■  The  antonn;e  of  the  whole  of  this  section  of  the  Xylophaga,  it  is 
well  known,  are  remarkal)lc  for  their  extremely  solid  club, — which  is  perliaps  the 
most  constant  of  all  the  characters  which  have  been  employed  by  those  Avho  would 
remove  it  to  a  distance  from  the  allies  of  Apate.  I  have  already  stated  that  I 
cannot  but  believe  such  a  step  to  be  an  unnatural  one ;  and,  if  further  evidence 
were  necessary  in  support  of  this,  it  covild  not  be  fiu-nishcd  more  effectually  than 
by  the  discovery  of  a  modification  like  PhloeophtJwrKS,  which  combines  at  once  the 
essential  featiu-es  of  each  of  the  departments  under  consideration.  Still,  it  must 
only  be  regarded  as  possessing  a  very  limited  connection  with  the  Cissidce,  since 
the  majority  of  its  details  are  altogether  Rhyncophorous,  and  point  to  the  Ilylcsi- 
nidce  as  its  undoubted  location.  Upon  the  whole,  I  should  imagine  it  to  be  more 
akin  perhaps  to  Fhla'otribiis  than  to  anji;hing  else, — which,  it  will  be  recollected, 
offi;rs,  as  regards  its  clava,  the  only  exception  to  the  normal  representatives  of  this 
division  of  the  Xylophaga  hitherto  described.  And,  although  the  greatly  lamel- 
lated  club  of  Phloeotrlbiis  does  certainly  recede  widely  from  that  of  Phloeophthorus, 
yet  this  difierence  is  more  in  degree  than  in  kind,  since  the  two  lower  joints  of 
that  of  the  latter  are  slightly  produced  internally,  as  thougli  to  give  the  first 
warning  of  the  peculiarity  of  development  which  is  carried  to  its  maximum  in  the 
former :  added  to  which,  moreover,  the  fact  of  its  being  composed  in  both  cases  of 
three  articulations  only  (whereas  four,  when  indeed  they  are  sufficiently  distinct  to 
be  recognised  at  all,  are  almost  invariably  indicated  in  the  present  groujjs), — 
whilst  at  the  same  tune  they  agree  equally  in  their  tibiae  and  yb«/"-jointed  funiculi 
(a  number  which  obtains  only,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  three  other  genera  of  the 
III/ les  ill  idee  and  Tomicidce  combined,  namely  Toiniciis,  JJi/pobonis  and  Dendroc- 
tonus), — would  certainly  tend  to  strengthen  this  relation  rather  than  to  weaken  it. 
Its  habits  are,  in  all  probability,  more  stalk-infesting  than  actually  Ugnivorous, — 
its  somewhat  pliant  external  envelope  and  general  contour  l)espeakiug  an  attach- 
ment rather  to  the  softer  plants  than  to  the  forest-trees. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  301 

227.  PMoeophtliorus  perfoliatus,  W'^oll.    (Tab.  VI.  fig.  l.) 

P.  brevi-subcylindricus  niger  rugulosus  et  pilis  rigidis  vestitus,  prothorace  parce  subpunctato,  elytris 
obscure  striato-puuctatis,  antennis  pedibusque  piceis,  tarsis  pallidioribuSj  articulo  ultimo  testaceo. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |. 

Habitat  in  sylvaticis  locorum  editiorura  Maderae,  rarissimus :  ad  Lombo  das  Vacas  solstitio  sestivo 
A.D.  1850  duo  specimina  inveni. 

P.  short  and  subcylindrical,  almost  opake,  black,  and  clothed  with  a  short,  thick,  rigid,  cinereous  and 
somewhat  scaly  pubescence.  Prothorax  convex  and  rounded,  rugulose,  beset  with  rather  large 
but  somewhat  obscure  and  irregular  punctures ;  very  slightly  produced  in  front,  where  there  are 
no  indications  of  any  additional  asperity.  Elytra  likewise  rugulose,  and  with  both  the  punctures 
and  setse  arranged  in  rows ;  rounded  and  entire  at  their  e.xtremity.  Antenna  and  kffs  slightly 
piceous;  the  latter  with  their  tarsi  paler, — especially  the  apical  joint,  which  is  testaceous. 

Apparently  exceedingly  rare,  and  confined  to  remote  sylvan  spots  more  or  less 
difficult  of  access.  The  only  two  specimens  which  have  come  beneath  my  observa- 
tion were  captured  by  myself,  June  the  21st,  1850,  on  the  extreme  summit  of  the 
lofty  mountain-preciiiice  which  forms  the  eastern  barrier  of  the  Ribeira  de  Sao 
Vincente, — immediately  before  entering  the  almost  inaccessible  district  of  the 
Lombo  das  Vacas. 

Genus  105.  HYLURGUS. 

Latreille,  Gen.  Oriist.  et  Lis.  ii.  274  (1807). 

Corpus  sat  parvum,  subovato-cylindricum :  capita  leviter  producto :  prothorace  antice  subacuminato, 
vix  producto  et  baud  scabroso :  elytris  apice  rotundatis,  fere  integris  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna 
breves  capitatse;  scapo  elongato  subclavato,  basi  fle.xuoso ;  funiculo  6-articulato,  articulo  prnuo 
robusto  apice  truncato  ad  basin  constricto  sinuato,  reliquis  longitudine  decrescentibus,  a  basi 
angusta  latitudine  paulatim  crescentibus ;  capitulo  solido  ovato  quadri-annulato.  Labrum 
obsoletum.  Mandibula  cornese  validse  triangulares  subacutse,  infra  apicem  dente  robusto  obtuso 
instructfe,  ad  basin  integrse.  Maxilla  lobo  singulo  lato  brevi  setoso  instructee  (interno  obsoleto). 
Palpi  subsetoso-conici ;  maxillares  minuti,  articulis  prime,  secundo  et  tertio  brevibus  trans- 
versis,  ultimo  graciliore  subconico ;  labiates  longiores,  articulo  primo  crasso,  secundo  paulo  bre- 
viore  crassiusciUo,  ultimo  graciliore  subconico.  Ligula  membranacea  elongata,  basi  angustata, 
apice  truucata.  Pedes  parum  breves,  validi :  tibiis  compressis,  apicem  versus  extus  denticulati.s 
et  dilatatis,  ad  apicem  internum  spina  (in  anterioribus  subcurvata  robust^  sed  in  posticis  subreeta 
acutiuscula)  armatis :  tarsis  pseudotetrameris,  articulo  primo  longiusculo,  quinto  elongato  vix 
subclavato  unguiculis  simplicibus  munito. 

With  the  exception  of  Scolytus  (which  however  has  its  tibiae  not  only  entire, 
but  likewise  produced  into  a  curved  claw,  as  in  many  of  the  Curcwlioiiiclce,  at 
their  outer  apical  angle),  Hylurgas  is  the  only  Em-opean  genus,  in  either  the 
present  family  or  the  previous  one,  in  which  the  funiciilus  is  composed  of  six 
joints.  In  the  structm-e  of  their  oral  organs  and  feet  the  members  of  the  Bhyn- 
cophora  are  for  the  most  part  nearly  coincident ;  and  hence,  in  that  section,  we 


302  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

must  not  look  to  the  particulars  which  we  have  been  accustomed  to  do  in  others 
for  generic  distinctions, — Avhich  is  probably  indeed  the  reason  why,  in  the  immense 
province  of  the  CitrcuHonidm  to  which  we  are  now  approaching,  the  details  of  the 
mouth  have  been  hitherto  by  all  naturalists  universally  neglected.  The  truth 
however  is,  that  the  differences  which  they  present  inter  se  are  comparatively  so 
triWal,  that  we  are  di-iven  to  place  less  confidence  in  them  than  in  points  simply 
external ; — and  of  all  these,  next  to  the  development  of  the  rostnun  (which,  as 
might  naturally  be  expected  in  a  department  where  the  prolongation  of  the  head 
is  the  main  feature,  must  rank  first  in  importance),  perhaps  the  proi^rtions  of  the 
antennae  and  tibiae,  in  conjunction  with  the  general  outward  contour,  are,  as 
regards  constancy,  the  most  to  be  relied  upon.  And  so  it  is  with  the  genera  of 
the  Hylesinidce,  which,  almost  identical  as  they  are  in  every  respect  with  Ehyn- 
nolus,  and  other  inciiiient  Curculionideous  forms,  derive  their  most  essential  cha- 
racteristics from  these  special  portions  of  their  body, — the  modifications  of  wliich 
are  here  also  of  primary  significance. 

228.  Hylurgus  ligniperda. 

H.  subcylindi"icus  (antice  subacuminatus)  elongatus  niger  subnitidus  et  pilis  longissimis  moUibus 
vestitus,  prothorace  elongato  profunde  et  insequaliter  punctatOj  elytris  subpicescentibus  creber- 
rime  rugosis  et  obscure  subpunctato-striatis,  ad  apicem  obliquo-truncatis,  femoribus  tibiisque 
piceis,  antcnnis  tarsisque  ferrugineis. 

Long.  cor]i.  lin.  3-3j. 

Bostriclnts  tigniperda,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  ii.  367  (1702). 

Hylesintts ,  Gvll.  Ins  Suec.  iii.  335  (1813). 

Hylurgus  ,  Erich,  in  Wicgm.  ArcJiiv,  i.  52  (1836). 

Hylesinus ,  Eatz.  Forsf-Ins.  Kaf.  pi.  ^■iii.  fig.  9  (1839). 

Habitat  in  montibus  ^ladcrse,  pr?esertim  in  pinetis  inter  1800'  et  2500'  s.  m.  sitis,  hinc  inde  \'nlgaris : 
inter  lignum  recenter  sectum  ad  Curral  das  Romeiras  sero  autunino  a.d.  184-7  copiosissime 
observavi. 

H.  elongated,  subcylindrical  (and  slightly  acuminated  anteriorly),  very  obscurely  shining,  pitchy- 
black,  and  somewhat  densely  clothed  with  a  long  and  fine  pubescence.  Head  broad  and  ])ro- 
duced ;  closely  and  rather  roughly  punctm-ed,  but  without  any  appearance  of  a  central  ridge. 
Prot/ioj-ax  more  deeply,  unequally,  but  not  quite  so  closely  punctured  as  the  head ;  somewhat 
acuminated  and  constricted  (thoiigh  very  slightly  produced)  iu  front ;  and  with  a  very  obscurely 
raised  impxmclate  central  keel.  Elytra  a  little  more  piceous  than  the  prothorax,  and  with  the 
pubescence  shorter  and  more  dense ;  closely  and  exceedingly  rugidose,  and  obscurely  punctate- 
striated  ;  obliquely  truncated  at  their  extremity.  Legs  piceous,  except  the  tarsi,  which,  with  the 
antenna,  are  ferruginous. 

A  very  local  insect  in  Madeira,  and  perhaps  introduced  fi-om  more  northern 
latitudes  with  the  various  species  of  fii'  whicli  are  now  so  largely  cultivated  on  the 
mountains  towards  the  soutliern  and  eastern  districts  of  the  island.     In  the  cxten- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  303 

sive  plantations  of  Senlior  D'Ornellas,  which  cover  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
hills  to  the  north-east  of  Funchal,  it  is  abixnclant  diu-ing  the  autumnal  and  winter 
months ;  and  in  October  of  1847  I  took  it  in  great  profusion  from  off  the  stumps 
and  amongst  the  chippings  of  pine-trees  at  the  Curral  das  Romeiras.  It  possesses 
a  wide  European  range,  being  recorded  from  the  forests  of  Lapland  and  Archangel 
to  the  Mediterranean  limits.  It  may  be  at  once  recognised  from  the  S.  pini- 
perda  by  its  siiperior  size  and  more  elongated  prothorax,  by  its  darker  and  more 
pubescent  sm-face,  unkeeled  head,  and  by  its  extremely  rugulose  and  obUquely 
truncated  elytra. 

229.  Hylurgns  piniperda. 
H.  subovali-cylindricus  piceo-ferrugineus  nitidus  et  pilis  longiusculis  mollibus  vestitus,  prothorace 

profunde  punctato,  elytris  plerumque  pallidioribus  parce  subrugulosis  et  leviter  striato-punctatis, 

ad  apicem  obscurissime  subtruncatis,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2^. 

Dermestes  piniperda,  Liim.  Fna  Suec.  421  (1761). 
Bostrichus piniperda,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  ii.  367  (1792). 
Dendroctonus  piniperda,  Erich,  in  Wiegm.  Archiv,  ii.  53  (1836). 
Hylesinus  piniperda,  Eatz.  Forst-Ins.  Kiif.  171.  pi.  vii.  fig.  1  (1839). 
Sylurgus piniperda,  Eedt.  Fna  Ausfr.  364  (1849). 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  ex  Europa  forsan  introductus  :  exemplar  unicum,  a  Dom.  Leacock  prope 
urbem  Funchalensem  captum,  solum  vidi. 

H.  cylindrical  (though  shorter  and  more  oval  than  the  H.  ligniperda),  shining,  pitchy-feiTuginous, 
and  somewhat  sparingly  clothed  with  a  rather  long  and  fine  pubescence, — which  however  is 
neither  so  long  nor  so  dense  as  that  of  the  last  species.  Head  AnA  jjrothorax  rather  more  distinctly, 
and  less  densely  and  rugosely,  punctured  than  in  the  H.  piniperda ;  the  former  with  a  tolerably 
distinct  central  keel ;  the  latter  somewhat  acuminated  and  constricted  (though  very  slightly  pro- 
duced) in  front,  and  with  a  very  obscurely  raised  and  somewhat  less  punctured  central  keel. 
Elytra  of  a  rather  paler  hue  than  the  prothorax,  and  with  the  pubescence  shorter,  more  erect, 
and  much  less  dense ;  sparingly  rugulose  (though  more  thickly  so  about  the  shoulders  and  front 
margin),  finely  and  very  lightly  striate-punctate,  and  with  the  interstices  minutely,  though 
remotely  punctulated,  and  with  a  longitudinal  row  of  small  tubercles  down  each, — which  are 
exceedingly  apparent  behind,  though  less  so  anteriorly,  and  evanescent  towards  the  centre  of  the 
lateral  margins ;  rounded  at  their  extremity,  having  only  the  faintest  possible  tendency  to  oblique 
truncation.     Antenna  and  legs  testaceous. 

A  common  European  Sylurgus,  and  one  which  has  in  aU  probability,  like  the 
last,  been  natm'alized  in  Madeira.  It  may  be  known  from  the  H.  ligniperda  by 
its  smaller  size  and  more  oval  outline,  by  its  brighter,  smoother,  paler  and  less 
densely  pubescent  svirface,  by  its  strongly  keeled  head,  shorter  prothorax,  and  by 
its  apically  siibentire  elytra.  The  only  specimen  which  has  come  beneath  my 
observation  (recently  conmaunicated  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.  from  the  vicinity  of 
Funchal)  corresponds  Avith  the  ferruginous  variety  which  is  so  constantly  to  be 


304  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

met  with  in  northern  latitudes;  but  whether  this  particular  state  obtains  in 
Madeira  generally  I  am  xmable  to  say, — though  it  is  probalile  that  the  insect 
would  not  be  exempt  from  those  altei-nations  of  hue  which  characterize  it  in  other 
countries.  In  Erichson's  analysis  of  this  family,  published  in  IFiegrnonn's 
Archices  in  1836,  the  present  species  is  admitted  into  his  genus  Dendroctonus. 
It  unquestionably  however  possesses  six  joints  to  its  funiculus ;  and  since  almost 
the  only  distinctive  featiu'e  on  which  that  group  is  made  to  rest  is  the  qitadri- 
articulate  structure  of  this  portion  of  the  antennae,  it  is  certain  that  the  pinijjerda 
is  wrongly  referred  to  Dendroctonus,  and  that  it  belongs  in  reality  to  Hylurgus. 

Genus  106.  HYLASTES. 

Erichson,  Wiegm.  Arcliii;  i.  -47  (1836). 

Corpus  parvum,  plus  minusve  ovato-  vel  elongato-cylindricum  :  capite  producto :  prothorace  antice 
ssppius  subacuminato,  vix  producto  et  baud  scabroso  :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  breves  capitatse ; 
scapo  elongate  clavato,  basi  flexuoso;  fuuiculo  7-articulato,  articulo  prime  robusto  apice  trun- 
cato  ad  basin  constricto  sinuato,  reliquis  longitudine  decrescentibus,  a  basi  angusta  latitudine 
paulatim  crescentibus ;  capitulo  solido  brevi-ovato  quadri-annulato.  Labrum  obsoletum.  Man- 
(libula,  maxilla,  palpi,  ligula,  et  pedes  fere  ut  in  Hylurgo. 

The  7-jointed  funiculus  of  Hylastes  ^\ill  at  once  separate  it  from  every  other 
genus,  both  of  tlic  present  family  and  of  the  Tomic'ulcc,  here  described.  The  only 
allied  Eurojjean  form  in  fact  in  wliich  that  portion  of  the  antennae  is  made  up  of 
a  similar  number  of  articulations  is  Hi/lesiniis, — but  there  the  joints  are  more 
minute,  and  of  subequal  breadth  throughout,  whereas  here  they  are  gradually  and 
uniformly  thickened  from  the  base  to  the  club.  In  Ili/lastes  moreover  the  clava 
is  shorter  and  less  acimiinated  than  it  is  in  Hylesinns,  the  scape  is  less  distinctly 
curved,  the  head  is  more  produced,  the  entu'e  body  is  longer  and  less  convex,  and 
the  tibiae  are  more  powerfully  denticulated  externally, — the  anterior  pan*  of  which 
are,  likemse,  less  suddenly  flattened  outwards  at  theu'  apex  than  is  there  the  case. 
The  species  display,  inter  se,  considerable  diversity  of  ovitline,  some  bcLag  elon- 
gated and  cylindrical,  whilst  others  are  nearly  ovate.  The  only  two  which  I  have 
hitherto  detected  in  these  islands  happen  to  represent  these  opposite  extremes, 
and  hence  they  might  be  almost  suj^posed  prima  facie  to  belong  to  different 
genera.  They  retain  however  in  common  the  essential  characteristics  of  Hylastes, 
;ind  merely  require  the  intermediate  links  which  elsewhere  exist  to  make  them 
intelligible  members,  even  when  viewed  superficially,  of  one  and  the  same  group. 

230.  Hylastes  Trifolii. 

H.  subovato-cylindricus  brevis  fusco-niger  subopacus,  capite  minus  elongato,  prothorace  antice  acumi- 
nate creberrime  ruguloso-subpunctato,  elytris  vix  dilutioribus  crebre  rugosis  et  ebsciu'e  punctato- 
striatis,  antennis  pallido-ferrugineis,  pedibus  piceis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  li. 


IMSECTA  MADERENSIA.  305 

Hylesinus  Trifolii,  Miiller,  in  Journ.  de  la  Soc.  des  Scien.  du  Dep.  dii  Mont  Tonnerre  (1803). 
— ,  Schmidt,  in  Ent.  Zeit.  v.  395  (184i). 

Habitat  in  graminosis  per  regionem  IMadera;  sylvaticam  sitis,  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  Augusto  ineunte 
A.D.  1850  a  meipso  repertus. 

H.  somewhat  ovate-eylindric  (being  rather  short  and  thick,  and  a  httle  narrowed  anteriorly),  convex, 
almost  opake,  brownish-  or  pitchy-black,  and  rather  densely  beset  with  short  pubescence.  Head 
not  much  produced ;  closely  and  roughly  punctured,  but  without  any  appearance  of  a  central 
ridge.  Prothorax  likewise  closely  and  very  roughly  punctured ;  much  smaller  than  that  of  the 
following  species,  and  acuminated  in  front,— where  it  is  very  slightly  produced  and  a  little 
fuscescent ;  and  with  almost  imperceptible  indications  of  a  central  line  or  ridge.  Elytra  rather 
more  diluted,  or  browaish-piceous,  than  the  prothorax ;  closely  and  exceedingly  rugulose  (espe- 
cially about  the  front  margin,  which  is  distinctly  raised),  and  rather  obscurely  punctate-striated 
(the  punctures  however  being  large) ;  rounded  and  entire  at  their  extremity.  AntenncE  pale  fer- 
ruginous (or  almost  testaceous).     Le^s  piceous. 

Eeadily  known  from  the  H.  clacus  by  its  smaller,  more  ovate  and  convexer 
body,  by  its  shorter  and  anteriorly  attenuated  prothorax,  and  by  its  altogether 
more  rugulose,  though  less  distinctly  pimctui'ed,  sm-face.  It  is  apparently  ex- 
ceedingly rare,  the  only  two  examples  which  have  come  beneath  my  notice  having 
been  captured  by  myself  at  the  Ribeii-o  Prio,  by  brushing  the  coarse  grass  at  the 
edges  of  the  Levada,  early  in  August  1850.  It  is  not  an  uncommon  insect  through- 
out Europe ;  and  the  Madeiran  specimens  differ  in  no  respect  from  typical  ones 
which  I  possess  from  the  Tyrol. 

231.  Hylastes  clavus,  Woll. 

H.  angusto-cylindricus  elongatus  subdepressus  niger,  prothorace  elongato  subcylindrico  (postice 
leviter  angustato)  subnitido  et  profunde  vermiculato-punctato,  elytris  dilutioribus  profunde 
punctato-striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  longioribus  valde  robustis,  illis  ferrugineis,  his  piceis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam  Eestate,  rarissimus. 

H.  narrow,  elongated  and  cylindrical  (though  a  little  depressed),  being  nearly  parallel  throughout, 
black,  and  rather  sparingly  beset  with  short  and  somewhat  rigid  pubescence.  Head  more  pro- 
duced than  in  the  H.  Trifolii ;  closely  and  rather  finely  punctured,  and  with  a  tolerably  distinct 
central  ridge.  Prothorax  very  coarsely  and  rather  distantly  (but  not  roughly)  punctured  (the 
punctures  being  exceedingly  large,  though  more  or  less  united,  especially  on  the  disk, — so  as  to 
form  somewhat  vermiculate,  subconfluent  longitudinal  grooves) ;  much  more  elongated  than  in 
the  last  species,  bein"-  nearly  cylindrical,  or  perhaps  a  little  narrower  behind  than  in  front, — where 
it  is  sliijhtly  produced  and  most  obscurely  fuscescent;  and  with  a  sufficiently  apparent  im- 
punctate  central  line.  Elytra  considerably  more  diluted  than  the  prothorax,  being  of  a  rusty,  or 
brownish-piceous  hue ;  much  less  roughened  than  in  the  H.  Trifolii  (the  front  margin  more- 
over having  no  appearance  of  being  raised),  deeply  punctate-striated  (the  punctures  being  large 

2b 


306  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

and  distinct),  and  the  interstices  with  a  row  of  minutely  impressed  points  down  each ;  rounded 
and  entire  at  their  extremity.  Antentue  and  legs  longer  and  more  robust  than  those  of  the  last 
species ;  the  former  ferruginous,  the  latter  piceous. 

An  exceedingly  well-marked  Hylastes,  slightly  resembling  in  general  contom- 
the  common  European  H.  ater,  though  with  abundant  distkictiye  characters  of  its 
own  which  altogether  separate  it  specifically  from  that  insect.  From  the  H.  Tri- 
folii  it  may  be  at  once  recognised  by  its  narrower,  and  remarkably  parallel,  though 
somewhat  less  convex,  form,  by  its  more  produced  and  keeled  head,  by  its  much 
longer  and  ^)os^<?rio?7_?/-subattenuatcd  prothorax,  by  its  altogether  less  rugulose, 
though  more  distinctly  pimctured,  sm"face,  and  by  its  robuster  and  less  abbreviated 
limbs.  It  would  seem  to  be  extremely  rare, — a  single  specimen,  captured  by 
myself  at  (I  believe)  the  Ribeii'o  Frio,  being  the  only  example  which  I  have 
hitherto  seen. 

Fam.  34.  CTJECULIONID^. 

(Div.  1.  MECORHYNCHI.) 

(Subf.  1.  COSSONIDES.) 
Genus  107.  RHYNCOLUS. 

(Creutzer)  Germ.  Ins.  Spec.  307  (1824). 

Corpus  parvum,  subcylindricum :  rostro  brevi  crassiusculo  lineari  subdcflexo :  prothorace  subconvexo, 
ad  latcra  pone  medium  rotundato,  autice  Icvitcr  coarctato :  ehjtris  cylindricis :  alls  vLx  amplis. 
Antenna  breviusculse  crassiusculse,  in  medio  rostri  insertae ;  funiculo  7-articulato,  articulo  primo 
majore,  reliquis  brevioribus,  ultimo  clav?e  baud  arete  adpresso ;  capitulo  solido  subovato  ob- 
scurissimc  annulato.  Pedes  breves  validiusculi  subjequales,  antici  basi  approximati  vel  parum 
distantes :  femoribus  muticis :  tibiis  rectis,  ad  apiccm  externum  in  imcum  magnum  acutum  pro- 
ductis :  tarsis  gracilibus,  articulo  ultimo  clavato  unguiculis  mediocribus  munito. 

Tlic  present  genus  and  the  following  one  contain  insects  which  arc  removed  but 
slightly  from  the  Ilylesinkhe.  Both  in  thcu*  habits  and  general  aspect  indeed  they 
possess  much  in  common  with  Hylastes,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  connecting 
links  between  the  groups  through  which  we  have  just  passed  and  the  CurcuUo- 
uiclce.  They  reside  either  beneath  the  loose  bark  of  trees  or  in  the  interior  of 
rotten  wood, — which  may  be  often  observed  to  be  thickly  perforated  M-itli  their 
l)urrows,  into  which  their  subeylindrical  bodies,  and  the  strong  cm-vcd  hook  with 
which  the  outer  apex  of  thek  tibite  is  fui-nished  (a  structure  which  is  greatly 
developed  in  the  eaidy  members  of  the  CurcidionklcB),  enable  them  to  advance  and 
retreat  Avith  facility.  The  Bhyncoli  are  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  and  are 
usually  very  gregarious.     Schonherr,  in  his  Genera  et  Species   CurcuUonidum, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  •  307 

describes  eighteen  species  from  Europe,  four  from  Asia,  six  from  Africa,  and  nine 
from  America.  In  the  Madeira  Islands  I  have  liitherto  detected  but  a  single 
species,  namely  the 

232.  Rhyncolus  tenax,  wbll 

R.  subcylindricus  rufo-brunneus  plus  minusve  subseneus,  rostro  in  medio  carinato,  prothorace  crebre 
punctato  latiusculo,  elytris  subcinerco-pubescentibus  leviter  punctato-striatis,  aii.tennis  pedibusque 
ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  li-2. 

Habitat  sub  cortice  arborum  laxo  et  in  ligno  putrido  Maderse,  praesertim  per  regionem  sylvaticam,  toto 
anno  vulgaris. 


■'b" 


R.  subcyliudrical  and  rather  depressed,  reddish-brown  with  more  or  less  of  an  seneous  tinge,  especially 
on  the  prothoras.  Rostrum  rather  broad  and  linear,  and  keeled  down  the  centre.  Prothorax 
thickly  and  rather  finely  punctured,  and  with  very  faint  indications  of  a  keel  down  the  disk, 
broadest  just  behind  the  middle  (where  it  is  almost  as  wide  as  the  elytra),  and  a  little  constricted 
at  the  anterior  margin.  Ehjtra  parallel,  and  somewhat  transversely-rugulose,  lightly  punctate- 
striated,  and  more  or  less  clothed  with  a  fine  decumbent  yellowish  pubescence.  Anteima  and 
legs  ferruginous. 

A  most  abundant  insect  throughout  the  sylvan  districts  of  Madeira,  occurring 
beneath  the  bark  of  trees  (especially  that  of  the  Vinhatico  and  Til),  and  in  the 
substance  of  the  rotten  wood,  in  nearly  all  the  dense  ravines  of  intermediate  and 
lofty  altitudes.  I  have  taken  it  at  the  Curral  das  Romeiras,  near  Funchal,  during 
the  autumnal  and  vidnter  months  ;  at  Santa  Anna,  and  the  Ribeiro  Erio  in  May ; 
at  Sao  Vincente  and  the  Lombo  das  Vacas  in  June ;  and  at  the  Cruziuhas,  the 
Eanal,  and  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  in  July. 

Genus  108.  PHL(EOPHAGUS. 

Schonherr,  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iv.  1047  (1838). 

Corpus  parvum,  subcylindrico-ovatum,  plus  minusve  sculpturatum :  rostro  elongato  teretiusculo  sub- 
arcuato  deflexo  :  prothorace  convexo  ad  latera  sub?equaliter  rotundato,  antice  vix  coarctato  :  elytris 
subovatis  basi  truncatis,  supra  (prajsertim  posterius)  convexis  :  alis  (in  specie  nostra)  obsoletis. 
Antenna:  breviusculae  subtenues,  in  medio  rostri  insertse;  funiculo  7-articulato,  articulo  prime 
(tantum,  in  specie  Maderensi)  majore,  reliquis  brevioribus,  ultimo  clavse  baud  arete  adpresso; 
capitulo  solido  subovato,  obscurissime  annulato.  Pedes  fere  ut  in  Rhyncolo,  sed  antici  basi 
plerumque  approximate 

The  JPhlceoiihagi  are  a  good  deal  allied  to  the  Rhyncoli,  nevertheless  they  may 
be  known  from  them  by  tlieii"  more  ovate  outUne,  and  by  their  longer,  narrower, 
and  more  deflexed  rostrum.  They  are  usually  also  more  convex,  especially  behind, 
their  surface  is  more  deeply  sculptured,  theu-  prothorax  is  more  regularly  rounded 

2  ii2 


308  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

at  the  sides,  and  their  antennae  are  for  the  most  part  a  little  slenderer.  In  the 
tjqiical  species  moreover  the  second  articulation  of  the  funiciilus  is  some^^•hat 
longer  than  is  the  case  with  the  Blnjncoli :  nevertheless  in  the  only  Madeii-an 
representative  which  has  been  hitherto  obsen-ed,  this  distinction  does  not  appear 
to  hold  good,  since  there  the  basal  joint  only  is  enlarged,  as  in  R/ii/ncolus. 

233.  Phlceophagus  sulcipennis,  Woll. 

P.  subcylindrico-ovatus  postice  convexus,  niger,  prothorace  profundius  et  subremote  punctate 
utrinque  minus  ampliato,  elytris  cinereo-setulosis  profunda  sulcato-punctatis,  antennis  pedi- 
busque  piceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-1|^. 

Habitat  Maderam  rarissime :  duo  specimina,  a  Dora.  Heinecken  olim  capta  et  mihi  a  Rev''"  Dom.  Lowe 
benigne  communicata,  sola  vidi. 

P.  subcylindrical-ovatc  and  convex,  especially  behind,  blacic.  Rostrum  longer,  narrower,  and  some- 
what more  curved  than  in  the  Rhyncolus  tenax,  and  not  keeled  in  the  centre.  Prothorax  very 
deeply  punctured,  the  punctures  being  large  and  less  numerous  than  in  the  last  insect,  broadest 
about  the  middle  (where  however  it  is  distinctly  narrower  than  the  elytra),  the  sides  being 
almost  equally  and  uniformly  rounded.  Elytra  subovate,  deeply  sulcate-punctate,  and  clothed 
with  a  rigid  and  almost  erect  cinereous  pubescence.     Antennee  and  legs  piceous. 

The  present  FhlccojjhagKs  is  somewhat  allied  to  the  spadix  of  Herljst,  though 
with  its  sculpture  deeper  and  closer,  and  its  rostrum  shorter  than  in  that  species. 
It  is  apparently  rare,  being  one  of  the  few  Coleopterous  insects,  hitherto  observed, 
which  I  failed  in  detecting  during  my  repeated  reseai-ches  in  the  ^Madeira  Islands. 
The  only  two  specimens  that  have  come  beneath  my  notice  were  presented  to  me 
l)y  the  Rev.  11.  T.  Lowe  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken,  by  whom 
they  were  captured,  many  years  ago,  near  Eimchal. 

Genus  109.  CAULOTRUPIS,  iVoU.    (Tab.  VI.  fig.  6,  7,  8  et  9.) 

Corpus  par^imi,  plus  minusve  subcyliudrico-  vel  fusiformi-ovatum,  minus  sculjituratiun,  srlabrum  : 
rostro  (VI.  9fl),  in  maribus  saltem,  longiusculo  (rarius  bi-evi  crasso)  subarcuato  detlexo;  oculis 
parvis  subrotundatis :  prothorace  ad  latera  rotundato  (rare  conico) :  scutello  minutissimo,  vLx 
observando  :  elytris  subovatis  vel  subfusiformibus  basi  truncatis,  subconnatis :  alls  obsoletis. 
Antenna;  (VL  9  b)  breviusculfc  crassiusculfc,  in  medio  rostri  insertw ;  funicido  7-articulato, 
articulo  priuio  majore,  secundo  primi  lougitudiue  sed  graeiUore,  reliquis  brcvioribus  traus\ersis 
latitudine  paulatim  vix  crescentibus,  ultimo  clavse  haud  arete  adpresso ;  capitido  solido  subovato, 
obscurissime  quadri-annulato  (annulis  vix  distiuguendis) .  Pedes  (VL  9  c)  fere  ut  in  Rhyncolo 
et  I'hloeophago,  sod  unffuiculis  minoribus. 

A  Kav\6<;  caulis,  et  Tpmrdo)  foro.     (Typus — Caulotnipis  lucifugus.) 

The  small  assemblage  of  insects  for  the  reception  of  which  the  present  genus  is 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  309 

constituted  is  one  of  the  most  truly  indigenous  throughout  all  the  Madeu'an  Cole- 
optera.  WTiilst  their  general  structui-e  shows  them  to  be  nearly  related  to  Phlceo- 
phagus,  theu*  comparatively  unsculptured,  glabrous  bodies,  and  almost  obsolete 
scutella,  in  connexion  with  their  subconnate  elytra,  freedom  from  wings,  and 
stalk-infesting  habits,  give  them  a  character  peculiarly  their  own.  In  this  last 
respect  however  (as  also  in  its  shorter  rostrum)  the  first  of  the  following  species  is 
somewhat  aberrant,  since  it  appears  to  be  strictly  an  inhabitant  of  rotten  wood, 
as  the  Rhyncoli,  and  not  attached  to  mountaiu  plants  in  exposed  grassy  spots,  as 
is  the  case,  more  or  less,  with  the  remainder :  nevertheless  in  all  essential  par- 
ticulars it  belongs  to  the  present  group,  and  must  consequently  be  regarded  as  a 
Caulotrupis  rather  than  a  Phloeophagus.  Several  of  them  indeed  may  be  often 
captured  beneath  chippings  of  felled  trees  within  the  sylvan  districts :  yet  all  are 
more  abundant  in  the  open  coimtry,  where  they  are  found  either  within  the  stems 
of  plants,  or  adhering  to  the  under  sides  of  stones  in  positions  entirely  destitute  of 
timber.  They  are  apparently  more  numerous  on  the  adjacent  islands  than  in 
Madeira  proper, — the  green  slopes  of  Porto  Santo,  and  the  weather-beaten  surfaces 
of  the  two  northern  Dezertas  and  of  the  Ilheo  de  Fora  affording  them  localities  in 
which  they  would  seem  more  especially  to  flourish. 

234.  Caulotrupis  lacertosus,  Woll.    (Tab.  VI.  fig.  6.) 

C.  ovato-subcylindricus  ater  opacus  granulatus,  rostro  brevi  crasso,  prothorace  amplo  subtilissime 

punctate,  elytris  leviter  crenato-striatis,  antennis  ferrugineis,  pedibus  piceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2. 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  ligno  emortuo  ad  Curral  das  Romeiras  prope  Funchal  autumno  exeunte  a.d.  18-t7 
a  meipso  inventus. 

C.  ovate-subcylindric  and  tbick,  deep  black,  minutely  granulated  all  over,  and  opake.  Rostrum  short 
and  broad.  Prothorax  convex  and  very  large ;  most  minutely  punctured ;  and  broadest  about, 
or  a  little  before,  the  middle.  Elytra  lightly  crenate-striated,  and  broadest  behind  the  middle. 
AntenncE  short,  and  ferruginous.     Legs  piceous. 

A  very  distinct  and  well-marked  species,  differing  from  all  the  remainder  in  its 
short,  broad  rostrum  and  largely  developed  prothorax,  in  its  opake  and  deep  black 
surface,  and  in  its  finely  crenate-striated  elytra.  In  habits  moreover,  as  ah'eady 
stated,  it  would  appear  to  recede  from  the  rest  of  the  genus  here  descrijjed,  being, 
I  believe,  strictly  arboreal.  The  only  two  examples  which  have  hitherto  come 
beneath  my  observation  were  captured  by  myself,  during  the  autumn  of  1847, 
from  the  interior  of  rotten  wood,  in  company  with  the  Bhyncolus  tenax,  at  the 
Cujral  das  Romeiras  near  Eunchal.  It  was  extremely  sluggish  in  its  movements, 
— so  much  so  indeed  that  it  was  with  cUfficulty  that  it  could  be  made  to  crawl  at 
all,  when  extracted  out  of  its  burrows. 


310  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

235.  Caulotrupis  lucifug^is,   JFoU.     (Tab.  VI.  fig.  7,  9.) 

C.  ovato-subfusiformis  niger  subopacus,  prothorace  punctato,  elytris  subnitidis  plus  minusve  obsolete 
substriato-pimctatis,  antennis  fernigineis,  pedibus  piceis. 
Vrir.  u.  prothorace  crebrius  punctato,  elytris  substriato-punctatis  interdum  obscurissime  subsenes- 

centibus,     (Madera  propria  et  Ilheo  de  Fora.) 
Far.  /3.  prothorace  vix  crebre  punctato,  elji;ris  leviter  substriato-punctatis.     {Deserta  Grandis.) 
Var.  y.  prothorace  subremote  et   subtilissime   punctato,  elj'tris  obsoletissime  substriato-punctatis 

nitidioribus  aenescentibus.     {Partus  Sanctus.) 
Var.  8.  fere  ut  var.  /3,  sed  paulo  magis  fusiformis  ac  subuitidior,  et  elytrorum  striis  minus  distinctis, 
{Deserta  Borealis.) 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|-2;|^. 

Habitat  insulas  Maderenses,  intra  plantarum  caules  vel  sub  lapidibus,  toto  anno  non  infrequens :  in 
Deserta  Boreali  praedominat,  qua  Junio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  varietatem  I.  copiosissime  legi. 

C.  ovatc-subi'usiform,  veiy  slightly  sculptured,  black,  and  subopakc.  Prothorax  minutely  punc- 
tured ;  and  broadest  about,  or  a  little  behind,  the  middle.  Elytra  a  little  more  shining  than  the 
prothorax,  and  in  some  instances  (as  in  var.  y.)  distinctly  polished ;  more  or  less  obsoletely  sub- 
striate-punctate;  broadest  either  about  or  a  little  behind  the  middle.  Antenna  short,  and  ferru- 
ginous.    Legs  piceous. 

Var.  a.,  with  the  prothorax  rather  more  thickly  and  distinctly  punctured  than  in  the  other  varieties ; 
and  with  the  elytra  more  evidently  striated,  and  occasionally  with  a  very  obsolete  aeneous  tinge. 
{Madeira  and  the  I/heo  de  Fora.) 

Var.  /3.  with  the  prothorax  rather  more  remotely  punctured  than  in  the  last  variety;  and  with  the 
elytra  not  quite  so  distinctly  striated,  and  usually  free  from  any  indication  of  an  aeneous  tinge. 
{Deserta  Grande.) 

Var.  y.  with  the  prothorax  remotely  and  most  minutely  punctured  (the  punctures  being  only  per- 
ceptible under  rather  a  powerful  lens) ;  and  with  the  elytra  almost  unseuljitured  (both  the  punc- 
tures and  striic  being  nearly  obsolete),  more  shining  than  in  any  of  the  other  varieties,  and 
usually  with  a  very  distinct  aeneous  tinge,  especially  behind.     {Porto  Santo.) 

Var.  8.  much  the  same  as  var.  y,  only  somewhat  narrower  and  more  fusiform,  altogether  a  little 
more  shining,  and  with  the  elytral  striae  less  apparent.     {Northern  Dezerta  or  Ilheo  Chao.) 

Although  ranging  through  no  very  ojiposite  phases,  either  of  outline  or  sculp- 
ture, the  present  Canlotvitpis  (which  I  would  consider  the  generic  tyiie)  appeal's 
to  possess  a  slight  modification  for  every  island  of  the  Madcirau  group :  and 
hence  small  shades  of  difference,  which  might  other\\-ise  be  regai'ded  as  trifling, 
become  directly  important,  and  cannot  be  ignored  in  a  local  Fauna, — even  though 
a  general  collector  may  deem  it  unnecessary  to  recognise  them.  In  real  fact  how- 
ever, such  distinctions,  \\\\c\\  viewed  geographically,  arc  of  the  greatest  interest, 
as  serving  to  illustrate  what  we  have  already  so  often  had  occasion  to  conniient 
upon,  namely  the  iafiuence  of  isolation  and  other  cii'cumstances  on  external  insect 
form.  Not  only  is  the  C.  btciftigus  more  generally  diffused  than  any  of  the 
remaining  species,  but  it  would  seem,  likewise,  to  be  peculiarly  normal  both  in  its 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  311 

strvicture  and  habits,  and  therefore  eminently  calculated  as  it  were  to  represent 
the  genus.  It  is  found  exclusively,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  either  in 
the  stems  of  mountain  plants  or  else  beneath  stones,  in  exposed  grassy  spots 
(entirely  free  from  timber)  of  rather  low  and  intermediate  altitudes.  It  is  appa- 
rently scarcer  in  Madeira  proper  than  on  the  other  islands,  the  only  position  in 
which  I  have  as  yet  taken  it  being  the  sunny  slopes  above  the  cliffs  to  the  east- 
ward of  Funchal,  towards  the  Cabo  Gerajao  or  Brazen  Head, — where  during  the 
autumn  of  184<7  I  captm-ed  it  sparingly,  from  amongst  short  vegetation  and 
broken  fragments  of  shrubs  between  the  detached  blocks  of  tufa  and  scoriae.  In 
December  181-8  I  discovered  the  var.  7.  in  tolerable  abundance  in  Porto  Santo, 
adhering  to  dried  stalks  and  the  under-sides  of  stones,  on  the  ascent  of  nearly  aU 
the  peaks  :  and  on  the  19th  of  March  1819  I  met  with  specunens  on  the  Ilheo  de 
Fora  receding  in  no  respect  from  the  Madeiran  ones.  At  the  end  of  May  1850  I 
took  the  var.  (3.  on  the  simimit  of  the  Dezerta  Grande,  diu'ing  my  encampment 
there  with  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe :  and  a  week  later  (namely,  early  in  Jime)  the 
var.  g.  occurred  in  the  utmost  profusion  on  the  Northern  Dezerta,  or  lUieo  Chao, 
from  whence  I  collected  a  large  series  of  examples,  all  bearing  the  slight  distinctive 
features  which  I  have  endeavoured  to  indicate  in  the  diagnosis  of  that  variety. 
They  delight  in  the  most  ■«dndy  positions ;  nevertheless  they  would  appear  to 
secrete  themselves  either  beneath  or  immediately  around  the  loose  slabs  of  basalt, 
or  about  the  stems  and  roots  of  the  harder,  stunted  plants,  with  which  such 
localities  everywhere  abound. 

236.  Caulotrupis  impius,  Wdl. 

C.  subcylindrico-ovatus  piceo-niger  subopacus,  prothorace  levitei-  subpunctato,  elytris  subnitidis  pro- 
funde  punctato-striatis,  antennis  longiusculis  ferrugineis,  pedibus  piceis. 
Variat  (immaturus)  colore  omnino  ferrugineo. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-1|^. 

Habitat  intra  caules  Silybi  Mariani,  Grtn.  {=Cardui  benedicti,  antiquorum, — unde  nomen  triviale 
proposui)  in  ins.  Desertaj  Grandis,  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  copiosissime  captus  :  in 
Madera  propria  mihi  non  obvius,  at  unicum  exemplar  indigenum,  nisi  me  fallit,  nuper  com- 
municavit  Dom.  Leacock. 

C.  subcylindric-ovate,  brownish-  or  piceous-black  (when  immature,  more  or  less  fen-uginous),  and 
sub-opake.  Prothorax  very  indistinctly  punctured,  the  punctures  being  exceedingly  shallow  and 
ill-defined ;  broadest  a  little  behind  the  middle.  Elytra  rather  more  shining  than  the  pro- 
thorax,  and  with  more  or  less  of  an  obscure  jeneous  or  greenish  tinge  ;  deeply  punctate-striated ; 
subcylindi'ical,  and  broadest  a  little  behind  the  middle.  Antenna  longish,  and  ferruginous.  Legs 
piceous. 

The  small  size  of  the  present  Ccmlotnqjis  will  readily  separate  it  from  every  other 
species  here  described  except  the  C.  terebr'ans,  fi*om  which  however  it  is  at  once 


312  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

distrnguislied  by  its  broader  and  less  fusiform  outline,  darker  bue,  more  deeply 
striated  elytra,  and  by  tbe  very  obsolete  punctures  of  its  prothorax.  Tbe  only 
locality  in  which  I  have  myself  hitherto  observed  it  is  on  the  Dezerta  Grande, 
\\hcro,  at  the  end  of  May  1850,  I  detected  it  in  the  utmost  profusion  in  the  rotten 
stems  of  the  Sllybum  Marianum,  Grtn.  (the  Carduus  benedictits,  or  Holy  Thistle, 
of  the  ancients),  throughout  the  entire  length  of  the  long  valley  which  runs  fi'om 
the  northern  extremity  towards  the  centre  of  the  island.  A  single  specimen  how- 
ever has  been  recently  communicated  to  me  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.  of  Funchal, 
stated  to  have  been  taken  in  Madeira  proper,  though  the  circumstances  of  its 
capture  he  was  unaljle  to  recall. 

237.  Cauloti-upis  terebrans,  Woll.    (Tab.  VI.  fig.  8.) 
C.  subfusifomii-ovatus  a?neus  subnitidus,  prothorace  punctate,  elytris  nitidis   striato-punctatis,  an- 

tennis  longiusculis  pallido-ferrugiaeis,  pedibus  rufo-piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  ad  latera  necaon  in  cacuminibus  montium  Portus  Sancti,  mtra  caules  plautarum  vcl  in  rupiuui 
fissuris,  rarissime  :  in  summo  ipso  monte  Pico  de  Faebo  dicto  (circa  16G0'  s.  m.)  Aprili  exeunte 
A.D.  1818  duo  specimina  inveiii. 

C.  .subfusiform-ovatc,  being,  proportionably,  a  little  narrower  and  somewhat  less  expanded  behind 
than  the  last  species,  seneous,  and  shining.  Prothorax  much  more  deeply  punctured  tlian  in 
C.impius,  the  punctures  being  distinct  and  rather  large;  broadest  behind  the  middle.  Elytra 
tolerably  brilliant;  rather  deeply  punctate-striated;  and  broadest  about  or  a  little  behind  the 
middle.     Antenrue  longish,  and  pale  ferruginous.     Leffs  rufo-piceous. 

Easily  distingiiishaljle  by  its  small  bulk,  comparatively  brQliant  and  entirely 
l)rassy  surface,  and  by  its  deeply  punctiu-ed  prothorax.  This  last  moreover  is, 
proportionably,  somewhat  more,  and  its  elytra  just  perceptibly  less,  expanded 
behind  than  is  the  case  with  the  C.  impius,  giving  it  altogether  a  slightly  more 
fusiform  appearance ;  in  addition  to  which  it  is  not  quite  so  deeply  striated  as  that 
insect.  If  the  two  examples  which  have  come  beneath  my  notice  be  tyi^ical  as 
regards  size,  the  C.  terebrans  (even  though  somewhat  larger  than  extreme  speci- 
mens of  the  impius  and  Chevrolatil)  would  seem  to  be  the  smallest  CatttotrKpis, 
on  the  average,  of  all  the  species  here  described.  It  is,  apparently,  excessively 
local,  being  confined,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  Porto  Santo, — where, 
during  my  ^dsit  to  that  island  with  the  Eev.  W.  J.  Armitage  in  AprU  and  May 
1818,  I  captm-ed  a  pair  from  out  of  the  crevices  of  the  rocks  on  the  northern  side 
of  the  extreme  simimit  of  the  Pico  de  Facho  (about  IGGO  feet  above  the  sea) ;  a 
spot  in  which  I  first  discovered  the  Taip/iiiis  Loicei  and  IIiip)era  liniato.  Al- 
though I  searched  diligently  in  the  same  place  on  two  subsequent  occasions,  I 
failed  in  detecting  more ;  and  hence  it  may  be  presumed  to  be  not  only  local,  but 
rare. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  313 

238.  Caulotrupis  Chevrolatii,  WoU. 

C.  ovato-fusiformis  seneus  subuiticlus,  prothorace  pimctato,  elytris  nitidis  obsolete  substriato-pimc- 
tatis,  antennis  elongatis  pallido-ferrugineis,  pedibus  rufo-piceis. 
Var.  /3.  obscurior,  elj'trorum  striis  vix  distiuctioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l5-2. 

Habitat  per  rcgionem  sylvaticam  Maderse,  sub  lapidibus  tmncisque  arborum  prolapsis,  a  3000'  usque 
ad  6000'  s.  m.,  testate  non  infrequens. 

C.  ovate-fusiform,  seneous,  and  shining.  Prothorax  punctm-ed,  though  not  quite  so  deeply  so  as  in 
the  C.  terebrans ;  broadest  in  the  middle,  and  distinctly  narrowed  behind.  Scutellum  more  ap- 
parent than  in  any  of  the  other  species  (although  excessively  small).  Elytra  brilliant;  lightly 
punctate-striated,  both  the  punctm-es  and  stride  vanishing  towards  the  outer  margin  and  apex ; 
and  broadest  about  the  middle.  Antenna  long,  and  pale-ferrxiginous.  Legs  rufo-piceous. 
Var.  /3.  of  an  obscurer  hue,  and  with  the  elytra  somewhat  more  distinctly  striated. 

In  its  sliining,  brassy  siu'face,  and  distinct  prothoracic  punctures,  tlie  present 
Caiilotnqjis  assimilates  the  C.  terebrans.  Nevertheless  its  larger  size,  more  strictly 
fusiform  outline,  posteriorly  narrowed  prothorax,  and  very  lightly  seidptured 
elytra  will  at  once  separate  it  from  that  insect :  whilst  in  its  more  evident  scu- 
telliun,  which,  though  minute,  is  quite  perceptible  beneath  a  moderate  lens,  it 
recedes  from  all  the  other  species  here  described.  Both  the  C.  Chevrolatii  and 
opacus  are  less  stalk-infesting  in  their  habits  than  the  allied  forms,  occurring 
principally  beneath  stones  and  amongst  chippings  of  wood  in  the  lofty  sylvan 
districts.  Diu'ing  the  summer  of  1850  I  captured  it  sparingly  at  the  Lombo  das 
Vacas  and  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros ;  as  also,  in  tolerable  abundance,  in  the 
region  of  the  Cruzinhas  and  Fanal.  I  have  dedicated  the  species  to  M.  Chevrolat 
of  Paris,  whose  valuable  collection  has  afforded  me  much  assistance,  and  whose 
liberality  in  the  loan  and  examination  of  specimens  it  gives  me  great  pleasui'e  to 
record. 

239.  Caulotrupis  opacus,  WoU. 

C.  ovato-fusiformis  subpiceo-seneus  subopacus,  prothorace  subtilissime  punctato,  elytris  obsolete  sub- 

striato-punctatis,  antennis  elongatis  pallido-fen-ugineis,  pedibus  rufo-piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  l|-2^. 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam  excelsam,  in  locis  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  sed  iUo  rarior. 

C.  ovate-fusiform  (though  somewhat  broader^  rather  less  convex,  and  more  elliptical  than  the  last 
species),  seneous  with  a  slightly  piceous  tinge,  and  nearly  opake.  Prothorax  most  minutely 
punctured  ;  broadest  about  the  middle,  and  more  or  less  narrowed  behind.  Elytra  lightly  punc- 
tate-striated, both  the  punctures  and  striae  (as  in  the  C.  Chevrolatii)  vanishing  towards  the  outer 
margin  and  apex ;  and  broadest  about  the  middle.  Antenna  long,  and  pale-ferruginous.  Legs 
nifo-piceous. 

2  s 


Sii  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

A  good  deal  allied  to  the  last  species,  from  which  however  it  differs  iu  its  larger 
size,  broader,  somewhat  more  elliptical  and  depressed  body,  in  its  less  distinct 
prothoracic  punctures,  obscurer  colour,  and  in  its  almost  opake  surface.  It  is 
exceedingly  rare,  and,  like  the  C.  ChevrolatU,  confined  to  the  sylvan  regions  of  a 
high  elevation, — where  it  is  found  beneath  decaying  logs,  and  under  chippings  of 
wood,  dui'ing  the  summer  months.  I  have  captm-ed  it  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas 
in  June ;  and,  more  abimdantly,  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueu'os  in  July. 

240.  CaiUotnipis  conicoUis,  WoU. 

C.  obpyriformis  aeneus  (vel  nigro-  vel  violaceo-aeneus)  nitidus,  prothorace  conico  fere  impunctato, 
elytris  convexis  postice  substriatis,  antennis  breviusculis  ferrugineis,  pedibiis  rufo-piceis. 
Var.  /3.  vix   major,  prothorace  minus  conico,  punctis,  elytrorumque   striis  paulo  distinctioribus. 
(Ins.  Deserta  Grandis.) 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|-2|. 

Habitat  in  graminosis  Maderse,  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis,  usque  ad  3000'  s.  m., 
toto  anno  passim  :  var.  /3.  (ins.  Desertam  Graudem  nisi  fallor  solam  colcns)  fortasse  alteram 
speciem  constituat,  nam  ex  unico  speciminc  immaturo  vix  satis  adjudicare  licet :  an  igitur  species 
sit  vera  egomct  affirmare  nequeo,  sed  credo  earn  ad  C.  conicoUem  tantum  2)ertinere. 

C.  obpyriform  (i.  e.  inverted  pear-shaped),  aeneous,  sometimes  with  either  a  violet  or  piceous  tinge, 
and  shining.  Protlwrax  conical  (being  wide  behind  and  narrowed  in  front,  with  the  sides 
straight) ;  almost  impunctate,  though  with  very  faint  indications  of  punctures  anteriorly  and  at 
the  lateral  edges,  especially  the  former.  Elytra  convex  ;  striated  behind,  but  nearly  unsculptm-ed 
in  front;  broadest  a  little  before  the  middle.  Antenna  shortish,  and  pale-ferruginous.  Legs 
rufo-piccous. 
Var.  /3.  a  little  larger,  and  less  pyriform  (the  prothorax  not  being  quite  so  conical,  nor  the  elytra  so 
suddenly  expanded  before  the  middle),  and  with  the  prothoracic  punctures  and  elytral  striae, 
especially  the  latter,  rather  more  distinct.     (The  state  peculiar  to  the  Dezerta  Grande.) 

One  of  the  most  singular  and  characteristic  of  all  the  Madeiran  Coleopterous 
insects,  and  easUy  recognized  from  the  other  Caidotnqndes  here  described  by  its 
obpyriform  outline  (in  which  it  resembles  some  of  the  members  of  the  genus 
Apion),  conical  prothorax,  more  convex  elytra  (which  are  suddenly  expanded  a 
little  before  the  middle),  and  by  its  almost  unsculptm'cd  siu'face.  So  remarkable 
is  its  general  contour,  that  it  might  almost  be  supposed,  at  first  sight,  to  embody 
the  type  of  a  separate  genus ;  nevertheless  a  closer  inquiry  into  its  structiu-e  and 
liabits  proves  it  to  be  an  imdoubted  Caulotnipis.  Like  the  C.  l/icifiiffiis,  it  seems 
to  be  principally  confined  to  grassy  spots  of  low  and  intermediate  altitudes,  re- 
siding either  beneath  stones  in  exposed  localities,  or  else  (as  in  the  north  of  the 
island)  under  logs  of  wood  in  the  vicinity  of  vineyards  and  other  cultivated 
groimds.  I  have  taken  it,  during  the  autmnual  and  winter  months,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Funchal, — especially  to  the  eastward  of  the  town  (towards  the  Brazen 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  315 

Head)  and  in  the  Eibeii-o  de  Santa  Lvizia ;  and  likewise,  during  May  and  June, 
in  the  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna.  Of  the  car.  /3.  (captiu'ed  by  myself,  on  the 
summit  of  the  Dezerta  Grande,  in  May  1860)  I  possess  but  a  single  example ;  and 
hence  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  decide  for  certain  whether  the  small  distinctive 
features  which  it  presents  be  indicative  of  an  additional  species,  or  merely  of  a 
local  state  of  the  C.  conicolUs.  After  a  careful  examination,  I  am  inclined  to  the 
latter  opinion,  since  even  Madeii-an  specimens  do  occasionally  show  a  slight  ten- 
dency to  have  their  punctiu-es  and  elytral  striae  perceptibly  developed ;  whilst,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  small  differences  of  its  figure  are  scarcely  more  than  those 
which  cannot  fail  to  be  acknowledged  in  the  insular  modifications  of  the  C.  liici- 
fngus :  nevertheless  it  is  clear  that  a  larger  number  of  individuals  should  be 
obtained  before  we  pronounce  absolutely  on  the  subject. 

Genus  110.  CAULOPHILUS,  Woll.    (Tab.  VI.  fig.  4.) 

Corpus  parvum,  lineare,  depressum,  sculpturatum,  glabrum :  rostro  (VI.  4  a)  longiusculo  subarcuato 
subdeflexo;  oculis  magnis  rotimdatis :  prothorace  ad  latera  rotundato :  scutello  distiucto  sub- 
rotundato  :  eZy/m  parallelis  profunde  sulcatis  :  afe,  nisi  fallor,  obsoletis.  Antenna  (VI.  4  6)  et 
pedes  (VI.  4  c)  fere  ut  in  Uaulotrupide,  sed  ill<B  paulo  crassiores. 

A  KavKo<i  caulis,  et  </)t\o?  amicus. 

The  hitherto  unique  insect  from  which  the  above  diagnosis  has  been  di"awn  out 
possesses  much  in  common  with  Phloeopliagus  and  Caulotrupis,  though  with 
distinctive  characters  of  its  own  sufiicient,  as  I  believe,  to  warrant  its  isolation 
from  both  of  them.  Its  linear  outline,  and  depressed,  deeply  sculptured  surface, 
in  conjunction  with  its  comparatively  large  eyes  and  scutellum,  will  at  once  serv^e 
to  separate  it  from  the  latter ;  whilst  from  the  former  its  incrassated  antennae, 
obsolete  wings,  and  flattened,  parallel  body  will,  apart  from  minor  differences, 
equally  remove  it. 

241.  Caulophilus  sculpturatus,  WoU.    (Tab.  VI.  fig.  4.) 
C.  linearis  rufo-piceus  subnitidus   depressus,   prothorace  profunde  punctato,  elytris  profunde  sub- 

crenato-sulcatis,  interstitiis  seriatim  punctatis,  antennarum  clava  ferruginea. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  Maderam  rarissimus  :  exemplar  unicum,  sero  autumno  a.d.  1847  prope  Cabo  Gerajao  a 
meipso  detectum,  tantum  vidi. 

C.  linear,  depressed,  rufo-piceous,  and  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  (especially  the  latter) 
deeply  and  closely  punctured.  Elytra  parallel,  deeply  subcrenate-sulcate,  the  interstices  with  a 
longitudinal  row  of  small  punctures  down  each.  Antenna  with  their  club  ferruginous.  Legs 
rufo-piceous. 

Apparently  extremely  rare ;  the  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  having  been 

2  s2 


310  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

captured  by  myself,  during  the  autumn  of  IS^T,  on  the  exposed  grassy  eminence 
to  the  eastward  of  Funchal  (along  the  Caniso  road),  immediately  before  arriving  at 
the  Cabo  Gerajao  or  Brazen  Head. 

Genus  111.  STENOTIS,  WoU.    (Tab.  YI.  fig.  5.) 

Corpus  parvum,  angusto-lineare,  depressum :  fronte  amplo  integro  :  rosiro  longissimo  tereti  (ad  anten- 
nanim  insertionem  haud  ampliato)  subporrecto :  oculis  mediocribus  rotundatis  :  prothorace 
anterius  acumiiiato,  apice  coarctato,  basi  recte  truncato  :  scutello  distincto  lajvi  subrotundato : 
eli/tris  elongatis  parallclis  pubcscentibus,  basi  recte  truncatis :  alts  parvis.  Antenna  (VI.  5  a) 
niediocres  subgraciles,  pone  medium  rostri  (in  utroque  sexu  nisi  fallor)  insertse ;  funiculo  7-arti- 
culato,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  turbinatis,  illo  paulo  crassiore,  reliquis  brevioribus  transversis 
paulatim  latitudiue  leviter  cresccntibus,  ultimo  clavte  haud  arete  adpresso ;  capitulo  solido  sub- 
ovato,  apicem  versus  obscurissime  annulate.  Pedes  validiusculi,  antici  paulo  longiores  basi  parum 
distantes ;  femoribus  clavatis  subcompressis  muticis :  HMis  subrectis,  ad  apicem  externum  in 
uncum  magnum  acutum  deflerum  productis :  tarsis  articulo  antepenultimo  valde  bilobo,  ultimo 
clavato  unr/uiculis  parvis  munito. 

A  aTevoTi)^  angustia. 

The  genus  Stenotic  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  Mesites  by  the  minute 
and  extremely  narrow  body  of  the  singular  little  insect  for  the  reception  of  which 
it  has  been  erected,  by  its  more  pubescent  surface,  longer  and  unchannelled 
forehead,  by  the  straightly  truncated  basal  margins  of  its  elytra  and  of  its  (ante- 
riorly acuminated)  prothorax,  and  by  its  antennae  being,  in  both  sexes  (unless 
indeed  the  only  two  specimens  which  have  come  beneath  my  observation  are,  as  I 
do  not  l)elievc  to  be  the  case,  females),  inserted  behind  the  middle  of  its  (more  por- 
reetod  and  slenderer)  rostrum  :  wliilst,  amongst  its  obscurer  characteristics,  its  less 
hardened  outer  envelope,  its  slightly  more  approximated  front  legs,  and  the  largely 
developed  lobes  of  the  antepenultimate  joiut  of  all  its  tarsi  should  be  especially 
noticed.  In  its  external  aspect  it  is  somewhat  more  exotic  than  the  generality  of 
the  Madeiran  Coleoptera,  calling  to  mind  such  groups  as  Catolethnts  and  Por- 
thetes, — from  America  and  Southern  Africa.  With  the  former  indeed  it  possesses 
a  good  deal  in  common ;  and  it  cannot  but  be  regarded  as  altogether  one  of  the 
most  interesting  forms  which  these  islands  have  produced. 

242.  Stenotis  acicula,  WoU.    (Tab.  VI.  fig.  5.) 
S.  angustissimo-linearis   testacea   depressa,    prothorace  obsolete  punctate,   elytris  leviter  punctato- 

striatis  pubesccntibus,  pedibus  vLx  pallidioribus. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2. 

Habitat  Maderam  borcalcm  sylvaticam  rarissimc,  a  mcipso  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  haud  procul  a 
llibeira  de  Jouo  Delgada,  23  Jul.  a.d.  1850  deprehensa. 

S.  extremely  narrow  and  linear,  depressed,  pale  testaceous,  and  almost  opake.     Head  and  prothorax 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  317 

obsoletely  punctured ;  the  former  elongate  and  sub-porrected ;  the  latter  narrowed  anteriorly, 
and  widest  behind  the  middle,  where  it  is  of  about  the  same  breadth  as  the  elytra.  Elytra 
parallel,  pubescent,  and  lightly  punctate-striated.  Legs  of  a  slightly  paler  testaceous  hue  than 
the  rest  of  the  body. 

Excessively  rare,  the  only  two  specimens  wMch  I  have  seen  having  been 
captured  by  myself,  in  the  north  of  Madeira,  on  the  23rd  of  July  1850,  in 
the  remote  sylvan  district  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  towards  the  eastern 
edge  of  the  Ribeira  de  Jofio  Delgada. 

Genus  112.  MESITES. 

Schonherr,  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iv.  1043  (1838.) 

Corpus  mediocre,  sublineare,  sculpturatum :  fronts  canaliculato :  rostro  elongato  subdeflexo ;  in 
maribus  crassiusculo  punctulato  canaliculato,  prope  vel  ante  medium  (ad  antennarum  inser- 
tionem)  plus  minusve  ampliato ;  in  foeminis  tenuiore  integro,  prope  basin  (ad  antennarum  inser- 
tionem)  punctato  ampliato,  deinde  laeviore  tereti :  oculis  mediocribus  subrotundatis :  prothorace 
apice  plus  minusve  coarctato,  basi  subsinuato-truncato :  scutello  distincto  Isevi  subrotundato : 
elytris  plus  minusve  parallelis,  (in  Europjeis  fere  glabris,  sed  in  speciebus  Maderensibus)  sub- 
tiliter  vel  subtilissime  pubescentibus,  basi  sinuato-truncatis  :  alls  parvis,  subobsoletis.  Antenrue 
longiusculae  valida;,  in  maribus  prope  vel  ante  medium,  in  foeminis  ad  vel  prope  basin  rostri 
insertae ;  funiculo  capituloque  fere  ut  in  Stenotis,  sed  hoc  solidissimo  (annulis  baud  observandis). 
Pedes  fere  ut  in  Stenotis,  sed  longiores  validiores,  anticis  basi  paulo  distantioribus,  tibiis  omnibus 
fortius  uncinatis,  et  articulo  tarsorum  antepenuUimo  minus  profunde  bilobo. 

Mesites  was  established  by  Schonherr,  in  1838,  to  receive  the  three  Eiu'opean 
Cossoni  {pallidipennis,  Tarclii,  and  cunipes),  in  which  the  antennse,  iastead  of  being 
inserted,  as  in  the  remainder,  towards  the  apex  of  the  rostrum,  are  placed  about  (or 
a  little  before)  the  middle  in  the  males,  and  at  (or  just  in  front  of)  the  base  in  the 
females.  Since  the  publication  of  the  Genera  et  Species  Curctdionkhim,  no  addi- 
tions have  been  made  to  the  group ;  and  therefore  two  well-defined  representatives 
from  Madeira  become  extremely  interestiag, — and  especially  so  since  they  would 
appear,  from  then*  vast  numbers,  to  play  a  prominent  part  amongst  the  Coleo- 
pterous population  of  the  upland  districts  of  the  island.  The  very  near  relationship 
moreover  of  one  of  them  (in  aspect,  structure  and  habits)  to  an  insect  which,  until 
discovered  by  myself  in  the  south-west  of  England,  was  supposed  to  be  exclusively 
Irish,  must  give  the  genus  a  geographical  importance  peculiarly  its  own,  and 
scarcely  sm-passed  by  any  other  with  which  we  have  here  to  do.  The  species  of 
Mesites  are  eminently  gregarious,  congregating  beneath  the  loose  bark  of  trees, 
from  which  they  seldom  wander  except  at  night.  Great  variability  in  statm-e  may 
be,  also,  regarded  as  amongst  the  most  essential  of  their  features.  So  wide  indeed 
is  the  range  through  which  they  severally  pass,  that  small  individuals  are  often 
scarcely  one-third  of  the  size  attained  by  larger  ones  of  the  same  race  ;  and  hence 


318  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

it  becomes  necessary,  in  nearly  every  instance,  to  procure  an  extensive  series  of 
specimens  l^efore  we  are  able  to  connect  the  extremes  of  form,  and  fully  to  appre- 
ciate its  Umits. 


§  I.  Antennee  breviuseula :  rostrum  in  maribus prope  medium  {ad  antennarum  insertUmem)  vix  ampliatum. 

243.  Mesites  Euphorbiae,  WoU. 

M.  sublinearis  badio-piceus  depressus,  prothorace  profuiulo  punctato  longitudinaliter  obscurissime 

carinato,  elytris  crenato-striatis  subtiliter  pubescentibus,  sutura.  necnon  interdum  plaga  obsole- 

tissima  versus  latera  nigrescentibus,  interstitiis   subplanis  minutissime   punctulatis,    antennis 

pedibusque  rufo-piceis. 

Vai-.  /3.  plerumque  minor,  plus  minusve  badius  vel  rufo-fen-ugineus,  capite,  rostro  ad  basin,  scutello, 

elytrorumque  suturS,  nigrescentibus. 
Vw.  y.  protboracis  punetis  minoribus  indistinctis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  mas,  2^-4^^ :  foem.,  2^-3f . 


Habitat  locos  editiores  Maderse,  sub  cortice  Euphorbia  mellifercB,  Linn.  PhiL,  hinc  inde  vulgaris :  in 
sylva  quadam  Enphui-biarum  prope  Lagoani  Fanalensem  sitS,  (circa  SOCKy  s.  m.)  d.  17  Jul.  a.u. 
1850  copiosissime  iuveni. 

M.  subliucar,  reddisb-piceous  witb  more  or  less  of  an  additional  chestnut  hue  (causing  the  surface  to 
be  somewhat  clouded,  or  unequal  in  intensity,  like  the  darker  portions  of  tortoiseshell),  scarcely 
at  all  shining,  and  exceedingly  depressed.  Forehead,  in  both  sexes,  roughly  punctured  and 
grooved  between  the  eyes.  Prothorax  coarsely  punctured,  with  a  deep  central  depression  behind 
(in  front  of  the  seutellum),  and  with  very  obscui'c  indications  of  an  unpunctured  keel  down  the 
centre.  Elytra  perceptibly  pubescent,  deeply  crcnatc-striatcd,  with  the  interstices  subeonvex 
and  most  delicately  punetalated ;  the  sutiu-e  (with  the  seutellum),  and  a  very  ill-detined  dash 
towards  the  lateral  edges,  more  or  less  obscurely  darker.  Antenna  and  legs  rufo-piccous ;  the 
former  short,  with  their  club  ferruginous ;  and  the  latter  with  the  base  of  their  femora  usually  a 
little  dusky. 

Male,  with  the  rostrum  thick,  punctulated  and  grooved,  and  scarcely  at  ail  dilated  at  the  point  of 
insertion  of  the  antennae, — which  are  placed  about  midway  between  its  base  and  apex. 

Female,  with  the  rostioim  rather  shorter,  slenderer,  and  polished,  being  almost  unpunctulated  and 
witliout  a  groove, — its  extreme  base  (just  in  front  of  which  its  antennae  are  inserted)  being  alone 
dilated  and  rough. 

\'nr.  j3.  usually  of  a  smaller  size,  and  more  or  less  of  a  pale  chestnut,  or  rufo-ferniginous  hue, — 
the  head,  the  rostrum  (especially  at  its  base),  the  seutellum,  and  the  elytral  suture  being  alone 
more  or  less  distinctly  darker. 

Var.  y.  with  the  prothoracic  punctures  exceedingly  small  and  indistinct. 

Apart  from  minor  differences,  in  coloiir  and  sculi)turc,  the  present  Jfesifes  may 
1)6  readily  known  from  the  following  one  by  its  smaller  size,  flatter  body,  and  by 
its  shorter  antenna?,  which  iu  the  male  sex  arc  implanted  nearer  the  middle  of  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  319 

rostrum  than  is  the  case  with  the  M.  Maclerensis, — the  rostrum  itseK  moreover 
being  less  perceptibly  expanded  at  the  point  of  insertion.  It  is,  apparently, 
extremely  local,  and  attached  exclusively,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to 
the  gigantic  Tree-Euphorbia  {Euphorbia  mellifera,  Linn.  Phil.)  of  lofty  altitudes, — 
beneath  the  bark  of  which  it  would  seem  to  be  found  in  certain  spots  in  the 
utmost  profusion.  The  only  occasion  on  which  I  have  detected  it  was  on  the 
17th  of  June  1850,  in  the  extraordinary  Euphorbia  p)lantation  (upwards  of  5000 
feet  above  the  sea)  on  the  descent  of  the  mountain-road  leading  from  the  Lagoa  of 
the  Eanal  towards  Porto  Moniz, — ^where  it  existed  in  the  greatest  abundance. 


§  II.   AntenncB  longiusculw  ;   rostrum  in  marihus  ante  medium   (ad  antennartim  insertionem)   evidenter 

ampliatvm. 

244.  Mesites  Maderensis,  Woll. 
M.  sublinearis    nigro-piceus    subconvexus,  prothorace  profundius  punctate  longitudinaliter  obscure 
carinato,  elytris  crenato-stiiatis  subtllissime  pubescentibus,  interstitiis  planis  minute  punctulatis, 
antennis  pedibusque  rufo-piceis. 
Var.  ^.  plerumque  minor,  plus  minusve  ferrugineus,  capite,  scutello,  et  interdum  etiam  elytrorum 
sutura  paulo  obscurioribus. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  mas,  2|-6  :  foem.,  3-5. 

Habitat  in  Maderse  sylvis  editioribus,  sub  cortice  arborum  laxo,  sestate  vulgaris :  per  regionem  Fana- 
lensem  prsecipue  abundat,  qua  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  copiosissime  legi. 

M.  sublinear,  dark  piceous,  almost  opake,  more  convex  than  the  last  species.  Forehead,  in  both 
sexes,  roughly  punctured  and  grooved  between  the  eyes.  Prothorax  very  coarsely  punctured, 
the  punctures  being  somewhat  larger  than  in  the  M.  Euphorbia  ;  also  with  a  deep  central  de- 
pression behind  (in  front  of  the  scutellum),  as  in  that  insect ;  and  with  a  slightly  more  distinct, 
unpunctm-ed  keel  down  the  centre.  Elytra  almost  imperceptibly  pubescent;  deeply  crenate- 
striated ;  with  the  interstices  flattened  and  rather  more  distinctly  punctulated  than  in  the  last 
species.     Antenna  and  lec/s  rufo-piceous ;  the  fonner  with  their  club  more  or  less  ferruginous. 

Male,  with  the  rostrum  as  in  the  last  species,  only  more  distinctly  dilated  at  the  point  of  insertion 
of  the  antennoe, — which  are  placed  nearer  to  the  apex  than  to  the  base. 

Female,  with  the  rostrum  as  in  the  last  species. 

Var.  /3.  usually  of  a  smaller  size,  and  of  a  more  or  less  dull  ferruginous  hue, — the  head,  the  scutellum, 
and  sometimes  also  the  elytral  suture,  being  alone  obscurely  darker. 

The  larger  size,  convexer  body,  and  longer  antennae  of  the  present  Mesites,  in 
addition  to  the  differences  already  pointed  out  in  the  male  rostrum,  will  serve  to 
separate  it,  even  prima  facie,  from  the  last.  Its  habits  moreover  are  of  a  less 
local  character,  since  it  does  not  appear  to  confine  its  ravages  to  any  particular 
tree, — although  most  partial  to  the  various  kinds  of  laurel  with  which  the  elevated 
sylvan  districts  of  Madeira  principally  abound.     Like  the  31.  Euphorbia,  it  is 


320  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

strictly  of  an  alpine  nature :  in  fact  I  have  never  observed  it  below  the  elevation 
of  about  3000  feet,  whilst  it  would  seem  to  attain  its  maximum  at  a  far  higher 
altitude.  I  have  captured  it  sjwringly  in  the  region  of  the  Eibeu"0  Frio,  in  ^lay ; 
and  in  the  utmost  profusion,  during  July,  beneath  loose  bark  at  the  Cruzinhas 
and  Fanal.  AMien  viewed  geographically,  it  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the 
Coleopterous  inhabitants  of  these  islands,  as  being  the  exact  i*epresentative  of  the 
31.  Tarda*,  Curtis,  hitherto  peculiar  to  Ireland  and  the  south-west  of  England. 
In  their  modes  of  life  indeed  the  two  are  positively  coincident,  both  being  more 
particidarly  attached  to  evergreen  trees,  either  in  mountain  or  submaritime  spots  ; 
whilst  in  their  range  of  size,  colour,  and  general  contour  they  present  so  great  a 
similarity  inter  se,  that  they  might  at  first  sight  be  almost  confounded.  So  close 
is  this  resemblance,  that,  until  I  had  made  an  actual  comparison,  I  had  imagined 
them  to  be  but  local  states  of  one  and  the  same  sjoecies :  nevertheless,  a  careful 
examination  proves  them  to  be  uuquestiona1)ly  distinct,  theu"  differences  being 
such  as  cannot  be  accounted  for  by  change  of  latitude,  isolation,  or  any  other 
miion  of  circumstances  to  which  they  may  have  been,  respectively,  exposed.  The 
M.  Maderensis  may  be  known  from  the  Tardii  by  its  more  opake,  slightly  flatter, 
and  less  deeply  sculptured  sm-face,  by  the  more  sinuated  basal  margins  of  its  pro- 
thorax  and  elytra,  by  the  latter  being  more  perceptibly  pubescent  (with  their 
interstices  more  evidently  punctulated  and  less  rugulose),  by  its  rostrmn  being  less 
quadrately  expanded  in  the  males,  and  by  the  antenuEe  of  the  females  being 
inserted  nearer  to  the  eyes  than  is  the  case  in  that  insect. 

like  its  Irish  analogue,  it  is  purely  noctui'nal, — never  wandering  by  day ;  in 
which  respect  it  somewhat  recedes  from  the  31.  Euphorhicv,  which  I  not  only 
detected  under  the  outer  coating  of  the  stems  of  the  Euphorbia  meUifcra  (in  the 
famous  plantation  of  the  Eanal),  but  even,  though  in  much  smaller  nimibers,  on 
the  foliage  also, — and  which  is  partially  therefore,  at  any  rate,  dim-nal. 

*  This  insect,  -nliicli  li.as  not  yet  oecivrred  in  any  part  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  was  originallv  dis- 
covered in  decayed  hollies  at  Powerscourt  ^A^aterfall,  in  the  county  of  Wicklow,  by  jNIr.  Tardy  of  Dublin. 
For  many  years  subsequently  it  appears  to  have  been  altogether  lost  sight  of,  until  detected  by  myself, 
in  1S41,  at  Mount  Edgeeumbc  iu  Dcvoushire,^and  along  the  coast  of  Cornwall,  westwards,  as  far  as 
Menabilly  and  Fowey.  In  the  north  of  Devon  I  have,  likewise,  obser\cd  it,  in  the  valley  of  the  LjTi, 
tliough  less  abundantly  than  on  the  shores  of  the  English  Channel.  Thus,  skirting  as  it  were  the  south- 
western extremity  of  our  own  country,  it  passes  over  to  Ireland,  where  it  may  be  said  to  attain  its  maxi- 
mum,— attaching  itself  to  the  trees  (especially  evergi-ecns)  in  the  mountains  of  Wicklow  and  Kerry  (and 
probably  in  other  districts  equally),  nnich  to  the  detriment  of  tlie  ancient  timber,  in  which  its  ravages 
(e\idently  for  ccntui-ies)  are  but  too  conspicuous.  Judging  from  the  extent  of  the  injury  committed,  it 
would  seem  to  have  been  commoner  formerly,  and  more  generally  diffused,  than  now.  At  Killarney  I 
have  been  accustomed  to  mark  its  devastations  for  several  ye.ars  past,  and  had  constantly  met  with  traces 
of  it,  under  the  form  of  detached  el\-tra  and  broken  portions  of  its  body,  in  tlic  oldest  trees  :  but  it  was 
not  until  the  siunmer  of  1853  that  a  perfect  specimen,  captured  by  a  friend  in  a  decayed  hoUy  at 
Dinas,  came  beneath  my  notice.  Being  thus  warned  of  more  than  its  past  existence,  we  commenced  a 
carefid  research  during  the  following  September  on  Imiisfallen,  one  of  the  islands  of  the  Lower  Lake, 
where  we  found  it  still  ranging  in  profusion, — and  from  whence  I  obtained  a  fine  series  of  examples, 
averaging  a  somewhat  larger  size  than  the  Devonshu-e  and  Cornish  ones. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  321 

(Subf.  2.  RHYNCOPHORIDES.) 

Genus  113.  SITOPHILUS. 

Schonherr,  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iv.  967  (1838). 

Corpus  parvum,  sublineari-oblongum,  depressum,  sculpturatum :  rostro  elongato  subarcuato  sub- 
deflexo,  basi  (ad  antennarum  insertionem)  ampliato ;  oculis  oblongis :  prothorace  amplissimo,  apice 
coarctato :  scutello  distincto  subrotundato :  elytris  planiusciilis,  posterius  angustatis,  ad  apicem 
abdomine  brevioribus  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  breviusculre  validfCj  prope  basin  rostri  insertse ;  scapo 
robusto  subclavato ;  funiculo  6-articulato  articulis  primo  et  secundo  longiusculis  (illo  crassiore), 
reliquis  brevioribus  latitudine  leviter  crescentibus ;  capitulo  solido  oblongo-ovato,  apice  obscure 
aimulato  et  spongioso.  Pedes  validi,  antici  paulo  longiores  basi  distantes  :  femoribus  clavatis 
muticis ;  tibiis  rectis,  intus  (prfesertim  anticis)  plus  minusve  crenulatisj  ad  apicem  externum  m 
uncum  magnum  acutum  deflexum  productis  ;  tarsis  reflexis. 

The  SitopJiili  may  be  easily  known  by  their  depressed  and  deeply-sculptiu-ed 
upper  surface,  by  their  greatly  developed  prothorax  and  internally  crenulated 
tibiae,  by  their  posteriorly  narrowed  and  apically  abbreviated  elytra,  by  their 
six-jointed  funiculus,  and  by  their  antennae  being  inserted  near  the  base  of  the 
rostrum, — which  is  itself  more  or  less  thickened  at  the  point  of  junction.  In 
their  liabits  they  are  purely  granivorous,  subsisting  on  different  kinds  of  corn, 
rice,  and  such-like  articles  of  commerce,  to  which,  especially  in  the  larva  state, 
they  are  often  very  injurious :  and  hence  it  is  that  many  of  them  have  become 
naturalized,  as  is  the  case  with  the  following  two  species  of  the  Madeu'^  Islands, 
throughout  the  civilized  world, — abounding,  at  times,  in  granaries,  and  other 
receptacles  of  merchandise,  in  the  larger  cities  and  ports  of  nearly  every  country. 

245.  Sitophilus  granarius. 
S.  rufo-ferrugineus  subnitidus,  prothorace  profunde  sparsim  punctato  (punctis  oblongis),  elytris  pro- 
funde  crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  alternis  antice  elevatioribus. 
Mas,  rostro  fortius  punctato  et  basi  evidentius  carinato. 
Fcem.,  rostro  laeviore,  basi  vix  carinato. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2-2^. 

Curculio  granarius,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  587  (1761). 

,  Fab.  Unt.  St/st.  i.  ii.  414  (1792). 

Galandra  granaria,  Steph.  HI.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  9  (18.31). 
Sitoplnlus  granarius,  Schon.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iv.  977  (1838). 

Habitat  circa  domos   Funchalenses,  prsesertim  in  frumentariis,  grana  destruens:  in  ipsa  iu:be  prse- 
dominat  qua  mui'os  lente  ascendere  sjepissime  videatur. 

S.  rufo-ferruginous,  and  slightly  shining.     Prothorax  very  deeply  punctured, — the  punctures  oemg 
large  and  oblong,  though  somewhat  remote.     Elytra  deeply  crenate-striated,  with  the  interstices 

2  T 


322  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

broad  and  convex, — the  alternate  ones  being  considerably  elevated  in  front,  and  that  on  either 
side  of  the  suture  with  a  longitudinal  row  of  impressed  points.  Antenna  and  legs  concolorous 
with,  or  a  little  paler  than,  the  rest  of  the  insect. 

Male,  with  the  rostrum  rather  more  coarsely  punctured,  and  with  its  base  more  perceptibly  keeled. 

Female,  with  the  rostrum  more  lightly  punctured,  and  with  its  base  scarcely,  if  at  all,  keeled. 

Readily  distinguislicd  from  the  following  by  its  somewliat  larger  size,  mfo-ferru- 
ginous  hue,  and  by  its  altogether  different  sculptm-e, — its  prothoracic  pvinctm'es 
being  deep,  oblong  and  comparatively  remote,  whilst  its  elytra  are  c;*e??a^e-striated, 
with  their  interstices  wide,  and  the  alternate  ones  much  elevated  in  fi-ont.  It  is  a 
universal  insect  throughout  Europe,  and  indeed  tlu'oughout  the  greater  portion  of 
the  ci\dlized  world,  being  liable  to  transmission  with  corn  and  other  grain.  It  is, 
apparently,  however  less  common  in  southern  latitudes  than  ia  temperate  and 
northern  ones ;  and  hence  in  Madeu*a  it  is  rarer  than  the  S.  OryzcB,  which  aboimds 
in  nearly  all  the  houses  and  shops  of  Funchal.  The  present  species  is,  never- 
theless, occasionally  but  too  plentiful  in  granaries;  and  it  may  be  constantly 
observed  crawling  on  the  walls,  both  external  and  internal,  in  and  about  the 

villages  and  to^vns. 

246.  Sitophilus  Oryzae. 

S.  nigi-o-piceus  subopacus,  prothorace  profunde  confertim  punctato  (punctis  rotundatis),  elytris  pro- 

funde  punctato-striatis,  singulo  macuUs  duabus  rufesccntibus  ornato,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo- 

ferrugineis. 

Mas,  rostro  carinato  et  profunde  punctato. 

Fam.,  rostro  basi  tantum  carinato  profunde  punctato  (apicem  versus  laeviore  nitido). 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^-S. 

Curculio  Orijzce,  Limi.  Cent.  Ins.  12  (1763). 

,  Fab.  i:nf.  Si/st.  i.  ii.  iU  (1792). 

Calandra  Oryzm,  Stcph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  9  (1831). 
Sitophilus ,  Schon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iv.  981  (1838). 

Habitat  inter  semina  Onjza  et  Teee,  vel  super  muros  domuum  Funchalensium, — una  cum  prsecedente 
degens,  sed  illo  multo  frcquentior. 

S.  dark-piceous,  and  almost  opake.  Prothorax  very  deeply  and  thickly  punctured, —  the  punctures 
being  round,  and  much  closer  together  than  those  of  the  last  species.  Elytra  deeply  punctate- 
striated,  with  the  interstices  narrow  and  raised  ;  each  with  a  rufescent  patch  near  the  shoulder, 
and  another  towards  the  apex.     Antenna  and  legs  rufo-feiTuginous. 

Male,  with  the  rostrum  keeled  and  coarsely  punctured. 

Female,  with  the  rostrum  keeled  and  coarsely  punctured  at  its  extreme  base  only, — being  uukeeled, 
more  lightly  punctured,  and  shining  towards  its  apex. 

Its  darker  colour,  and  nearly  opake,  differently  sculptured  surface,  ui  conjimc- 
tion  with  the  four  rufescent  patches  of  its  elytra,  will,  prima  facie,  separate  the 
present  Sitophilus  from  the  preceding  one.  As  already  stated,  it  is  by  far  the 
commoner  of  the  two  in  Madeii-a,  occurring  in  nearly  all  the  houses, — and  occa- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  323 

sionally  aboiinding  in  tlie  shops  of  Funchal  and  the  larger  villages,  where  it  has 
been  introduced,  principally,  with  rice  and  Indian  corn ;  on  which,  especially  in 
the  larva  state,  it  almost  exclusively  subsists. 

(Subf.  3.  CIONIDES.) 
Genus  114.  CIONUS. 

Clairville,  Ent.  HeJu.  i.  6J.  (1798). 

Corpus  parvum,  quadrato-ovatum,  convexum,  squamoso-tessellatum :  rostro  elongato  subarcuato  tereti 
inflexo ;  oculis  oblongo-ovatis,  in  fronte  paulo  approximatis  :  prothorace  parvo,  elytris  multo 
angustiore,  infra  apicem  coai-ctato :  scutello  cUstincto  subrotundato :  elytris  am])lis  convexis  sub- 
quadratis,  anum  tegentibus :  alis  amplissimis.  Antennce  breviusculse  subgraciles,  ante  medium 
rostri  insertse ;  scapo  apicem  versus  faeilius  clavato ;  fuaiculo  5-articulato,  articulis  primo  et 
secundo  longiusculis  (illo  crassiore),  reliquis  brevioribus  latitudine  leviter  crescentibus ;  capitulo 
oblougo-ovali,  obscure  quadri-annulato.  Pedes  vix  robusti,  antici  basi  approximati  :  femoribm 
subclavatis,  subtus  unidentatis :  tihiis  rectis,  ad  apicem  truncatis  muticis. 

The  short,  convex  and  subglobose  body  of  Cionns,  in  conjunction  with  its  minute 
prothorax,  ample  elytra  andmngs,  prettily  tessellated  surface,  5-jointed  fimlculus, 
dentate  femora,  and  apicaUy  unarmed  tibiae,  will  at  once  serve  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  neighbouring  forms  here  described.  Its  5-articulate  funiculus  indeed 
is  characteristic  of  the  whole  of  Schonherr's  smaU  subfamily  of  Cionides, — a 
group  which  would  appear  to  possess  but  a  single  representative  in  these  islands. 
The  Cioni  are  almost  exclusively  attached  to  the  foliage  of  the  Scrophularice  and 
Verhasca,  on  which,  both  in  their  larva  and  imago  states,  they  subsist.  They 
are  extremely  gregarious,  being  usually  foimd,  where  they  exist  at  all,  in  con- 
siderable numbers ;  and  even  several  species  may  be  frequently  observed  con- 
gregating on  the  same  actual  plant :  nevertheless  in  Madeka  I  have  not  been  able 
hitherto  to  detect  more  than  a  solitary  species. 

247.  Clonus  pulchellus. 

C.  brunneus,  parce  griseo-squamosus,  prothorace  minuto  nebuloso,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  inter- 
stitiis  alternis  Ifete  fasciculato-tessellatis  (fasciculis  ex  squamis  atris  albisque  alterne  compositis), 
sutura  atro-ti-imaculata  (macula  intermedia  majore),  antennis  pedibusque  pallido-ferrugineis, 
femoribus  in  medio  antennarumque  capitulo  obscurioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  liu.  1|-1t. 

Cur oulio  pulchellus,  Herbst,  Kaf.  vi.  356  (1795). 
RJiynchcBnus  Solani,  GyU.  (nee  Fab.)  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  216  (1813). 
Cleojnis  piilcJieUits,  Steph.  Ill  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  19  (1831). 
Cionus pulchellus,  Scbon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iv.  741  (1838). 

Habitat  super  plantas  Scrophularice  in  Madera  sylvatica  nascentes,  sestate  non  infrequens. 

2  T  2 


324  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

C.  brown  or  reddish-brown,  and  more  or  less  densely  beset  with  a  griseous  pubescence.  Prothorax 
minute,  and  clouded, — having  usually  a  triangular  patch  at  its  base  (in  front  of  the  scutellum), 
a  small  one  on  either  side  of  its  disk,  and  an  ill-defined  dash  at  its  lateral  edges,  indistinctly 
darker.  Elytra  punctate-striated;  the  alternate  interstices  with  a  line  of  slightly  elevated 
pubescence  down  each,  composed  of  alternate  fascicles  of  black  and  white  scales ;  and  the  suture 
the  same,  only  with  the  fascicles  white  and  black,  respectively  (instead  of  black  and  white), — the 
latter  colour  assuming  three  distinct  dark  patches,  of  which  the  intermediate  one  is  much  the 
largest,  and  forms  (in  conjunction  with  the  black  tufts  of  the  alternate  ridges)  somewhat  of  an 
obscure  post-medial  fascia.  AntenruE  and  legs  pale-ferruginous;  the  former  with  their  club 
darker ;  and  the  latter  with  their  femora  dusky  in  the  middle. 

A  tolerably  common  insect  throughout  central  and  southern  Europe.  In  Ma- 
deira it  would  appear  to  ])e  scarce,  or  at  any  rate  exceedingly  local,  and  confined 
to  intermediate  altitudes, — the  only  district  in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it 
being  that  of  the  Ribeiro  Frio,  where  I  have  tAvice  captured  it,  on  a  species  of 
Seroiihiilaria  growing  by  the  edges  of  the  Levada,  during  the  summer  months. 


(Subf.  4.  CRYPTORHYNCHIDES.) 
Genus  115.  CEUTORHYNCHUS. 

(Schuppel)  Schonherr,  Cure.  Disp.  Meth.  298  (1826). 

Corpus  parvum,  plus  minusve  ovato-quadratum  sculpturatum  et  squamosum  :  rostra  elougato  arcuato 
tereti  intlexo,  in  canaliculam  pcctoralem  indeterminatam  (inter  coxas  pedum  anticorum  dcsiiicn- 
tem)  arete  applicando ;  oculis  rotundatis :  proihorace  brevi,  anterius  angustiore,  longe  infra  apicem 
coarctato,  antice  plerumque  reflexo-elevato,  supra  plus  minusve  insequali  et  ssepissime  utriuque 
tuberculato  :  scutello  minutissimo  [vix  observando)  :  eli/tris  obtriangulari-  (vel  iuterdum  sub- 
rotundato-)  quadratis,  ad  apicem  abdomine  brevioribus  et  siugulatim  obtuse  rotundatis:  alis  vel 
amplis  vel  obsoletis.  Antenna  longiusculse  graeiles,  ante  medium  rostri  insertse ;  funiculo  7- 
articulato,  articulis  tribus  vel  quatuor  basalibus  longiusculis  (primo  erassiore),  reliquis  brevioribus 
subrotundatis ; .  capitulo  oblongo-ovali  apice  acuminato,  quadri-annulato.  Pedes  sat  robusti, 
antici  basi  parum  distantes :  femoribus  vel  muticis,  vel  subtus  deiiticulo  acuto  armatis :  tibiis  ad 
apicem  externum  truncatis  muticis  ad  internum  nonnunquam  (in  maribus  prjecipue)  leviter 
uncinatis. 

The  immense  genus  Ceutorhynchus  {=Nedyi(s,  Schonherr  in  Utt.,  Stephens's 
Illustrations  of  British  Entomology,  a.d.  1831)  may  be  knoAvu  by  the  short,  sub- 
qitackate  bodies  of  the  species  which  compose  it,  and  which  have  theu"  prothorax 
more  or  less  uneven  or  tuberculose,  and  narrow  in  front,  theu-  femora  frccpieutly 
fm-nishod  with  a  minute  spine  beneath,  theu"  tilnit'  always  unarmed  at  the  outer 
apex,  and  their  rostrum  closely  applied  during  repose  against  tlieir  chest, — and 
received  into  a  groove  (or  channel)  which  is  never  abruptly  terminated  behind  as 
in  Coeliodes,  nor  does  it  extend  beyond  the  base  of  the  coxte  of  the  anterior  pair 
of  legs.     Although  more  or  less  distributed  over  the  world,  the  Ceiitorhynchi, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  325 

168  species  of  wliich  are  described  in  Sclionherr's  Genera  et  Species  Curculionidimi, 
are  especially  abundant  in  Eiu^opean  latitudes, — frequenting,  for  the  most  part, 
the  flowers  and  foliage  of  the  smaller  plants,  upon  the  roots  of  which,  in  their 
larva  state,  they  principally  feed. 

§  I.  Femora  fortiter  dentata :  tihim  intermedim  sinuatw. 

248.  Ceutorhynchus  Echii. 
C.  niger  fusco-squamosiis,  prothorace  leviter  canaliculato,  mai-gine  postico  lineisque  tribus  angustis 

albis,  elytris  obtriangulari-quadi'atis,  versus  latera  muricatis,  undique  lineolis  albis  (quibusdam 

obliquis)  ornatis,  pedibus  albo-irroratis,  tarsis  rufo-piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2^-3. 

Curculio  Echii,  Fab.  Ent.  Si/st.  i.  ii.  436  (1792). 

,  Mshm.  Ent.  Brit.  i.  279  (1802). 

Nedym  Echii,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  38  (1831). 
Ceutorhynchus  Echii,  Schon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iv.  504  (1837). 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarior ;  necnon  in  montibus  Portus  Sancti,  qua  super  plantas  Echii  violacei,  Linn. 
(  =  -E.  plantagimi,  Linn.)  ibidem  crescentes  mensibus  Aprili  et  Maio  a.d.  1848  plurima  speci- 
mina  inveni. 

C.  black,  clothed  beneath  with  whitish,  and  above  with  fuscous  scales.  Head  with  a  faint  keel 
down  the  centre.  Prothorax  with  a  narrow  and  faint  dorsal  channel,  an  obscure  tubercle  on 
either  side  of  its  disk,  and  with  its  front  margin  considerably  elevated;  its  extreme  hinder 
margin,  three  (more  or  less  distinct)  narrow  longitudinal  lines,  and  sometimes  with  indica- 
tions also  of  a  transverse  one,  white.  Elytra  obtriangular-quadrate  (the  sides  being  oblique 
and  almost  straight),  and  abbreviated  at  the  apex;  roughened  with  small  projecting  prominences 
towards  the  lateral  edges  and  shoulders ;  and  more  or  less  ornamented  with  narrow,  longitudinal, 
white  lines,  and  a  few  broken  and  irregular  transverse  or  oblique  ones,— giving  the  entire  sur- 
face a  somewhat  pencilled  appearance.  Legs  more  or  less  clothed  with  whitish  scales  :  femora 
with  a  large  and  powerful  spine  beneath  :  intermediate  tibia  slightly  sinuated  or  curved  :  tarsi  (as 
also  the  antenna)  rufo-piceous. 

The  large  size  of  the  present  Ceutorhynchus,  added  to  its  powerfully  spined 
femora,  curved  intermediate  tibiae,  and  curiously  pencilled  surface,  will  at  once 
distinguish  it  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described.  It  is  an  insect 
widely  distributed  over  central  and  southern  Europe ;  and  it  has  been  likewise 
recorded  from  Egypt.  In  these  islands  however  it  would  appear  to  be  extremely 
local,  the  only  spot  in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it  in  Madeu-a  proper  being 
the  upper  extremity  of  the  Ribeii-o  de  Santa  Luzia.  In  Porto  Santo  it  is  more 
common,  where  I  captured  many  specimens,  on  the  southern  side  of  the  Pico  de 
Eacho,  during  April  and  MaylSiS, — from  off  plants  oiEchium  violaceum  growing 
on  the  grassy  slopes  immediately  beneath  the  summit. 


326  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

§  II.  Femora  (jprcesertim  antica)  minus  fortiter  dentata  :  tihics  rectw. 

249.  Ceutorhjrnchus  quadridens. 
C.  nigcr  siibdepressus  cinerco-squamosus,   prothorace  profunde  canaliculato,   clytris  obtriangulari- 
quadratis  macula  subscutcllari  diluto-albida  ornatis,  pedibus  cinereo-Lrroratis,  geniculis,  tibiis  ad 
apicem,  tarsisque  rufo-testaceis, 
Mas,  antennis  paido  propius  apiccm  rostri  (ut  solet  in  multis  Curculionibus)  insertis,  et  tibiis  pos- 
terioribus  ad  apicem  internum  in  uncum  excurvatum  productis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-1 1. 

Curculio  quadridens.  Panzer,  Fna  Germ,  xxxvi.  13  (1796). 

Ehynchanus  Boraginis,  Gyll.  (nee  Fab.)  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  227,  et  iv.  594  (1813  et  1828). 

JSTedi/m  Borraginii,  Steph.  111.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  35  (1831). 

Cetitorln/nchus  quadridens,  Sehon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iv.  534  (1837). 

Habitat  in  cultis  Madera;,  prsesertim  in  vinctis  et  hortis  culiuaribus,  a>state  uou  iufrequens :  etiam  in 
ins.  Deserta  Grandi,  meuse  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1850  (a  jNladcra  illuc  forsan  iutroductus),  cepi. 

C.  black,  more  or  less  besprinkled  or  clotted  (especially  beneath)  with  cinereous  or  ashy  scales,  and 
somewhat  depressed.  Head  strongly  keeled  behind,  but  not  at  all  so  in  front.  Prothorax 
coarsely  and  rather  remotely  punctured ;  with  a  wide  and  deep  dorsal  channel,  especially  behind, 
a  distinct  tubercle  on  either  side  of  its  disk,  and  with  its  front  margin  greatly  elevated.  Elytra- 
obtriangular-quadrate,  and  very  slightly  abbreviated  at  the  apex  ;  with  a  more  or  less  well-defined 
patch,  at  the  base  of  the  suture  (immediately  behind  the  scutellum),  more  thickly  beset  than  the 
rest  of  the  surface  with  ashy  scales.  Legs  more  or  less  clothed  with  ashy  scales  or  hairs :  femora 
with  a  very  small  and  obscure  spine  beneath,  that  on  the  anterior  pair  (particularly  of  the  males) 
being  almost  obsolete  :  libice  straight,  with  their  extreme  base,  and  a  larger  portion  at  their  apex, 
together  with  the  tarsi  and  the  antenna  (except  the  apical  half  of  then-  club,  which  is  ferruginous), 
rufo-testaceous. 
Male,  with  the  antenna;  inserted  rather  nearer  to  the  apex  of  the  rostrum  than  is  the  case  with  the 
female  (a  character  which  obtains,  more  or  less,  throughout  a  large  portion  of  the  Curculionida) ; 
and  with  the  four  hinder  tibia;  produced  at  their  inner  apex  into  an  outwardly-curved  hook. 

The  C.  quadridens,  so  extremely  abundant  tliroug-hout  the  whole  of  Europe, 
may  be  known  from  the  other  Madeii-an  Cenlorhunehi  by  its  somewhat  dejiressed 
form  and  deeply  punctured  prothorax,  by  the  cinereous  or  ashy  scales  with  which 
its  upper  sm-face  is  more  or  less  besprinkled  (and  which  are  condensed  into  a  patch 
about  the  scutellum  only),  and  by  the  acute,  outwardly-curved  hook  with  which 
the  inner  apex  of  the  four  hinder  tibiae  of  its  males  are  furnished.  The  Madeiran 
specimens  differ  from  the  ordinary  ones  in  having  the  apex  and  extreme  base  of 
their  til)ite  more  distinctly  testaceous.  It  occurs,  dimng  the  summer  months,  in 
cidtivated  grounds  of  rather  low  elevations.  I  have  taken  it  in  the  Rev.  R.  T. 
Lowe's  garden  near  Funchal,  and  in  the  vineyards  of  Santa  Anna;  as  also,  in 
tolerable  abimdance,  at  the  end  of  May  1850,  on  the  Dezerta  Grande, — where  in 
all  probability  it  has  been  accidentally  introduced  with  culinary  and  other  plants 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  327 

(which,  during  the  short  period  of  its  colonization,  were  once  sparingly  cultivated 
towards  the  southern  extremity  of  the  island)  from  Madcu'a. 

250.  Ceutorhynchus  nigroterminatus,  WoU. 

C.  niger,  parce  albo-squamosus,  subrugulosus,  protliorace  canaliculato,  elytris  obtriangulari-quaclratis 
abbreviatis  obscure  albo-iiToratis,  macula  subscutellari  et  margine  postico  albidioribus,  pedibus 
albo-irroratis,  tarsis  rufo-testaceis  articulo  ultimo  nigro-terminato,  antennis  nigricantibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.'ll-li. 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem,  in  castanetis  Sanctse  Annse  mense  Maio  a.d.  1850  a  mcipso  i-epertus. 

C.  black,  densely  clothed  beneath  with  yellowish-white,  and  above  sparingly  besprinkled  with  white, 
scales ;  somewhat  rugulose.  Head  slightly  keeled  behind.  Pruthorax  with  a  wide  and  deep 
dorsal  channel  behind,  which  is  almost  obsolete  anteriorly,  with  a  rather  small  but  prominent 
tubercle  on  either  side  of  its  disk,  and  with  its  front  margin  very  slightly  elevated.  Elytra 
obtriangular-quadrate,  somewhat  short,  and  very  much  abbreviated  at  the  apex;  with  a  very 
obscure  patch  at  the  base  of  the  suture  (immediately  behind  the  scutellum),  together  with  the 
extreme  hinder  margin,  more  densely  clothed  than  the  rest  of  the  surface  with  white  scales. 
Legs  sparingly  clothed  with  white  scales  or  hairs  :  femora  with  a  tolerably  distinct  spine  beneath, 
that  on  the  anterior  pair  however  being  the  smallest :  tibice  straight,  just  perceptibly  rufescent  at 
their  extreme  base :  tarsi  rufo-testaceous,  with  the  extreme  tip  of  their  terminal  joint  black. 
Antennce  dark  piceous,  with  their  club  nearly  black. 

A  very  distinct  and  interesting  Ceutorhynchus,  readily  known  by  its  somewhat 
shortened  outline,  suhrugulose  surface,  considerably  abbreviated  elytra  (which 
have  not  only  an  obscure  patch  about  the  scutellum,  but  likewise  then-  hinder 
margm  more  or  less  densely  clothed  with  white  scales),  by  its  comparatively  dark 
antenniB,  and  by  the  apical  joint  of  all  its  tarsi  being  tipped  with  black.  It  is 
exceedingly  rare,  and  confined,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  the  north  of 
the  island, — the  only  two  examples  which  I  have  seen  having  been  captured  by 
myself,  during  May  1850,  in  the  chestnut- woods  of  Santa  Anna. 

251.  Ceutorhynchus  lineatotesseUatus,  Woll. 
C.  fusco-niger  convexus  fusco-squamosus,  prothorace  profunde  canaliculato,   elytris  rotundato-qua- 

dratis  subventricosis  fere  integris,  longitudinahter  lineato-tessellatis,  pedibus  fusco-ferrugineis  et 

obscure  albo-annulatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  If -2. 

Habitat  in  graminosis  IMaderse  sylvaticse,  rarissimus  :  duo  specimina  hactenus  vidi,  unum  sc.  prope 
summam  originem  convallis  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia  dictfe  tempore  vernali  a.d.  1849,  et  alteram 
ad  Ribeiro  Frio  mense  Augusto  ineunte  a.d.  1850,  a  meipso  detecta. 

C.  brownish-black,  clothed  beneath  with  yellowish-white,  and  above  with  dark  fuscous,  scales ;  convex. 
Head  not  perceptibly  keeled.     Prothurax  with  a  very  wide  and  deep  dorsal  channel,  extending  to 


328  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  anterior  constriction,  with  a  very  large  and  prominent  tubercle  on  either  side  of  its  disk,  and 
with  its  front  mar^n  tolerably  elevated.  Elytra  subventricose,  or  inflated  (the  sides  being  con- 
siderably rounded),  and  scarcely  at  all  abbreviated  at  the  apex  (the  abdomen  being  almost 
entirely  concealed)  ;  each  ornamented  with  three  or  four  indistinct  longitudinal  lines,  composed 
of  alternate  tufts  of  dark  brown  and  white  scales, — the  one  nearest  to  the  suture  being  the  most 
apparent  and  entire.  Legs  duU  ferruginous,  or  reddish-brown,  and  more  or  less  indistinctly 
clothed  with  rings  of  whitish  pubescence  :  femora  with  a  small  spine  beneath,  that  on  the  anterior 
pair  being  almost  obsolete  :  tibia  straight :  tarsi,  and  the  base  of  the  antenna,  of  a  slightly  more 
testaceous  hue ;  the  club  of  the  latter,  especially  at  its  apex,  darker. 

A  truly  indigenous  insect,  and  apparently  of  the  greatest  rarity.  It  may  be  at 
once  recognised  from  the  foregoing  Ceutorhynchi  by  its  comparatively  convex  and 
inflated  body, — its  elytra  (which  almost  entirely  cover  the  abdomen,  and  are  each 
of  them  ornamented  with  three  or  four  tessellated  longitudinal  stripes,  composed 
of  dull  alternate  patches  of  brown  and  white  scales)  being  considerably  roimdod, — 
by  its  deep  and  wide  prothoracic  chamiel,  and  by  the  pubescence  of  its  legs  being 
arranged  in  toleral:)ly  distinct  rings,  especially  on  the  femora  (a  peculiarity  how- 
ever which  is  only  apparent  in  fresh  and  unrubbed  specimens).  It  seems  to  be 
peculiar  to  intermediate  altitudes ;  and,  like  the  last  species,  only  two  examples 
have  as  yet  come  beneath  my  notice, — one  of  which  I  captiu'ed,  during  the  spring 
of  1819,  from  amongst  thick  herbage  at  the  base  of  the  perpendicular  rocks 
towards  the  upper  extremity  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  and  the  other  by 
brushing  the  rank  vegetation  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada  of  the  Ribeu'O  Frio,  at  the 
begimiing  of  August  1850. 

Genus  116.  C(ELIODES. 

Schonherr,  Cure.  Disp.  Mcth.  29G  (1826). 

Corpus  fere  ut  in  Ceutorhyncho,  sed  lateribus  plerumque  pauIo  rotundatioribus,  et  canaliculd  pectorali 
longiore,  apicc  argute  determinata  (usque  ad  coxis  pedum  intermediorum  extendente).  Antennte 
et  pedes  fere  ut  in  Ceutorhyncho,  sed  hi  [antici  saltem)  basi  xva  distantiores. 

Cceliodes  and  CeiitorhyncJnts  are  prima  facie  almost  coincident ;  nevertheless 
the  former  has  usually  the  sides  of  its  elytra  a  little  more  rounded  than  those  of 
the  latter, — whilst  the  foi'ination  of  the  pectoral  groove  for  the  reception  of  thou- 
rostra,  which  is  much  longer  in  CoiUodcs  than  in  Ccutorhynchus  (extending  to 
the  base  of,  or  even  a  little  beyond,  the  intermediate  coxae),  and  is  more  deeply 
and  abruptly  terminated  l)chind,  will  always  serve,  on  closer  examination,  to 
distinguish  them  from  each  other.  Several  of  the  species  of  Coeliodes  are  strictly 
arboreal  in  their  habits,  being  confined  to  the  foliage  of  forest  trees ;  nevertheless 
many,  like  the  generality  of  the  members  of  the  preceding  genus,  are  attached, 
likewise,  to  the  smaller  plants, — as  is  the  case  indeed  with  the  only  representative 
which  I  have  hitherto  detected  in  the  Madeu-a  Islands,  and  which  I  imagine  has 
been  unquestionably  introduced  from  more  northern  latitudes. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  329 

252.  Cceliodes  faliginosus. 

C.  niger,  subtus  dense  albido-,  supra  parce  fusco-squamulosus,  prothorace  canaliculato,  canalicula  in 
medio  late  interrupta,  elytris  rotundato-qnadratis,  maculis  duabus  so.  antica  et  postica  sutu- 
ralibus  albo-sqiiamosis  ornatis,  ilia  fascicule  postico  holosericeo-atro  aucta,  pedibus  parce  albo- 
irroratis,  tarsis  ferrugineis  articulo  ultimo  piceo-terminato. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1  J. 

CurculiofuJiginosus,  Mslim,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  280  (1802). 

cinereus,  Mshm,  (teste  Mus".  Kirb".)  Ent.  Brit.  i.  283  (1802). 

Ceutorhynclius  fuJiginosus,  Stepli.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  25  (1831). 
Codiodes  fuliginosus,  Schon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iv.  291  (1837). 

Habitat  in  hortis  culinaribus  Maderse,  semel  tantum  (a  mcipso  prope  Funchal  sestate  exeunte  a.d.  1850) 
captus. 

C.  dull-black,  densely  clothed  beneath  viiXh.  whitish,  and  above  sparingly  with  minute  fuscous,  scales. 
Head  with  a  veiy  slight  and  abbreviated  keel  behind,  unkeeled  and  unchanneled  in  front.  Pro- 
thorax  with  a  wide  and  tolerably  deep  dorsal  channel  before  and  behind,  which  is  greatly  inter- 
rupted in  the  middle  ;  with  a  prominent  tubercle  on  either  side  of  its  disk,  and  with  its  front 
margin  elevated.  Elytra  rotundate-quadrate  (the  sides  being  considerably  rounded) ;  with  two 
abbreviated  sutural  patches,  w\z.  one  at  the  base  and  another  (somewhat  larger)  at  the  apex, 
densely  clothed  with  whitish  scales, — the  basal  one  moreover  being  increased  behind  with  an 
elongated  tuft  of  velvety  black  pile.  Legs  sparingly  clothed  with  whitish  scales  or  hairs  :  femora 
with  a  powerful  spine  beneath :  tibia  straight :  tarsi  dull  ferruginous,  with  the  extreme  tip  of 
their  terminal  joint  dark  piceous.     Antenna  nearly  black. 

Apart  from  tlie  struetm-al  character  already  pointed  out,  iu  the  formation  of  its 
pectoral  groove,  the  present  insect*  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  Madeiran 
representatives  of  the  preceding  genus  by  its  centrally-interrupted  prothoracic 
channel,  and  by  the  well-defined  white  patches  at  the  base  and  apex  of  its  elytral 
suture, — the  former  of  which  is  augmented  behind  by  an  elongated  fascicle  of 
deep  black,  velvety  scales.  It  is  a  most  abundant  species  throughout  Europe,  and 
one  which  has,  iu  all  probability,  been  accidentally  introduced  into  these  islands 
from  more  northern  latitudes, — very  possibly  with  some  of  the  Siiuqndce,  or  other 
culinary  vegetables  (in  the  gaUs  at  the  roots  of  which  its  larvae,  like  those  of  many 
of  the  Ceutorhynclii,  are  said  to  reside).  The  only  specimen  which  has  hitherto 
come  beneath  my  notice  was  capttu'ed  hy  myself  from  off  a  cabbage  near  Funchal 
(in  the  Rev.  E.  T.  Lowe's  garden  at  the  Levada),  during  the  smnmer  of  1850. 

*  The  C.  fuliginosus  is  a  good  deal  allied  to  the  C.  guttula,  of  Fabrieius, — which  is  almost  equally  abim- 
dant  in  European  latitudes.  It  may  however  be  known  from  it  by  being  rather  smaller,  by  having  its 
forehead  free  from  the  centi-al  channel  characteristic  of  that  insect,  by  the  somewhat  different  construc- 
tion of  its  prothorax  and  prothoracic  tubercles,  and  by  having  a  conspicuous  white  patch  (in  addition  to 
the  black  fascicle  of  scales  common  to  both  species)  at  the  base  of  its  elytra,  immediately  behind  the 
scutelluni. 

2v 


330  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  117.  ACALLES. 

Schoiiherr,  Cure.  Disp.  Meth.  295  (1826). 

Corpus  mediocre  vel  parvum,  plus  minusve  oblongo-ovatum  gibbosuin  sculpturatum,  sa;pius  dense 
squainoso-variegatum  :  rustru  longiusculo  \alid()  subarcuato,  in  maribus  opaco  rugose  punctato  et 
(in  speciebus  Maderensibus  saltern)  in  medio  plus  miuiisve  obscurissime  carinato,  in  foeminis 
paulo  tcnuiore  nitido  leviter  punctato ;  inflexo,  in  canaliculain  pectoralem  profundam  argutissime 
deterniinatam  (fere  ad  coxas  pedum  intermediorum  extcndentem)  arete  applicando ;  uculis  sub- 
rotundatis  :  prothorace  subovato  basi  truncato,  longe  intra  apicem  coarctato,  ad  latera  in  medio 
plus  minusve  rotundato-ampliato,  antice  acuminate  et  (in  nostris)  plus  minusve  setose  :  scutello 
aut  null(j,  aut  minutissimo  (vix  observaudo) :  elytris  subovatis  basi  truncatis,  plus  minus\e 
gibbosis  et  ad  apicem  leviter  coarctato-acuminatis,  connatis  :  alls  obsoletis.  Antenna  brcviuseula; 
crassiuscula;,  prope  medium  rostri  inserta;;  funiculo  7-articulato,  articulis  primo  et  secundo 
elongatis,  illo  crassiore  obconico,  reliquis  brevioribus  subretundatis ;  capitulo  subovato  quadri- 
annulato.  Pedes  robusti,  an/ici  basi  distantes,  intermedii  interdum  brcviusculi :  femoribus  mode 
(ut  in  nostris)  muticis,  mode  subtus  deuticulo  minute  armatis  :  tibiis  rectis  vel  subrectis,  ad 
apicem  internum  plerumque  truncatis  muticis,  ad  externum  in  uncum  deflexum  productis. 

The  connate  clj-tra  and  nndevelopcd  wings  of  Acalles,  added  to  its  densely  scaly, 
more  or  less  variegated  and  uneven  surface,  its  robust  rostrum  (especially  of  the 
males,  which  is  always  more  rugosely  pimctiu'ed  and  less  shining  than  that  of  the 
females),  its  exceedingly  deep  and  abruptly  terminated  pectoral  groove,  its  an- 
teriorly-acuminated prothorax,  and  its  more  or  less  apically-constricted  hinder 
quarters,  will  at  once  serve  to  distinguish  it  from  the  neighbouring  genera  with 
which  we  have  lierc  to  do.  The  insects  which  it  embraces  reside  either  under 
stones  in  exposed  grassy  spots,  or  amongst  dense  herbage  beneath  trees ;  and  are 
extremely  sluggish  during  the  day,  though  more  active  at  night.  The  genus  may 
be  said  to  play  an  important  part  amongst  the  Curculionidce  of  this  region,  no  less 
tliau  thirteen  species  having  been  the  result  of  my  researches  up  to  the  present 
period, — all  of  them,  apparently,  pecidiar  to  the  ]\Iadeu'an  grouji.  They  belong 
however,  principally,  to  a  rather  large  U^^c  of  form  which  Avould  seem  to  prevail 
throughout  Mediterranean  latitudes,  and  traces  of  which  we  meet  with,  more  or 
less  evidently,  in  Sicily,  the  south  of  Spain,  Portugal,  the  north  of  Africa,  on  the 
rocks  of  the  Salvages*,  and  in  the  Canary  Islands.     In  ^Madeira  they  appear  to 

*  The  gigantic  and  very  interesting  Acalles,  wliieh  has  been  lately  brought  from  those  remote  rocks  by 
my  friend  T.  S.  Leaeock,  Esq.  of  Fuuehal,  is  apparently  more  akin  to  the  A.  saxieola  than  to  any  other 
species  hitherto  discovered.  In  its  general  habits  and  coutoui-  indeed  it  possesses  a  vast  deal  in  common 
with  the  Dezertau  insect,  and  proves  no  less  clearly  than  the  remarkable  genus  Deucalion  (hereafter  to  be 
noticed),  the  close  relationship  of  the  Salvages  to  the  Dezerlas  in  their  Coleopterous  population.  The 
A.  arffillosiis  of  Schouliorr,  from  Tenerille,  is  in  all  probabUity  (judging  from  the  description)  modelled 
on  much  the  same  type ; — in  which  case,  we  have  a  continuous  series  of  intimately  aUicd  forms,  yet  speci- 
fically distinct,  existing  throughout  nearly  all  the  islands  of  this  portion  of  the  Atlantic.  I  subjoin  a 
diagnosis  of  the  representative  from  the  Salvages,  which  will  not  be  considered,  here,  out  of  place  : 

Acalles  Nepttmus,  IVoll. 
A.   oblongo-ovatus,  squamis  ciuereis   magnis   variegatus ;  prothorace  ante  medium  latiuscido,  angxdis 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  331 

separate  tliemselves  into  two  tolerably  well-defined  sections  ;  in  one  of  wliicli  the 
size  is  comparatively  large,  the  sciitellmii  is  obsolete,  and  the  colours  are  obscure, 
— whilst  in  the  other  they  descend  to  a  much  smaller  bulk,  have  visually  their 
scutellum  quite  perceptible,  and  their  bodies  adorned  with  more  lively  tints.  The 
representatives  of  the  first  of  these  divisions,  moreover,  are  attached  generally  to 
lower  districts,  scarcely  ever  ranging  above  the  altitude  of  2000  feet,  and  delighting 
in  dry  and  rocky  localities  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast ;  whereas  those  of  the 
second  attain  their  maximum  at  a  far  higher  elevation,  l)eing  more  particularly 
numerous  in  the  moist  sylvan  tracts  between  the  limits  of  from  4000  to  5000  feet 


posticis  subreetis,  distiucte  canaliciilato  seel  transversini  vix  siibtuberculato,  ad  apicein  minus  producto 
et  le^ater  setuloso ;  scutello  baud  observaudo ;  elytris  profunde  punctato-striatis,  ad  latera  suli- 
rotundatis,  carinis  subinterniptis  vix  noduHformibus  obsciiris  iustriictis,  plaga  hastata  eommuni 
postmedia  (autice  et  postice  atro-variegata)  phis  mimisve  obsciira,  et  fascicado  miuuto  commiuii 
doi'sali  atro  ornatis  ;  antemiis  obscure  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  31-5. 

Habitat  iu  insulis  desolatis  remotis  "Salvages"  dictis,  super  insulam  minorem  sub  uomiue  "Great 
Pitou"  Anglice  coguitam,  a  Dom.  Leacock  nuper  collectiis. 

A.  oblong-ovate,  densely  variegated  with  large  asby-white  scales.  Rostriim  dark  piceous,  opake,  exceed- 
ingly roughly  puuctiu-ed,  and  with  a  distinct  abbreviated  central  keel,  in  the  males  ; — a  little  slenderer, 
very  shining,  and  lightly  piinctm-ed  iu  the  females.  Prothorax  broad  before  the  middle,  and  with 
the  hinder  angles  almost  right  angles,  causing  the  sides  behind  to  appear  comparatively  straight ; 
with  a  distinct  dorsal  channel,  but  with  scarcely  any  indication  of  tubercles  across  the  central  portion  ; 
less  produced  in  front  than  iu  any  of  the  Madeiran  species  except  the  A.  pulverulenfus,  and  but  very 
sUghtly  setose  at  the  apex.  JSlytra  deeply  pimctate-striated,  and  not  much  rounded  at  the  sides ; 
the  alternate  interstices  slightly  raised,  and  sometimes  a  Httle  interrujited,  though  hardly  sufficientlj^ 
80  as  to  form  nodules  anywhere ;  with  a  transverse,  hastate,  postmedia!  abbreviated  fascia,  or  patch, 
common  to  both  (and  terminated  before  and  behind  by  a  more  clouded  portion  of  the  siu'face, — and 
variegated,  especially  behind,  with  irregidar  spots,  or  broken  lines,  of  a  deep  black),  as  hkevdse 
indications,  towards  the  sides  of  each,  of  an  oblique,  extremely  obscure,  antemedial  fascia,  more  or 
less  distinctly  paler ;  and  with  a  minute,  usually  distinct,  fasciculated  dorsal  spot  (Uljewise  common 
to  both),  and  sometimes  also  the  entire  portion  of  the  suture  between  the  hinder  point  of  the  pale 
hastate  patch  and  the  apex  of  the  elytra,  deep  black.  Antennce  brownish-ferruginous,  being  much 
darker  than  in  any  of  the  Madeiran  species.  TibicB  encircled  by  a  dusky  ring,  that  on  the  femora 
being  usually  obsolete. 

In  its  habits  and  general  aspect,  as  weU  as  in  its  want  of  a  scutellum,  the  A.  Neptimus  agrees  with 
those  Madeiran  forms  which  are  included  in  the  first  of  the  two  sections  into  which  I  have  distributed  the 
entire  number  ;  whilst  its  pale  ashy-coloured  scales,  imtubercled  prothorax,  the  regidarly  hastate  shape  of 
its  elytral  fascia,  and  the  very  rugosely  pimctiu-ed  rostrum  of  its  male  sex,  would,  as  just  stated,  betoken 
a  nearer  relation  to  the  A.  saxicola  than  to  any  of  the  remainder.  Specifically,  however,  it  is  scarcely 
necessary  to  add,  it  is  of  course  altogether  separate  from  that  insect,  even  though  it  possesses  thus 
much  in  common  with  it ;  since  its  comparatively  enormous  size,  the  peculiar  construction  of  its  (distinctly 
channeled)  prothorax,  which  has  the  posterior  angles  so  nearly  right  angles  as  to  cause  the  sides  behmd 
to  appear  almost  straight  (its  anterior  portion  moreover  being  less  produced  than  is  the  case  with  any  of 
the  Madeiran  species, — the  A.pulverulentus  excepted,  which  coincides  with  it  in  that  respect),  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  accessions  and  modifications  in  the  minutiae  of  its  patches  and  spots  (abeady  pointed  out), 
are  more  than  suificient  to  discriminate  it  from  its  Dezertan  analogue. 

2u  2 


332  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

above  the  sea.  The  males  of  the  followiag  species  slightly  exceed  the  females  m 
magnitude,  and  are,  likewise,  more  abundant, — since,  out  of  89  specimens  from 
which  the  descriptions  have  been  compiled,  I  find  them  distributed  in  the  propor- 
tion of  53  of  the  former  to  36  of  the  latter. 


§  I.   Corpus  plerumque  magnum,  ohscure  coloratum  ;  scuteUo  nulla,  aut  saltern  hand  ohs&rvando.    (Habitant 
in  locis  aridis  subinaritimis,  prrosertim  iufra  2000  pcd.  alt.) 

253.  Acalles  saxicola,  Woll. 

A.  oblongo-ovatus,  squamis  cinercis  variegatus ;  prothorace  convexo  integro,  nee  canaliculate  nee 
tubcrculato  sed  lineis  pallidioribus  plus  minusve  obsoletis  longitudinaliter  decorate,  ad  apieem 
leviter  setuloso ;  elytris  profimde  punctato-striatis,  ad  latera  rotundatis,  carinis  interruptis  nodu- 
lisve  minutis  post  medium  instructis,  plaga  hastata  communi  postmedia  (antice  et  prtesertim 
postice  nigro-terminata)  plus  minusve  obseura  ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-3^. 

Habitat  ins.  Desertae  Grandis,  sub  lapidibus  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  repertus. 

A.  oblong-ovate,  densely  variegated  with  ashy-white  scales.  Rostrum  dark  piccous,  opake  and  exceed- 
ingly roughly  punctured  in  the  males,  being  more  rugose  than  in  any  of  the  other  ^ladeiran 
species ;  a  little  slenderer,  shining,  and  less  punctured  in  the  females.  Prothorax  convex  (especially 
heliind)  and  entire,  having  no  appearance  of  a  dorsal  channel,  or  of  tubercles  across  the  central 
])ortion,  but  usually  ornamented  with  three  vei"y  obscurely  paler,  more  or  less  obsolete,  longitu- 
dinal lines ;  produced,  but  veiy  slightly  setose,  at  the  apex.  Elytra  deeply  punctate-striated  ; 
and  rounded  at  the  sides ;  with  a  few  small  nodules,  or  interrupted  ridges,  behind  the  middle ; 
and  with  a  transverse,  hastate,  postmedial  abbreviated  fascia,  or  patch,  common  to  both  (and 
terminated  before  and  behind  by  a  more  clouded  portion  of  the  surface, — especially  the  latter, 
where  there  are,  likewise,  indications  of  a  darker  margin),  more  or  less  distinctly  paler.  Antenna 
feiTUginous.     Femora  and  tibia  (particularly  the  latter)  each  encircled  by  a  darker  ring. 

Apparently  peculiar  to  the  Dezerta  Grande,  from  whence  I  obtained  a  series  of 
examples  during  my  encampment  there  at  the  end  of  May  1850.  In  conjunction 
witli  the  following  three  species,  it  would  seem  to  be  modelled,  in  some  respects, 
on  a  slightly  different  type  fi-om  the  remamder  of  the  genus, — as  not  only  being 
of  an  ol)scurer  hue  and  altogether  destitute  of  a  ^-isible  scutellum,  but  as,  likcAWse, 
inhaljitiug  (instead  of  the  lofty  sylvan  regions)  arid  rocky  spots,  principally  near 
the  coast,  and  of  a  somewhat  lower  elevation.  It  may  be  known  by  the  jxile  ashy- 
coloured  scales  with  wliich  it  is  densely  variegated,  by  the  extremely  rougldy 
punctiu'ed  rostrimi  of  the  males,  by  its  posteriorly-convex,  entire  prothorax,  and 
by  the  small  postmedial  nodules  and  regularly  hastate  patch  of  its  (laterally 
rounded)  elytra.  My  specimens  were  captured  from  out  of  the  hollows  of  loose 
stones,  or  scoi'iaj  (in  the  I'urtliest  recesses  of  wliieh  they  were  accustomed  to  secrete 
themselves  by  day),  towards  the  northern  extremity  of  the  island. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  333 

254.  Acalles  pulverulentus,  Woll. 

A.  oblongTis,  squamis  fusco-brunneis  dense  tectus;  pi-othorace  breviusculo  latiusculo,  traiisversim  vix 
subtuberculato,  ad  apicem  minus  producto  et  vix  setuloso ;  elytris  profunde  punctato-striatis 
(punctis  maximis),  ad  latera  subrectis,  baud  nodulosis  sed  interstitiis  alternis  post  medium  plus 
minusve  elevatis  et  postice  abrupte  terminatis,  plaga  sublunulata  communi  postmedia,  (antice  et 
postice  nigro-terminata)  obscm-issima  ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3^. 

Habitat  ill  locis  submaritimis  Maderse  australis,  a  meipso  sub  lapide  prope  lu-bem  Fuuchalensem 
semel  tantum  lectus. 

A.  oblong,  densely  clothed  with  dull,  rusty-brown  scales.  Rostrum  piceous,  opake  and  coarsely 
punctured  in  the  males,  and  with  a  somewhat  more  e\'ident  central  hne,  or  keel,  than  in  the 
other  species.  Prothorax  rather  short  and  wide,  especially  before  the  middle,  with  a  shallow 
dorsal  channel,  and  with  exceedingly  faint  indications  of  tubercles  across  the  central  portion  ;  less 
produced  at  the  apex  than  in  any  of  the  other  species,  where  moreover  the  setae  are,  apparently, 
not  more  developed  than  in  other  parts  of  the  surface.  Elytra  exceedingly  deeply  punctate- 
striated  (the  punctures  being  larger  than  is  the  case  in  any  of  the  other  species) ;  and  somewhat 
parallel  at  the  sides ;  scarcely  nodulose,  though  with  the  alternate  interstices  just  perceptiblv 
raised  at  the  base,  and  more  evidently  so  behind  the  middle,  where  they  are  abruptly  terminated 
posteriorly  ;  and  with  a  transverse,  sublunulate,  postniedial  abbreviated  fascia,  or  patch,  common 
to  both  (and  terminated  before  and  behind  by  an  obscure  blackish  cloud),  very  indistinctly  paler. 
Antenna  ferruginous.     Femora  and  tibue  (especially  the  latter)  each  encircled  by  a  darker  ring. 

Judging  from  the  single  specimen  (a  male)  wldch  I  have  hitherto  captured  of 
this  insect,  it  would  seem  to  be  the  largest  of  the  Madeu'an  Acalles,  and  well 
distinguished  specifically  from  all  the  rest, — its  oblong  and  comparatively  parallel 
outline,  rather  short  and  broad  prothorax,  which  is  nearly  untubercled,  and  is  less 
acuminated  and  setose  anteriorly  than  in  any  of  the  other  species,  added  to  the 
enormous  punctui'es  of  its  elytra,  its  very  obscure  subluuvilate  postmedia!  band, 
and  its  almost  uniformly  brown  surface  (which,  from  the  denseness  and  the  regu- 
larity of  the  scales  with  which  it  is  clothed,  has  a  dull  and  somewhat  dusty  appear- 
ance), at  once  combining  to  sej)arate  it  from  the  remainder.  In  its  comparatively 
unproduced  pronotum  it  approaches  the^.  Neptumis,  from  the  Salvages,  wliilst  its 
general  habit  and  aspect  are  eminently  characteristic  of  the  fii'st  of  the  two 
sections  into  which  I  have  distributed  the  Madeiran  representatives  of  the  genus. 
It  appears  to  occur  at  a  rather  low  elevation, — my  unique  example  having  been 
taken  by  myself,  from  beneath  a  stone  in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal,  in  a  dry  exposed 
spot  near  the  coast. 

255.  Acalles  obUtus,  WoU. 

A.   elongato-subovatus,   squamis  fusco-brunneis   dense  tectus ;    prothorace  subangusto  transversini 
setoso-subtuberculato,  ad  apicem  parce  bifasciculato-setoso ;  elytris  profunde  punctato-striatis,  ad 


334  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

latera  vix  rotundatis,  carinis  interruptis  nodulisque  obscuris  subsetosis  (prsesertim  post  medium) 
instructis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Habitat  Maderam  in  locis  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  semel  hactenus  repertus. 

A.  elougate-subovate,  and  rather  narrow',  densely  clothed,  as  in  the  last  species,  with  rusty-browu 
scales.  Rostrum  with,  apparently,  the  same  sexual  distinctions  as  in  the  other  species.  Pro- 
thorax  somewhat  narrow,  with  an  almost  obsolete  dorsal  channel,  and  with  two  setose  and  tolerably 
distinct  tubercles  across  the  central  portion  (the  two  lateral  ones  being  obsolete)  ;  produced 
and  setose  at  the  apex,  where  the  setae  have  a  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  into  two  fascicles. 
Elytra  rather  deeply  punctate-striated,  and  but  slightly  rounded  at  the  sides  ;  with  a  few  small 
obscure  nodules,  or  intcrrapted  ridges,  especially  towards  the  base  and  behind  the  middle, — the 
latter  of  which  however  are  the  most  evident ;  but  apparently  without  any  indication  of  a  trans- 
verse postmedial  band.     Antenna  and  leffs  as  in  the  last  species. 

Likemse  unique.  lu  its  densely  broA^^l,  rusty  surface  it  resembles  the  A.  p/d- 
verulentns :  nevertheless  its  much  smaller  size,  more  ovate  outline,  diilerently 
constructed  prothorax  (which  is  setose  anteriorly,  and  produced  as  in  the  other 
species,  and  has  moreover  two  tolerably  evident  setose  tubercles  across  its  disk),  in 
conjunction  with  the  more  distinct  nodules  and  much  smaller  pimctm-es  of  its 
elytra,  and  its  apparent  freedom  from  a  postmedial  patch,  ttiU  readily  serve  to 
separate  it  from  that  insect.  In  its  habits  it  is  in  every  respect  similar  to  the 
A.  jJiili^erulentus,  my  only  specimen  haAdng  been  captured,  from  beneath  a  stone, 
on  the  barren  cliffs  to  the  eastward  of  Funchal,  facing  the  south. 

256.  Acalles  nodiferus,  WW. 

A.  oblongo-subovatus,  squamis  fusco-brunneis  parce  tectus,  prothorace  transversim  subsetoso-tuber- 
culato,  ad  apicem  leviter  setuloso ;  elji;ris  profunde  punctato-striatis,  ad  latera  rotundato- 
ampliatis,  carinis  interruptis  nodulisque  majoribus  subsetosis  (prsesertim  post  medium)  instructis, 
])lag;\  communi  postmedia  obscurissima  ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  3i. 

Habitat  prope  urbem  Funchalenscm  Maderse,  cum  prsecedeiitibus  ct  illis  \'ix  frequentior. 

A.  oblong-subovate,  sparingly  clothed  with  brownish  scales.  Rostrum  as  in  the  other  species,  though 
perhaps  a  little  longer,  proportionably,  in  the  females.  Prothorax  with  a  shallow  dorsal  channel, 
and  with  four  setose  but  not  vciy  distinct  tubercles  across  the  central  portion  (the  inner  ones  of 
which  are  the  most  evident) ;  produced,  but  apparently  only  slightly  setose,  at  the  apex.  Ehjtra 
deeply  punctate-striated;  and  with  the  sides  rounded,  rather  uneven,  and  projecting;  with 
several  large  interrupted  ridges  and  nodules  (formed  apparently,  as  in  the  other  species,  by  the 
breaking-off,  the  abnq)t  termination,  and  the  unequal  development  of  the  elevated  alternate 
interstices),  especially  towards  the  base  and  behind  the  middle,— the  latter  of  which  are  the  most 
distinct ;  and  with  very  slight  indications  of  a  transverse,  postmedial  patch,  common  to  both,  a 
little  paler.     Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  pre\'ious  species. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  335 

In  the  great  development  of  its  uodules  the  present  Acalles  approaches  some  of 
the  early  members  of  the  second  division  of  the  genus ;  nevertheless  its  large  size, 
obscure  colour,  its  want  of  a  visible  scutellum,  and  its  general  habits  must  retain 
it  in  the  first  of  the  sections.  It  occui's,  like  the  previous  two  species,  near  Evm- 
chal,  where  however  it  appears  to  be  exceedingly  scarce. 


§  II.  Corpus  plerumque  minus,  interdum  late  variegatum  ;  scutello  scepius  distincte  ohservando.  (Habitant 

in  locis  sylvaticis,  prsesertim  supra  2000  ped.  alt.) 

257.  Acalles  Vau,  Woll. 

A.  oblongo-ovatus,  squamis  cinereo-brunneis  variegatus ;  prothorace  transversim  valde  setoso-tuber- 
ciilato,  ad  apicem  dense  bifasciculato-setoso ;  scutello  valde  distincto ;  elytris  punctato-striatis, 
ad  latera  rotundato-ampliatis,  earinis  interruptis  nodulisque  majoribus  setosis  (prsesertim  post 
medium)  instructis,  figura  V  communi  postmedia  valde  distincta  ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2,\-Z. 

Habitat  ad  rupes  locorum  editiorum  Maderfe,  inter  arbusculas  ibidem  cre.scentes,  testate  rarior :  ad 
Cruzinhas  et  in  convalli  Ribeiro  de  Joao  Delgada  dicta  meuse  Julio  a.d.  1850  primus  inveni. 

A.  oblong-ovate,  densely  variegated  witb  brownish  and  ashy-white  scales.  Rostrum  with  the  same 
sexual  distinctions  as  in  the  other  species.  Prothorax  with  a  shallow  dorsal  channel,  and  with 
four  very  setose  tubercles  across  the  central  portion  (the  inner  ones  of  which  are  the  largest) ; 
produced,  and  densely  setose,  at  the  apex,  where  the  setse  arrange  themselves  into  two  distinct 
fascicles.  Scutellum  very  apparent,  and  clothed  with  ashy  scales.  Elytra  punctate-striated  ;  and 
with  the  sides  tolerably  rounded,  uneven,  and  projecting;  with  several  large,  more  or  less  setose, 
interrupted  ridges  and  nodules,  those  behind  the  middle  being  very  greatly  developed  and  pro- 
minent ;  and  with  a  transverse,  postmedial,  very  abbreviated  V-shaped  patch,  common  to  both, 
of  a  more  or  less  pure  white.  Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  previous  species,  the  latter  however 
being  a  little  more  variegated  with  pale  and  dark  scales. 

The  regular  and  well-defined  V-shaped  postmedial  patch  of  the  present  species 
will  be  sufiicient,  apart  from  its  largely  developed  nodules  and  setae,  its  compara- 
tively e\"ident  scutellum,  and  the  more  or  less  ashy-white  scales  with  which  it  is 
besprinkled,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described.  It 
is  exceedingly  rare  ;  and  I  have  hitherto  only  taken  it  by  brushing  the  short  but 
dense  vegetation  which  clothes  the  faces  of  the  perpendicular  rocks  in  the  lofty 
sylvan  districts ;  under  which  circumstances  I  cajitured  several  specimens,  both  at 
the  Cruzinhas  and  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  Ribeii'o  de  Joao  Delgada,  dm^ing 
July  1850. 

258.  Acalles  tenninalis,  Woll. 

A.  oblongo-ovatus,  squamis  luteo-brunneis  variegatus;  prothorace  transversim  setoso-tuberculato,  ad 
apicem  dense  bifascieulato-setoso ;  scutello  distincto ;  elytris  punctato-striatis,  ad  latera  rotundato- 
ampliatis,  earinis  interruptis  nodulisque  majoribus  setosis  (prsesertim  post  medium)  instructis. 


330  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

plaga  (plcrumquc  sub-oblunulata)  coinmuni  postmedia  postice  sufFusa  (fere  ad  apicem  eontinuata 
et  antice  solum  nigro-terminata)  plus  minusve  distinct^  ornatis. 
Far.  fi.  elytrorum  macula  postmedia  non  solum  ad  apicem,  sed  etiam  usque  ad  basin  retrorsum 
ducta,  plagam  suturalem  sufFusam  postice  ampliatam  efficiente. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-3. 

Hnbitat  per  regionem  ^ladera?  sylvaticam,  a  3000'  usque  ad  4000*  s.  m.  prsedominans ;  ad  Ribeiro 
Frio  et  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  mensibus  Julio  et  Augusto  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  repertus. 

A.  oblong-ovate,  densely  variegated  with  yellowish-brown  scales.  Rostrum  as  in  the  other  species. 
Prothorax  with  a  shallow  dorsal  channel,  and  with  two  very  setose  tubercles  across  the  central 
portion  (the  two  lateral  ones  being  small,  and  generally  scarcely  apparent) ;  produced,  and 
densely  setose,  at  the  apex,  where  the  setfe  arrange  themselves  into  two  distinct  fascicles.  Scu- 
tellum  not  quite  so  ])erceptible  as  in  the  A.  Van.  Elytra  punctate-striated;  and  with  the  sides 
tolerably  rounded,  somewhat  uneven,  and  a  little  projecting ;  with  several  rather  large,  more  or 
less  setose,  interrupted  ridges  and  nodules,  those  behind  the  middle  being  considerably  developed, 
though  not  quite  so  much  as  in  the  last  species ;  and  with  a  transverse,  more  or  less  anteriorly- 
convex,  postmedial  patch,  common  to  both  (suffused  behind  and  usually  continued  to  the  apex, 
being  terminated  in  front  only  by  a  durkcr  ])ortion  of  the  surface, — where  however  that  portion, 
from  the  base  being  somewhat  jialc,  frequently  takes  the  form  of  an  obscure,  transverse,  brownish 
band),  more  or  less  distinctly  paler.  Antenna  and  let/s  as  in  the  last  species. 
Var.  /3.  with  the  postmedial  patch,  not  only  suffused  behind  to  the  apex,  but  likewise  continued 
anteriorlij  to  the  base, — forming  a  wide  and  indistinct  sutural  band  which  increases  in  width 
j)osteriorly. 

Although  of  course  much  smaller  than  that  insect,  the  present  Acalles  hears  a 
slight  prima  facie  resemblance  to  the  common  Ci'iiptorlninchas  Lapathi  of  more 
northern  latitudes ;  and  it  may  be  known  from  the  other  Madeiran  species,  not 
only  l)y  the  yellowish-brown  scales  with  which  it  is  for  the  most  part  densely 
variegated,  ])ut  likewise  by  its  postmedial  patch  being  generally  more  or  less 
convex  anteriorly,  and  suffused  behind  to  the  apex, — its  front  edge  being  alone 
1)ouu(led  by  a  darker  portion  of  the  sm*face.  That  darker  portion,  moreover,  from 
tlic  elytra  being  obscurely  pale  at  their  l)ase,  usually  assumes  the  form  of  an 
indistinct,  bro\niish,  transverse  band,  fading  off  gradually  in  front,  but  thickly 
clouded  in  the  opposite  dii'cction; — an  arrangement  by  which  the  dullest  and 
briglitest  of  the  tints  are  brought  into  direct  contact,  in  a  rather  peculiar  manner, 
immediately  beyond  the  middle.  It  is  apparently,  like  the  A.  Van,  confined  to 
the  sylvan  districts,  tliough  of  a  somewhat  lower  elevation, — being  more  par- 
ticularly abundant  between  the  limits  of  from  3000  to  iOOO  feet  above  the  sea.  I 
have  captured  it  in  the  region  of  the  Ribeii'o  Trio,  dmiug  May  and  August ;  and 
at  the  liombo  dos  Pecegueiros  in  July. 

259.  Acalles  omatus,  WoU. 
A.  oblongo-ovatus,  squamis  griseo-brunneis  variegatus;  prothorace  transversim  valde  setoso-tubcr- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  337 

culato,  ad  apicera  dense  bifasciculato-setoso ;  scutello  distincto ;  elytris  punetato-striatis,  ad 
latera  subrotundatis,  carinis  interruptis  nodulisque  majoribus  valde  setosis  nigrescentibus  (praj- 
sertim  antice  et  post  medium)  instructis,  plaga  lunulato-hastata  communi  postmedia  (antice  et 
postice  nigro-terminata)  distincta,  macula  subscutellari  suffusa,  et  fascia  antemedia  obliqua 
obscurissima  fracta  nivea  ornatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2i-2|. 

Habitat  in  locis  editioribus  Maderse  sylvaticse,  ad  Cruzinhas  et  per  regionem  Fanalensem  aestate  media 
A.D.  1850  captus. 

A.  oblong-ovate,  densely  variegated  with  dark-browu  scales.  Rostrum  as  in  the  other  species.  Pro- 
thorax  with  a  sliallow  dorsal  channel,  and  with  two  very  setose  tubercles  across  the  central  por- 
tion (the  two  lateral  ones  being  smaller  and  less  apparent) ;  produced,  and  densely  setose,  at  the 
apex,  where,  as  in  the  pre\'ious  species,  the  setse  arrange  themselves  into  two  distinct  fascicles. 
Scutellum  about  the  same  size  as  in  the  A.  terminalis.  Elytra  punctate-striated;  and  with  the 
sides  not  much  rounded  or  projecting,  although  rather  uneven  ;  with  several  large,  setose,  and 
somewhat  darker  interrupted  ridges  and  nodules,  those  towards  the  base  and  behind  the  middle 
(especially  the  latter)  being  greatly  developed ;  with  a  transverse,  sublunulate,  or  sublunulate- 
hastate,  abbreviated,  postmedial  patch,  common  to  both  (and  terminated  before  and  behind  by  a 
darker  portion  of  the  surface),  distinctly, — and  with  very  faint  indications  towards  the  outer  disk 
of  each  of  an  oblique,  broken,  antemedial  fascia  indistinctly,  pale-white :  also  with  a  suffused 
blotch  about  the  scutellum  of  a  more  or  less  obscurely  paler  hue.  Antenna  and  le^s  as  in  the 
other  species. 

The  largely-developed  and  somewliat  darkly  setose  nodiiles  of  tlie  present  species, 
added  to  its  beautifully  variegated  siu-face  (which  has  not  only  a  sublimate  post- 
medial  patch,  but  obscm'e  indications  likewise  of  a  broken  oblique  antemedial 
fascia,  of  a  more  or  less  ptu*e  white ;  and  a  suffused  cloud  about  the  region  of  the 
scutellum  of  a  pale,  though  usually  brownish,  hue),  wUl  serve  to  separate  it, prima 
facie,  from  its  congeners.  It  is  apparently  very  rare,  and,  Uke  the  A.  T'au,  con- 
fined to  the  wooded  regions  of  a  lofty  elevation.  I  captm-ed  it  sparingly  both  at 
the  Cruziohas  and  the  Fanal,  during  my  encampment  in  those  remote  regions,  in 
July  of  1850. 

260.  AcaUes  dispar,  Wall. 

A.  oblongo-ovatus,  squamis  nigro-bruuneis  variegatus ;  prothorace  transversim  setoso-subtuberculato, 
ad  apicem  sub-bifasciculato-setoso J  scutello  sat  distincto;  elytris  profunde  punetato-striatis,  ad 
latera  subrotundatis,  carinis  interruptis  noduUsque  minoribus  subsetosis  (prssertim  post  medium) 
instructis,  plaga  sublunulata  communi  postmedia  (antice  et  postice  nigro-terminata)  plus  minusve 
distincta,  macula  subscutellari  (interdum  obsoleta),  et  fasciculo  elongato  communi  dorsali  nigro 
ornatis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  lf-2j. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis,  per  partem  Maderse  sylvaticam,  restate  sat  vulgaris. 

2  X 


338  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

A.  oblong-ovate,  densely  variegated  with  dark  brown  scales.  Rostrum  as  in  the  other  species.  Pro- 
thorax  with  a  shallow  dorsal  channel,  and  with  four  more  or  less  evident  and  setose  tubercles 
across  the  central  portion  (the  inner  ones  of  which  are  the  largest)  ;  produced,  and  setose,  at  the 
apex,  where  the  setse  arrange  themselves  into  two  rather  iU-defincd  fascicles.  Scutellum  as  in  the 
preceding  species.  Elytra  punctate-striated ;  and  with  the  sides  not  much  rounded  ;  with  several 
tolerably  distinct,  more  or  less  setose,  and  somewhat  darker,  interrupted  ridges  and  nodules, 
those  behind  the  middle  being  the  largest ;  with  a  transverse,  sublunulate,  postmedial,  abbreviated 
patch,  common  to  both  (and  terminated  before  and  behind  by  a  more  or  less  darker  portion  of 
the  surface),  tolerably  distinctly, — and  sometimes  with  exceedingly  faint  indications  before  the 
outer  disk  of  each  of  an  oblique,  broken,  antemedial  fascia  very  indistinctly,  paler  :  also  with  a 
suffused  blotch  about  the  scutellum  more  or  less  distinctly  paler ;  and  with  a  narrow,  elongated, 
velvety,  dorsal  fascicle,  likewise  common  to  both  (more  or  less  obsolete,  but  in  brightly-coloured 
specimens  connecting  the  hinder  portion  of  the  seutellary  blotch  with  the  anterior  edge  of  the 
sublunulate  postmedial  patch),  of  a  dark  blackish-brown.  Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  previous 
species. 

The  commonest  of  the  Madeu-an  Acalles,  and,  in  stature  as  well  as  in  intensity 
of  colouring,  by  far  the  most  variable.  Its  patches  and  spots  are  modelled  much 
after  the  fasliion  of  those  of  the  A.  ornatus ;  nevertheless  it  may  be  at  once  recog- 
nised from  that  insect  by  its  smaller  size,  less  developed  nodules  and  setse,  and  by 
its  total  want  of  the  additional  ashy-  (or  sometimes  even  snowy-)  white  scales 
Avliich  are  there  more  or  less  evident.  It  seems  to  be  peculiar  to  the  dense  wooded 
regions  of  intermediate  and  lofty  elevations,  occurring,  generally  beneath  stones 
and  logs  of  wood,  in  the  thickest  parts  of  the  forests, — under  wliich  circumstances 
I  took  it  in  profusion  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  diu-iug  my  encampment  in 
that  remote  district  in  July  1850  :  and  I  have  likewise  captured  it  at  the  Cru- 
zinhas  and  the  Fanal. 


261.  Acalles  albolineatus,  Wall. 

A.  oblongo-ovatus,  squarais  einereis  variegatus ;  prothorace  convexiusculo  transversim  vix  setuloso- 
subtuberculato,  ad  apieem  bifasciculato-setuloso  ;  scutello  minutissimo  ;  elytris  punctato-striatis, 
ad  latera  subrotundatis,  carinis  interruptis  nodulisque  obscuris  (prsesertira  post  medium)  instructis, 
sutura  et  plaga  (plerumque  sub-oblunulata)  communi  postmedia  postice  suffusa  (fere  ad  apieem 
continuata  et  antice  solum  abrupte  terminata)  ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  Hn.  lf-l|. 

Habitat  in  iisdem  locis  ac  prsecedens,  sed  illo  multo  rarior. 

A.  oblong-ovate,  sparingly  variegated  with  dull  ashy-white  scales.  Rostrtim  as  in  the  other  species. 
Prothorax  with  very  slight  indications  of  a  dorsal  channel,  somewhat  convex  behind,  and  with 
two  tolerably  distinct  but  scarcely  setose  tubercles  across  the  central  ])ortion  (the  two  lateral  ones 
being  almost  obsolete) ;  produced,  and  slightly  setose,  at  the  apex,  where  the  setae  aiTange  them- 
selves into  two  smallish  fascicles.  Scutellum  very  small.  Elytra  punctate-striated ;  and  with  the 
sides  not  much  rounded ;  with  several  more  or  less  obscure,  but  scarcely  setose,  interrupted  ridges 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  339 

and  nodules,  those  behind  the  middle  being  the  largest ;  with  the  suture,  and  with  a  transverse, 
more  or  less  anteriorly-convex,  postmedial  patch,  common  to  botli  (usually  a  good  deal  suffused 
behind,  and  sometimes  continued  to  the  apex, — being  bounded  in  front  only  by  a  somewhat 
darker  portion  of  the  surface),  more  or  less  distinctly  paler.  Antenna  and  legs  rather  more  fer- 
ruginous, and  somewhat  less  variegated,  than  in  the  preceding  species. 

Smaller  than  any  of  tlie  foregoing  species,  and  readily  distiaguislied  by  its  ashy- 
white  suture  and  the  form  of  its  postmedial  patch,  which  assumes  somewhat  the 
shape  of  that  which  constitutes  one  of  the  chief  features  of  the  A.  terminalis, — 
ha\'ing  a  tendency,  as  in  that  insect,  to  be  convex  in  front  (iastead  of  concave),  and 
to  be  more  or  less  suffused  behind  into  the  apes.  It  is,  apparently,  very  rare,  the 
few  specimens  which  1  have  hitlierto  seen  having  been  captured  by  myself  in  the 
same  localities  as  the  A.  dispar,  and  usually  in  company  with  it. 

262.  Acalles  globulipennis,  Woll 

A.  ovatus,  squamis  nigro-brunneis  variegatus ;  prothorace  convexo  transversim  setuloso-subtuberculato, 
ad  apicem  sub-bifasciculato-setuloso ;  scutello  hand  observando ;  elytris  punctato-striatis  valde 
convexis,  ad  latera  rotundatis,  fascicuUs  rainutis  setosis  nigris  (prjesertim  post  medium,  fasciam 
arcuatam  nigrescentem  efficientibus)  instnictis,  plaga  lunulata  communi  subapicali  (interdum  ad 
apicem  sufFusa,  sed  antice  semper  nigro-terminata),  et  macula  subscutellari,  plus  minusve  distinctis, 
ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  li-vix  1|. 

Habitat  in  locis  graminosis  humidis  per  Maderfe  regioncm  sylvaticam,  testate  rarior. 

A.  ovate,  sparingly  variegated  with  brownish  scales.  Rostrum  as  in  the  previous  species.  ProtJiorax 
with  scarcely  any  indications  of  a  dorsal  channel,  but,  when  denuded  of  its  scales,  with  a  very 
obscm-e  central  line  or  ridge;  convex  behind,  and  with  two  tolerably  distinct  setose  fascicles 
across  the  central  portion  (the  two  lateral  ones  being  almost  obsolete) ;  produced,  and  setose,  at 
the  apex,  where  the  setae  arrange  themselves  into  two  ill-defined  fascicles.  Scutellum  obsolete. 
Elytra  punctate-striated ;  exceedingly  convex,  and  with  the  sides  greatly  rounded ;  without  either 
ridges  or  nodules,  but  with  several  minute  fascicles  of  dark  setae,  those  behind  the  middle  being 
the  largest,  and  arranged  transversely  so  as  to  form  a  dark  arcuated  postmedial  band ;  with  a 
transverse,  lunulate,  abbreviated,  sub-apical  patch,  common  to  both  (and  generally  more  or  less 
suffused  behind  into  the  apes,  but  bounded  in  front  by  the  postmedial  arcuated  band  of  black 
fascicles), — and  with  a  patch  about  the  region  of  the  scutellum,  both  more  or  less  distinctly 
paler.     Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  last  species. 

An  exceedingly  distinct  and  very  interesting  little  Acalles,  and  one  which 
departs  in  many  respects  from  the  ordinary  Madeiran  type, — at  the  same  time 
making  an  approach  towards  the  small  representatives  of  more  northern  latitudes. 
It  may  be  at  once  recognised  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described  by 
its  short  ovate  outline,  by  its  very  convex,  inflated  and  subglobose  elytra,  and  by 
the  minute  fasciculated  tufts  of  black  setse  (with  which  it  is  beset)  supplying  the 

2x2 


340  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

place  of  the  ridges  and  nodules  more  or  less  evident  in  the  whole  of  its  allies, — 
and  forming  behind  the  middle  a  narrow  arcuated  band  which  bounds  the  anterior 
edge  of  the  pale  subapical  patch.  Although  in  its  want  of  a  scutellum  it  recedes 
from  tlio  species  ^Yit'h  which  I  have  associated  it,  yet  its  general  habits  and  contour 
Ijcspoak  such  a  far  closer  connection  'VA'ith  the  members  of  the  second  section  than 
with  those  of  the  first,  that  I  have  considered  its  present  position  to  be  the  most 
natm-al  to  it.  It  is  confined  to  the  moist  sylvan  districts  of  iatermediate  eleva- 
tions, and  is  apparently  extremely  rare.  It  is  however  widely  distributed  over 
the  island,  and  ocem's  dm'iug  the  summer  months.  I  have  captured  it  on  the 
Loml)o  das  Vacas  in  June,  at  the  Loml)o  dos  Pecegueu'os  ia  July,  and  in  the  region 
of  the  llibeiro  Frio  in  August. 

263.  AcaUes  lumilatus,  Woll. 

A.  oblongo-subovatus  angustus,  squamis  nigi-o-brunneis  variegatus ;  prothorace  transversim  setuloso- 
subtuberculato,  ad  apicem  sub-bifasciculato-setuloso ;  scutcllo  valde  distincto ;  elytris  punctato- 
striatis,  ad  latera  vix  rotundatis,  nodulis  minutis  setosis  nigrescentibus  (prresertim  antice,  medio, 
et  post  medium)  instructis,  plaga  lunulata  communi  postmedia,  et  fascia  anteraedia  obliqua 
fracta,  plus  minusve  distinctis,  ornatis. 

Long,  coi-p.  lin.  l^-l^- 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  convallibus  humidisque  sylvaticis  inter  2000'  et  4000*  s.  m.  sitis,  rarissime. 

A.  oblong-subovate  and  narrow,  densely  variegated  with  dark-brown  scales.  Rostrum  of  the  males 
less  roughlv  punctured  than  in  any  of  the  other  s])ecies,  and  that  of  the  females  rather  coarsely 
sculptured  at  its  base, — so  that  the  sexes  are  not,  at  first  sight,  veiy  easily  separable.  Prothorax 
with  scarcely  any  indications  of  a  dorsal  channel,  and  with  two  very  small  and  subsctosc  tubercles 
across  the  central  portion  (the  two  lateral  ones  being  almost  obsolete) ;  produced,  and  slightly 
setose,  at  the  apex,  where  however  the  seta;  are  scarcely  disposed  in  fascicles.  Scutellum  large 
and  rounded,  and  covered  with  pale-brown  scales.  Elytra  punctate-striated  ;  and  with  the  sides 
very  slightly  rounded ;  with  several  minute,  more  or  less  distinct,  and  somewhat  darker  fasci- 
culated nodules  distributed,  more  or  less  evidently,  in  three  transverse  rows,  the  first  of  w^hich  is 
immediately  behind  the  base,  the  second  across  the  disk,  and  the  third  (where,  as  in  the  other 
species,  they  are  rather  more  distinct)  behind  the  middle;  with  a  transverse,  extremely  lunu- 
lated,  abbreviated,  postmcdial  patch,  common  to  both  (and  bounded  before  and  behind,  especially 
the  former,  by  a  darker  portion  of  the  sui-face),  usually  very  distinctly, — and  with  the  rudiments 
before  the  outer  disk  of  each  of  an  oblique,  broken,  antemedial  fascia  more  or  less  indistinctly, 
paler  (occasionally  pure  snowy-white) :  also  with  the  darker  central  portion  gradually  fading-oflf 
towards  the  base  into  a  paler  brown.  Antenna'  and  leys  as  in  the  preceding  species,  only  of  a 
somewhat  more  ferruginous  hue. 


■•d' 


A  well-defined  species,  and  distinguished  by  its  narrow  form,  comparatixely 
apparent  scutoUuni,  l)y  its  exceedingly  lunulate  postmcdial  patch,  its  more  or  less 
evident  antemedial  fascia,  and  by  its  nodules  having  a  tendency  to  be  arranged  in 
three  transverse  rows.     Like  the  A.  globuUpenms,  it  would  seem  to  be  peculiar  to 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  341 

dense  humid  spots  of  intermediate  altitudes,  being  usually  found  amongst  ranlv 
vegetation  in  the  thickest  parts  of  the  forest  districts,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  waterfalls  and  streams.  In  such  situations,  I  have  taken  it  at  the  Lombo  dos 
Pecegueiros  in  July,  and  in  the  region  of  the  Uibeiro  Frio  in  August. 

264.  Acalles  cylindricollis,  WoU. 

A.  suboblongus  angustus,  squamis  brunneis  dense  nebulosus ;  prothorace  subcylindrico  postice  con- 
vexo,  haud  tuberculato  sod  setis  paucis  mediis  transversim  muiiito,  ad  apieem  minus  acuminato 
sed  setoso ;  scutello  distincto ;  elytris  punctato-striatis,  ad  latera  subreetis,  haud  nodulosis  sed 
plaga  transversa  communi  postmedia  (postice  sed  praesertim  antice  fusco-terminata)  sat  distincta, 
et  fascia  antemedia  obliqua  (in  maculam  subscutellarem  obscuram  antice  suffusa)  obscurissima, 
ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  in  Maderse  convallibus  umbrosis,  rarissimus ;  ad  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia  Maio  exeunte  a.d. 
1849  semel  tantum  repertus. 

A.  nearly  oblong,  and  narrow,  densely  variegated  with  brownish  scales.  Rostrum  as  in  the  other 
species.  Prothorax  with  scarcely  any  indications  of  a  dorsal  channel;  subcylindrical,  convex 
behind,  almost  untubercled,  but  with  a  few  large  seta;  scattered  across  the  central  portion  ; 
slightly  produced,  though  not  at  all  acuminated,  at  the  apex,  where  however  there  are  several 
large  scattered  setae.  Scutellum  large.  Elytra  punctate-striated,  with  the  sides  somewhat 
straight,  though  ohlique, — being  rather  constricted  at  the  base  and  a  little  expanded  behind  the 
middle  ;  without  nodules,  though  with  the  alternate  interstices  just  perceptibly  raised  throughout ; 
with  a  transverse,  abbreviated,  postmedial  patch,  common  to  both  (bounded  evidently  in  front, 
and  more  obscurely  behind,  by  a  darker  portion  of  the  surface),  tolerably  distinctly,— and  with  an 
oblique  antemedial  fascia  (suifused  in  front  into  an  obscure  scutellary  patch, — the  two  together 
forming  an  indistinct,  and  somewhat  triangular,  basal  blotch)  most  obscurely,  paler.  Antenna 
and  legs  as  in  the  last  species. 

It  is  just  possible  that  the  unique  insect  from  which  the  above  diagnosis  has 
been  di-awn  out  may  be  but  a  greatly  developed  and  local  state  of  the  A.  Wollas- 
toni ;  nevertheless  since  it  certainly  possesses  characters  abimdantly  sufficient  for 
specific  isolation,  if  it  be  a  normal  specimen  of  its  Idnd,  I  am  induced  to  retain  it 
as  separate,  believing  that  future  investigations  will  fully  confirm  me  in  regarding 
it  as  in  reality  distinct.  Assvmiiag  therefore  my  single  indi-^-idual  to  be  a  typical 
one,  it  may  be  described  as  larger  and  more  setose  than  the  A.  Wollastonl,  as 
being  more  densely  clothed  with  brownish  scales,  and  altogether  free  fi-om  the 
ashy-white  ones  which  are  more  or  less  perceptible  on  that  iasect,  and  as  having 
its  elytra  straighter  at  the  sides  (though  oblique),  with  their  widest  part  behind 
the  middle,  and  with  theu-  postmedial  patch  and  basal  space  much  more  clearly 
defined, — the  former  of  which  moreover  is  very  conspicuously  terminated  in  front 
by  a  darker  transverse  portion  of  the  surface.     My  solitary  example  was  captiu-ed, 


342  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

by  myself,  by  brushing  the  rank  vegetation  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  Ribeu'o  de 
Santa  Luzia  (on  the  summit  of  the  high  bank  to  the  left  of  the  waterfall)  during 
May  of  181.9. 

265.  Acalles  Wollastoni. 
A.  subovato-oblongus  angustus,  squamis  cinereo-brunneis  parce  nebulosus ;  prothorace  subcylindrico 

postice  convexo,  baud  tuberculato  et  vix  setuloso,  ad  apicem  minus  acuminato  et  vL\  setuloso ; 

scutello  distincto ;  elytris  punctato-striatis,  ad  latera  vLx  rotundatis,  baud  nodulosis  sed  plaga 

transversa  communi  postmcdia,  ct  fascia  antemedia  obliqua  (interdum  in  nebulam  subscutellarem 

obsoletissimam  antice  suffusa),  segre  discernendis  subcinereis,  ornatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^1^. 

Acalles  Wollastoni,  ChcnTolat,  in  Quer.  Eev.  de  Zool.  iv.  (2i^n>«  serie)  279  (1852). 

Hnbitat  in  graminosis  humidiusculis  ^Maderfe,  praisertim  per  partem  sylvaticam,  restate,  rarior :  ad 
Lombo  dos  Pccegueiros  et  Ribeiro  Frio  mensibus  Julio  et  Augusto  cepi ;  necnon  unicum  exemplar 
etiam  iu  castanetis  Sanctie  Annse  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1850  inveni. 

A.  subovate-oblong,  and  narrow,  most  sparingly  variegated  vnih  brownish,  and  besprinkled  wnth 
ashy,  scales.  Rostrum  as  in  the  last  species.  Prothorax  aj)parently  unchanneled ;  subcylindrical, 
convex  behind,  untubercled,  and  almost  free  from  seta;;  slightly  produced,  though  scarcely  at  all 
acuminated  or  setose,  at  the  apex.  Scutellum  large.  Elytra  punctate-striated,  with  the  sides 
not  quite  so  straight  as  in  the  last  species, — being  a  little  more  rounded,  with  the  widest  part 
about,  instead  of  behind,  the  middle;  without  nodules  or  ridges;  with  a  faint,  transverse,  post- 
medial  cloud,  common  to  both  (just  perceptibly  bounded  in  front,  and  sometimes  likewise  be- 
hind, by  a  more  iufuscated  portion  of  the  surface), — and  with  the  rudiments  of  an  oblique  ante- 
medial  fascia  (occasionally  suffused  iu  front  iuto  a  most  indistinct  scutellary  patch, — the  two 
together,  in  that  case,  forming  an  almost  obsolete  basal  blotch),  just  perceptibly  clothed  with 
ashy-white  scales.     Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  last  species. 

This  very  minute  Acalles  (the  smallest,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  of 
the  whole  Madeu-an  CurcuUonidce)  may  be  distinguished,  apart  from  its  diminu- 
tive size,  by  the  almost  obsolete  patches  and  fasciae  of  its  elytra,  which  are  so 
obscvirely  developed  as  to  render  the  law  of  their  formation,  at  first  sight,  not 
very  clear.  Without  indeed  the  remainder  of  the  genus  to  guide  us  (iu  which  o)ie 
type  of  coloimng,  presenting  successive  modiiications  for  the  several  species,  may 
be  considered  as  prevailing  more  or  less  tlu'oughout),  we  perhaps  might  have  failed 
to  recognise  anything  like  a  fixed  arrangement  in  the  very  faint  lights  and  shades 
of  this  remarkable  little  insect  :  nevertheless,  after  a  careful  examination  of  its 
allies,  we  shall  at  once  perceive  that  the  parts  of  its  sui-face  which  (from  the  ashy- 
white  scales  with  wliich  they  are  sparmgly  clothed)  are  just  perceptiljly  more 
blanched  tlian  the  rest,  are  in  reality  the  combined  result  of  a  postmediol  patch 
and  a  scarcely  distinguishable  antemedial  fascia, — the  latter  of  which,  from  being 
(jl)lique,  and  generally  more  or  less  suffused  in  fi-ont  into  a  palish  scutellai-y  blotch, 
loses  its  true  character  and  assumes  the  form  (wlien  indeed  it  is  sufficiently  appa- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  343 

rent  to  be  discerned  at  all)  of  a  somewhat  triangular,  basal,  snbcinereons  cloud. 
We  can  thus  understand,  that  when  this  basal  nebula  and  the  postmcdial  vitta 
are  in  the  least  decipherable  (which  alone  is  the  case  in  fresh  and  unrubljcd  speci- 
mens), the  only  darker  portion  which  may  be  said  to  be  at  all  evident  is  (the 
feeblest  indication  of)  a  central  transverse  band,  expanding  towards  the  lateral 
edges  but  decreasing  in  width,  and  becoming  either  almost  or  entirely  absorbed,  on 
the  disk.  It  is  not  always  however  that  the  antemedial  fascia  and  the  scutellary 
blotch  are  entirely  confluent,  since  sometimes  the  latter  does  not  exist  at  all,— 
under  wliich  circumstances  the  former  is  of  course  comparatively  weU-defined. 
In  the  A.  cylindricollis,  on  the  contrary  (judging  from  the  single  example  Avhicli 
has  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice),  this  amalgamation  is  complete, — a  large 
and  faded  basal  patch  being  the  consequence,  and  which  is  not  only  more  con- 
spicuoiis  and  of  a  different  outline  from  the  one  which  it  is  the  tendency  of  the 
A.  TFollastoni  to  possess,  but  seems,  likewise,  to  be  destitute  of  the  ashy-white 
scales  which  are  so  characteristic  of  that  insect.  The  A.  Wollastoni  is  decidedly 
rare,  occurring  more  particiilarly  in  moist  grassy  spots  of  the  dense  ravines  of 
intermediate  altitudes.  I  have  taken  it  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  in  July, 
and  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio  in  August ;  and  dtu'ing  May  of  1850  I  even  captured  a 
specunen  in  the  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna, — the  lowest  elevation  at  which  I 
have  observed  it. 

(Subf.  5.  EEIRHINIDES.) 

Genus  118.  TYCHIUS. 

(Grermar)  Schonherr,  Cure.  Disp.  Meth.  245  (1826). 

Corpus  parvum,  oblongo-ovatum,  squamosum  :  rostro  elongato  arcuato,  modo  basi  crassiusculo  et 
apicem  versus  paulatim  attenuate,  modo  (ut  in  speciebus  Madereusibus)  tenui  lineari :  oculis  in 
typicis  subrotundatis,  sed  in  speciebus  insularum  Maderensium  duabus  valde  reniformibus : 
prothorace  transverso,  basi  apiceque  subtruncato,  ad  latera  plerumque  Eequaliter  rotundato  :  alia 
(in  nostris)  obsoletis.  Antennce  longiusciilse  sat  graciles,  ante  medium  rostri  insertsej  funiculo 
7-articulato,  articulis  prime  et  secundo  elongatis  obconicis,  reliquis  brevioribus ;  capitulo  oblongo- 
ovato  quadri-annulato.  Pedes  aut  robusti,  aut  parum  graciles,  aniici  basi  approximati :  femoribus 
modo  (ut  in  speciebus  nostris)  muticis,  modo  subtus  denticulatis  :  tibiis  rectis,  ad  apicem  e.xternum 
truncatis  excavatis  muticis,  ad  internum  in  uncum  valde  deflexum  plus  miuusve  obsoletum 
productis. 

Although  recorded  from  most  parts  of  the  world,  the  Tych'd  are  more  especially 
European  insects,  and  may  be  said  to  find  their  maximum  in  central  and  Mediter- 
ranean latitvides.  They  occur,  principally,  either  beneath  stones  in  diy  and  sandy 
spots,  or  on  the  foHage  of  the  low  plants  peculiar  to  such  localities.  The  genus 
divides  itself  into  two  sections,  in  one  of  which  the  rostrum  is  somewhat  thickened 
at  its  base  and  tapers  towards  its  apex,  wliilst  in  the  other  it  is  slenderer  and 
linear  throughout.     It  is  to  the  latter  of  these  that  the  Madeiran  representatives 


344  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

belong.  The  Ti/chii  are  generally  densely  clothed  with  scales,  hut  are  not  often 
variegated, — and  never  nodulose,  as  is  the  case  with  the  preceding  genus.  They 
may  he  further  recognised  by  their  somewhat  shortened  prothorax,  which  is  more 
or  less  uniformly  rounded  at  the  sides,  and  (which  however  is  characteristic  of  the 
entii'C  Erirh'mides,  the  subfamily  to  ^A'hich  they  belong)  by  their  want  of  a  pectoral 
groove,  and  by  their  approximated  anterior  legs.  In  the  Madeii'a  Islands  the 
species  have  their  rostra  more  or  less  sculptm'ed  A\T.th  longitudinal  sulci. 

§  I.  Carpus  magnum  crassum  ;  pedibus  valde  rohustis. 

266.  Tychius  robustus,  Woll. 

T.  ovatus  fusco-piceus,  squamis  flavescenti-brunneis  piliformibus  dense  tectus,  prothorace  transverse 
profundc  punctato  ad  latei-a  rotundato,  elyti-is  profunda  crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  miuutissime 
punctulatis,  rostro  antennisque  riifo-piceis,  illo  sulculis  punctatis  a  basi  usque  ad  apicem  ductis 
longitudinaliter  instructo,  oculis  rcniformibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2i-3. 

HnbUat  sub  lapidibus  in  locis  aridis  Portus  Sancti,  necnon  in  insulis  Deserta:  Grandis  et  Deserta? 
Horcalis,  a  vere  novo  usque  ad  a;statem,  liinc  indc  nou  infrequens :  in  Madera  propria  mihi 
adliuc  non  obvius  est. 

T.  thick,  ovate,  robust,  and  broad ;  browuish-piceous,  and  densely  clothed  with  fine,  hair-like,  yellowish- 
brown  scales.  liustrum  very  long  and  linear;  rufo-piccous,  and  (except  at  the  extreme  base) 
free  from  scales ;  with  several  deeply-punctured  longitudinal  sulci,  commencing  just  in  front  of 
the  base,  and  continuing  to  about  the  insertion  of  the  antenme, — where  they  are  slightly  inter- 
rui)ted,  and  afterwards  resumed  to  the  apex :  eyes  large,  reniform,  and  extending  a  little  beneath 
the  head.  Pruthorax  deeply  punctured  ;  broad,  and  transverse, — the  sides  being  considerably 
and  almost  uniformly  rounded.  Elytra  with  the  sides  distinctly  rounded,  and  widest  about  the 
middle ;  vciy  deeply  crenate-striated,  and  with  the  interstices  very  minutely  punctulated. 
Antenna;  rufo-piccous,  and  almost  free  from  scales.  Legs  exceedingly  robust,  and  as  densely 
clothed  as  the  rest  of  the  surface  with  yellowish-brown  hair-like  scales. 

This  beautiful  and  truly  indigenous  Ti/chliis,  in  its  comparatively  enormous  size, 
excessivclv  robust  limbs,  and  in  the  line,  vellowish-brown,  liair-like  scales  with 
which  it  is  densely  clothed,  recedes  so  much  from  the  oilier  Madeu'an  S2)ecics  as  to 
appear,  at  first  sight,  to  be  scarcely  admissible  into  the  same  genus  with  them. 
Still,  in  all  essential  resjiects  it  is  a  Tychius, — belonging  in  reality  to  a  larger  type 
of  form,  which  is  by  no  means  of  uncommon  occiu-rence  in  Mediterranean  lati- 
tudes. Apart  from  the  above  distinctions,  its  broad  subovate  outline,  transverse 
and  laterally-rounded  prothorax,  and  its  coarsely  crenate-striated  elytra,  in  con- 
junction with  the  sulci  being  invarial)ly  continued  throughout  the  entire  length 
(excepting  a  small  space  near  to  the  insertion  of  the  antennte)  of  its  rostrum,  will 
more  than  suflice  at  once  to  separate  it  from  the  other  two  members  of  the  grouj) 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  345 

with  which  we  have  here  to  do.  I  first  discovered  it,  during  April  1848,  in  Porto 
Santo,  where  it  was  extremely  common  beneath  stones  in  dry  barren  spots  towards 
the  southern  coast, — especially  on  the  semi-cultivated  slopes  but  slightly  elevated 
above  the  sea-shore :  and,  in  May  and  June  of  1850,  I  took  it  sparingly  on  both 
the  Northern  and  Central  Dezertas,  during  my  encampment  on  those  islands  with 
the  Rev.  U.  T.  Lowe.-  The  Dezertan  specimens  are  not,  usually,  quite  so  broad  as 
the  Porto  Santan  ones,  nor  have  theii'  scales  generally  such  a  decidedly  yellowish 
tinge.     I  have  not  hitherto  observed  it  in  Madeira  proper. 

§  II.   Corpus  rnhjits  ;  pediliits  gracilioribits. 

267.  Tychius  albosquamosus,  WoU. 
T.  oblongus  niger,  squamis  diluto-cretaceis  tectus,  prothorace  parvo  angusto  subtilissime  punctato, 

elytris  striatis,  interstitiis  impunctatis,  rostro  sulculis  mediis  profundis  ante  apicem  abrupte  ter- 

minatis  longitudinaliter  instructo,  ocuHs  reniformibus  siibinferioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  1;^^. 

Habitat  insulam  Deserts  Grandis,  qua  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1850  exemplar  imicum  sub  lapide  inveni. 

T.  oblong ;  black,  clotbed  with  coarse  chalky-white  scales,  and  with  apparently  a  few  obscurer  ones 
intermixed.  Rostrum  proportionably  shorter,  and  not  quite  so  linear  as  in  the  last  species 
(being  just  perceptibly  attenuated  towards  the  apex) ;  with  the  apical  portion  free  from  scales ; 
coarsely  wrinkled  (though  scarcely  punctured)  at  the  base ;  and  with  several  longitudinal  sulci, 
commencing  a  little  before  the  middle  and  continued  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  apex, 
where  they  are  suddenly  and  abruptly  terminated:  eyes  large,  reniform,  and  extending  con- 
siderably beneath  the  head.  Prothorax  very  obscurely  punctured,  and  in  front  minutely 
granuled;  small,  and  much  narrower  than  the  elytra,— being  widest  about,  or  perhaps  just 
behind,  the  middle.  Elytra  with  the  sides  almost  parallel  (the  humeral  angles  being  nearly  right 
angles);  striated  (the  striae  being  neither  punctate  nor  crenate),  and  with  the  interstices  im- 
puuctate.  Antenna  and  legs  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  surface,  being  black;  the  former 
however,  and  the  tarsi  of  the  latter,  being  alone  almost  free  from  scales. 

A  most  peculiar  and  distinct  little  Tychius,  and  hitherto  unique.  It  may  be 
readily  recognised  by  its  deep-black  surface  (the  whole  of  which,  however,  except 
the  antennae,  the  apex  of  the  rostrum,  and  the  tarsi,  appears  to  be  more  or  less 
clothed  with  chalky-white  scales),  by  its  oblong  and  comparatively  parallel  outline 
(the  homieral  angles  being  nearly  right  angles),  by  its  small  and  most  obso- 
letely  pimctm-ed  prothorax  (which  is  very  much  narrower  than  the  elytra),  by 
its  simple  strise,  and  by  ttie  singular  construction  of  its  longitudinal  rostral  sulci, 
— which  commence  gradually  a  little  before  the  middle  and  are  abruptlv  and 
entu'ely  terminated  at  a  short  distance  from  the  apex.  It  is  apparently  extremely 
rare,  the  only  specimen  which  has  hitherto  come  imder  my  notice  havino-  been 
captm-ed  by  myself,  from  beneath  a  stone,  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  at  the  end  of 
May  1850. 

2  Y 


346  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

268.  Tychius  filirostris,  TT'oU. 

T.  oblongo-ovatus  piceus,  squamis  subflavescenti-albidis  subsericeis  densissime  tectus,  prothorace 
profunde  punctate,  elytris  crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  impunctatis,  rostro  antennisquc  fen-u- 
gineis,  illo  tenuissimo  sulculis  punctatis  ad  basin  longitudinaliter  instructo,  pcdibus  ferrugineis 
squamosis,  oculis  panis  subrotundatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  1^. 

Habitat  insulam  Portus  Sancti ;  sub  laj)idc  ad  Zimbral  d'Areia  Aprili  medio  a.d.  1849  semel  tantuni 
dctexi. 

T.  oblong-ovate  ;  piceous,  and  most  densely  clothed  with  somewhat  silken  yellowish-white  scales 
(which  arc  of  a  slightly  narrower  form  than  those  on  the  T.  albosquamosus) .  Rostrum  long, 
linear,  and  excessively  slender ;  ferruginous,  and  (except  at  the  extreme  base)  free  from  scales ; 
with  several  punctured  longitudinal  sulci,  commencing  just  in  front  of  the  base  and  continued  to 
about  the  middle,  where  they  gradually  cease  :  eyes  small,  roundish,  and  lateral.  Pruthurax 
deeply  punctured ;  broader  than  in  the  T.  albosquamosus,  but  not  so  broad  as  in  the  T.  robustus, 
— being  widest  behind  the  middle.  Ehjtra  not  quite  so  parallel  as  those  of  the  last  species  (the 
humeral  angles  being  more  obtuse) ;  crenate- striated,  and  with  the  interstices  impunetate.  An- 
tenme  ferruginous,  and  almost  free  from  scales.  Legs  (especially  the  tibia  and  tarsi)  likewise 
ferruginous,  but  clothed  with  scales. 

The  excessively  delicate  and  ferruginous  rostrum  of  the  present  insect,  which  is 
indented  with  sulci  towards  its  base  only,  added  to  its  paler  legs,  and  small,  com- 
paratively rounded,  and  more  lateral  eyes,  will  be  quite  sufficient  to  separate  it, 
prima  facie,  from  either  of  the  other  members  of  the  genus  here  described.  In  its 
general  aspect  it  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  some  of  the  minute  Tychii  of  more 
northern  latitudes,  especially  to  the  T.  Junceus,  llcich,  and  the  T.  Jlavicollis, 
Stephens.  A  closer  inspection  however  will  not  only  prove  that  it  is  distinct  from 
tliose  species,  but  that  it  is  even  moulded  on  a  different  type, — its  extremely 
slender  and  filiform  rostrum,  with  its  powerful  basal  grooves,  at  once  identifying 
it  with  the  peculiar  modification  which  obtains  in  the  Madeira  Islands.  Apart 
from  this  character,  however,  which  we  may  almost  call  a  sectional  one,  the 
T.  Jilifonnis  is  naiTower  than  either  the  T.  junceus  or  the  T.  flavicoUis,  its  scales 
are  of  a  l)roader  and  rolmster  kind,  and  the  interstices  of  its  elytra  are  unsculp- 
tured, — whereas  in  hot  It  of  those  insects  (particularly  the  latter)  the  interstices 
are  strongly  puuctiilated.  Like  the  T.  albosquamosus,  it  is  hitherto  unique, — the 
only  examiile  which  I  have  seen  haAdng  been  discovered  by  myself  in  Porto  Santo, 
dvu'ing  April  1819,  in  the  dry  fossiliferous  district  immediately  below  the  Pico  de 
Baxo  (to  the  north),  known  as  the  Zimbral  d'Areia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Piibeiro  de 
Serra  de  Fora.  Considering  the  barrenness  of  that  calcareous  region,  and  the 
almost  total  freedom  from  vegetation  of  the  spot  in  which  it  occurred,  its  habits 
are  not  altogether  evident:  nevertheless,  since  the  Tychii  are  usually  active  at 
night,  it  had  probably  wandered  from  a  distance,  and  had  accidentally  taken 
shelter  in  tlic  position  where  I  found  it. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA,  347 

Genus  119.  PISSODES. 

Germar,  Ins.  Spec.  316  (1824). 

Corpus  mediocre,  oblongunij  durum,  squamoso-variegatum  :  rostro  elongate  arcuato  tenui ;  oculis 
subovatis :  protliorace  subovato,  basi  sinuato-truncato  :  scutello  sat  magno,  rotuudato  :  ehjtris 
subparcallelis,  antice  sinuato-truncatis  et  prothoracis  basi  vix  latioribus,  ad  apicem  vix  coarctatis  • 
alls  amplissimis.  Antenna  mediocres,  prope  medium  rostri  insertse ;  funiculo  7-articulato, 
articulo  primo  longiusculo  obeonico,  reliquis  brevioribus  (secundo  sub-obconico) ;  capitulo  ovato, 
apicc  acuminatOj  quadri-annulato.  Pedes  robusti,  antici  basi  approsimati :  femoribus  subclavatis 
muticis :  tibiis  subrectis,  ad  apicem  externum  in  uncum  magnum  deflexum  arcuatum  productis. 

The  species  of  Fissodes  are,  apparently,  not  very  numerous,  only  ten  being 
recorded  by  Schonberr  in  bis  Genera  et  Species  CurcuUonidum ;  and  the  greater 
number  of  them  are  natives  eitber  of  nortbern  or  alpine  regions, — being  especially 
attached,  and  often  very  injurious,  to  pine-forests,  on  tbe  resinous  trees  of  wbicb 
tbey  principally  subsist.  Tbey  may  be  known  by  tbeir  extremely  bard  and 
prettily  variegated  surfaces,  and  more  or  less  oblong  bodies,  by  the  sinuated  basal 
margins  of  theu-  prothorax  and  el}i;ra,  by  the  somewhat  shortened  second  joint  of 
their  funiculus,  and  by  the  exceedingly  curved  hook  at  the  apex  of  their  tibiae. 

269.  Pissodes  notatus. 

P.  oblongus  rufo-piceus,  squamulis  albidis  undique  irroratus,  prothorace  basi  valde  sinuate  angulis 
posticis  acutisj  in  medio  punctis  quatuor  albidis  notato,  scutello  albido,  elytris  puuctato-striatis, 
fasciis  duabus  (una  sc.  antemedia  obscura  et  altera  postmedia  majore)  flavo-albidis  ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2\-Al. 

CurcuUo  notatus,  Fab.  Ifant.  Ins.  i.  103  (1787). 
Mhynch(Enus  notatus,  Grj'll.  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  69  (1813). 

,  Zetterst.  Fna  Ins.  Lapp.  i.  315  (1828). 

Pissodes  notatus,  Schon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iii.  258  (1836). 

Habitat  in  Maderse  australis  pinetis,  sub  ligno  recenter  secto  vel  ad  truncos  arborum  resinosos, 
autumno  non  infrequens :  ad  Curral  das  Romeiras  abundat,  qua  Novembri  mense  a.d.  1817 
copiosissime  observavi. 

P.  oblong,  rufo-piceous,  and  besprinkled  all  over  witb  small  whitish  scales.  Rostrum  long,  linear, 
and  finely  punctured.  Prothorax  rugoscly  punctured ;  nearly  as  wide  behind  as  the  base  of  the 
elytra ;  with  a  faint  unpuuctured  dorsal  keel ;  and  with  the  posterior  margin  considerably 
sinuated,  the  hinder  angles  being  acute.  Scutellum  i-ound,  and  densely  clothed  with  pale  scales. 
Elytra  almost  parallel  at  their  base;  punctate-striated;  with  the  alternate  interstices  just  per- 
ceptibly raised,  and  aliruptly  terminated  before  the  apex, — which  is  consequently  somewhat 
constricted;  with  an  obscure,  broken,  oblique  fascia  before  the  middle,  and  another,  larger, 
broader,  and  transverse  one  behind  the  middle,  common  to  both,  more  or  less  clothed  with  white 

and  yellowish-white  scales. 

9  V  9 


348  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

The  present  beautiful  Fissocles  has  in  all  probability  been  introduced  into  Ma- 
deira from  liigher  latitudes, — perhaps  with,  the  firs  which  are  now  extensively 
cultivated  on  the  uplands  above  Funchal,  and  amongst  which  I  have  hitherto 
alone  observed  it.  It  is  an  insect,  however,  eitlier  of  a  natiu*ally  wide  geographical 
range  or  else  with  great  powers  of  clLmatal  ada])tatiou,  it  being  recorded  in  nearly 
all  the  countries  between  the  limits  of  Lapland  and  Barbary.  Nevertheless  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  normally  either  a  boreal  or  an  alpine  form,  since  it 
would  appear  to  attain  its  maximum  in  the  pine  forests  of  northern  Europe.  In 
the  large  fir  woods  of  Madeira,  especially  those  of  Senlior  D'Ornellas,  which  clothe 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  nioimtain-slopes  to  the  south  of  the  island,  I  have 
occasionally  detected  it  in  tolerable  abundance  dui'uig  the  autumnal  mouths ;  and 
in  November  1817  it  occurred  to  me  in  actual  profusion  at  the  Curral  das  Eo- 
meiras,  from  beneath  chippings  of  wood,  and  out  of  the  creWces  of  the  stumps  of 
recently  felled  trees. 

Genus  120.  LIXUS. 
Fabricius,  Syst.  Eiit.  ii.  498  (1775). 

Corpus  magnum  vel  mediocre,  elongato-subeylindricum,  durum,  plus  minusve  pubcscens  et  farinosum  : 
rostri)  elongato  subarcuato  valido ;  oculis  subovatis :  jjnjthurace  conico,  basi  sinuato :  scutello 
minutissimo,  vix  observando  :  elytris  elongatis  cylindricis,  antice  singulatim  rotundatis  et  pro- 
thoracis  basi  vix  latioribus,  ad  apicem  modo  seorsum  acuminatis  et  plus  minusve  dehiscentibus, 
modo  conjunctim  rotundatis :  alis  amplis.  Antenna;  mediocrcs,  ante  medium  rostri  insertae ; 
t'uniculo  7-articulato,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  longiusculis  subobconicis,  reliquis  brcvioribus 
(septimo  latiore,  clavse  adpresso) ;  capitulo  ovate,  apice  acuminato,  quadri-annulato.  Pedes 
robusti,  antici  basi  approximati :  femoribus  modo  (ut  in  speciebus  Maderensibus)  niuticis,  modo 
subtus  dentatis :  ti/jiis  vel  rcctis  vel  subrectis,  ad  ajjicem  externum  in  uncum  magnum  valde 
dctlcxum  productis. 

The  immense  genus  Lixus,  so  universally  distributed  throughout  the  world,  and 
nearly  200  species  of  which  are  described  in  Schonherr's  great  Avork  on  the  C'lir- 
calionidce,  may  be  known  by  the  elongated,  hardened,  subcylincbical  bodies  of  the 
usually  somewhat  large  uisects  which  compose  it,  and  most  of  which  have  a  ten- 
dency to  be  slightly  pubescent,  and  more  or  less  clothed  with  a  very  fine  powdery 
substance  resembling  pollen.  This  dust-Hke  covering  is,  in  aU  probability,  com- 
posed of  exceedingly  minute  scales,  wliich  from  their  great  delicacy  are  peculiarly 
perishable,  and  consequently  not  often  fully  apparent  except  on  fresh  or  imrubl)ed 
specimens.  The  prothorax  of  the  LLvi  is  conical,  being  generally  about"  as  wide 
behind  as  the  base  of  their  el}i:ra ;  theu-  scutellum  is  so  small  as  to  be  scarcely 
distinguishable ;  and  their  clji:ra  are,  each  of  them,  much  rounded  at  the  anterior 
margin,  whUst  at  the  apex  they  are  either  conjointly  obtuse  (as  in  the  ordinary 
Coleoptcra),  or  else  separately  acuminated,  and  with  the  two  points  more  or  less 
recurved  and  divergent.     They  are  insects  which  occur  exclusively  u})on  plants,  at 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  349 

the  roots  and  witliin  the  stems  of  which  their  larvae  reside, — much  to  the  detri- 
ment of  the  inner  portions,  which  they  gradually  destroy. 

§  I.  Elytra  apice  seorsum  plus  minusve  acuminata,  interdum  dehiscentia. 

270.  Lixus  Cheiranthi,  Woll. 

Ij.  opacus,  pube  cinereo-albida  depressa  dense  tectus  et  linea  marginal!  niveo-squamosa  valde  distincta 
ornatus,  prothorace  leviter  varioloso-granulato,  elytris  sat  profunde  striato-punctatis,  apice 
seorsum  acuminatis  et  subrecurvo-dehiscentibus,  rostro  minus  elongato  crasso  minute  sub- 
punctato,  antennis  ad  basin  ipsam  rufo-piceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  5-8i. 

Habitat  prope  urbem  Maderse  Funclialensem,  a  Rev''"  Dom°  Reynardsou  Novembri  mense  a.d.  1848 
primo  delectus,  et  mibi  benevole  comnmuicatus  :  super  plantas  Cheiranthi  Cheiri,  Linn.,  in  hortis 
crescentes  prsesertim  victitat,  eujus  caules  larva  destruit. 

I*,  opake,  densely  clothed  with  a  pale  ashy-white  and  exceedingly  decumbent  pubescence ;  and  mar- 
gined with  a  broad,  conspicuous  snowy-white  band.  Head  with  a  very  minute  (sometimes 
almost  obsolete)  impression  between  the  eyes ;  and  with  the  rostrum  thick,  not  very  long,  and 
rather  densely,  but  very  minutely  and  obscurely,  punctulated.  Prothorax  somewhat  unevenly 
granulated,  and  with  obscure  indications  of  a  few  irregular  shallow  punctures,  or  varioles,  inter- 
mixed ;  and  with  scarcely  any  trace  of  a  dorsal  line.  Elytra  more  shining  (when  denuded  of 
their  scales)  than  the  prothorax,  not  granulated,  and  rather  more  thickly  clothed  with  whitish 
pubescence,  somewhat  deeply  striate-punctate ;  each  of  them  considerably  acuminated  at  the  apex, 
the  points  being  a  good  deal  divergent  and  slightly  recurved.  Antennte  rather  short,  and  with 
about  two-thirds  of  the  scape  dull  rufo-piceous. 

A  large  and  most  elegant  Lixus,  and  readily  recognised  from  the  remainder  of 
the  genus  with  which  we  have  here  to  do  by  the  pale  ashy-white,  and  very  decum- 
bent pubescence  with  which  it  is  densely  clothed  (and  which,  from  being  placed 
on  a  darker  ground,  gives  the  entire  surface  a  somewhat  leaden  hue),  by  the 
extremely  broad  and  conspicuous  snowy  margin  with  which  it  is  begirt,  by  its 
unevenly  granuled  and  subvariolose  prothorax,  by  the  liasal  portion  of  the  scape  of 
its  (rather  short)  antennae  lieing  alone  rufescent,  and  by  its  comparatively  greatly 
aciiminated  and  apically- divergent  elytra.  It  appears  to  be  exceedingly  scarce, 
and  confined,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Funchal,  where  it 
was  discovered  by  the  E-ev.  J.  Birch  Reynardson,  in  November  of  1848,  on  plants 
of  the  common  wallflower  {Cheircmtlms  Cheiri,  Linn.)  in  the  garden  of  the  Quinta 
dos  Saltos  (on  the  Caminho  de  Santa  Luzia  Velha),  above  the  town.  I  possess 
specimens  of  the  larva,  extracted  from  out  of  the  stalks  by  Mr.  Reynardsou,  liut 
they  do  not  in  any  respect  differ  from  the  ordinary  larvse  of  the  Curculionkke. 
The  insect  appears  to  be  somewhat  allied  to  the  L.  Wagneri,  Lucas,  from  Algeria, 
as  also  to  the  L.  ochraceus,  Schon.,  from  Dalmatia, — though  unqu.estionalily 
distinct,  specifically,  from  them  both. 


350  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

271.  Lixus  Chawneri,  Woll. 

Im.  subuitidus,  pube  cinerea  subtilissima  adspersus  et  linea  marginali  albo-squamos&  ornatus,  interduui 
tenuissime  subflavescenti-pollinosus,  prothorace  confertim  subruguloso-punctato,  elytris  striato- 
punctatis  postice  Icviter  attenuatis,  apice  seorsum  vix  acuminatis  et  vix  dehiscentibus,  rostro  lon- 
giusculo  ad  basin  profunde  punctato,  antenriis  basi  rufo-ferrugineis. 

Long.  corj).  lin.  5. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  rarissime  :  hanc  speciem  egomet  baud  obscrvavi,  at  dao  specimina  pos- 
sideo  a  Rev''"  Dorn.  C.  F.  Cbawner  prope  urbem  Funcbalensem  olini  capta,  cujus  in  honorem 
nonien  triviale  ])roposui. 

L.  more  shining  than  any  of  the  other  species,  besprinkled  with  a  most  delicate,  excessively  minute, 
ashy  pubescence,  and  occasionally  bedewed  with  a  very  fine  and  somewhat  yellowish  pollen ; 
margined  with  a  white  baud,  which  however  is  not  quite  so  broad  or  so  white  as  that  of  the  last 
species.  Head  with  a  distinct  impression  between  the  eyes ;  and  with  the  rostrum  slenderer  than 
that  of  the  L.  Cheiranthi,  and  (in  proportion)  just  perceptibly  perhaps  longer,  deeply  punctured 
at  the  base,  but  minutely  so  at  the  apex.  Prothorax  somewhat  roughly  and  closely  punctured, 
and  with  very  obscure  traces  of  a  slightly  raised  dorsal  line ;  regularly  conical  (being  widest  at 
the  extreme  base,  and  with  the  sides  almost  straight).  Elytra  striate-punctate,  and  gradually 
somewhat  attenuated  behind ;  each  of  them  scarcely  at  all  acuminated  at  the  apex,  the  points 
(though  not  in  conjunction)  not  being  at  all  outwardly  divergent  or  recurved.  Antenna  with  the 
scape  distinctly,  and  the  base  of  the  funiculus  obscurely,  ferruginous. 

The  mucli  smaller  size  and  narrower  form  of  the  present  Li.rns,  added  to  its 
more  shining,  less  pubescent,  differently  coloured,  and  differently  sculptured 
surface,  will  be  sufficient,  apart  from  its  slenderer  rostrimi  and  its  comparatively 
unacuminated  and  undivergent  elytra,  at  once  to  distinguish  it  from  the  L.  Chei- 
ranthi. It  is  very  nearly  allied  to  a  species  from  Sicily,  given  to  me  by  the  late 
Mr.  Melly  of  Liverpool  imder  the  name  of  "  L.  Jurenei,  Dahl,"  but  which 
I  suspect  is  more  probably  the  L.  Juncii  of  the  same  author, — since  I  cannot 
satisfy  myself  that  there  is  any  Lixits  in  existence  bearing  the  above  title.  At 
any  rate,  whether  the  Sicilian  representative  be  the  L.  Juncii  or  not,  it  approaches 
the  Madeiran  one  very  closely,  though  at  the  same  time  it  imquestionably  is  not 
identical  vdih.  it.  It  has  its  rostrum  thicker  and  shorter  than  is  the  case  in  the 
L.  Chaicneri,  its  frontal  impression  is  very  much  deeper,  its  prothorax  is  less 
conical,  broader  in  front,  and  with  the  dorsal  line  scarcely  traceable,  and  its  elytra 
are  somcAvhat  more  coarsely  sculptured,  less  attenuated  behind,  and  not  at  all 
acmninated  at  then-  apex.  I  have  not  myself  detected  this  insect,  but  possess  two 
examples  which  were  captured  by  the  Rev.  C.  Fox  Chawner  (to  whom  I  have 
dedicated  the  species)  several  years  ago  near  Funchal ;  and  I  have  likewise  another, 
presented  to  me  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Hein- 
eckon.  Its  habits  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain ;  but  Mr.  Chawner  informs 
me  that  the  Avhole  of  his  specimens  were  taken  from  off  a  single  plant, — so  that, 
like  the  L.  ritfitarsis,  it  would  appear  at  any  rate  to  be  gregarious. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  351 

272.  Lixus  vectiformis,  Woll. 

L.  angustus  subopacus,  pube  cinere^  subtilissima  adspersus  et  linea  marginali  albo-squamos&  ornatns, 
prothorace  ruguloso-subpunctato,  elytris  leviter  punctato-striatis,  apice  seorsum  vix  acuminatis 
sed  leviter  siibrecurvo-dehiscentibus,  rostro  brevi  ad  basin  ruguloso-subpunctato,  antennis  basi 
rufo-ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  4. 

Habitat  in  insula  Portu  Sancto,  rarissimus ;  a  meipso  Decembri  mense  a.d.  1848  semel  tantum  lectus. 

L.  exceedingly  narrow,  and  nearly  opake,  more  evidently  besprinkled  with  minute  ashy  pubescence 
than  the  L.  Chawneri ;  but,  like  it,  margined  with  a  narrow  whitish  band.  Head  with  the  frontal 
impression  very  distinct,  and  with  the  eyes  rather  prominent ;  with  the  rostrum  much  shorter, 
and  proportionably  thicker,  than  that  of  the  last  species,  and  somewhat  rugosely  punctured,  or 
variolose,  at  the  base.  Prothorax  with  the  punctures  not  quite  so  well  defined  as  those  of  the 
last  species,  it  being  rather  more  variolose  than  punctured;  and  with  the  slightly-raised  dorsal 
line  more  evident.  Elytra  more  lightly  sculptured  than  in  any  of  the  other  species,  being  more- 
over punctate-striated  rather  than  striate-punctate ;  not  more  acuminated  (each  of  them)  at  the 
apex  than  those  of  the  L.  Chawneri,  nevertheless  with  the  appearance  of  being  rather  more  so 
on  account  of  their  being  more  divergent  and  just  perceptibly  recurved.  Antenna  a  little  shorter 
than,  but  of  the  same  colour  as,  those  of  the  last  species. 

The  extremely  narrow  body  of  the  present  insect,  in  conjunction  with  its  short 
and  thick  rostrum,  somewhat  prominent  eyes,  and  the  subdivergent  and  svib- 
recurved  apices  of  its  (lightly  striated)  elytra,  will  be  quite  sufficient  whereby  to 
recognise  it  prima  facie  from  the  rest  of  the  genus  here  described  ;  whilst  from  its 
nearest  ally,  the  L.  Chawneri,  its  subsidiary  distinctions  may  be  readily  gathered 
from  the  above  comparative  diagnosis.  It  is  hitherto  unique,  the  only  specimen 
which  I  have  seen  having  been  captured  by  myself  in  Porto  Santo, — in  a  small 
barren  ravine  of  the  Campo  de  Baxo,  diu'ing  my  residence  in  that  island  with  the 
Rev.  W.  J.  Ai'mitage  in  December  1848.  I  may  add  that  I  lately  forwarded  it 
(together  with  the  previous  two  species)  to  Professor  Bohemann  of  Stockholm,  for 
comparison  vdth  the  Schonherrian  collection,  by  whom  it  was  pronounced  as  un- 
questionably new. 


§  II.  Elytra  apice  aut  seorsum  aut  eonjunctim  rotwndafa. 

273.  Lixus  angustatus. 

L.  subuitidus,  pube  cinerea  subtilissima  adspersus  et  flavescenti-pollinosus,  prothorace  rugose  scabroso- 
punctato,  elytris  profunde  striato-punctatis,  apice  eonjunctim  rotundatis,  rostro  elongato  inaequa- 
liter  punctatOj  antennis  longiusculis  fusco-piceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  6-8. 


352  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Ourculio  angustatus,  Fab.  Syst.  Ent.  135  (1775). 
■  Lixus  angustatus,  Fab.  Syst.  Eleu.  ii.  502  (1801). 

,  Stepli.  ///.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  158  (1831).  , 

,  Sclion   Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iii.  43  (1836). 

Habitat  super  plantas  Maderse  australis,  autumno  non  infrequens  :  species  valde  timida  et  in  locis 
quibusdam  herbidis  sat  vulgaris,  scd  terrefacta  bumi  subito  deciditj  quapropter  difficilius  invenienda. 

L.  slightly  shining,  besprinkled  with  a  most  delicate,  excessively  minute,  ashy  pubescence,  and  more 
or  less  densely  clothed  with  a  veiy  fine  yellow  pollen.  Head  with  a  small  impression  between 
the  eyes  ;  and  with  the  rostrum  elongated,  minutely  punctulated,  the  punctures  being  unequal  in 
size,  and  with  obscure  indications  of  an  abbreviated  dorsal  channel  at  the  insertion  of  the  antennae. 
Prathurax  very  roughly  wrinkled  and  punctured,  especially  behind,  and  with  scarcely  any  traces 
of  a  dorsal  line.  Elytra  rather  deeply  striate-punctate,  especially  towards  the  base — where  the 
surface  also  is  somewhat  transversely  wrinkled ;  with  their  apex  (conjointly)  rounded  and  obtuse. 
Antenrue  rather  long,  and  dull  brownish-piceous,  with  the  apex  obscure. 

The  L.  anyiistatKS  is  au  insect  of  very  vA([e  geographical  range,  occurring 
throughout  the  whole  of  central  and  southern  Europe,  the  north  of  Afi-ica,  and  in 
the  Canarian  group ;  and  it  has  likewise  heen  recorded  from  Persia.  It  would 
appear  however  to  attain  its  maximum  in  a  slightly  higher  latitude  than  Madoii-a, 
being  exceedingly  common  in  SicUy,  Malta,  and  most  of  the  countries  included 
mtliin  the  Mediterranean  liasin.  In  England  it  is  extremely  rare, — being  there 
on  one  of  its  most  northern  limits,  and  only  making  its  appearance  on  the  southern 
coast.  It  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  other  lAxi  Avith  wliich  we  have  here  to 
do  by  its  large  and  cylindrical  body,  somewhat  elongated  rostrum  and  antennae, 
l)y  its  elytra  being  conjointly  rounded  and  obtuse  at  theii*  apes,  and  l)y  the  fine 
golden-yellow  powder  with  Avhich  it  has  a  tendency,  when  in  a  fresh  state,  to  be 
more  or  less  densely  clothed.  It  is  not  a  very  abundant  species  in  i\Iadeira, 
though  pretty  generally  distributed  over  the  south  of  the  island  from  about  500  to 
2000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  found,  usually,  amongst  dense  vegetation  in  sunny 
sheltered  spots,  but,  from  its  habit  of  falling  to  the  ground  Avhen  approached,  it  is 
not  always  easy  to  secure.  I  have  taken  it  amongst  the  thick  herbage  on  the 
slopes  of  the  Curral  das  Ilomeiras,  during  the  autumnal  months ;  and  it  has  been 
captured  in  the  Ribeiro  de  Sao  Goncalvo,  near  Eunchal,  by  M.  Eousset.  The 
Madeiran  specimens  have  the  punctures  of  their  elytra  a  little  deeper  than  is  gene- 
rally the  case  with  the  English  ones. 

274.  Lixus  nifitarsis. 

L.  (ii)acus,  pube  subcinere^  tectus,  prothorace  confertissime  punctate,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  apice 
seorsum  rotundatis,  interstitiis  rugulosis,  rostro  breviusculo  subgracili  confertissime  rugoso-sub- 
punctato,  antennis  (prajsertim  ad  basin)  tarsisque  rufo-ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-4. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  353 


Lixtis  riifitarsis,  Sclion.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  iii.  78  (1836). 

,  Dej.  Cat.  des  Col.  296  (1837). 

angustatus,  DaU,  in  lift. 


Habitat  in  Maderae  lierbidis,  super  folia  Carduorum,  hinc  inde  vulgaris  :  in  convalle  Ribeiro  de 
Santa  Luzia  dicta  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1849,  necnon  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  sestate  media  a.d.  1850, 
copiosissime  collegi ;  atque  etiam  in  horto  Loweano  prope  Funchal  exemplar  unicum  inveni. 

Ij.  opake,  and  clothed  with  a  very  distinct,  somewhat  ashy  pubescence.  Head  usually  without  any 
appearance  of  an  impression  between  the  eyes ;  and  with  the  rostrum  rather  short,  but  somewhat 
slender  (the  antenn?e  being  inserted  into  it  more  medially  than  is  the  case  with  the  other  species), 
most  densely  and  rugosely  subpunctulated.  Prothorax,  also,  most  densely  punctured,  but  with 
the  punctures  better  defined  than  those  on  the  rostrum,  usually  without  any  ti'aces  of  a  dorsal 
line,  and  with  the  sides  slightly  rounded.  Elytra  rather  deeply  punctate-striated,  the  interstices 
being  minutely  roughened,  and  rather  \vider  at  the  base  than  the  prothorax;  each  of  them 
slightly  rounded  at  the  apex, — the  points  being,  consequently,  not  qiute  in  conjunction,  though 
at  the  same  time  neither  acuminated  nor  outwardly  divergent.  Antenrus  (especially  at  their  base), 
and  the  tarsi,  rufo-ferruginous. 

The  smallest  of  tlie  Madeiran  Lixi,  and  readily  distinguished  by  its  opake 
pubescent  siu-face,  by  its  densely  punctured  prothorax  and  rostrum  (the  former  of 
wliich  is  somewhat  rounded  at  the  sides  and  slightly  narrower  behind  than  the 
elytra,  whilst  the  latter  is  rather  slender  and  has  the  antennae  inserted  into  it 
about  midway  between  its  base  and  apex),  by  its  roughened  interstices,  and  by  its 
more  or  less  ferruginous  antennse  and  feet.  It  is  a  very  gregarious  insect  (being 
usually  exceedingly  numerous,  where  it  occiu's  at  all),  and  is  found  principally 
upon  thistles.  It  ranges  in  Madeii'a  fi'om  about  300  to  3000  feet  above  the  sea, 
though  it  is  more  abundant  perhaps  at  about  2000  than  at  any  other  elevation.  I 
took  it  in  great  profusion,  in  May  1849,  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de 
Santa  Luzia;  as  also,  later  in  the  summer,  diu'ing  1850,  at  the  edges  of  the 
Levada  of  the  Hibeu'o  Frio ;  and  a  single  specimen  occvu'red  to  me  on  one  occasion 
even  (in  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe's  garden)  near  Punchal.  It  is  not  uncommon  in 
Mediterranean  latitudes,  and  is  recorded  by  Schonherr  from  the  south  of  France, 
SicUy,  and  Portugal. 

(Div.  2.  BRACHYRHYNCHI.) 
(Subf.  6.  CYCLOMIDES.) 

Of  all  the  insects  with  which  we  are  here  concerned,  there  are  none  perhaps 
more  difficult  to  investigate,  though  at  the  same  time  more  interesting  geographi- 
cally, than  the  small  cluster  of  allied  genera  which  commence  the  BrachyrhyncM, 
— ^the  second  great  division  of  the  Gonatocerous  CurcuUonidcB.  Our  total  reliance 
on  external  details  throughout  the  sections  and  groups  of  the  whole  of  this  enor- 
mous family  renders  it  even  more  perplexing  to  arrive  at  the  correct  affinities  of 

2z 


35Jt  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  different  members  which  compose  it ;  and  it  is  only  by  a  veiy  careful  consider- 
ation of  their  outward  structure  with  reference  to  their  halnts,  and  of  their  sexual 
distinctions,  intei'  se,  that  we  can  hope  to  accomplish  the  task  at  all.  In  Schon- 
herr's  immense  work  on  this  department  of  the  Coleoptera,  the  early  representa- 
tives of  the  Brachyrhpichl  (recounting  them  in  the  opposite  direction,  which  we 
are  equally  at  liberty  to  do)  are  distril)utcd  under  two  heads,  the  Otiorhynchkles 
and  the  Cyclomides,  which  would  appear  however  to  merge  into  each  other  by  such 
imperceptible  gradations,  that  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  di-aw  the  line  of  demarca- 
tion between  them.  In  their  normal  states,  nevertheless,  they  may  be  usually 
recognised  from  each  other  with  tolerable  facility ;  and  since  all  the  species  which 
I  have  hitherto  detected  in  these  islands  belong  essentially  to  the  latter,  it 
may  be  useful  to  remark  that  they  are  mainly  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
former  by  having  then-  rostrum  somewhat  shorter  and  less  divergent  at  its  apex, 
by  their  antennal  groove  being  slightly  sliallower,  wider,  and  less  defined,  and  in 
the  insects  themselves  being  on  the  average  of  a  rather  smaller  and  less  elongated 
bulk.  Considering  the  cu-cumscribed  area  "oithin  which  theii*  range  is  of  com"se 
confined,  the  Cyclomides  are  exceedingly  numerous  even  specifically  in  the  Ma- 
dcii-an  group,  whilst  indicidually  they  literally  abound ;  and  hence  it  becomes  very 
desirable  to  understand  theu*  affinities  aright  before  we  attempt  to  generalise  con- 
cerning them,  and  to  assign  to  each  its  most  natural  position.  Being  insects 
moreover  which  are  subject  to  considerable  instability  both  in  size  and  outline,  it 
is  almost  necessary  to  view  them  in  the  mass  before  we  can  either  appreciate  their 
specific  characters,  or  gain  a  true  estimate  of  the  value  of  their  generic  ones. 
After  a  very  close  examination  of  many  hundi'cd  specimens,  from  Avhich  the 
following  descriptions  have  been  drawn  out,  I  am  convinced  that  the  most  import- 
ant of  all  the  minutiae  which  om*  present  type  of  form  presents,  consists  in  the 
several  modifications  and  developments  of  its  tibiae  and  antennal  scape,  each  of 
which  in  theii-  turn  remain  perfectly  constant,  whilst  other  points  are  aberrant, 
and  which  therefore  afford  an  invaluable  clue,  not  only  in  a  prunary  sense,  for 
generic  purposes,  but,  within  subsidiary  limits,  even  for  sj^ecific  ones. 

With  these  preliminary  observations,  we  may  just  state,  before  entering  upon 
llic  distinctions  of  the  genera  inter  se,  that  the  Madeii-an  tyjje  of  the  larger  Cyclo- 
mides, Avliich  may  be  considered  as  radiating  from  Laparocerus, — ^in  one  direction 
towards  Cyphoscelis,  in  which  some  of  the  peculiarities  are  so  much  exaggerated 
as  to  appear  well  nigh  monstrous,  and  in  the  other,  through  Atlautis  and  the 
(iberrunt  Atluntides,  by  successive  gradations,  iiito  Omius  proper,  where  anything 
extraordinary  in  structiu-e  has  altogether  ceased  to  exist, — is  mainly  characterized 
by  the  tendency  which  it  possesses  to  have,  either  separately  or  conjointly,  its 
antennal  scape  extremely  slender  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  apex,  where  it  is 
suddenly  and  abruptly  clavated;  and  its  tibiiu  crcnulatcd  internally, — the  four 
anterior  ones  being  incm'ved  (and  concave  beneath,  or  scooped  out)  at  tlieu*  termi- 
nation, where  they  are  armed  with  an  inwardly  dii'ccted  spine  which  is  always 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  355 

most  developed  in  the  intermediate  pair,  and  the  two  posterior  ones  being  com- 
pressed and  dilated  at  their  extremity,  with  the  outer  angle  prominent,  and  the 
inner  one  emarginated,  trvmcated,  or  entire  (and,  consequently,  more  or  less  shaped- 
out  into  a  post-apical  heel),  according  to  the  genus  and  species  of  the  different 
insects  which  unite  in  composing  it.  In  addition  to  which,  a  very  unusual  struc- 
ture is  indicated  in  the  tendency  of  the  tibiae  (especially  the  hinder  ones)  of  many 
of  its  representatives  to  be  constricted  before  their  apex,  which  causes  their  sub- 
basal  region  to  be  rounded  (sometimes  very  considerably)  into  a  broader  portion, 
or  calf,  which,  though  scarcely  perceptible  in  Laparocerus,  is  sufficiently  expressed 
in  Atlantis  proper,  and  carried  to  an  excess  in  Cyphoscelis :  whilst  another  cha- 
racter presents  itseK  in  nearly  the  whole  of  the  above  peculiarities  being  either 
almost  or  entirely  evanescent*  in  the  females, — in  which  sex  moreover  the  legs 
are,  for  the  most  part,  shorter  and  very  much  slenderer  than  is  the  case  with  the 
males. 

Such  are  the  general  features  of  the  larger  Madeiran  Cyclomides,  and  which 
exist,  separately  or  conjointly,  as  already  stated  (and  subjected  to  minor  modifica- 
tions), in  the  normal  groups,  but  Avhich  are  slowly  lost  sight  of,  through  the 
aberrant  Atlantides,  as  we  move  onwards  towards  Omias.  Nevertheless,  although 
merged  into  the  ordinary  smaller  meml^ers  of  the  subfamily,  in  one  sense,  gra- 
dually, the  gradations  are  not  so  imperceptible  but  that  tolerably  well-defined  lines 
of  generic  demarcation  may  be  drawn  between  them ;  and  were  it  not  indeed  for 
the  aberrant  Atlantides  (more  strictly  perhaps  to  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  genus), 
which  perform  the  passage  into  Omias,  we  should  scarcely  recognise  any  resem- 
blance at  all  to  the  minute  Cyclomides  in  these  comparatively  gigantic  forms. 

The  Cyclomides  of  the  Madeii'a  Islands  are  invariably  apterous ;  and  in  many 
instances  they  have  their  elytra  united.  They  are  extremely  gregarious  in  their 
habits,  and  reside  principally  beneath  stones  in  the  most  barren  spots,  or  on  the 

*  Althougli,  as  regards  the  females  of  these  Oi/clomides,  it  is  my  belief  that  tlie  tihial  spur  at  all  events 
is  non-existent  iu  them, — yet  I  wovild  not  wish  positively  to  assert  that  any  of  the  above  characters  are 
ever  removed  in  toto  from  either  sex  ;  or  that,  for  instance,  the  highest  microscopic  powers  may  not  occa- 
sionally show  the  rudiments  of  a  muiute  projection  at  the  inner  apex  of  the  male  tibiae  even  iu  those 
instances  in  which  I  have  treated  the  terminal  spiue  as  wantiug ;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  that  the  faiutest 
crenulations  cannot  possibly  be  brought  to  light  in  cases  where  I  have  regarded  them  as  evanescent, — 
since  I  think  I  am  able  to  perceive  indications  of  the  former  in  the  males  of  some  of  the  aherrant  Atlan- 
tides (which,  however,  though  considered  as  practically  imarmed,  I  have  expressly  stated  to  be  "fere 
iuarmatse"),  and  of  the  latter  in  the  intermediate  and  posterior  legs  of  a  few  of  the  other  members  of 
that  genus  (one  of  the  definitions  of  which  is  that  the  front  pair  alone  are  crenulated).  It  is  needless 
however  to  remark  that  these  extreme  revelations  of  the  microscope  do  not  come  vrithiu  the  province  of 
descriptive  Natm-al  History,  in  which  wliat  is  sti-ictly  obsolete  is  usually  spoken  of  as  being  absent ;  for, 
were  we  once  to  admit  such  theoretical  accuracy  to  be  indispensable  in  ovir  generic  and  specific  diagnoses, 
utter  confusion  to  science,  from  the  rejection  of  former  enimciations  and  statements,  would,  as  the  fiici- 
lities  for  observation  advanced,  be  the  certain  practical  result.  Such  questions  as  these  belong  to  the 
physiologist  more  than  to  the  naturalist,  and  are  rightly  disregarded,  ui  then-  ultra  sense,  by  the  latter, 
whose  duty  is  to  describe  what  everybody  can  see,  rather  than  what  they  must  believe,  to  exist, — aud 
which  can  be  alone  appreciated  by  the  experienced  few. 

2  z  2 


350  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

exposed  mountain-slopes ;  those  which  inhal)it  the  sylvan  districts  (represented  hy 
some  of  the  Atlantides,  hoth  typical  and  aberrant)  being  an  exception  to  the 
general  rule.  They  appear  to  be  all  more  or  less  nocturnal  insects, — scarcely  ever 
wandering  by  day,  though  both  active  and  voracious  at  night. 

Genus  121.  CYPHOSCELIS,  WoU.    (Tab.  VII.  fig.  2.) 

Corpus  miausculum,  ovato-ellipticum,  depressum,  dense  subtiliter  pubescens :  rostro  brevi,  supra 
piano,  ad  apicern  attenuato  et  profunde  triangulariter  cmarginato ;  scrobe  oblonga  lata,  versus 
medium  rostri  ascciidente ;  oculis  oblongis  demissis :  prothorace  depresso,  basi  subsinuato-,  apice 
recto-triincato,  ad  latera  rotundato  (antice  angustiore),  elytris  subarcte  applicato :  scutello  sat 
magno,  triangular! :  elytris  subconnatis  ovatis  apice  attenuatis,  ad  basin  sinuato-truncatis  et  illic 
prothorace  pavdo  latiore,  ad  humeros  porreetis  :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna  (VII.  2  a)  fere  ut  in 
Laparocero,  gracillimse,  scape  subrecto  subito  elavato.  Pedes  in  maribus  (VII.  2)  crassi,  in  foeminis 
graciliores  sed  \ix  breviores :  tibiis  omnibus  pilosis  et  apice  setuloso-ciliatis,  intus  in  maribus 
(VII.  2  i,  2  c)  distincte  crenulatis,  in  foeminis  (VII.  2  6*,  2  e*)  nee  ci-enulatis  nee  ad  apicern 
uncinatis ;  anteriuribus  in  maribus  subtus  (prresertim  antieis)  torto-concavis  atque  apicern  versus 
.subgaleiformibus,  ad  apicem  internum  in  uncum  parvum  (in  antieis  obtusum  minus  distinctum, 
in  intermediis  eonspieuorem  acutiorem)  inflexum  prodiictis;  antieis  in  maribus  (VII.  2  b),  prae- 
sertim  ad  apicem,  incurvis  et  intus  basin  versus  in  gibbam  rotundatam  cavam  ampliatis,  in  foeminis 
(VII.  2  6*)  ad  apicem  solum  (et  baud  distincte)  incurvis  et  intus  simplicibus;  intermediis  in 
maribus  ad  apicem  solum  incurvis  et  intus  basin  versus  vix  cavo-ampliatis,  in  foeminis  rectis  et 
intus  simplicibus ;  posticis  in  utroque  sexu  (VII.  2  c,  2  c*)  rectis,  in  foemineo  (VII.  2  c*)  simpli- 
cibus,  in  maseulo  (VII.  2  c)  conipressis  robustis  latis,  intus  in  gibbam  mediam  maximam  rotun- 
datam compressam  (suram  simulantem)  subito  ampliatis,  apice  valde  dilatatis  et  lateraliter 
Mitrorsum  exsecatis,  ad  apicem  internum  nee  cmarginatis,  nee  truncatis,  ncc  angulatis,  sed  etiam 
in  calcaneum  rotundatum  leviter  ampliatis;  necnon  ad  externum  in  angulum  acutum  valde 
exstantem  explanatis :  tarsis  pilosis. 

A  Kv<f)b'i  gibba,  et  <rKeX.U  tibia. 

The  exceedingly  curious  insect  to  contain  which  the  present  genus  is  erected 
presents  so  many  peculiarities  of  its  own,  that  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  confound  it 
Avith  any  of  the  other  Madeu-an  Cyclomides.  The  singular  type  of  structure  in  fact 
of  which  Laparocerus  is  the  centre  may  be  said  to  be  more  fully  carried  out  in 
CuphosceVis  than  in  any  of  the  neighbouring  groups  ;  and  I  believe  therefore  that 
it  is  correctly  placed  at  the  commencement  of  them.  In  its  anteriorly-attenuated 
rostrum,  and  in  the  details  of  its  antenna?,  it  coincides  with  Laparocerus, — the 
latter  being  especially  remarkable,  in  both  of  these  genera,  for  then-  excessive 
slenderness  and  the  suddenly  clavated  apex  of  thcu-  almost  straightened  scape. 
It  recedes  however  from  that  genus  in  particular  in  the  shape  of  its  prothorax,  in 
its  densely  pubescent  surface,  and  in  the  construction  of  its  tibitr, — which  are 
perfectly  simple  in  the  females  (being  neither  crenidated  nor  spined),  and  are  not 
emarginatcd  at  the  inner  angle  in  the  posterior  pair  of  the  opposite  sex :  whilst 
from  the  whole  of  these  umiiediate  forms  its  subelliptical  outline  and  depressed 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  357 

body,  in  conjunction  mth  its  oblong  eyes,  its  basally  sinuated  and  posteriorly 
acuminated  elytra,  with  their  extremely  porrected  shoulders,  and  the  very  remark- 
able development  of  its  tibia?,  will  at  once  remove  it.  These  last  indeed  afford 
male  characters  the  value  of  which  will  be  readily  appreciated,  since  the  extra- 
ordinary manner  in  which  their  inner  edge  is  expanded  into  a  rounded  prominence, 
or  calf  (especially  apparent  in  the  hinder  ones,  where  it  is  medial  instead  of  sub- 
basal),  is  scarcely  paralleled  in  any  other  Coleopterous  genus  with  which  I  am 
acquainted.  True  it  is  that  it  may  be  merely  an  exaggeration  of  the  tendency 
which  the  tibite  of  this  Madeiran  type  appear  to  possess,  to  be  suddenly  constricted 
before  their  extremity,  which  causes  the  hinder  region  to  appear  unusually  ex- 
panded, and  which  we  see  very  distinctly  indicated  in  the  normal  Atlantides ;  yet 
still,  it  is  so  largely  expressed  in  Cyphoscells,  and  is  accompanied  by  so  many  other 
structm'al  anomalies,  that  it  cannot  but  be  looked  upon  as  a  very  important  addi- 
tion to  its  generic  diagnosis.  Nor  is  this  the  only  u'regularity  which  the  tibiae  of 
Cyphoscelis  display,  the  apically  subgaleated  conformation  which  is  just  traceable 
in  its  allies  being  there  perceptible,  not  only  throughout  their  entire  lengtli,  but 
(in  a  less  degree)  even  in  the  intermediate  pair.  Although  it  is  only  at  their  ter- 
mination that  they  may  be  considered  as  precisely  galeated,  yet  they  are  so  com- 
pletely concave,  or  scooped  out  (in  a  tortuous  or  twisted  manner),  beneath,  that 
they  have  the  appearance,  under  the  microscope,  of  being  a  mere  shell  rather  than 
a  solid  mass.  Both  edges  of  this  flexuose  under-groove  would  seem  to  l^e  more  or 
less  armed  with  crenulations, — though,  from  the  oblique  curvatm-e  of  the  former, 
the  latter  are  not  very  easily  to  be  detected.  The  two  front  tibiae  are  more 
regularly  arcuated  in  the  males  of  Cyphoscelis  than  in  those  of  any  of  the  approxi- 
mate forms, — in  all  of  which  they  are  nearly  straight,  and  inwardly  directed  at 
their  extremities  only.  The  main  distinctive  featiu-e  in  the  hinder  male  tibiae 
(VII.  2  c)  of  our  present  genus  (apart  from  their  largely  developed  medial  process) 
consists  in  their  inner  angle  being  neither  emarginated,  nor  truncated,  nor  yet 
exactly  entire, — but  rounded  into  an  obtvise  and  slightly  prominent  heel.  In  the 
disproportionate  tliickness  of  its  legs  in  the  two  sexes,  Cyplioscelis  agrees  with 
Laparocerus  and  the  typical  Atlantides. 

275.  Cyphoscelis  distorta,  Tf^oll.    (Tab.  VII.  fig.  2.) 

C.   ovato-elliptica  depressa  nigra,   piibe  aurescenti-,   vel  viridescenti-brunnea  depressa  dense  tecta, 
prothorace    subcarinato   profimde   et    parce   punctate,    elytris   leviter   punctato-striatis,    setulis 
miuutis  erectis  remotis  obsitis  sad  vix  tessellatis,  antennis  tarsisque  pallido-ferrugineis. 
Mas,  pedibus  robustis  latis :   tibiis  intus  crenulatis ;  anterioribus  apice  leviter  uncinatis  ;  anticis 
(prsesertim  ad  apieem)  incurvis  ;  posticis  in  surain  mediam  internam  ampliatis,  ad  apicem  subito 
explanatis,  angulo  interno  calcaneiformi  rotundato,  externo  acuto  exstante. 
Fcem.,  pedibus  gracilioribus  sed  vix  brevioribus,  simplicibus. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2^-3;^. 


358  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Habitat  in  j\Iadera  excels^  sylvatica,  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  jsrolapsis,  sestate  rarior :  ad 
Lombo  das  Vacas  d.  21  Jun.  a.d.  1850,  necnon  ad  Cruzinhas  et  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  mense 
Julio  cjusdem  anni  cepi. 

C.  nearly  elliptical,  much  depressed,  black,  and  densely  clothed  with  very  decumbent,  golden-,  or 
greenish-brown  pubescence.  Rostrum  short,  and  narrowed  anteriorly ;  longitudinally  strigulose ; 
and  with  a  channel  down  the  centre  (sometimes  replaced  by  a  slightly  elevated  line),  especially 
apparent  between  the  eyes, — which  are  oblong  and  depressed.  Prothorax  with  the  sides  rounded, 
but  widest  behind  the  middle  ;  deeply  and  remotely  punctured  ;  and  \rith  indications  of  a  slightly 
raised  keel  on  the  disk.  Elytra  lightly  punctate-striated,  and  beset  with  vei-y  minute,  short, 
distant,  and  nearly  erect  hair-like  bristles ;  the  under-pubescence  having  an  exceedingly  slight 
tendency  to  assume  the  tessellated  appearance  which  in  the  neighbouring  forms  is  more  or  less 
distinctly  evident.  Antenna  and  taisi  pale  mfo-ferruginous ;  the  latter  sometimes  almost  testa- 
ceous :  femora  and  tibia  more  or  less  piceseent. 
Male,  with  the  legs  broad  and  robust.  The  tibia  crenulated  internally ;  the  four  anterior  ones 
concave  beneath,  and  with  a  small  inwardly-directed  spine  at  their  inner  apex ;  the  two  anterior 
ones  incurved  (though  especially  at  their  extremity),  and  slightly  expanded  towards  their  inner 
base ;  the  intermediate  ones  less  distinctly  so ;  the  hinder  ones  expanded  inside  into  a  large,  com- 
pressed, medial  process,  suddenly  constricted  before  their  extremity, — the  extremity  itself  with 
its  external  surface  suddenly  expanded  out,  the  inner  angle  being  rounded  into  an  obtuse  heel, 
and  the  outer  one  being  produced  into  a  prominent  and  acute  process  or  angle. 
Female,  with  the  legs  much  slenderer,  but  very  slightly  shorter ;  entirely  simple ;  the  tibia  being 
neither  crenulated,  hooked  at  their  apex,  nor  dilated, — the  two  anterior  ones  however  slightly 
incurved  at  their  extremity. 

Apparently  extremely  rare,  and  confined  to  lofty  sylvan  spots  more  or  less 
(lifiicult  of  access, — occurring  beneath  stones  and  logs  of  wood  dui'ing  the  smiimer 
months.  I  haA'e  captured  it  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas  in  June ;  and  at  the  Cru- 
zinhas, and  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  in  July. 


Genus  122.  LAPAROCERUS.    (Tab.  YII.  fig.  1.) 
Schonherr,  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  ii.  530  (1834). 

Corpus  mediocre,  subovato-oblongum,  convexum,  parce  subtilissime  pubescens  :  rostro  (VII.  1  a)  brevi, 
supra  piano,  ad  apieem  leviter  attenuato  et  profunde  triangulariter  emarginato ;  scrobe  oblonga 
lata,  versus  medium  rostri  asccndente;  oculis  subrotundatis  :  prothorace  convexo,  basi  apiceque 
recto-truneato,  ad  latera  rotundato  (antiee  et  postice  roqualiter  angustiore),  elytris  baud  arete 
applicato  :  scutello  sat  maguo,  triangulari :  elytris  connatis  oblongo-subovatis,  ad  basin  recto- 
truncatis,  et  illic  prothorace  latiore,  ad  humeros  rotundatis :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna  (VII.  1  a) 
longa;  graciles;  scapo  subreeto,  ad  apieem  subito  davato ;  funiculo  7-articulato,  articulis  obconicis, 
])rimo  et  secundo  longinsculis  subaequalibus,  reliquis  longitudiuc  decrcscentibus ;  clava  elongato- 
oblongfi,  quadi-i-articulatfi.  Pedes  in  maribus  crassi,  in  foeminis  graciliores  breviores:  tibiis 
omnibus  pilosis  et  apice  fortiter  setuloso-ciliatis,  intus  in  maribus  (VII.  \b,\c)  distincte,  sed  in 
foeminis  (VII.  1  e*)  vix  pcrspieuc  crenulatis,  necnon  in  hoc  sexu  ad  apieem  internum  in  uncum 
minutissimum  (in  interinediis  paulo  longiorcm  acutiorem,  sed  in  omuibus  pilis  sctisque  fere 
celatura)  inflexum  productis ;  anterioribus  in  maribus  ad  apieem  internum  in  uncum  magnum  (in 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  359 

intermediis  paulo  longiorem  acutiorem)  valde  inflexum  ])rocluctis ;  anticis  in  ntroque  sexu,  sed 
priesertim  in  masculo  (VII.  1  b),  apice  incm-vis,  necnon  in  hoc  sexu  subtus  apicem  versus  leviter 
excavato-concavis  atque  ad  apicem  ipsum  vix  subgalciformibus ;  intermediis  in  maribus  fere,  in 
foeminis  omnino  rectis;  posticis  in  utroque  sexu  (VII.  \c,\  e*)  rectis,  in  foemineo  (VII.  1  c*) 
simplicibus,  in  masculo  (VII.  1  c)  compressis  apicem  versus  valde  sed  facilius  dilatatis  et  latera- 
liter  introrsum  exsecatis,  ad  apicem  internum  latissime  arcuato-truncatis  (calcaneum  obtusum 
longe  pone  apicem  ipsum  vix  exstantem  efficientibus) ;  necnon  ad  externum  in  angulum  sub- 
rectum  valde  setulosum  explanatis  :  tarsis  pilosissimis. 

Of  Laparocerus  but  two  representatives  seem  to  have  been  hitherto  described. 
Both  of  these,  the  L.  morio  and  the  L.piceus,  are  stated  to  be  natives  of  Portugal, 
and  have  been  until  quite  recently  of  the  greatest  rarity  in  the  cabiaets  of  entomo- 
logists. I  have  never  been  able  either  to  procui-e  or  to  see  a  truly  Portuguese 
specimen  of  either ;  and  whilst  there  seems  no  reason,  geographically,  to  doubt 
that  they  are  really  indigenous  to  that  country,  nor  any  cause  for  suspicion  that 
an  error  has  arisen  as  to  their  correct  extraction,  it  is  just  worthy  of  remark,  that 
Faldermann,  on  whose  authority  they  appear  to  have  been  admitted  into  the 
Eui'opean  fauna,  either  collected  in,  or  received  iasects  from,  Madeira,  where  the 
first  of  the  above  species  literally  abounds.  Although  the  L.  morio  is  the  only 
member  of  the  genus  which  I  have  as  yet  been  able  to  detect  in  these  islands, 
yet  it  is  an  insect  so  excessively  abundant  throughout  the  whole  of  them, — existing 
on  every  rock,  and  rangiag  from  the  sea-shore  to  the  extreme  summits  of  the 
peaks, — and  contains,  as  lately  stated,  all  the  elements  of  the  peculiar  tj^e  of 
form  which  is  more  or  less  developed  in  the  greater  portion  of  the  larger  Madeiran 
Ci/clomides,  that  Laparocerus  may  be  said  to  play  a  very  important  j^art  amongst 
the  Curcullonidce  of  the  Madeiran  group.  The  main  characteristics  which  these 
immediate  genera  possess  in  common  have  been  already  pointed  out ;  and  we  need 
merely  therefore  add,  that  whilst  in  its  greatly  thickened  male  legs,  in  its  exceed- 
ingly pilose  tibise,  and  in  the  length  of  its  antennse,  Laparocerus  agrees  with 
Cijplioscelis  and  Atlantis  proper,  and  whUst  in  its  almost  straightened,  slender, 
and  suddenly  clavated  scape,  and  in  its  short  and  subacuminated  rostrum  it  is 
coincident  with  the  former,  it  recedes  from  them  both  in  its  comparatively  un- 
pubescent  surface,  ia  its  convex  and  equally-rounded  prothorax,  and  in  the  con- 
struction of  its  tibiae, — which  are  more  strongly  setulose  at  theu'  extremity,  have 
the  apical  spine  of  the  four  anterior  ones  more  powerful,  and  not  merely  confined 
to  (although  most  perceptible  in)  those  of  the  males,  have  the  internal  crenula- 
tions  (which  exist,  as  in  Cijplioscelis,  in  the  entii'e  number)  much  more  evident, 
and,  likewise,  traceable  in  the  female  sex,  and  have  then'  hinder  male  pau*  (VII.  1  c) 
more  gradually  dilated  from  the  base,  with  the  inner  angle  largely  emarginated, 
or  scooped  out,  so  as  to  form  an  obtuse,  though  slightly  prominent,  heel  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  behind  the  apex.  The  outer  angle  moreover  is  less  acute  than 
in  either  of  those  genera,  being  almost  a  right  angle, — though  appearing  to  project 
further  than  it  really  docs  on  account  of  the  dense  and  robust  setse  with  which  it 


300  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

is  ciliated.     It  ^vill  be  perceived  that,  whilst  in  Laparocerus  the  males  are  larger 
tliaii  the  females,  in  Atlantis  the  reverse  is  invariahlv  the  case.  • 


276.  Laparocerus  morio.    (Tab.  VII.  fig.  1.) 

Ij.  oblongo-ovatus  convexus  niger  vel  piceo-nigcr,  pubc  subtilissima  cinerea  parce  tectus,  prothorace 
valde  convexo  sat  crebre  punctulato,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  interstitiis  plus  minusve  obsole- 
tissime  longitudinaliter  subopalino-cinereo-tessellatis  et  tuberculis  minutissimis  remotis  obsitis, 
antenuis  tarsorumque  apice  ferrugineis. 
Mas,  pedibus  robustis  latis  :  tibiis  intus  crenulatis ;  anterioribus  apice  robuste  uncinatis ;  anticis 
ad  apicem  incurvis;  posticis  apicem  versus  facile  dilatatis,  angulo  interno  late  arcuato-emar- 
ginato  (calcaneum  rotundatura  longe  pone  apicem  efBciente),  externo  subrecto  valde  setuloso 
le\iter  exstante. 
Fam.,  paulo  niiuor;  pedibus  graeilioribus  brevioribus :  tibiis  intus  obsoletissime  crenulatis  et  apice 

valde  indistiucte  uncinatis ;  anticis  ad  apicem  leviter  incur\'is ;  posticis  simplicibus. 
Variat  colore  et  statur4  generali :  hac  vel  oblongo-ovata  evidentius  subtiliter  pubescente,  vel  majore 
suboblonga  fere  glabra ;  illo  jam  nigro,  jam  piceo-nigro  pedibus  infuscatis,  jam  (immaturo)  etiani 
oinnino  fusco-ferrugineo. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  mas,  4^-6*  :  fcein.,  3j-42- 

Laparocerus  morio,  Schon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  ii.  531  (1834). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  insularuni  omnium  Maderensiuni,  ab  ora  maritima  usque  ad  summos  montes 
ascendens  :  in  insulis  Desertis,  Boreali  et  Grandi  (prajsertim  hac),  amplitudine  accrescit,  qua 
mense  Januario  e  fissuris  rupium  excelsaruiii,  una  cum  insectis  quibusdam  heteromeris  degeus, 
copiosissimc  collegi. 

L.  oblong-ovate,  or  nearly  oblong  (being  at  times  comparatively  parallel),  convex,  black,  or  piceous- 
black,  (when  immature  of  a  dull  ])rownish-fcrruginous  hue,)  and  more  or  less  sparingly  clothed 
with  an  exceedingly  minute,  decumbent,  cinereous  pubescence, — wliich  is  occasionally  nearly 
absent.  Rostrum  short,  and  narrowed  anteriorly;  longitudinally  strigulose;  and  with  a  very 
deep  impression,  or  abbreviated  channel,  between  the  eyes, — which  are  subrotundate.  Prothorax 
extrcnu-lv  convex  (in  some  specimens  almost  subglobose),  with  the  sides  regularly  and  equally 
rounded,  being  widest  about  the  middle ;  sufficiently  closely,  but  not  very  deeply  punctured,  the 
spaces  between  the  punctures  being  densely  beset  with  most  minutely  and  delicately  impressed 
points*.  Elytra  either  ovate  or  suboblong,  more  or  less  deeply  punctate-striated ;  the  inter- 
stices very  minutely  rugulose,  studded,  especially  behind,  with  small  and  distant  tubercles,  and 
with  a  very  faint  tendency  (sometimes  comparatively  evident,  at  others  scarcely  distinguishable) 
to  be  longitudinally  tessellated  with  paler  portions  of  the  pubescence,  which  often  assume  a 
slightly  subopalinc  hue, — the  cinereous  scales  being  just  perceptibly  tinged  with  a  bluish-,  or 


•  When  viewed  beneath  the  microscope,  this  sculpture  is  of  a  very  peculiar  character, — the  larger 
pmictures  throwing  out  radiating  lines  which  almost  meet,  and  which,  in  conjunction  with  the  minutely 
impressed  intermediate  points,  give  the  surface  a  somewhat  rugulose  appearance. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  361 

yellowish-green  lustre  (which  moreover  is  generally  bright  upon  the  scutellum).  Antenna,  and 
apex  of  tarsi,  ferruginous ;  the  latter  at  base  fusco-piceous,  and  (with  the  extremity  of  the  tibiae) 
densely  clothed  beneath  with  long  and  pale  pubescence ;  femora  and  tibia  either  black,  infuscate, 
or  entirely  (especially  when  immatiu'e)  of  a  dull  brownish-ferruginous  hue. 

Male,  with  the  legs  broad  and  robust.  The  tibia  distinctly  crenulated  internally  ;  the  four  anterior 
ones  with  a  powerful  inwardly  directed  spine  at  their  inner  apex ;  the  two  anterior  ones  con- 
siderably incurved  at  their  extremity ;  the  intermediate  ones  less  distinctly  so ;  the  hinder  ones 
with  no  appearance  of  constriction  before  their  extremity,  but  gradually  and  regularly  dilated 
from  the  base, — the  extremity  itself  with  its  external  surface  expanded,  the  inner  angle  being 
broadly  emarginated  (or  scooped  out)  so  as  to  form  a  rounded  heel  at  a  considerable  distance 
behind  the  apex,  and  the  outer  one  being  only  slightly  produced,  and  consequently  almost  a 
right  angle  (though  with  the  appearance  of  being  more  acute  and  prominent  than  it  really  is  on 
account  of  the  strong  setaj  with  which  it  is  cihated) . 

Female  rather  smaller :  with  the  legs  much  slenderer,  and  also  perceptibly  shorter ;  the  tibia  being 
most  obscurely  crenulated  internally,  and  with  an  exceedingly  small  spine  at  their  inner  apex 
(most  perceptible  in  the  intermediate  pair) ;  the  two  anterior  ones  very  slightly  incurved  at  their 
extremity ;  the  intermediate  and  hinder  ones,  especially  the  latter,  simple. 

A  universal  insect  throughout  all  the  islands  and  altitudes  of  the  Madeiran 
group,  ahounding  on  many  of  the  smaller  rocks,  where  it  congregates  beneath 
stones  in  the  most  exposed  spots,  in  company  with  HelopidcB,  Hadri,  and  other 
genera  of  the  Heteromera.  It  is  a  variable  species,  ranging  from  uniform  black 
into  a  brownish-piceous  hue,  and  presenting  differences  of  size  and  outline 
according  to  the  cu'cumstances  under  which  it  exists.  It  occurs  from  the  sea- 
shore to  the  extreme  siunmits  of  the  mountains,  but  would  appear  to  attain  its 
maximum  on  the  barren  maritime  sloj>es  of  rather  a  low  elevation.  In  the  sandy 
plains  of  Porto  Santo,  as  also  on  the  adjacent  rocks,  it  literally  teems ;  and  on  the 
two  northern  Dezertas  it  is  scarcely  less  common, — where  moreover  the  specimens 
average  a  comparatively  gigantic  size,  and  are,  for  the  most  part,  of  a  more  elon- 
gated form.  On  the  liighest  points  of  the  Dezerta  Grande  I  have  captured  it, 
particularly  diu'ing  the  Avinter  time,  from  out  of  the  fissm'cs  of  the  weather-beaten 
peaks,  in  great  profusion.  In  Madeu-a  proper  it  is  especially  partial  to  localities 
either  but  slightly  raised  above  the  level  of  the  beach  or  else  of  a  subalpine 
natiu'e;  and  is  decidedly  both  scarcer  and  less  powerfully  developed  within  the 
sylvan  districts  than  elsewhere.  It  is  found  at  all  seasons  of  the  year;  and  is 
usually  very  gregarious. 

Genus  123.  ATLANTIS,  Woll.    (Tab.  VII.  fig.  3,  4,  5,  et  6.) 

Corpus  mediocre  vel  minusculum,  oblongo-ovatum  vel  ovatuin,  eonvexum,  pube  sat  robusta  plus 
minusve  variegatum :  rostro  ut  in  Laparocero,  sed  apicem  versus  baud  attenuato,  et  ocuHs  i-otun- 
datioribus,  prominentibus :  jirothorace  basi  apiceque  recto-truncato,  ad  latera  rotundato  (antice 
paulo  angustiore),  elytris  hand  arete  applicato  :  scutellu  sat  magno,  triangular! :  ehjtris  subconnatis, 
oblongo-ovatis  vel  ovatis,  ad  basin  recto-truncatis  et  illic  prothorace  latiore,  ad  humeros  rotundatis  : 
alts  obsoletis.     Antenna  (VII.  5  a)  longse  subgraciles ;  scapo  curvato  apicem  versus  facile  incras- 

3a 


362  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

sato,  sed  in  specie  singula  (fortasse  huic  generi  vix  referenda)  (^'^11.  3  a)  gracillimae,  scapo  sub- 
recto  et  ad  apiccrn  subito  clavato  (ut  in  Laparocero)  ;  fiiniculo  7-articulato,  articulis  obconicis, 
priino  et  sccuiido  longiusculis  (modo  hoc,  niodo  illo  longiore),  reliquis  longitudine  decrescentibus; 
clava  elongato-obovata,  distincte  tri-  (fortasse  quadri-)  articulata.  Pedes  (typice)  in  maribus 
crassiusculi,  in  focminis  graciliores  sed  vix  brcviores :  tibiis  omnibus  pilosissimis  et  apice  obscure 
setuloso-ciliatis,  in  fceminis  nee  intus  crenulatis  nee  ad  apicem  uncinatis ;  antcrioribus  in  maribus 
ad  apicem  internum  in  uncum  (in  anticis  plerumque  obsoletum,  sed  in  intermcdiis  sa;pius 
distincte  observandum, — necnon  in  omnibus  pilis  setisquc  celatum)  inflexum  productis ;  anticis 
in  utroque  sexu  (VII.  5  6,  5  b*),  sed  prsesertim  in  masculo  (VII.  5  b),  apice  incurvis,  necnon 
in  hoc  sexu  intus  plus  minusvc  obscurissime  (interdum,  oculo  inarmato,  vix  perspicue) 
crenulatisj  subtus  apicem  versus  plus  minusve  leviter  subconcavo-emarginatis  atque  ad  apicem 
ipsum  \ix  subgaleiformibus ;  intei-mediis  in  utroque  sexu,  sed  prsesertim  in  foemineo,  rectis ; 
posticis  in  utroque  sexu  rectis,  in  foemineo  (VII.  5  c)  simplicibus, — in  speciebus  aberrantibus 
ctiam  in  masculo  simplicibus,  sed  in  typicis  (VII.  5*)  apice  valdc  dilatatis  et  lateraliter 
introrsum  exsecatis,  ad  apicem  internum  plus  minusve  lamellato-productis  et  oblique  trun- 
catis  (calcaneum  mox  pone  apicem  ipsum  plus  minusve  exstantem  et  acutum  efficientibus)  ; 
necnon  ad  externum  in  angulum  ])lcrumque  acutum  et  valdissime  exstantem  explanatis  :  iarsis 
pilosissimis. 

Typus — Atlantis  lamelHpes.     (T.vn.  VII.  fig.  5.) 

The  somewhat  dissimilar  si^ecics  which  I  have  inchuled  under  the  present  genus 
are  insects  of  extremely  difficult  location ;  and  it  is  probable  that  at  least  thi'ee 
distinct  modifications  of  form  are  indicated  amongst  tliem.  Being  unwilling 
however  to  create  too  many  genera  in  this  obscure  department  of  the  CurcHlio/iidie, 
I  have  been  content  to  distrilnite  them  into  sections, — which,  it  will  be  perceived, 
arc  gradually  more  and  more  removed,  both  in  size  and  structure,  from  the  larger 
Madeiran  tj^jio  until  they  are  almost  merged  into  Oniias.  Seeing  therefore  that  I 
woidd  merely  adopt  this  adjustment  as  a  provisional  one,  it  is  scarcely  necessary 
to  remark,  that  I  Avould  only  regard  the  A.  lamellipes,  calcatrLv,  noctkagans, 
laiiripotens,  australis,  vespertimis  and  lanatits  as  normal  AtlantkJes,  believing  that 
they  are  sufficiently  defined  to  be  altogether  isolated  from  the  remainder.  The 
A.  clavatus  indeed,  from  the  peculiar  construction  of  its  antenna?,  I  should  rather 
have  referred  to  Lnparoccrus,  but,  not  having  been  able  hitherto  to  procui'e  a  male 
specimen  for  comparison,  I  have  thought  it  safer,  since  the  sexes  of  that  genus  are 
so  exceedingly  well-defined,  to  keep  it  in  its  present  doubtful  position,  where  it  is 
necessarily  free  for  removal  to  wherever  future  investigations  may  render  de- 
su'ablc :  at  the  same  time  I  may  add  that  it  seems  far  from  improbable  that  it  Avill 
be  eventually  found  to  constitute  another  centre  of  radiation  of  equal  value  with 
Ciiphoscelis  and  Atlantis  propo'.  Touching  the  smaller  members  of  the  group, 
which,  for  the  sake  of  convenience,  and  to  obviate  as  far  as  is  consistent  the  neces- 
sity for  multiplying  genera,  I  have  termed  aberrant  Atlantides,  it  may  be  enough 
to  state  that  they  also,  in  their  unpilose  elytra,  almost  equally  robust  legs  in  both 
sexes,  and  in  the  undilated  and  nearly  unarmed  tibite  of  their  males,  would  appear 
to  merit  I'cmoval  from  the  rest ;  nevertheless,  for  the  reasons  above  assigned,  I 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  363 

would  retain  them  at  present  as  a  subdivision  of  Atlantis,  to  which  the  larger  of 
their  representatives  in  general  aspect  a  good  deal  approximate. 

§  I.   Antennce  ffraciUimce,  scwpo  subrecto  ad  apicem  suhito  clavafo,  clavd  elongato-ohlongd. 

277.  Atlantis  clavatus,  Woll.    (Tab.  VII.  fig.  3.) 

A.  subelliptico-ovatus  gracilis  piceo-niger,  pube  fulvescenti-brunnea  depressa  variegatus,  oculis  parvis 
valde  promineDtibus,  prothorace  (prsesertim  autice)  angusto  crebre  punctate,  elytris  punctato- 
striatis  obsolete  undulato-insequalibus,  liumeris  leviter  porrectis,  interstitiis  fulvescenti-subfasci- 
culato-tessellatis,  antennis  pedibusque  infuscato-testaceis,  illarum  articulis  secundo  et  tertio  sub- 
sequalibus. 
Mas  adhuc  latet. 

Fcem.,  pedibus  gracilibus  simplicibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3|-. 

Habitat  in  montibus  IMaderse,  rarissimus; — a  meipso  sub  lapide  in  deseensu  a  fastigio  "Pouso"  ad 
campum  excelsum  ilium  Fateiras  dictum,  tempore  vernali  a.d.  1848,  semel  tantum  repertus. 

Insectum  antennarum  structura  Laparocero  sat  affine,  sed  babitu  cum  Atlantide  potius  convenit :  ex 
unico  tamen  specimine,  fceminco,  vix  satis  de  genere  adjudicare  licet.  An  igitur  genus  novum 
constituat  egomet  affirmare  nequeo,  sed  Atlantidi  affinitate  generali  proximum  videtur. 

A.  subelliptical-ovate,  and  slender,  being  somewhat  acute  both  before  and  behind,  piceous-black,  and 
clothed  (though  apparently  not  very  densely)  with  a  decumbent  fulvescent-,  or  slightly  golden- 
brown  pubescence.  Rostrum  a  little  longer  and  slenderer  than  in  any  of  the  other  species,  and 
(as  in  them)  slightly  dilated  at  its  apex ;  rugosely  punctm-ed ;  and  with  a  very  abbreviated  longi- 
tudinal channel  between  the  eijes, — which  are  small,  perfectly  round,  and  exceedingly  prominent. 
Prothorax  very  much  narrower  than  the  elytra,  widest  behind  the  middle ;  densely  and  rather 
coarsely  punctured.  Elytra  ovate,  but  much  truncated  at  the  base,  the  humeral  angles  being 
slightly  porrected ;  the  surface  rather  undulated  or  uneven ;  punctate-striated ;  entirely  free  from 
the  elongated,  suberect  additional  hairs  which  are  so  evident  in  nearly  all  the  other  species ;  the 
suture  more  densely  and  uniformly  clothed,  and  the  interstices  (especially  the  alternate  ones) 
longitudinally  tessellated,  with  pale  fulvescent-,  or  somewhat  golden-brown  pubescence.  Antenna 
and  legs  testaceous,  though  a  little  infuscated  in  parts ;  the  former  with  the  first  and  second 
joints  of  their  funiculus  equal,  and  with  their  club  slender  and  elongate-oblong ;  the  latter  with 
the  clau'S  black. 

Male,  hitherto  undiscovered. 

Female,  with  the  legs  exceedingly  slender,  and  simple. 

As  already  stated,  the  present  insect,  on  account  of  a  female  example  having 
been  alone  discovered,  is  one  of  extremely  doubtful  location,  and  will  perhaps  form 
the  type,  eventually,  of  a  distinct  genus.  At  any  rate,  it  cannot  be  a  tvue  Atlantis, 
regarding  that  group  as  limited  to  the  seven  species  which  constitute  the  first 
portion  of  the  second  of  the  sections  into  which  I  have  distributed  the  entire 
number, — the  construction  of  its  antennae,  in  which  it  is  coincident  with  Laparo- 

3  a2 


364  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

cerus  and  Cyphoscelis,  vmquestionably  removing  it  in  the  opposite  direction.  Its 
tendency  moreover  to  have  the  shoulders  porrected,  instead  of  rounded  off,  would 
seem  stUl  further  to  iadicate  an  approach  towards  Ci/jihoscelis ;  and  it  is  merely 
through  ignorance  of  its  male  characters  that  I  have  been  induced  to  place  it 
where  I  have, — for  the  sexual  distinctions  both  of  Cyphoscelis  and  Laparocenis 
are  so  remarkable,  that  I  think  it  better  to  retain  it  in  a  confessedly  neutral 
position  than  to  admit  it  into  a  well-defined  group,  only  a  portion  of  the  elements 
of  which  it  may  perhaps  be  found  afterwards  to  possess.  At  the  same  time,  whilst 
it  agrees  with  these  two  genera  exactly  in  the  peculiarity  of  its  antennae,  it  is 
\\'idely  separated  from  them  both  (even  in  the  female  sex)  in  its  longer  and  un- 
acuminated  rostrum,  and  in  its  exceedingly  small  and  jironunent  eyes  ;  and  I 
think  it  more  than  probable  that  its  males  Avdll  display  modifications  in  the  struc- 
tm'e  of  theu*  tibiae  equally  important.  Considering  it  therefore  for  the  present  as 
an  aberrant  Atlantis,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  add  that  it  may  be  at  once  distin- 
guished from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  described,  not  only  by  the  details  of 
its  autenntie  above  mentioned,  but  likewise  by  its  somewhat  anteriorly-,  and 
posteriorly-pointed  outline,  by  its  slightly  longer,  slenderer,  and  more  deejily 
sculptured  rostrum,  by  its  excessively  small  and  prominent  eyes,  by  its  narrow 
and  subcorneal  prothorax,  by  the  more  porrected  humeral  angles  and  somewhat 
imdulated  surface  of  its  bro'svuly-tessellated  elytra  (which  moreover  are  perfectly 
free  from  the  elongated,  sub  erect  additional  hairs  which  constitute  so  remarkable 
a  feature  in  most  of  the  other  species),  and  by  its  testaceous  legs.  My  unique 
specimen  I  captured,  from  beneath  a  stone,  on  the  descent  from  the  Pouso  to  the 
level,  though  elevated  plain  of  the  Fateu-as,  during  the  ^prmg  of  1848. 


§  II.  AntenncB  minus  graciles,  scapo  curvato  apiccm  versus  facilius  incrassato,  clavd  plerumque  ehngato- 

ohovatd. 

A.  Elytra piiUs  longis  sxtperadditis  undiqne  adspersa.  Pedes  in  marihus  qtiam  infceminu  cra^siores ;  tihiis 
masculis  ad  ap ice m  plus  minusve  distincte  armatis  (spind  in  2>oslicis  calcaneiformi),  posticis  dilatatis. 
(Atlantides  tj^ici.) 

278.  Atlantis  lameUipes,  WoU.     (Tab.  VII.  fig.  5.) 

A.  elongato-subovatus  piceo-nigcr,  piibe  diluto-tlavescenti  et  diluto-viridescenti  robusta  depress^ 
dense  variogatus,  prothoracc  subremote  ])unctato,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  pilis  longis  suberectis 
parum  rigidis  reniotis  adspersis,  intcrstitiis  alternis  longitudinaliter  nigro-fasciculato-tcssellatis, 
antennis  elongatis  fcrrugineis,  articulis  secundo  et  tertio  snba;qualibus. 
Mas,  pedibus  robustis  latis  :  tibiis  anterioribus  apice  fere  inarmatis  ;  anticis  (VII.  5  b)  intus  obscure 
creniilatis,  apieem  versus  subito  et  profunde  emarginatis  atque  ad  apiccm  multo  iiicurvis ;  posticis 
ante  apiccm  vix  constrictis,  ad  apiccm  subito  valdc  explanatis,  angulo  iutcruo  subrccto  (vix 
truncato  et  vix  calcaneiformi),  cxterno  acumiuato  valdissime  exstaate. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  365 

Fa>m.  paulo  major ;    pedibus  gracilioribus  sed  liaud  brevioribus ;    simplicibus,  aiit  potius  angulo 
tibianim  posticarum  (VII.  5  c)  externo  vix  producto. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  5— 5f . 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatica  excelsa, — per  regionem  Fanalensem  abundans,  qua  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850 
copiosissime  observavi :  inter  Hellenes  et  muscos  super  truncos  arboruni  nascentes,  vel  sub  cortiee 
laxo,  die  sese  latitat,  nocte  sola  vagans. 

A.  elongate-ovate,  piceous-black,  and  densely  variegated  with  a  robust,  decumbent,  dull  greenish- 
brown  and  dirty-yellowish  pubescence.  Rostrum  shghtly  dilated  at  the  apex ;  almost  unpunctured  ; 
and  with  a  narrow  longitudinal  channel,  more  especially  apparent  between  the  eyes.  Prothorax 
widest  about,  or  sometimes  a  little  behind,  the  middle  ;  rather  remotely,  but  distinctly  pimctured. 
Elytra  punctate- striated ;  sparingly  beset  with  elongated,  suberect,  stiff  additional  hairs  (which 
are  rather  longer  posteriorly,  and  somewhat  more  numerous,  than  in  front) ;  and  the  alternate 
interstices  longitudinally  tessellated  with  fascicles  of  blacker  pile.  Antenna  elongaied,  and 
ferruginous ;  the  first  and  second  joints  of  their  funiculus  equal  (or,  if  there  be  any  difference, 
the  former  rather  longer  than  the  latter).  Legs  more  or  less  fuscescent,  or  piceous  ;  the  tarsi 
fusco-ferruginous,  their  terminal  joint  (except  the  claws,  which  are,  as  in  all  the  other  species, 
black)  being  rufo-testaceous. 
Male,  with  the  legs  broad  and  robust.  The  two  anterior  tibia  with  their  apical  spine  obsolete, 
crenrdated  internally,  suddenly  and  greatly  emarginated  or  scooped  out  towards  their  extremity, 
and  with  the  extremity  itself  considerably  incurved ;  the  intermediate  ones  with  the  spine  only 
just  perceptible  (being  triangular,  and  placed  rather  behind  the  extreme  apex),  with  the  crenula- 
tions  (as  in  the  hinder  pair)  obsolete*,  and  but  slightly  incurved  at  their  extremity;  the  hinder 
ones  very  slightly  constricted  before  their  extremity,  the  extremity  itself  with  its  external  surface 
suddenly  and  greatly  expanded  out,  the  inner  angle  being  scarcely  at  all  either  truncated  or 
formed  into  a  heel,  and  consequently  almost  a  right  angle,  and  the  outer  one  being  produced  into 
an  excessively  prominent  and  acuminated  process,— the  whole  forming  a  somewhat  triangular 

plate. 
Female  rather  larger ;  with  the  legs  slenderer,  but  not  shorter,  and  simple, — the  hinder  tibiae  being 
but  very  slightly  produced  at  their  outer  apical  angle. 

A  large  and  exceedingly  well-defined  species.  Apart  from  the  structiu-al  modi- 
fications of  its  tibiae,  it  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  other  Atlantkles  here 
described  by  its  gigantic  size,  lengthened  antennae,  by  the  dull  yeUowish-green 
pubescence  with  which  it  is  variegated,  by  the  robustness  and  remoteness  of  the 
elongated  additional  hairs  with  which  it  is  beset,  and  by  the  distinctness  and 
comparative  regularity  of  the  darker  fascicles  with  which  the  alternate  mter- 
stices  of  its  elytra  are  longitudiaaUy  tessellated.  Its  male  sex  however  is  suffi- 
ciently identified  even  by  the  development  of  its  tibiae,— the  deep  subapical 
emargination  of  the  anterior  pair,  added  to  the  almost  unarmed  intermediate,  and 
nearly  entu-e  irmer  angle  of  the  posterior  ones,  giving  it  a  character  which  it  is 
impossible  to  mistake.  It  seems  to  be  confined  to  high  elevations,  and  to  attain 
its  maximum  on  the  extreme  upper  limits  of  the  forest  districts.     It  is  strictly 

*  Vide  note,  p.  355. 


360  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

however  a  sylran.  species,  congi'egating  between  the  loose  bark  of  trees,  moss,  and 
lichen, — from  which  it  never  wanders  by  day.  Like  most  of  its  allies,  it  becomes 
extremely  active  at  night,  as  I  have  frequently  experienced  during  my  encamp- 
ments in  the  wooded  regions  of  lofty  altitudes.  I  shall  not  indeed  easily  forget 
the  positive  inconvenience  which  I  suffered  from  it  on  the  night  of  the  16th  of 
July  1850,  wliilst  encamped  with  the  Rev.  E,..  T.  Lowe  in  the  uplands  of  the 
Fanal  (more  than  5000  feet  above  the  sea), — when  some  unknoAATi  cause  l)rought 
such  a  host  of  them,  accompanied  mth  the  A.  nocticagans,  into  my  tent  that  they 
caused  me  no  slight  annoyance,  by  falling  do^^^l  from  the  canvass  on  to  my  Ijcd. 
It  would  appear  to  be  more  especially  aljimdant  daring  the  summer  months ; 
nevertheless  it  occurs  in  the  winter  also,  since  I  have  taken  it,  hybernating,  from 
beneath  moss  on  the  trunks  of  the  old  vinhaticos  at  the  edges  of  the  mountain 
plain  of  the  Fateii-as, — which  still  remain  to  represent  the  ancient  forest  with 
wMch  that  portion  of  the  island  must  have  been  once  densely  clothed. 

279.  Atlantis  calcatrix,  WoU. 

A.  elongato-subovatus  piceus,  pubc  viri descent i-,  aurcscenti-,  et  cuprescenti-micante  robust^  depressa 
variegatus,  prothorace  obsolete  punctato,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  pilis  longis  suberectis  remotis 
adspersis,  ubique  confuse  variegatis  et  interstitiis  alternis  indistincte  tessellatis,  autennis  brevius- 
culis  rufo-feiTugineis,  articulo  tertio  secundo  vix  longiore  et  clava  elougato-oblong^. 
Mas,  pedibus  robustis  latis  :  tibiis  intermediis  apicc  robuste  armatis ;  anticis  subgracilibus  intus 
obscurissime  crenulatis  subintegris  atque  ad  apicem  Icviter  incurvis ;  posticis  ante  apicem  con- 
strictis,  ad  apicem  subito  valde  explanatis,  angiJo  interne  oblique  truncato  (calcaneum  obtusum 
digiti-,  aiit  potius  pollicifornieni  pone  apicem  maxime  exstantem  efficiente),  externo  acuminate 
valdissime  exstantc. 
Fcem.  paulo  major;  pedibus  gi-acilioribus  scd  baud  brevioribus,  simplicibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  45-4f. 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam, — ad  Ribeiro  Frio,  necnon  super  truncos  arborum  vetustarum  ad  oras 
cam|)i  illius  excelsi  Fateiras  dicti  nascentium,  tempore  vernali  repertus. 

A.  elongate-ovate,  a  little  narrower  in  proportion  tlian  tbe  last  species,  piceous,  and  densely  variegated 
witb  a  robust,  decumbent,  greenish,  golden-green,  and  sometimes  slightly  coppery  pubescence, — 
reflecting  more  or  less  of  a  metallic  splendour,  though  occasionally  comparatively  dull.  Rostrum 
slightly  dilated  at  tbe  apex ;  almost  unpunctured ;  and  with  a  narrow  longitudinal  channel,  more 
especially  apparent  between  the  eyes.  Prothorax  widest  just  behind  the  middle  ;  and  obsoletely 
punctured.  Elytra  rather  finely  punctate-striated;  sparingly  beset  with  elongated,  suberect 
additional  hairs  (rather  more  numerous  and  distinct  posteriorly  than  in  front) ;  confusedly 
variegated  with  more  or  less  bright  scales,  or  pubescence,  the  alternate  interstices  not  being 
much  less  regularly  tessellated  than  those  of  the  A.  lamellipes.  Antennm  shorter  than  those  of 
that  species,  and  rufo-ferruginous ;  the  second  joint  of  their  funiculus  being  just  perceptibly 
longer  than  the  first,  and  their  club  elongate-oblong.  Li'ys  more  or  less  brownish-testaceous,  or 
fusco-piceous :  the  tarsi  paler,  their  terminal  joint  being  rufo-testaeeous. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  367 

Male,  with  the  legs  broad  and  robust :  the  two  anterior  tibia  slender,  and  with  their  apical  spine 
obsolete,  very  obscurely  crenulated  internally,  and  entire,  being  narrow  throughout  their  entire 
length  and  scarcely  at  all  emarginated  towards  their  extremity, — with  the  extremity  itself  slightly 
incurved  ;  the  intermediate  ones  with  the  spine  large  and  robust,  and,  likewise,  slightly  incurved 
at  their  extremity  ;  the  hinder  ones  constricted  before  their  extremity, — the  extremity  itself  with 
its  external  surface  suddenly  and  immensely  expanded  out,  the  inner  angle  being  obliquely 
truncated  so  as  to  form  a  heel  (which  is  immensely  produced,  and  somewhat  thumb-shaped,  being 
obtuse  or  rounded  at  its  termination)  behind  the  apex,  and  the  outer  one  being  produced  into 
an  excessively  prominent  and  acuminated  process. 

Female,  rather  larger;  with  the  legs  slenderer,  though  not  shorter,  and  simple. 

In  point  of  size,  tlie  present  Atlantis  is  intermediate  between  the  A.  lamelllpes 
and  the  A.  noctivagans ;  nevertheless  it  has  a  far  greater  affinity  with  the  latter 
than  with  the  former,  the  comparative  shortness  of  its  antennae,  the  minutise  of  its 
colour  and  sculpture,  the  robust  apical  spine  of  its  intermediate  legs,  and  (to  a  less 
extent)  the  construction  both  of  its  anterior  and  posterior  ones,  being  all  partially 
coincident  with  the  corresponding  details  of  that  insect.  So  much  indeed  is  this 
the  case,  that  before  I  had  carefully  examined  the  few  specimens  which  I  possess, 
I  had  imagined  them  to  be  but  largely  developed  examples  of  the  A.  noctivagans. 
A  more  critical  comparison  however  has  subsequently  convinced  me  that  they  are 
certainly  distinct, — since,  apart  from  the  modifications  of  their  male  tibia3,  the 
many  small  peculiarities  which  they  display  make  up,  in  the  aggregate,  a  consider- 
able amount  of  difference,  and  must  unquestionably  establish  them  as  a  separate 
species.  They  may  be  known  from  the  A.  noctivagans  (with  Avhich  alone  they 
could  be  confounded)  by  their  greater  bulk  and  somewhat  less  deeply  sculptvired 
surface,  by  the  slenderer  club  of  their  antennae,  and  by  the  tibiae  of  their  males, — 
of  which  the  anterior  pair  are  narrow,  and  almost  entirely  straight  along  theu'  inner 
edge  (being  scarcely  perceptibly  constricted,  or  emarginated,  before  then*  extre- 
mity so  as  to  shape-out  a  rounded  calf  towards  their  base) ;  whilst  the  posterior 
ones  present  a  peculiarity  of  dilatation  which  is  very  remarkable,  being  immensely 
produced  behind  (/.  e.  at  the  postapical  projection  formed  by  the  oblique  truncation 
of  the  inner  angle)  into  an  exceedingly  prominent  and  thumb-shaped  heel,  which 
is  not  only  of  gigantic  dimensions  compared  with  that  of  the^.  noctivagans,  but  is 
likewise  rounded  and  obtvise  at  the  extremity,  instead  of  acute.  The  only  male 
specimen  of  the  A.  calcatrix  wliich  has  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice  was 
captured  by  myself  from  under  a  stone  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada  of  the  Ribeiro 
Erio,  dm*ing  the  spring  of  1849 :  but  I  have  taken  females,  which  I  do  not 
hesitate  to  refer  to  the  same  species,  from  amongst  moss  and  lichen  on  the  trimks 
of  the  old  vinhaticos  on  the  eastern  limits  of  the  elevated  plain  of  the  Fateiras. 

280.  Atlantis  noctivagans,  Woll. 
A.  elongate- subovatus  piceo-niger,  pube  viridescenti-,  aurescenti-,  et  cuprescenti-micante  plus  minusve 


368  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

diluta  robusta  depress^  variegatus,  prothorace  punctate,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  pilis  longis 
suberectis  adspersis,  ubique  confuse  variegatis  et  interstitiis  alternis  indistincte  tessellatis,  an- 
tennis  breviusculis  ferrugineis  articulo  tertio  secundo  longiore. 

Mas,  pedibus  robustis  latis :  tibiis  intermediis  apice  parum  robuste  arniatis  ;  anticis  intus  obscuris- 
sime  crenulatis,  apicem  versus  facilius  et  leviter  emarginatis  atque  ad  apicem  incurvis ;  posticis 
(VII.  5*)  ante  apicem  constrictis,  ad  apicem  subito  valde  explanatis,  angulo  interno  oblique 
tmncato  (calcaueum  acutum  subtriangularem  pone  apicem  exstantem  efficiente),  externo 
acuminato  valdissime  exstante. 

Fcem.  paulo  major;  pedibus  gracilioribus  sed  baud  brevioribus,  simplicibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3i-4j. 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  ac  A.  lamellipes,  noctivagare  amans. 

A.  elongate-ovate,  piceous-black,  and  densely  variegated  with  a  robust,  decumbent,  greenish,  golden- 
green,  and  somewhat  coppery  pubescence, — which  reflects  more  or  less  of  a  metallic  splendour. 
Rostrum  and  prothorax  as  in  the  A.  cahatrix,  the  latter  perhaps  a  little  more  distinctly  punc- 
tured. Elytra  as  in  the  A.  calcatrix,  only  usually  rather  more  brilliantly  variegated,  the  alter- 
nate interstices  being  much  less  regularly  tessellated  than  those  of  the  A.  lamellipes.  Antenna 
and  legs  as  in  the  last  species ;  though  the  former  wth  the  second  joint  of  their  funiculus 
usually  more  evidently  longer  than  the  first,  and  with  their  club  somewhat  slender  and  elliptical. 

Male,  with  the  legs  broad  and  robust.  The  two  anterior  tibia  with  their  apical  spine  obsolete,  very 
obscurely  crenulated  internally,  gradually  and  slightly  emargiuated  (or  scooped  out)  towards 
their  extremity  (though  very  much  less  so,  and  much  more  gradually,  than  is  the  case  with  the 
A.  lamellipes)  so  as  to  form  a  gently-rounded,  though  perceptibly  broader  portion  (or  calf) 
towards  their  base, — with  the  extremity  itself  slightly  incurved ;  the  intermediate  ones  with  the 
spine  large  and  robust  (though  not  quite  so  large  as  that  of  the  A.  calcatrix),  and,  likewise, 
sliglitly  incurved  at  their  extremity;  the  kinder  ones  constricted  before  their  extremity, — the 
extremity  itself  with  its  external  surface  suddenly  and  greatly  expanded  out,  the  inner  angle 
being  obliquely  truncated  so  as  to  form  a  heel  (which  is  considerably  produced,  though  far 
less  so  than  in  the  last  species,  and  somewhat  beak-shaped,  being  extremely  angular  at  its 
termination)  behind  the  apex,  and  the  outer  one  being  produced  into  a  prominent  and  acu- 
minated process  (not  quite  so  prominent  however  as  that  either  of  the  A.  lamellipes  or  of  the 
A.  calcatrix). 

Female,  rather  larger;  with  the  legs  slenderer,  though  not  shorter,  and  simple. 

The  distinctions  between  the  present  insect  and  the  last  have  been  already 
pointed  out, — the  respective  modifications  of  then*  male  tibia}  being,  on  account  of 
their  constancy,  the  most  imiiortant  of  them.  Like  the  whole  of  the  tiipical 
Atlaiitides  except  the  A.  cespevtiniis,  the  A.  noctkagans  is  essentially  a  sylvan 
species,  occm*ring-  at  lofty  elevations  (often  in  company  with  the  A.  lamellipes), 
and  being  most  abtindant  towards  the  upper  extremity  of  the  forest  regions. 
During  my  encampment  at  the  Fanal,  in  July  1850, 1  captm-ed  it,  as  lately  stated, 
in  the  utmost  profusion, — where  it  congregates  beneath  the  loose  bark  of  trees, 
and  under  moss  and  Uchcn,  bv  dav,  beimr  active  onlv  at  nio^ht. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  369 

281.  Atlantis  lauripotens,  Woll. 

A.  elongato-subovatus  piceo-niger,  pube  viridescenti-et  subaurescenti-micante  depressa  parce  varie- 
gatuSj  prothorace  punctate,  elytris  sat  profunde  punctato-striatis,  pilis  lougis  suberectis  mollibus 
dense  adspersis,  interstitiis  valde  indistincte  tessellatis,  antennis  breviusculis  rufo-fen-ugineis, 
artieulo  tertlo  seeundo  paulo  longiore. 
Mas,  pedibus  sat  robustis  latlusculis :  tibiis  intermediis  apice  robuste  armatis ;  antieis  subgracilibus 
intus  obscurissime  crenulatis,  apicem  versus  facillime  et  leviter  emarginatis  atque  ad  apicem 
leviter  incni-vis ;  posticis  ante  apicem  fortiter  constiictis,  ad  apicem  subito  valde  explanatis,  angulo 
interno  oblique  truncate  (calcaneum  obtusum  gibbiformem  pone  apicem  multo  exstantem 
eflSciente),  externo  acuminato  valdissime  exstante. 
Fasm.  paulo  major;  pedibus  gracilioribus  sed  baud  brevioribus,  simpllcibus. 

Long.  Corp.  liu.  3. 

Habitat  in  lauretis  Maderse,  inter  folia  latitans, — ad  Curral  das  Romeiras  supra  Funchal  autumno 
exeuute  a.d.  1847  a  meipso  detectus. 

A.  elongate-ovate,  piceous-black  (wben  immature,  more  or  less  rufo-fen-uginous),  and  sparingly 
variegated  with  a  rather  fine,  decumbent,  greenish,  or  golden-green  pubescence.  Rostrum  and 
prothorax  as  in  the  A.  noctivagans,  except  that  the  latter  is  a  little  more  distinctly  punctured. 
Elytra  rather  deeply  punctate-striated;  somewhat  densely  beset  with  elongated,  suberect  addi- 
tional hairs,  which  are  less  robust  than  in  any  of  the  previous  species ;  the  interstices  having  only 
the  slightest  possible  tendency  in  front  to  be  longitudinally  tessellated  with  denser  patches  of  the 
brighter  pubescence,  but  more  evidently  variegated  behind.  Anteimm  and  legs  as  in  the  A.  noc- 
tivagans. 

Male,  with  the  legs  as  in  the  last  species, — but  the  two  anterior  tibiee  somewhat  slenderer,  being 
even  still  more  slightly  emarginated  towards  their  inner  apex,  and,  consequently,  only  just  per- 
ceptibly broader  at  their  sub-basal  region  than  elsewhere ;  and  the  kinder  ones  much  more  con- 
stricted before  their  extremity,  and  with  their  inner  heel  rather  more  produced, — and  hunch- 
shaped  (or  rounded  at  its  apex),  instead  of  angular  and  acute. 

Female  rather  larger ;  with  the  legs  slenderer,  though  not  shorter,  and  simple. 

Allied  to  the  A.  noctivagans,  though  certainly  distinct  from  it ; — ranging  more- 
over in  somewhat  lower  altitudes,  and  being  less  nocturnal  in  its  habits.  It  may 
be  recognised  from  that  insect  by  its  smaller  size,  by  its  rather  more  deeply  scidp- 
tured  and  less  variegated  surface,  by  the  suberect  pile  of  its  elytra  being  both 
denser  and  of  a  slightly  softer  natiu-e,  by  its  anterior  male  tibise  being  slenderer, 
and  less  perceptibly  \\-idened  about  theu"  sub-basal  region,  and  by  the  hinder  pair 
being  not  only  much  more  constricted  before  their  extremity,  but  with  the  inner 
heel  rounded,  and  hump-shaped,  instead  of  acute.  It  woukl  seem  to  occur  in  less 
elevated  spots  than  any  of  the  preceding  species,  attaining  its  maximum  towards 
the  lower  limits  of  the  sylvan  districts, — at  an  elevation  perhaps  of  from  1500  to 
about  2000  feet  above  the  sea.  I  have  hitherto  detected  it  in  the  south  of  the 
island  only,  where  it  is  found  on  the  foliage  of  the  native  laurels  :  and  during  the 

3  B 


370  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

aiituinn  of  1847  I  captured  many  specimens  from  off  tlie  old  vinhaticos  of  the 
Cm-ral  das  Eomeiras, — iu  a  comparatively  active  state  even  by  day. 

282.  Atlantis  australis,  Woll. 
A.  eloiigato-subovatus  fusco-piceus,  pubc  subviridesccuti-ciaerea  depressa  parce  variegatus,  prothorace 
paruui  profunde  punctato^  elytris  sat  profuiide  punctato-striatis,  pilis  longis  suberectis  moUibus 
dense  adspersis,  interstitiis  vix  tessellatis,  anteniiis  brcviusciilis  riifo-ferrugineis,  articulo  tertio 
secundo  paulo  longiore. 
Mas,  pcdibus  sat  robustis  latiusculis :  tibiis  iuteroicdiis  apicc  parum  robuste  armatis ;  anticis  iutus 
obseurissime  crenulatis,  apiccm  versus  facillime  et  leviter  emarginatis  atque  ad  apicem  leviter 
incurvis ;  posticis  ante  apicem  fortiter  constrictis,  ad  apicem  subito  explanatis,  angulo  interno 
oblique  truueato  (calcaneum  acutum  subtriangularem  pone  apicem  exstantem  efficiente),  externo 
acuiuinato  valde  exstante. 
Foem,  ])aulo  major;  pedibus  gracilioribus  sed  baud  brevioribus,  simplicibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3|. 

Habitat  in  Maderje  australis  sylvaticis,  prajsertim  super  folia  Lauri  Indices  et  L.faetentis  in  locis  sub- 
inferioribus  nascentium,  restate  ct  autumno  frcquens  :  usque  ad  800'  et  700'  s.  ui.  descendit, 
etiam  in  cultis  vix  ab  urbe  Funchalensi  remotis  intcrduui  occurrens. 

A.  elongate-ovate,  brovvnish-piceous,  or  sometimes  ferruginous,  and  sparingly  variegated  with  a  rather 
fine,  decumbent,  somewhat  greenish-cinereous  pubescence.  Rostruni  and  pruthorax  as  in  the 
A.  laurijjolens,  except  that  the  latter  is  rather  more  deeply  punctured.  Elytra  as  in  the  last 
species,  but  even  less  variegated  still,  the  anterior  portion  having  usually  scarcely  any  tendency 
to  be  longitudinally  tessellated,  whilst  the  hinder  patches  also  are  less  evident  than  those  of  that 
insect.     Antenna  and  leffs  as  in  the  A.  luuripotens. 

Male,  with  the  legs  as  in  the  last  species,  but  a  little  longer, — the  two  anferiur  tibi(e  not  quite  so 
slender;  and  the  hinder  ones  rather  less  expanded  at  their  extremity,  and  witli  their  inner  heel 
beak-shaped  and  acute, — like  that  of  the  A.  nodivagans. 

Female  rather  larger ;  with  the  legs  slenderer,  though  not  shorter,  and  simple. 

Very  nearly  related  to  the  last  species,  with  which  indeed,  A^'ere  it  not  for  the 
structural  characters  of  its  male  tibine,  it  might  almost  be  confounded.  It  is 
usuallv  however  of  a  more  piccous,  or  brownish-piccous  colour  than  that  insect, 
its  siu'facc  is  even  still  less  variegated,  the  iiubesceuce  being  of  a  j)aler  and  more 
cinereous  hue,  its  prothorax  is  rather  more  deeply  punctured,  and  its  legs  are  just 
perceptibly  longer ;  whilst  the  liinder  tibiae  of  its  males  (A\hich  are  not  quite  so 
broadly  expanded  at  their  extremity,  and  have  thcu-  inner  heel  beak-shaped  and 
acute,  like  that  of  the  A.  noctivagans)  will  at  once  distinguish  that  particular  sex 
from  the  corresponding  one  of  the  A.  laurqwtens.  Its  range  moreover  is,  appa- 
rently, lower  than  that  of  any  of  the  preceding  members  of  the  group,  since  it 
would  seem  to  descend  into  the  cultivated  districts,  and  it  may  be  occasionally 
observed  so  low  as  700  or  800  feet  above  the  sea : — indeed  in  the  summer  of  1850 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  371 

I  captured  it  from  off  the  foliage  of  a  Til-tree  in  tlie  grounds  of  the  Quinta  da 
Palmeha,  above  Punchal.  It  is  more  particularly  abundant  during  the  early 
autumnal  months;  and,  like  the  A.  lauripotens,  its  habits  are  comparatively 
diurnal. 

283.  Atlantis  vespertinus,  Woll.    (Tab.  VII.  fig.  4.) 
A.  oblongo-subovatus  nitidus  piceus,  pube  subcinerea  depressa  parcissime  variegatus,  rostro  brevi 
lato  longitudinaliter  striguloso,  protliorace   convexo   crebre   et    sat  profunde  punctato,  elytns 
leviter  punctato-striatis,  pilis  longiusculis  suberectis  adspersis,  interstitiis  vix  tessellatis,  antennis 
breviusculis  subgracilibus  fusco-ferrugineis,  articulis  secundo  et  tertio  jequalibus. 
Mas,  pedibus  robustis  latiusculis:  tibiis  intermediis  apice  parum  robuste  armatis ;  anticis  intus 
obscurissime  crenulatis,  apicem  versus  vix  emarginatis  atque  ad  apicem  leviter  mcurvis  ;  posticis 
ante  apicem  baud  constrictis  (i.  c.  usque  a  basi  facile  dilatatis),  ad  apicem  subito  explanatis, 
angulo  interno  oblique  truncato  (calcaneum  acutum  subtriangularem  parvuui  pone  apicem  minus 
exstantem  efficiente),  externo  leviter  acuminato  exstante. 
Fam.  paulo  major ;  pedibus  gracilioribus  sed  baud  brevioribus,  simplicibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3§. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  superioribus  Maderse,  inde  a  3000'  s.  m.  ascendens :  ab  autumno 
ad  ver  novum  prfcdominat,  quo  tempore  per  totam  regionem  prsecelsam  cacuminibus  montis  Pico 
dos  Arieros  dicti  subjacentem  copiosissime  observavi. 

A.  oblong-subovate,  being  less  acuminated  anteriorly  than  any  of  the  other  species,  more  or  less 
shining  and  piceous,  and  exceedingly  sparingly  clothed  with  a  decumbent  subcinereous  pubescence. 
Rostrum  short  and  broad,  and  not  at  all  dilated  at  the  apex;  longitudinally  strigulose;  and  with 
a  central  channel,  especially  apparent  between  the  eyes.     Prothorax  convex,  with  the  sides  almost 
equally  rounded,  being  widest  about  the  middle ;  closely,  and  more  or  less  deeply  punctured. 
Elytra  lightly  punctate-striated ;  more  or  less  sparingly  beset  with  longish,  suberect  additional 
hairs,  which  have  sometimes  a  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  in  rows ;  the  interstices  with  the 
faintest  possible  tendency  to  be  longitudinally  tessellated  with  denser  patches  of  the  subcinereous 
pile.     Antenna  short,  slender,  and  brownish-ferruginous ;  the  second  joint  of  their  funiculus  not 
being  perceptibly  longer  than  the  first.     Leffs  as  in  the  previous  species. 
Male,  with  the  legs  rather  broad  and  robust.     Tlie  two  anterior  tibia  with  their  apical  spine  obso- 
lete, most  obscurely  crenulated  internally,  scarcely  at  all  emarginated  towards  their  extremity,— 
the  extremity  itself  slightly  incurved ;  the  intermediate  ones  with  the  spine  tolerably  distinct,  and 
very  slightly  incurved  at  their  extremity;  the  hinder  ones  not  constricted  before  their  extremity 
(being  gradually  dilated  from  their  base),— the  extremity  itself  with  its  external  surface  suddenly, 
but  not  very  greatly,  expanded  out,  the  inner  angle  being  obliquely  truncated  so  as  to  form  a  heel 
(which  is  slightly  produced,  small,  and  trigonate,  being  extremely  angular  at  its  termination) 
behind  the  apex,  and  the  outer  one  being  produced  into  a  prominent  and  acuminated  process 
(though  less  prominent  and  less  acuminated  than  in  any  of  the  previous  species) . 
Female  generally  a  little  larger ;  with  the  legs  slenderer,  but  not  shorter,  and  simple. 

One  of  the  best-defined  of  all  the  Atlantides  hitherto  discovered,  partaking  in 
some  measure  of  the  peculiarities  of  Laparocerits,  though  not  sufiiciently  so  to  be 

3b2 


372  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

included  in  tliat  genus.  In  its  habits  moreover  it  recedes  from  the  whole  of 
the  preceding  members  of  the  group,  being  confined  exclusively  to  the  exposed 
mountain-slopes  of  lofty  altitudes,  and,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  never 
entering  the  wooded  districts.  In  its  short,  broad,  imexpanded,  and  longitudi- 
nally strigulose  rostrum,  and  in  its  convex  and  equally-roimded  prothorax,  as 
well  as  in  its  less  densely  pul^escent  surface  and  its  extra-sylvan  nature,  it  makes 
an  evident  regression  in  the  direction  of  Laparocerus ;  and  were  there  the  smallest 
grounds  for  supposing  that  the  examples  from  which  that  genus  was  established 
(in  1834)  were  ^vl•ongly  referred  to  Portugal,  by  Faldermann  (Avho  appears  either 
to  have  collected  in,  or  else  to  have  received  insects  from,  Madeira),  I  should  have 
been  rather  inclined  to  have  identified  it  with  the  L.  piceus  of  Schonlierr,  with 
which,  judging  from  the  description,  it  would  seem  in  many  particulars  to  agree. 
Still,  several  of  its  most  striking  characters  (as,  for  instance,  the  suberect  elongated 
pile  with  which  it  is  more  or  less  clothed)  are  not  alluded  to  in  the  diagnosis  as 
enunciated  in  the  Genera  et  Species  Ci(rcnlionich(m  ;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
therefore  that  if  the  specimens  described  from  icere  in  reality  Portuguese,  they  are 
certainly  distinct  specifically  fi'om  the  Madeiran  ones  ; — and  it  is  merely  the  possi- 
bility (already  hinted  at)  of  a  mistake  having  arisen  as  to  the  original  types  which 
would  induce  me  to  entertain  the  contrary  suspicion  at  all.  In  either  case,  how- 
ever, oiu"  present  insect  cannot  be  a  Laparocerus,  since  it  wants  the  modifications 
both  of  the  antennae  and  tibia?  which  constitute  the  main  features  of  that  genus. 
Nevertheless  it  does  even  in  these  respects  make  a  slight  approach  towards  the 
Laparoceri,  since  the  former  are  just  perceptibly  slenderer  than  those  of  the  other 
Atlantides,  and  the  latter  are  vmconstricted  before  their  extremity, — being  gradu- 
ally expanded  from  the  base,  so  as  scarcely  to  display  any  greater  breadth  about 
their  sul)-basal  region  than  elsewhere. 

The  A.  vespertinus  abovmds,  during  the  winter  and  early  spring,  in  open  grassy 
spots  of  high  elevations,  ranging  from  about  3000  feet  above  the  sea  to  the 
extreme  mountain-tops, — and  apparently  attaining  its  maximum  but  a  short 
distance  below  the  summits  of  the  peaks.  On  the  upland  ridges  from  the  Fonte 
das  Mocas  to  the  Pico  dos  Arieros,  and  from  thence  to  the  Pico  da  Lagoa,  I  have 
observed  it  by  thousands  in  January  and  Pebruary,  congregating  beneath  stones 
in  company  with  Heteromcrous  and  other  insects  which  delight  in  such  localities. 
The  species  varies  a  little  m  the  depth  of  its  sculpture  and  the  density  of  its 
pubescence ;  but  it  possesses  so  many  characters  essentially  its  own,  that  there  is 
but  little  fear  of  confounding  it  with  any  of  the  other  Atlantides  with  which  Ave 
have  here  to  do. 

284.  Atlantis  lanatus,  WoU.    (Tab.  YII.  fig.  G.) 
A.  elongato-ovatus  nigro-,  vel  fusco-piceus,  pube  subfulvescenti-cinered  robust^  depressfi  parce  varie- 
gatus,  prothorace  remote  punctato,  punctis  maximis  sed  baud  semper  profundis,  elj^ris  profunde 
punctato-striatis,    pilis  valde  clougatis   erectis   moUissimis  lanatis  dense  adspersis,   intcrstitiis 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  373 

alternis  vix  tessellatis,  antennis  longiusculis  crassis  infuscato-ferrugineis,  articulo  tertio  secundo 
multum  longiore. 
Mas,  pedibus  vis  robustioribus  :  tibiis  omnibus  mox  pone  apiceni  internum  spina  parva  acuta  (in 
posticis  minutissima  acutissima)  armatis ;  anticis  apicem  versus  incurvis ;  posterioribus  (sed  prse- 
sertim  posticis)  rectis;  posticis  ad  apicem  baud  explanatis  (omnino  simplicibus). 
Fcem.  paulo  major ;  pedibus  vix  gracilioribus  et  baud  brevioribus,  simplicibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3^-^^. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  vel  in  sylvaticis  super  folia  Laurorum,  vel  etiam  sub  lapidibus  in  aperto, 
ab  autumno  usque  ad  ver  novum  prjedominans  :  ad  Curral  das  Romeiras  prope  Funcbal  Octobri 
mense  a.d.  1 847  copiose  observavij  necnon  in  summo  monte  Pico  da  Cruz  dicto  tempore  hiberno 
A.D.  1851  detexit  cl.  Dom.  Heer.  •. 

A.  elongate-ovate,  piceous-black,  piceous,  or  brownish-piceous,  and  sparingly  clothed  with  a  robust, 
decumbent,  brownish-cinereous,  or  entirely  cinereous  pubescence.  Rosti-um  slightly  dilated  at  its 
apex;  rather  distinctly  sculptured,  having  a  tendency  to  be  longitudinally  strigulose ;  and  with 
a  deep  central  channel  between  the  eyes.  Prothorax  widest  just  behind  the  middle  ;  rather 
roughened  and  remotely  punctured,  the  punctures  extremely  large,  and  sometimes  (though  not 
always)  deep, — the  spaces  between  them  being  beset  with  most  minutely  and  delicately  impressed 
points*.  Elytra  deeply  punctate-striated;  densely  beset  with  very  elongated,  erect,  extremely 
fine,  and  woolly  additional  hairs,  which  are  of  a  softer  nature  than  those  of  any  of  the  other 
species ;  the  alternate  interstices  having  only  the  slightest  possible  tendency  (which  is  sometimes 
not  at  all  perceptible)  to  be  longitudinally  tessellated  with  denser  patches  of  the  pubescence. 
Antenna  rather  long,  and  exceedingly  robust;  their  scape  being  dull  ferruginous,  and  the 
remainder  more  or  less  darkly  infuscated,  or  picescent :  the  second  joint  of  their  funiculus 
immensely  longer  than  the  first.  Leffs  more  or  less  brownish-testaceous,  or  fusco-piceous :  the 
tarsi  paler,  their  terminal  joint  being  rufo-testaceous. 
Male,  with  the  legs  scarcely  more  robust  than  the  female :  all  the  tibia  armed  with  a  small,  acute 
spine  (which  in  the  hinder  pair  is  very  small,  and  exceedingly  acute)  at  a  short  distance  behind 
their  inner  apices ;  the  two  anterior  ones  considerably  incurved  towards  their  extremity ;  the  four 
posterior  ones  (especially  the  hinder  pair)  straight ;  the  hinder  ones  not  expanded  at  their  extre- 
mity, but  entirely  simple. 
Female  rather  larger;  mth  the  legs  vei-y  slightly  slenderer,  but  not  shorter,  and  simple. 

A  most  distinct  species,  differing  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  here  desci'ibed, 
not  only  in  the  exceedingly  soft,  or  woolly  nature  of  the  elongated  erect  hau's  with 
which  it  is  clothed,  but  likewise  in  its  deeply  sculptured  sm*face  (that  of  the  pro- 
thorax,  as  already  stated,  presenting  a  very  peculiar  structure),  in  the  thickness 
and  robustness  of  its  antennte,  which  have  the  second  joint  of  their  funiculus 
hnmensely  longer  than  the  first,  and  in  the  small,  acute  spine  with  which  the 
internal  apex  of  all  the  tibise  of  its  male  sex  are  furnished  at  a  short  distance  from 

*  These  intermediate  points  are  scarcely  perceptible  except  beneath  the  microscope  :  but  when  thus 
viewed,  the  sculpture  has  much  the  appearance  of  that  which  forms  such  a  peculiar  featiu-e  of  the  Lapa- 
rocerus  morio, — except  that  the  superior  punctures  are  immensely  larger,  and  the  iuferior  ones  smaller 
stiU  (aud  less  numerous)  than  those  of  that  insect. 


;J74  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

their  extremity.  It  docs  in  fact  form  somewhat  of  a  connecting  link  between  the 
typical  and  aberrant  Atlantides ;  for  whilst  its  excessively  pilose  elytra,  and  the 
slis^htlv  incrassated  leers  and  the  armed  tibia?  of  its  males  must  needs  (as  the  most 
important  of  its  characters)  retain  it  amongst  the  former,  yet  the  posterior  tibia? 
being  undilated  at  their  termination  wovxld  tend  to  identify  it  with  the  latter,  did 
not  the  singular  and  very  acute  Httle  spur,  with  which  they  are  fortified  behind 
then-  apex,  exist,  to  represent  the  inner  heel  (as  it  evidently  does),  which  is  more 
or  less  largely  developed,  and  modified,  throiighout  the  whole  of  the  normal 
members  of  the  group.  The  A.  lanatus  is  a  rather  abundant  insect  towards  the 
{owQY  limits  of  the  wooded  districts, — occm*ring  occasionally,  likewise,  beneath 
stones  in  more  open  spots.  I  have  not  myself  observed  it  except  in  the  south  of 
the  island ;  but  have  taken  it  conamonly,  during  the  autumnal  months,  at  tlie 
Curral  das  Romeiras,  above  Funchal, — and  it  was  captured  by  Professor  Heer  at 
the  Mount  Church,  and  on  the  Pico  da  Cruz,  dming  the  -ndnter  of  1850-51. 


U.  Elytra  pilis  superadditis  carentia,  vet  ad  apicem  solum  parce  pilosa.  Pedes  in  utroque  sexu  crassitudine 
xubtequah-s ;  tibiis  masculis  ad  apicem  fere  inarmatis,  posticis  hand  dilatatis.  (Atlantides  aberrantes, 
forsan  genus  alterum  efficientes^ 

285.  Atlantis  navicularis,  Woll. 

A.  elongato-ovatus  rufo-piccus,  pube  aureo-viridcsccnti-iiiicante  robust;!  depressa  parce  variegatus, 
prothorace  subremote  puuctato,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  ad  apicem  navicularibus  atque  illic  pilis 
longiusculis  erectis  mollissimis  parce  adspersis,  interstitiis  alternis  sat  distincte  tessellatis, 
aiitennarum  scapo  gracili,  articulis  secundo  et  tertio  subjcqualibus. 

I,ong.  Corp.  lin.  3j-3f. 

Habitat  in  insula  Portu  Sancto,  sub  lapidibus  Decembri  mense  a.d.  1818  a  meipso  repertus. 

A.  elongate-ovate,  rufo-piceous,  and  sparingly  variegated  with  a  robust,  decumbent,  green  and  golden, 
or  golden-grceu  pubescence, — reflecting  a  metallic  splendour.  Rostrum  and  prothorax  as  in  the 
last  species ;  the  latter  being  a  little  more  distinctly  keeled  in  the  centre,  but  with  the  same 
character  of  punctuation  (namely,  large  punctures  with  minute  ones  between,  the  former  having 
impressed  radiating  lines  divergent  from  each  of  them).  Elijtra  somewhat  parallel  towards  their 
base;  rather  deeply  punctate-striated;  quite  free  from  additional  pile  except  at  the  extreme  apex, 
where  there  are  a  few,  tolerably  elongated,  erect,  and  exceedingly  soft,  or  silken  hairs ;  pinched 
in  on  either  side  about  the  apex,  causing  the  suture  in  that  region  to  be  prominent  and  keeled, 
and  that  poi-tion  of  the  body  consequently  to  be  boat-shaped ;  the  alternate  interstices  rather 
distinctly  tessellated  with  denser  patches  of  the  golden-green  ])ubesccnce.  Antenna  somewhat 
long  and  slender,  rufo-ferruginous ;  their  scape  slender  at  the  base,  being  rather  suddenly 
thickened  towards  the  apex  :  the  first  and  second  joints  of  their  funiculus  of  aboftt  equal  length. 
Legs  more  or  less  rufo-fenuginous,  exceedingly  pilose,  and  simple  in  both  sexes*  :  the  tarsi  with 
their  terminal  joint  rufo-testaceous. 


*  Vide  note,  p.  355. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  375 

The  representatives  of  the  second  subsection  oi  Atlantis, — which  I  would  detin(> 
as  the  aberrant  members  of  the  group,  and  perhaps  in  reality  to  be  considered  as 
generically  distinct, — may  be  at  once-  recognised  by  their  freedom  from  the  elon- 
gated additional  pile  (except  at  the  extreme  apex  only)  with  which  the  elytra  in 
the  previous  division  is  more  or  less  densely  besprinkled,  and  by  the  similarity  of 
their  legs  in  both  sexes, — which  last  are  not  merely  of  equal  (or,  at  any  rate,  of 
subequal)  thickness  in  the  two,  biit  are,  likewise,  unexpanded  at  theu'  termination 
in  the  males,  and  have  the  apical  spine  which  characterizes  the  normal  forms 
either  entirely  absent,  or  else  so  far  reduced  in  size  that  it  may  be  practically 
regarded  as  svich.  They  are  insects,  moreover,  of  a  less  sylvan  natiu^e,  being,  witli 
a  single  exception,  confined,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  barren,  sulj- 
maritime  spots  altogether  destitute  of  trees, — residing  beneath  stones,  but  being, 
like  most  of  the  Cyclomkles,  of  exceedingly  gregarious  habits.  It  is  worthy  of 
remark,  that,  up  to  the  present  period,  I  have  detected  but  a  solitary  species  in 
Madeu'a  proper  (namely,  the  A.  excelsus, — the  one  just  referred  to,  as  ranging 
within  the  wooded  districts),  five,  out  of  the  remainiug  six,  being  peculiar  to  Porto 
Santo,  and  the  other  to  the  Ilheo  de  Pora, — the  little  island  which  constitutes  th<^ 
detached  extremity  of  the  Sao  Lauren90  promontory,  the  most  eastern  point  of 
Madeu-a. 

The  A.  namciilaris,  which,  on  accoiuit  of  the  comparatively  bright,  golden-green 
scales  with  wliich  it  is  tessellated,  approaches  in  general  aspect  some  of  the  typical 
members  of  the  genus,  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  the  present 
di\dsion  by  its  remotely  punctured  prothorax,  and  by  the  softer,  more  elongated, 
and  silken  additional  hairs  with  which  the  apex  of  its  elytra  is  beset, — whilst  the 
ciu'iously  constricted,  or  pinchcd-in,  structure  which  is  so  apparent  in  that  portion 
of  its  sm'face,  and  which  causes  the  suture  to  project  like  a  keel,  giving  a  boat- 
shaped  appearance  to  that  particular  region  of  its  body,  will  serve  to  sej)arate  it 
from  the  whole  of  the  other  species,  normal  and  aberrant,  here  described.  In  the 
somewhat  slender  scape  of  its  antennae  it  almost  agrees  with  the  A.  inconstans, 
whilst  in  the  equaUty  of  the  fu'st  and  second  joints  of  its  funiculus  it  recedes  from 
that  insect,  as  well  as  from  the  A.  instabills,  A\itli  which  it  was  foimd  in  comijany. 
And,  upon  the  whole,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  it  may  perhaps  have  a  greater 
affinity  with  the  unique  A.  claratits  (though  widely  distinct  from  it  specifically), 
than  with  any  othev  Atlantis  hitherto  discovered.  The  only  three  specimens  which 
I  liave  seen,  were  captiu-ed  by  myself  in  Porto  Santo,  during  my  residence  there 
with  the  Hev.  W.  J.  Armitage,  in  December  1848, — but  whether  taken  on  the 
Campo  de  Baxo  or  at  a  higher  elevation,  I  cannot  at  present  recall. 


286.  Atlantis  inconstans,  WoU. 

A.  elougato-subovatus  piceus  vel  fusco-piceus,  pube  ciuereo-subcuprescente  vel  cinereo-subviridescente 
diliita  depressa  parce  variegatus,  protliorace  deuse  punctato,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  ad  apicern 


376  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

setis  brevibus  erectis  parce  adspersis,  interstitiis  alternis  valde  indistincte  tessellatis,  autennaruni 
scapo  subgracili,  articulo  tertio  secundo  longiore. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3^-4^. 

Habitat  Portum  Sanctum :  sub  lapidibus  in  campis  aridis,  necnon  in  vinetis  mox  pone  cram  mari- 
timaiu  sitis,  Decembri  excunte  a.d.  1848  plurima  specimina  detexi. 

A.  elongate-subovate,  piceous,  or  brownish-piceous,  and  sparingly  variegated  with  a  fine,  decumbent, 
somewhat  coppery-cinereous,  or  greenish-cinereous  pubescence, — of  an  exceedingly  variable  nature, 
but  usually  reflecting,  when  viewed  obliquely,  more  or  less  of  a  dull  metallic  lustre.  Rostrum 
and  prothorax  as  in  the  last  species,  except  that  the  latter  is  usually  widest  about  the  middle 
(instead  of  a  little  behind  the  middle),  and  is  very  much  more  densely  punctured, — the  punctures 
however  having  generally  a  slight  tendency  to  radiate  as  in  that  insect,  but  with  the  intermediate 
ones  (even  under  the  microscope)  scarcely  perceptible.  Elytra  rather  deeply  punctate-striated  ; 
free  from  additional  pile  except  at  the  extreme  apex,  where  there  are  a  few  very  short  bristles,  or 
stiflF  hairs ;  the  alternate  interstices  very  obscurely  tessellated  with  denser  portions  of  the  pubes- 
cence,— occasionally  however  rather  distinctly  so  behind,  where  the  suture  also  is  sometimes  a 
little  more  evidently  paler,  or  blotched,  than  in  most  of  the  other  species.  Antenna  fusco-ferru- 
ginous,  or  fusco-testaceous ;  their  scape  generally  a  little  paler  than  the  remainder,  and  rather 
slender :  the  second  joint  of  their  funiculus  distinctly  longer  than  the  first.  Legs  rather  long, 
varying  from  rufo-ferruginous  into  testaceous,  and  simple  in  both  sexes :  the  tarsi  with  their 
terminal  joint  rufo-testaceous. 

The  A.  ineonstans  may  be  known  by  its  comparatively  large  size  and  obscurely 
tessellated  surface  (which,  although  of  a  very  variable  natiu-e,  has  generally  more 
or  less  of  a  tlull  coppery  or  golden-green  tinge  when  \-iewed  obliquely),  by  its 
densely  pim^ctured  prothorax,  somewhat  elongated  legs,  and  by  its  scape  being 
rather  slender  at  the  base.  In  the  first  joint  of  its  funiculus  being  distinctly 
shorter  than  the  second  it  agrees  with  the  A.  instahUis ;  nevertheless  its  much 
greater  bviUc,  longer  limbs,  and  the  less  robust  base  of  its  antennae  will  at  once 
separate  it  from  that  insect.  It  is  apparently  peculiar  to  Porto  Santo,  where  I 
captured  several  specimens,  diu'ing  December  1848,  from  beneath  stones  on  the 
open  plain  of  the  Campo  de  Baxo,  and  in  the  low  sandy  idneyards,  to  the  south  of 
the  island,  immediately  behind  the  sea-beach. 

287.  Atlantis  mendax,  Wall. 

A.  elongato-ovatus,  antice  subangustatus,  piceus,  pube  subcinere^  vel  sub\Tridescenti-cinereii  robust^ 
depressa  variegatus,  prothorace  profundc  punctato,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  ad  apicem  setis 
brevibus  erectis  parcissime  adspersis,  interstitiis  alternis  valde  indistincte  tessellatis,  antennarum 
scapo  robusto  valde  eurvato,  articulis  secundo  et  tertio  subiequalibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  Sj-^. 

Habitat  Fortuiu  Sanctum,  ui  iisdcm  locis  ac  pncccduns,  scd  illo  rarior. 

A.  elongate-ovate,  and  a  little  narrowed  anteriorly,  piceous,  and  more  or  less  densely  clothed  with  a 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  377 

rather  robust,  decumbent,  cinereous,  or  somewhat  greenish-cinereous  pubescence.  Rostrum  and 
prothiirax  as  in  the  A,  inconstans ;  the  latter  however  with  its  widest  portion  perhaps  just  per- 
ceptibly less  medial,  and  also  rather  more  deeply,  and  not  quite  so  closely  punctured, — the 
larger  punctures  having  no  tendency  to  throw  out  radiating  lines,  and  the  intermediate  ones 
being  a  little  more  evident  than  those  of  that  species.  Elytra  rather  less  deeply  punctate- 
striated  than  in  the  A.  inconstans,  and  with  the  scales,  or  pubescence,  somewhat  more  robust, 
paler,  and  with  less  of  a  metallic  lustre.  Antenna  and  legs  as  in  the  last  species ;  except  that 
\h&  former  are  rather  shorter,  and  have  their  scape  much  robuster  at  its  base  (and  more  curved), 
and  with  the  first  and  second  joints  of  their  funiculus  subequal. 

The  distinctions  between  the  present  insect  and  the  last  have  been  ah-eady 
pointed  ont  in  the  above  comparative  description ;  and  it  will  be  sufficient  there- 
fore to  add  that,  whilst  in  point  of  size  it  is  intermediate  between  the  A.  inconstans 
and  the  A.  insfablUs,  and  is  in  general  structure  somewhat  allied  to  both ;  its 
anteriorly  subacuminated  form,  the  robustness  of  its  scales  and  scape,  and  the 
equality  of  the  first  and  second  joints  of  its  funiculus  would  seem  to  indicate, 
apart  from  minor  differences,  that  it  is  a  true  species,  and  no  local  state  of  either 
of  them.  Three  examples  only  have  hitherto  come  under  my  observation ;  which 
I  captured,  from  beneath  stones,  on  the  Campo  de  Baxo  of  Porto  Santo  during 
December  184)8. 

288.  Atlantis  instabilis,  WoU. 
A.  elongato-ovatus  vel  subovatus,  fusco-piceus  vel  ferrugineus,  pube  subcinerea  vel  subfulvescenti- 
cinerea  depressa  variegatus,  prothorace  profunde  punctato,  elytris  punetato-striatis,  ad  apiceni 
setis  brevibus   erectis   parce  adspersis,  interstitiis  alternis  plus  minusve  indistincte  tessellatis, 
antennarum  scapo  subrobusto  valde  curvato,  articulo  tertio  secundo  paulo  longiore. 
Variat  elytris  rotundatioribus,  vel  interstitiis  alternis  baud  perspicue  tessellatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-3i. 

Habitat  in  Portu  Sancto,  vulgaris ; — sub  lapicUbus  in  Campo  de  Baxo,  sed  prsesertim  super  promon- 
torium  quoddam  orfe  septentrionalis,  mensibus  Decembri  et  Aprili  a  meipso  lectus. 

A.  more  or  less  elongate-ovate,  or  ovate,  brownish -piceous  or  ferruginous,  and  rather  densely  clothed 
with  a  decumbent  fulvo-cinereous,  or  subcinereous  pubescence, — which  has  sometimes  a  brownish- 
golden  tinge,  but  very  rarely  any  admixture  of  green.  Rostrum  and protkorax  as  in  the  A.  mendaw ; 
the  latter  being  perhaps  rather  more  closely,  though  equally  deeply  punctured.  Elytra  punctate- 
striated  ;  free  from  additional  pile  except  at  the  extreme  apex,  where  there  are  an  exceedingly 
few,  and  very  short  bristles,  or  stiffish  hairs;  the  alternate  interstices  more  or  less  obscurely 
tessellated  with  denser  portions  of  the  pubescence,  but  sometimes  so  faintly  so  as  to  appear 
altogether  untessellated.  Antennae  and  legs  as  in  the  A.  mendax ;  except  that  the  former  have 
the  scape  perhaps  not  quite  so  robust  (though  very  much  thicker  at  its  base  than  that  of  the 
A.  inconstans), — and  with  the  second  joint  of  their  funiculus  a  little  longer  than  the  first. 

By  far  the  commonest  and  most  unstable  of  aU  the  Porto  Santan  Atlantides, — 
scarcely  two  specimens  out  of  more  than  thirty,  from  which  the  above  description 

3c 


378  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

has  Ijeen  compiled,  being  exactly  alike.  In  the  tessellation  of  its  elytra  it  passes 
through  many  degrees  of  relative  obscurity, — until,  in  some  instances,  the  pubes- 
cence displays  no  traces  of  variegation  whatsoever,  being  uniformly  of  a  brownish- 
ciuereous  hue.  It  may  however  be  generally  recognised,  in  all  its  stages,  from  the 
A.  mendax  and  the  prc\dous  species  (with  wliich  alone  it  could  be  confounded),  by 
its  far  smaller  size  (some  of  the  extreme  examples  scarcely  attaining  so  much  as 
three  lines  in  length),  and  by  the  second  joint  of  its  fimiculus  being  distiactly 
longer  than  the  fli"st.  In  this  last  respect  however  it  approaches  (though  only  to 
a  certain  extent)  the  A.  inconstans ;  nevertheless,  in  addition  to  its  comparatively 
diminutive  bulk,  it  is  abundantly  separated  from  that  insect,  not  only  by  the 
robustness  and  cau'vatm-c  of  its  scape  and  by  its  shorter  limlxs,  but,  likewise,  by  its 
different  sculpture,  colour,  and  form.  It  is  essentially  an  inhabitant  of  barren 
exposed  spots,  occurring  beneath  stones  in  localities  but  slightly  elevated  above 
the  shore.  On  the  open  plain  of  the  Campo  de  Baxo,  but  especially  on  the 
summit  of  a  rounded  cliff  on  the  northern  coast  (whilst  searching  for  the  large  and 
beautiful  Helix  lenludinaUs),  I  captured  it  in  considerable  abundance,  during 
December  1818  and  AprH  1819. 

289.  Atlantis  excelsiis,  Woll. 

A.  ovatus  convesus  fusco-niger,    pube   subfulvcscenti-,    vcl    subaurescenti-olivacea   depress^   dense 
variegatus,   rostro  breviusculo  crasso,  prothorace  brevi   j)UQctato,   elytris  pimctato-    (an  potius 
crcnato-?)  striatis,  ncc  pilis  nee  setis  superadditis  adspersis,  interstitiis  alternis  plus  minusve 
distincte  tessellatis,  antcnnarum  scapo  gracili,  articulis  secundo  et  tertio  subsqualibus. 
Var.  |3.  elytris  setulis  subrigidis  brevissimis  superadditis  undique  obsitis. 

Long,  coi-p.  lin.  2^-85. 

Habitat  per  totani  regionem  Madcrtc  syhaticam,  sed  prsesertim  inter  1000'  et  5000'  s. m.,  a;state  non 
int'requens  :  folia  Laiiroruni  destruit,  etiam  die  vagans. 

A.  ovate  and  convex,  dark  brow-nish-piceous,  and  densely  variegated  with  a  fine,  decumbent,  greenish- 
brown,  or  somewhat  olivaceous  pubescence, — reflecting  more  or  less,  when  viewed  obliquely,  a 
dull  golden  lustre.  Rostrum  rather  short,  and  scarcely  at  all  dilated  at  its  apex ;  occasionally 
with  a  tendency  to  be  longitudinally  strigulose ;  and  with  a  central  channel  between  the  eyes, 
which  is  sometitnes  replaced  in  front  by  a  slightly-raised  line,  or  keel.  Prothorax  short,  widest 
about  the  middle ;  transversely  convex  behind  the  middle,  and  with  the  extreme  anterior  margin 
often  a  little  raised ;  closely  and  rather  roughly  punctured ;  and  usually  more  distinctly  keeled 
in  the  centre  than  is  the  case  with  any  of  the  preceding  si)ccies.  Eh/Ira  punctate-  (or,  more 
strictly  jierhaps,  crenate-)  striated ;  free  from  additional  erect  ])ile  in  all  ])ortions  of  their  surface  ; 
the  alternate  interstices  more  or  less  distinctly  tessellated  with  denser  portions  of  the  pubescence. 
Antennts  somewhat  slender,  and  ferruginous  ;  their  scape  very  slightly  curved,  slender  at  its  base, 
and  rather  suddenly  thickened  towards  its  extremity :  and  with  the  first  and  second  joints  of 
their  funiculus  subcqual.  Lcffs  as  in  the  preceding  species,  but  somewhat  slender. 
Var.  /3.  with  the  elytra  densely  beset  all  over  with  most  minute,  subcrect  additional  bristles,  or  stiff 
hairs. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  379 

There  can  be  but  little  fear  of  confounding  tlie  present  Atlantis  mtli  any  of  the 
remainder  here  described,  the  only  one  which  it  assimilates  in  the  least  being  the 
A.  Schaumn, — with  which  it  agrees  in  the  equality  of  the  first  and  second  joints  of 
its  funiculus,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  in  its  convex  and  ovate  form.  It  may 
however  be  at  once  recognised  from  that  insect  by  the  somewhat  straight,  and 
more  suddenly  clavated  scape  of  its  antennre,  by  its  thicker,  and  less  apically- 
divergcnt  rostrum,  by  its  shorter,  wider,  and  more  deeply  sculptured  prothorax, 
and  by  its  more  posteriorly  acuminated  elytra, — which  last  are  not  only  more 
closely  covered  and  tessellated  with  scales  and  have  their  striaj  crenated  rather 
than  punctate,  but  entu'ely  want  the  longer  additional  hairs  which  are  so  con- 
spicuous towards  the  hinder  quarters  of  that  insect.  Added  to  which,  its 
pubescence  is  not  merely  denser,  but  is  altogether  of  a  different  colour  from  that  of 
the  A.  Schmtmii, — being  of  a  uniformly  dull  olivaceous-,  or  golden-brown,  and 
completely  free  from  the  bright  metallic  green  tinge  which  characterises  the  small 
portion  wliich  exists  on  tliat  insect.  Its  habits  moreover  are  of  a  totally  different 
nature  from  those  of  the  A.  Scliaumii,  being  sylvan,  alpine,  diiu'ual,  and  solitary ; 
whereas  the  latter  agrees  in  every  respect  with  the  other  aberrant  Atlantides, — 
congregating  in  vast  numbers  beneath  stones  on  the  exposed  mountain-slopes  of 
low  and  intermediate  elevations,  from  which  it  never  wanders  except  by  night.  It 
is  the  only  Madeiraii  representative  of  the  present  division  of  the  genus  which  I 
have  hitherto  been  able  to  detect ;  being  not  uncommon  during  the  summer 
months  throughout  the  forest  regions,  though  apparently  attaining  its  maximum 
towards  their  upper  limits, — from  about  4000  feet,  perhaps,  to  nearly  5000  above 
the  sea.  It  is  found  on  the  native  laurels  in  the  densest  parts  of  the  wooded 
districts,  the  whole  of  my  specimens  having  been  obtained  by  beating  the  foliage 
during  the  daytime,  when  they  were  always  in  an  active  state.  I  have  captured  it 
on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas  in  June ;  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  the  Cruzinhas, 
the  Faual,  and  at  the  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Jofio  Delgada,  in  July ;  and  at  the 
Ribeiro  Frio  in  August. 

In  its  normal  state  it  may  be  immediately  distinguished,  apart  from  other 
(though  not  less  important)  differences,  by  its  perfect  freedom  from  additional  erect 
pile,  which  is  not  traceable  even  at  its  hinder  extremity  ;  and  the  var.  (3.,  in  which 
the  entire  surface  of  the  elytra  is  thickly  beset  with  short  and  minute  setse,  is 
scarcely  less  remarkable,  being  unparalleled  in  any  of  the  other  species  of  Atlantis, 
— though  exactly  represented  in  the  Cyphoscelis  distoHa,  an  insect  of  which  the 
habits  are  exceedingly  similar.  The  var.  /3.  is  decidedly  rare ;  nevertheless  I  have 
taken  it  at  the  Cruzinhas,  at  the  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Joao  Delgada,  and  at  the 
Ribeiro  Frio. 

290.  Atlantis  Schamnii,  Woll. 
A.  brevi-ovatus  convexus  piceus,  pube  subviridescenti-,  vel  subaurescenti-micante  depress^  parcissime 
variegatus,  protborace  leviter  punctato,  elytris  subglobosis  punctato-striatis,  apicem  versus  setis 

3  c  2 


380  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

erectis  parce  adspersis,  interstitiis  alternis  vix  tessellatis,  antennarum  scapo  subgracili  curvato, 
articulis  secundo  et  tertio  subaqualibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2V-3. 

Habitat  in  suinmo  montc  illo  Portus  Sancti  "  Pico  do  Castello  "  dicto,  sub  lapidibus  ruinas  castclli 
exolcti  circunijaccntibus,  mensibus  Aprili  et  ^laio  a  mcipso  copiosissime  collectus  :  species  valde 
distincta  et  iu  hoiiorein  amici  II.  Schaum,  Beroliui,  citata. 

A.  ovate  and  convex,  dark  piceous,  and  most  sparingly  variegated  with  a  rather  robust,  decumbent, 
greenish,  or  golden-green  pubescence, —  reflecting,  when  viewed  obliquely,  a  metallic  lustre. 
Rostrum  not  so  thick  as  iu  the  A.  excelsus,  and  more  divergent  at  its  apex.  Prothurax  neither  so 
short,  nor  proportionably  so  wide  as  in  that  insect,  also  much  less  deeply  punctured,  and  with  its 
mdest  point  perhaps  ju.st  perceptibly  less  medial.  Elytra  more  strictly /w«cte/e-striated  than  in 
that  species,  subglobosc,  and  more  suddenly  shortened  behind  ;  very  distinctly  besprinkled  witii 
erect,  additional,  stiffish  hairs  towards  their  posterior  region ;  the  alternate  interstices  scarcely 
at  all  tessellated,  though  in  fresh  and  very  perfect  specimens  sometimes  tolerably  distinctly  so 
behind  (where  the  scales  reflect  more  or  less  of  a  golden-greenish  splendour).  Antenna  and  legs 
as  in  the  A.  excelsus;  except  that  they  are  altogether  a  little  robustcr, — especially  the  scape  of  the 
former,  which  is  also  rather  more  curved  and  less  suddenly  clavated  at  its  extremity. 

The  distinctions  between  the  present  insect  and  the  A.  excelsus  have  been 
ah'cady  pointed  out,  not  only  in  the  above  comparative  diagnosis,  but  likewise  in 
the  observations  under  that  species.  It  will  be  suificient  therefore  to  remark,  that 
in  its  shortened  and  sul)globosc  outline,  in  its  very  sparingly  pubescent  surface, 
and  in  the  additional  erect  pile  with  which  the  entu'e  posterior  j)ortion  of  its  el\"tra 
is  besprinkled,  it  recedes  from  the  whole  of  the  genus  (except  the  A.  Force, — which 
may  possibly  be  a  local  variety  of  it)  here  described ;  whilst  its  habits  are  rather 
more  of  a  mountain  character  than  those  of  the  other  Porto  Sautan  representatives 
of  the  grou^).  The  only  sjjot  iu  A\hich  I  have  ever  ol^served  it  iu  any  profusion  is 
at  the  extreme  summit  of  the  Pico  do  Castello,  where  it  literally  aboimds ;  and 
where,  during  May  of  1848  and  April  of  1849,  I  captured  it  in  vast  numbers,  from 
beneath  the  large  slabs  of  stone  \vithin  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  fort.  I  have  dedi- 
cated the  species  to  my  friend  Dr.  H.  Schamn  of  Berlin. 


291.  Atlantis  Fora3,  JVoll. 

A.  ovatus  subsenescenti-piceus,  pube  subviridescenti-micante  depress^  parcissime  variegatus,  pro- 
thorace  subpunctato,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  apicem  versus  setis  longis  erectis  adspci-sis,  inter- 
stitiis alternis  vix  tesscllatis,  antennis  breviusculis  scapo  curvato,  articulis  secundo  et  tertio  sub- 
fequalibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  2^. 

Habitat  in  insulA  quadam  parvA  juxta  promontorium  Saucti  Laureutii  Maderas  llheo  de  Fora  dictfi, 
sub  lapide  d.  19  Mart.  1849  reportus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  381 

A.  ovate,  but  less  convex  and  rounded  tliaii  the  A.  Schaumii,  piceous,  with  (especially  on  the  elytra)  a 
distinctly  brassy  tinge,  and  most  sparingly  variegated  with  a  rather  robust,  decumbent  pubescence, 
of  much  the  same  character  as  that  of  the  A.  Schaumii.  Rostrum  and  prothorax  as  in  that 
species ;  except  that  the  latter  is  less  evidently  punctured, — being  in  fact,  on  the  disk,  only  sub- 
punctate.  Elytra  as  in  the  A.  Schaumii,  except  that  they  are  not  quite  so  inflated  and  convex, 
or  so  abruptly  shortened  behind,  and  with  the  additional  erect  pile  which  is  sprinkled  over  their 
apical  region  both  longer  and  somewhat  denser.  Antennce  and  legs  as  in  that  insect,  except  that 
the  former  are  just  perceptibly  shorter,  and  perhaps  a  little  more  robust. 

As  just  stated,  the  unique  insect  from  which  the  above  description  has  been 
drawTi  out  may  perhaps  be  but  a  local  variety  of  the  A.  Schaumii ;  nevertheless, 
as  it  appears  to  possess  small  distinctive  characters,  which  are  sufficient,  I  think, 
if  constant,  to  indicate  an  additional  species,  I  have  preferred  retaining  it  as 
separate  until  at  any  rate  future  investigations  shall  decide  the  point.  My  single 
example  was  captured  by  myself  on  the  Ilheo  de  Eora  (the  small  detached  rock 
which  constitutes  the  extremity  of  the  Ponta  de  Sao  Lam-engo),  during  an  expe- 
dition to  that  minute  island,  with  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Armitage,  on  the  19th  of 
March  1849. 

Genus  124.  OMIAS.    (Tab.  VII.  fig.  8.) 

(G-ermar)  Schon.  Cure.  Disp.  Meth.  190  (1826). 

Corpus  parvum,  ovatum  vcl  subrotundatum,  convexum,  subglabrum  vel  (rarius)  pube  variegatum  : 
rostro  brevi,  supra  piano,  ad  apicem  plus  minusve  attenuato  et  (in  speeiebus  Maderensibus) 
triangulariter  emarginato  ;  scrobe  (in  typieis  brevi  subcurvata,  sed  in  nostris)  oblonga  lata,  versus 
medium  rostri  ascendente;  oculis  subrotundatis  :  prothorace  ant  subconico,  aut  ad  latera  rotun- 
dato  :  scutello  (in  typieis  baud  vel  vix  observando,  sed  in  nostris)  perspicuo  sed  parvo  :  elytris  (m 
typieis)  valde  convexis  :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna  (VII.  8  a)  in  speeiebus  Maderensibus  longse 
subgraciles ;  scapo  curvato,  ad  apicem  parum  subito  clavato ;  funiculo  7-articulatOj  articulis 
primo  et  secuudo  (illo  praecipue)  longiusciilis  crassiusciilis,  reliquis  subnodosis ;  clava  elongato- 
ovata,  obscure  articulata.  Pedes  (VII.  8  b)  in  utroque  sexu  simplices ;  tibiis  masculis  fere  (vix 
omnino,  nisi  fallor)  inarmatis,  sed  anticis  ad  apicem  ipsum  (in  maribus  vix  magis  quam  in  foe- 
minis)  plerumque  leviter  incurvis. 

The  insects  which  I  have  referred  to  Omias  are  by  no  means  normal  represen- 
tatives of  it ;  nevertheless  the  great  difficulty  of  obtaining  anything  like  iixed 
structural  characters  from  the  external  details  of  these  smaller  Cyclomides  renders 
it  desirable  not  to  multiply  the  genera  more  than  is  necessary,  especially  where 
no  decided  reasons  exist  for  suspecting  the  several  modifications  assumed  to  be 
geographical  variations  (like  Atlantis)  from  some  central  ty|)e.  In  fact,  two  out 
of  the  three  species  described  below  approach  very  closely,  as  already  stated,  to 
the  lesser  aljerrant  Atlantides ;  and  it  is  the  disj)arity  of  size  more  than  any  thin  «■ 
else,  between  even  the  extremes  (in  opposite  directions)  of  the  respective  groups, 
which  enables  us  to  draw  the  line  of  demarcation  between  them.  The  O.  JFater- 
housei,  however,  would  appear,  in  its  subglobose  and  almost  glabrous  body,  and  in 


382  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

its  nearly  obsolete  scutellum,  to  agree  better  with,  the  ordinary  Oiniades  than 
either  the  O.  ventrosus  or  the  O.Jlafi];)es;  and  I  am  by  no  means  certain  that  it 
might  not  be  more  natiu-al  to  regard  the  last  two  as  minute  Atlaatides,  and  the 
first  one  only  as  an  Omias.  Still,  I  prefer,  upon  the  whole,  the  present  arrange- 
ment, since  there  are  a  few  particulars,  even  independently  of  bulk  (as,  for 
instance,  their  entii-ely  pilose  elytra,  their  perceptibly  acuminated  rostrum,  and 
the  basal  joint  of  then-  funiculus  being  distinctly  longer  than  the  second),  which 
would  seem  to  imply  that  the  space  l^etween  the  Atlantis  Force  and  the  Omias 
ventrosus  is  more  than  a  specific  one.  Be  this  however  as  it  may,  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  two  at  least  out  of  the  Madoiran  members  of  Omias  (as  I  have 
defined  them  to  be)  are  very  intimately  related,  in  real  affinity,  to  the  aberrant 
Atlantides, — since  they  have  not  only  a  \'isible  scutellum,  and  their  front  tibia? 
more  apically  incurved  than  is  the  case  with  the  prevailing  northern  forms,  but 
theii"  surfaces  arc  densely  pubescent  and  by  no  means  vmusually  convex,  and  the 
groove  of  their  (somewhat  long  and  slender)  antennae  is  altogether  wider,  and  not 
nearly  so  abbre\'iated  as  that  which  exists  in  the  Omiades  proper. 

§1.   Corpus  plus  minii^ve  avatmn  pubeseens  ;  scutello  distincto. 

292.  Omias  ventrosus,  WoU. 

O.  subovatus  piceo-nigcr,  pube  infuscato-cinercri  robusta  depressa  tectus,  prothorace  profiinde  punc- 
tato,  clytris  punctato-striatis,  pilis  brevissiiuis  paruin  rigidis  suberectis  plefumque  undique 
obsitis,  interstitiis  alteruis  iuterdum  obsolete  tessellatis,  antennis  pedibusque  fusco-ferrugincis. 

Long.  Corp.  bn.  l|-2. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  graminosis  cditioribus  Maderse,  tempore  hiberno  et  vernali,  vulgatissimus, — 
inter  4000'  et  5000'  s.  m.  pncdominans. 

O.  subovate,  black  or  jiiceous-black,  and  ratber  densely  clothed  with  a  robust,  decumbent,  dull 
brownish-cinereous  pubescence.  Rostrum  shoi't,  thick,  and  roughly  punctured  :  the  eyes  I'ather 
prominent.  Prothorax  deeply  punctured ;  with  the  sides  rounded ;  and  widest  about,  or  a  little 
behind  the  middle.  Elytra  not  very  convex,  and  usually  widest  a  little  behind  the  middle ; 
punctate-striated ;  beset  all  over  with  exceedingly  short,  robust,  suberect  additional  hairs  (which, 
although  usually  distinct,  are  however  occasionally  scarcely  perceptible) ;  the  alternate  interstices 
with  a  tendency  to  be  very  obscurely  tessellated  with  denser  portions  of  the  pubescence.  Antenna 
and  legs  dull  brownish-feri-uginous,  and  more  or  less  darkly  infuscated  in  parts. 

A  most  abundant  insect,  dtu-ing  the  Avinter  months,  on  the  grassy  mountain- 
slopes  of  jMadeira  at  lofty  elevations, — apparently  attaining  its  maximum  between 
the  limits  of  from  4000  to  abovit  5000  feet  above  the  sea.  On  the  somewhat  flat 
and  exposed  district  towards  the  base  of  the  Pico  da  Silva  (on  the  Caminho  de 
Meio),  and  along  the  itpland  ridges  from  the  P6uso  and  the  Fonte  das  !Mocas  to 
the  Pico  da  Lagoa,  and  from  thence  to  the  Pico  dos  Axieros ;  as  well  as  on  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  383 

liills  above  the  Allegria  and  Sao  Roque,  I  hare  observed  it,  from  November 
until  April,  in  the  utmost  profusion, — congregating  beneath  stones,  in  company 
with  other  alpine  insects  which  delight  in  similar  localities.  As  already  stated,  I 
do  not  view  it  as  a  true  Omias ;  and  have  merely  placed  it  in  its  present  position, 
as  being  u.nwilling .  to  multiply  genera  more  than  is  necessary  in  these  obscure 
departments  of  the  smaller  Ci/clomides :  and  I  may  repeat,  that  it  is  far  from 
improbal)le  that  intermediate  specific  links  will  be  brought  to  light  to  connect  it 
with  Atlantis,  and  that  so  it  may  eventually  be  found  desirable  to  regard  it,  along 
with  the  O.  ceiiescens,  as  a  minute  aberrant  member  of  that  group. 

293.  Omias  senescens,  Woll. 

O.  ovatus  senescenti-nigro-piceus  subnitidus,  pube  senescenti-cinerea  robusta  depressa  parce  tectus, 
pi'othorace  subcylindrico  profunde  punctate,  elytris  subconvexis  punctato-striatis,  pilis  lougis 
moUibus  erectis  undique  dense  obsitis,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-ferrugineis  vel  fere  testaceis. 

Long,  coi-p.  lin.  l|-lf . 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  ac  O.  ventrosus,  una  cum  illo  degens,  sed  multo  rarior. 

O.  ratber  rounder  and  more  ovate  than  the  O.  ventrosus,  also  generally  more  piceous,  and  with  a 
distinctly  Eeneous  tinge,  slightly  shining,  and  rather  sparingly  clothed  with  a  robust,  decumbent, 
subcinereous,  or  brassy-cinereous  pubescence.  Rostrum  and  prothorax  as  in  the  last  species ; 
except  that  the  eyes  are  perhaps  a  little  less  prominent,  and  the  latter  somewhat  more  cylindrical, 
— being  less  rounded  at  the  sides,  and  not  quite  so  broad  in  the  middle.  Elytra  more  inflated 
and  convex  than  in  that  insect,  and  widest  about,  or  just  before  the  middle ;  punctate-striated ; 
densely  beset  all  over  with  rather  long,  soft,  or  silken,  erect  additional  hairs  (very  much  softer 
and  longer  than  those  of  the  O.  ventrosus) ;  the  alternate  interstices  with,  apparently,  scarcely 
any  tendency  to  be  longitudinally  tessellated.  Antenna  and  legs  pale  rufo-ferruginous,  or  occa- 
sionally almost  rufo-testaceous ;  the  latter  a  little  robuster,  in  proportion,  than  those  of  the  last 
species. 

The  alcove  comparative  description  will  l)e  sufficient  to  point  out  the  distinctions 
between  the  present  insect  and  the  last, — its  more  ovate  and  convex  body,  added 
to  its  more  shining  and  perceptil^ly  brassy  surface,  the  denser,  softer,  and  longer 
erect  pile  with  which  it  is  beset,  its  somewhat  cylindrical  prothorax,  and  its  paler 
limbs,  at  once  separating  it,  apart  from  minor  differences,  from  that  species.  It  is 
apparently  extremely  rare,  and  is  found  in  company  with  the  O.  ventrosus, — the 
few  specimens  which  have  come  beneath  my  observation  having  lieen  captm-ed  by 
myself,  during  the  winter  and  spring  of  181-9,  on  the  lofty  upland  ridges  between 
the  Fonte  das  Mo9as  and  the  Pico  dos  Arieros  (from  about  4000  to  5000  feet  above 
the  sea).  In  its  great  scarcity  indeed  it  offers  a  striking  contrast  to  its  ally, — 
which,  as  ah*eady  stated,  is  not  only  universal,  but  exists  in  literal  profusion 
throughout  most  of  the  exposed  alpine  districts  of  the  island  (but  amongst  the 
large  numbers  of  which,  however,  it  is  not  impossible  that  it  may  have  been 
occasionally  overlooked). 


384  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

§  II.  Corpus  plus  minusve  sulfflohoso-ovatum  fere  fflabrum  ;  seutello  minutissimo. 

294.  Omias  Waterhousei,  nw.    (Tab.  YII.  fig.  8.) 

O.  iubglobosus  valde  arcuato-couve.xus  nitidiis,  obsoletissime  subviridcsccnti-,  vel  subcyanescenti-ater 
et  undique  subtiliter  punctulatus^  prothorace  subconico,  elj'tris  punctato-striatisj  antennis  pedi- 
busque  rufo-ferrugineis. 
Var.  ^.  paulo  major  et  ovatior,  vLx  minus  nitidus,  elytris  leviter  striato-punctatis.     (Ins.  Deserta 
Grandis.) 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-2. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  superioribus  Maderse,  prsesertim  in  graminosis  a  3000'  usque  ad 
4000'  s.  m.,  toto  anno  frequens  :  var.  /3.  sola  in  Deserta  Grandi,  et  illic  tantum,  nisi  fallor, 
occurrit,  qua  mensibus  Januario  a.d.  1849  et  Maio  a.d.  1850  plurima  specimina  cepi. 

In  honorcm  peritissimi  G.  R.  WaterhousCj  Musei  Britannici  comiti,  qui  tamdiu  scientise  naturalis 
magister  nomen  Anglicanum  honoribus  sustulit,  hoc  insectum  valde  iudigenum  nuucupavi. 

O.  .subglobose-ovate,  being  exceedingly  convex  and  regularly  arcuated  above  (there  being  no  depres- 
sion at  the  junction  of  the  prothorax  with  the  elytra),  intense  black,  with  a  just  perceptibly 
greenish  or  bluish  tinge,  shining  and  almost  glabrous,  and  minutely  punctulatcd  all  over.  Ros- 
trum very  short  and  thick ;  considerably  attenuated  towards  the  apex ;  more  roughly  punctured 
than  the  rest  of  the  surface,  and  with  a  tendency  to  be  longitudinally  strigulose  :  the  eijes  very 
much  depressed.  Prothurax  subconical,  being  widest  at,  or  immediately  in  front  of,  its  extreme 
base;  without  any  appearance  of  a  dorsal  line;  and  usually  with  an  exceedingly  few  scales,  of  an 
opaline,  greenish-white,  or  golden-green  tinge,  scattered  about  its  sides.  Elytra  much  inflated 
and  convex,  and  usually  mdest  about  midway  between  its  centre  and  base;  rather  lightly 
punctate-striated ;  entirely  free  from  erect  hairs  or  pile,  but  with  a  few  scattered  depressed  scales 
(similar  to  those  on  the  prothorax)  generally  apparent  towards  its  base  and  apex, —  especially  the 
former,  where  they  are  often  tolerably  distinct  about  the  region  of  the  shoulders.  Anienrue  and 
leffs  rufo-ferruginous. 
Var.  (3.  larger  and  more  ovate,  just  perceptibly  less  shining,  and  with  the  elytra  more  lightly 
sculptured  (not  only  the  striae  being  less  perceptible,  but  the  punctures,  also,  shallower), — and 
more  strictly  striate-punctate  than  punctate-striate.     (The  state  peculiar  to  the  Dezerta  Grande.) 

A  triily  iudigenous  insect, — its  intensely  dark,  subglabrous,  higlily  polished, 
minutely  punctulated,  very  convex,  and  I'egularly  arcuated  iipper  sui-face,  added  to 
its  short,  ovate  outline,  conical  prothorax,  and  acuminated  rostrum,  giving  it  a 
character  which  it  is  impossible  to  mistake.  The  just  perceptibly  greenish  or  cya- 
ncous  tinge,  moreover,  which  is  traceable  in  all  parts  of  its  body,  except  on  the 
liml)s  (which  arc  pale  rufo-ferruginous),  in  conjunction  witli  the  exceedingly  few 
opaline,  or  greenish-white  scales  which  are  scattered  about  its  sides,  and  which 
reflect,  when  viewed  obliquely,  more  or  less  of  a  metallic  lustre,  imjaart  a  peculiar 
additional  shade  to  its  (otherwise)  deep  black  hue,  wliich  I  do  not  remember  to 
liave  noticed  in  any  other  insect  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  Although  by  no 
means  an  ordinarv  Oiuias,  it  has  rather  more  in  conunon  with  that  crenus  than 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  385" 

either  tlie  0.  ventrosus  or  tlie  O.  cenescens, — its  excessively  minute  scutellura,  Lu 
connection  with  its  inflated  and  ahnost  impubescent  form,  calling  to  mind  some  of 
the  Omiades  of  more  northern  latitudes.  Still,  in  the  structure  of  its  rostral 
groove  and  antennae,  it  agrees  better  with  the  Madeiran  type  through  which  we 
have  just  passed,  and  which  descends  (liable  to  sul)sidiary  modifications)  from 
Laparocerus  and  Atlantis,  through  the  aberrant  Atl  an  tides,  until  its  distinctive 
features  are  almost  lost  sight  of  in  these  smaller  groups.  It  is  a  common  insect  on 
all  the  mountain- slopes  of  Madeu'a,  between  the  Hmits  of  from  2000  to  5000  feet 
above  the  sea,  but  is  perhaps  most  abundant  about  midway  between  those 
extremes.  It  occurs  throughout  the  whole  year,  though  more  particularly  during 
the  winter  and  spring, — at  which  seasons  I  have  observed  it  in  great  profusion  on 
the  grassy  decli^dties  of  the  Curral  das  Ereii'as,  and  on  the  exposed  ridges  above 
the  Allegria  and  Sao  Roque.  I  have  however  captured  it  on  the  Lonibo  das  Vacas 
in  June,  at  the  Cruzinhas  and  the  Fanal  in  Jiily,  and  at  the  Eeijaa  de  C6rte  in 
August.  It  exists  likewise  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  where  it  will  be  perceived,  from 
the  above  diagnosis,  that  the  specimens  assume  a  distinct  state  peculiar  to  that 
island, — and  where,  dm'ing  January  1849  and  May  1850,  I  collected  a  series  of 
examples  from  beneath  stones  on  the  great  western  promontory.  I  have  dedicated 
the  species  to  my  friend  G.  E..  Waterhouse,  Esq.,  of  the  British  Museum,  whose 
long  attention  to  the  Curculionidce  is  well  known,  and  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for 
much  valuable  assistance  in  the  comparison  of  the  insects  of  this  work. 


Genus  125.  ANEMOPHILUS,  WoU.    (Tab.  VII.  fig.  7,  9.) 

Corpus  parvum,  ovatum,  convexum,  pube  variegatum :  7-ostro  et  scrobe  ut  iu  genere  prsecedenti,  seel 
illo  paulo  breviore,  vix  oculos  attingente,  et  postice  minus  piano ;  oculis  minutis  subrotnndatis 
demissis :  prothorace  ad  latera  sub?equaliter  rotundato  :  scutello  vel  minutissimo  vel  distincto : 
"  elytris  subconnatis,  ad  humeros  rotundatis  :  alls  obsoletis.  Antemice  (VII.  7  a,  9  a)  breves  crassse ; 
scapo  cm-vato,  ad  apicem  clavato;  funiciilo  7-articiilato,  articulo  primo  magno  crasso  obconico, 
secundo  minore,  reliquis  brevibus  subnodosis;  clava  ovata,  obscure  articulata.  Pedes  breves 
robusti :  tibiis  in  utroque  sexu  similibus  et  apice  valde  setuloso-ciliatis ;  anticis  apicem  versus 
dilatatis,  ad  apicem  internum  leviter  incurvis,  ad  externum  vel  truncatis  vel  acutis ;  posterioribus 
(VII.  7  b,  9  b)  ad  apicem  subito  plus  minusve  dilatatis,  angulis  iuterno  et  extemo  subsequalibus 
acutis. 

Ab  avefMo^  ventus,  et  cf)tXo<;  amicus.     (Typus — Anemophilus  crassus.) 

The  three  singular  little  insects  which  I  would  include  imder  the  present  genus, 
possess  so  many  peculiarities  of  theu*  own,  that  it  is  impossible  to  admit  them, 
even  as  a  separate  section,  into  Omias,  the  distinctive  modifications  of  then*  un- 
usually short  and  thick  limbs  receding  altogether  from  the  corresponding  details 
of  the  Omiades  (as  represented  in  Madeira),  and  seeming  to  imply,  apart  from 
minor  differences,  that  they  are  correctly  treated  as  members  of  an  independent, 
though  nearly  allied  (and,  to  a  certain  extent,  subsidiary)  group.      As  regards 

3d 


386  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

indeed  tlieii-  antennae  and  tiljiio,  they  are  remarkably  well-defined,  since,  irrespect- 
ively of  their  comparative  robustness  and  diminished  length,  the  former  have  the 
basal  joint  of  their  funiculus  much  larger  and  broader  than  the  second,  and  their 
club  very  much  rounder  and  more  ovate  than  is  the  case  with  any  of  the  preceding 
forms ;  whilst  the  latter  have  their  extremity  (either  in  all  the  legs  or  else  in  the 
two  hmder  pair  only)  suddenly  (and  in  one  instance  considerably)  expanded,  so  as 
to  cause  both  angles  to  be  not  only  somewhat  acute,  but  siihequalhj  prominent. 
And  if  we  look  at  tlieir  secondary  characters  we  shall  not  fail  to  discover  other 
features  likewise,  which  (whilst  of  a  less  imjiortant  nature  in  themselves),  when 
combined  with  those  just  mentioned,  will  additionally  tend  to  render  the  isolation 
of  the  species  in  question  both  natiu-al  and  convenient.  Thus,  in  theu*  excessively 
small  eyes  and  laterally-rounded  prothorax,  as  well  as  in  theii"  very  lightly  striated 
sm'faces  and  their  rather  shorter  rostral  groove,  they  would  appear,  scarcely  less 
evidently,  to  merit  detaclmient  from  the  remainder  of  the  minute  Cyclomides  with 
which  we  have  here  to  do :  and  I  think  it  far  from  improbable  that  they  may  in 
reality  constitute  a  portion  of  a  little  geographical  assemblage  indigenous  (if  not  to 
Porto  Santo  exclusively,  at  any  rate)  to  the  islands  of  the  Madeii-an  group.  With 
the  exception  of  the  lower  elevation  to  wliich  theu*  range  is  confined,  the  Anemo- 
j)hili,  in  their  haljits,  have  a  good  deal  in  common  mth  the  members  of  the  last 
genus,  residing  beneath  stones  in  the  most  exposed  and  barren  spots  :  nevertheless 
they  would  appear  also  to  harbour  amongst  lichen  in  the  crevices  of  the  rocks, — a 
propensity  which  is  never  indicated,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  any  of  the  Omiades. 

§  I.  Tibia  ad  apieem  valde  dilatatw,  anticw  ad  angulum  externum  suh2)roduct<s  :  antennarum  scapus  leviter 

curvatus  :  scuteUum  minutissimuvi  punctifurme. 

295.  Anemophilus  crassus,  WoU.    (Tab.  VII.  fig.  7.) 

A.  subrotundato-ovatus  convexus  fusco-niger  vel  fuscus,  pube  cuprescenti-cinerea  subtLli  depresssi 
parce  variegatus,  prothorace  ruguloso-subpunctato,  elytris  leviter  punctato-substriatis,  autennis 
tarsisque  fusco-ferrugineis,  oculis  minutissimis  demissis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^-lf . 

Habitat  Portum  Sanctum,  sub  lapidibus  in  rupium  fissmis,  necnon  inter  lichenes  ibidem  nascentes, 
tempore  biberno  et  vemali  vulgaris :  in  asccnsu  moutis  Pico  d'Anua  Ferreira  dicti  abundat,  qua 
Dccembri  mcnse  a.d.  1848  copiosissime  inveni. 

A.  sbort,  roundish-ovate  and  convex,  brownish-black,  or  of  an  entirely  rusty-brown  hue,  and  rather 
sparingly  clothed  with  an  excessively  fine,  decumbent,  and  somewhat  ashy  pubescence, — which, 
when  viewed  obliquely,  reflects  more  or  less  of  a  cojjpery  tinge.  Rostrum  very  short  and  thick  ; 
and  considerably  attenuated  towards  the  apex :  the  eyes  exceedingly  small,  and  very  much  de- 
pressed. Prothorax  convex,  with  the  sides  regularly  and  considerably  rounded,  being  widest 
about  the  middle ;  roughened,  and  obscurely  punctulated.  ScuteUum  extremely  minute,  and 
punctiform.     Elytra  convex,  especially  behind  the  middle,  and  rather  suddenly  shortened,  or 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  387 

bent  inwards  towards  their  apex ;  very  lightly  punctate-striated  ;  without  the  slightest  indication 
of  either  additional  pile  or  setae;  and  with  the  alternate  interstices,  apparently,  untessellated. 
Aniennes  and  tarsi  (and  sometimes  the  entire  legs)  brownish-feri-uginous ;  the  latter  with  their 
tibice  considerably  dilated  at  their  extremity, — the  inner  and  outer  angles  being  subequally 
prominent. 

The  present  species,  and  the  A.  suhtessellatus,  agree  in  their  excessiyely  small, 
punctiform  scutelliim,  and  in  the  comparatively  slight  ciu'vature  of  then*  scape. 
Nevertheless  the  A.  crassus  recedes  from  that  insect  in  its  perceptibly  shorter  and 
more  inflated  body,  in  its  less  opake,  and  much  less  densely  pubescent  surface,  in 
its  rather  more  evidently  abbreviated  antennse,  and  in  the  absence  of  any  appear- 
ance either  of  minute  additional  setae  or  of  tessellation  from  its  elytra.  Its  tibiae, 
moreover,  are  much  more  dilated  at  their  termination,  and  the  anterior  pair 
(instead  of  being  somewhat  roimded  off)  are  slightly  produced  at  theii*  outer  angle, 
—  a  structure  which,  in  conjunction  with  the  incurved  interior  one  (which  obtains 
throughout  the  whole  of  these  groups),  causes  theu"  extremity  to  be  unusually 
robust  and  broad.  It  occurs  beneath  stones  on  the  grassy  ledges  of  the  rocks,  as 
well  as  amongst  lichen,  in  the  mountains  of  Porto  Santo, — where,  in  certain  posi- 
tions, it  is  extremely  common  from  the  begianing  of  the  winter  to  the  early  spring. 
Dui'Lag  my  residence  in  that  island,  with  the  Rev.  "W.  J.  Armitage,  in  December 
18J;8,  I  captured  it  in  great  profusion  on  the  Pico  d'Anna  Ferreii-a,  especially 
towards  the  eastern  ascent  from  the  Campo  de  Baxo. 


§  II.  TiUcB  ad  apicem  minus  dilatatm,  anticm  ad  angulum  externum  subtruncatce. 
A.  Antennarum  scaptis  leviter  curvatus  :  scutellum  minutissimum  punciiforme. 

296.  Anemophilus  subtessellatus,  TT^oIl 

A.  ovatus  subconvexus  niger,  pube  subcuprescenti-,  vel  subvii-idesceuti-cinerea  subtih  depress^  dense 
variegatus,  prothorace  ruguloso-subpunctato,  elytris  leviter  punctato-substriatis,  setulis  minu- 
tissimis  brevissimis  (interdum  vix  observandis)  rigidis  erectis  undique  dense  obsitis,  interstitiis 
alternis  plus  minusve  obscure  submaculoso-tessellatis,  antennis  tarsisque  fusco-ferrugineis,  oculis 
minutis  subdemissis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^r-lf. 

Habitat  ins.  Portus  Sancti,  inter  lichenes  in  rupium  fissuris  crescentes,  una  cum  Anemophilo  crasso 
degens, — ab  autumno  usque  ad  ver  primum  vulgaris. 

A.  ovate,  but  not  quite  so  round  or  so  convex  as  the  A.  crasstts ;  also  of  a  darker  and  less  rasty  hue, 
and  more  densely  clothed, — the  pubescence  moreover  being  of  a  rather  more  yellowish-green 
tinge.  Rostrum,  prothorax,  and  scutellum  as  in  that  insect;  except  that  the_^Vs/  is  perhaps  just 
perceptibly  longer,  and  the  second  not  quite  so  convex  or  so  broad  in  the  middle :  the  e^Jes  also 
not  quite  so  minute^  and  a  Uttle  more  prominent.     Elytra  less  convex  than  in  the  last  species, 

3d  2 


388  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

and  not  quite  so  abruptly  shortened  behind ;  very  lightly  punctate-striated ;  densely  beset  all 
over  with  extremely  minute  (though  robust)  additional  setfe,  which  in  some  specimens  are  only 
perceptible  when  viewed  obliquely  ;  and  with  the  alternate  interstices  obscurely  tessellated,  or 
dappled,  especially  behind.  Antenrue  and  legs  as  in  the  last  species  ;  except  that  the  former  are 
just  perceptibly  longer,  and  that  the  /«^/er  have  their  tibice  much  less  dilated  at  their  extremity, — 
the  outer  apical  angle  moreover  of  the  front  pair  being  (even  proportionably)  less  prominent. 

An  equally  abundant  insect  with  the  last  in  Porto  Santo,  from  the  autumn  to 
the  early  spring.  It  is  however  more  peculiarly  attached  to  lichen  than  that 
species,  since  it  occurs  almost  exclusively  in  the  crevices  of  the  weather-beaten 
rocks,  and  is  scarcely  ever  foimd  beneath  stones.  In  December  of  1848  and  April 
of  ISiO  I  observed  it  in  literal  profusion  on  the  ascent  of  the  Pico  d'Anna 
Ferreii-a,  in  company  with  the  A.  crassus,  the  Lichenophagus  fritilliis,  the  Tar- 
phius  Lotoei,  and  the  Ftimis  nodulus,  albopictns,  and  fmgilis, — in  all  of  which  the 
hal)its  have  the  same  lichen-infesting  tendency. 

B.  Antennarwn  scapus  valde  curvatus :  scutellum  distinctum  triangulare. 

297.  Anemopliilus  trossulus,  WoU.    (Tab.  "\T:I.  fig.  9.) 

A.  oblongo-ovatus  convexus  seneo-piceus   nitidus,  pube  senescenti-,  vel  flavescenti-cinerea  robusta 

depressa  parce  variegatus,  prothorace  profunde  punctato,  elytris  leviter  punctulatis,  obsoletissime 

striatis,  pilis  mollibus  suberectis  parcissime  adspersis,  antennaruin  basi  pedibusque  fusco-ferru- 

gineis,  ocuhs  paulo  majoribus  subprominulis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  li-li. 

Habitat  in  Portu  Sancto,  rarissime, — sub  lapidibus  baud  procul  a  basi  montis  Pico  d'Anna  Ferreira  a 
meipso  repertus. 

A.  ovate  and  convex,  but  rather  more  oblong  and  parallel  than  either  of  the  foregoing  species  j  brassy- 
piceous,  and  shining  (especially  the  elytra),  and  rather  sparingly  clothed  with  an  exceedingly 
robust,  decumbent,  brassy-  or  yellowish-cinereous  pubescence.  Rostrum  rather  broader  at  the 
apex  than  is  the  case  with  either  of  the  other  species ;  the  eyes,  also,  a  little  larger  and  more 
prominent.  Prothorax  with  the  sides  regularly,  and  almost  equally  rounded  ;  decjily  punctui-ed, 
— the  punctures  being  large  and  oblong,  with  minute  rounded  ones  between  them.  Scutellum 
very  much  larger  than  in  either  of  the  other  species,  and  triangular.  Elytra  somewhat  parallel 
towards  their  base,  and  rounded  behind  ;  with  shallow  punctures  all  over,  only  a  portion  of  them 
having  a  tendency  (so  faint  as  to  be  only  just  perceptible)  to  arrange  themselves  in  longitudinal 
rows ;  sparingly  besprinkled  (the  prothorax  likewise)  with  veiy  soft,  suberect  additional  hairs ; 
and  with  the  alternate  interstices  apparently  untessellated.  Antenna  short,  with  then-  scape 
much  curved ;  dull  brownish-ferruginous,  the  funiculus  being  generally  darker.  Legs  ferruginous, 
with  their /o(o-  hiiuler  tibia-  only  slightly  dilated  at  their  extremity,  and  the  front  pair  with  their 
outer  apical  angle  rounded  off. 

A  most  interesting  little  insect,  receding  from  the  other  members  of  the  present 
group  not  only  in  its  smaller  and  more  oblong  form  and  less  acuminated  rostriuu, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  389 

but  likewise  iu  its  comparatively  large  and  triangular  scutellum,  in  its  shining, 
brassy  surface  (on  which  there  are  distinct  indications  of  suberect  additional  pile), 
in  its  deeply  punctm-ed  prothorax,  and  in  its  elytra  being  scarcely  perceptibly 
striated.  In  the  structure  of  its  antennae  and  legs,  moreover,  it  differs  slightly 
from  the  two  preceding  species, — since  the  former  have  their  scape  more  curved, 
whilst  the  latter  are  but  slightly  expanded  at  their  extremity,  and  have  the  outer 
apical  angle  of  the  front  pair  regularly  rounded  off.  With  such  characters  as 
these,  it  is  possible  that  it  may  not  be  correctly  associated  with  the  AnemopMli, 
as  described  above ;  and  hence  I  have  removed  it  into  a  separate  section,  in  case 
that  future  investigations  should  render  it  desirable  to  detach  it  from  the  group. 
It  does  not  appear  to  have  any  tendency  to  assume  the  lichen-infesting  habits  of 
its  allies,  the  few  specimens  which  I  have  liitherto  taken  having  been  from 
beneath  stones  in  the  open  country,  and  at  low  elevations.  The  Campo  de  Baxo 
of  Porto  Santo  is  the  only  district  in  which  I  have  observed  it,  where  I  captured 
several  examples,  principally  towards  the  eastern  base  of  the  Pico  d' Anna  Perreira, 
during  April  of  1849. 

Genus  126.  LICHENOPHAGUS,  WoU.    (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  l  et  3.) 

Corpus  sat  parvum,  elongato-ovatum,  vix  convexum,  densissime  squamoso-variegatum  :  rostro  ut  in 
Anemopliilo,  sed  paulo  longiore  et  subparallelo  (apicera  versus  vix  acuminato) ;  scrobe  magna 
lata,  infra  ocidos  profunda  et  ibidem  curvata ;  oculis  parvis  subrotundatis  :  prothorace  ad  latera 
rotundato :  scutello  minuto  subtriangulari :  elytris  subeonnatis :  alts  obsoletis.  Antenna  (VIII.  I  a) 
ut  in  genera  praecedenti,  sed  paulo  longiores,  scape  valde  curvato  atque  ad  apieem  multo  magis 
incrassato.  Pedes  (VIII.  1  b)  valde  robusti,  in  utroque  sexu  simplices,  tibiis  anticis  ad  apieem 
ipsum  solum  incm-vis. 

A  Xixv^  lichen,  et  (payelv  edere.  ' 

It  is  not  without  some  hesitation  that  I  propose  another  genus  amongst  these 
obscm-e  Cyclomides ;  and  I  would  merely  therefore  wish  to  regard  the  present  one 
as  provisional,  since  it  is  not  improbable  that  intermediate  species  may  occur  to 
connect  it  Avith  the  last,  to  which  in  many  respects  it  is  clearly  allied.  Still,  in 
the  absence  of  those  links,  which  we  cannot  assume  to  exist,  it  is  not  possible 
to  admit  the  two  insects  which  represent  Lichenopliagus  into  that  division,  their 
simple  tibiae,  ia  conjunction  with  theu"  immensely  thickened  and  greatly  curved 
scape,  and  theu-  large  and  deep  antennal  groove  (which  scarcely  ascends  so  high  as 
that  which  obtains  in  AuemopMlKs,  or  at  any  rate  is  more  apparent  and  arcuated 
beneath  the  eyes),  at  once  preventing  such  an  amalgamation :  whilst,  in  addition 
to  these  primary  distinctive  characters,  their  superior  bulk  and  densely  scaly 
(instead  of  pubescent)  sm-faces,  combined  with  their  apically  broader  and  almost 
parallel  rostrum,  then'  less  duninutive  eyes,  and  theu-  longer  and  even  robuster 
limbs,  would  seem  stiU  further  to  render  their  isolation  necessary.  They  appear 
to  be  of  entirely  lichen-infesting  habits,  in  which  respect  they  agree  with  the 


390  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Anemophilus  siihtesselhttus, — ^"ith  wliicli  (wliilst  thoy  recede  from  it  in  all  the 
above-mentioned  particulars)  they  have  a  greater  affinity  than  with  either  of  the 
other  members  of  the  preceding  group. 

298.  Lichenophagns  fritillus,  Woll.    (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  1.) 

L,  elongato-ovatus  fusco-nigerj  squamis  infuscato-cinereis  densissime  variegatus,  prothorace  profunde 
punctato,  elytris  punctato-striatis  ad  apicem  sub-abrupte  terminatis,  interstitiis  alternis  Isete 
squamoso-tessellatis,  antennis  fusco-piceis,  tarsis  diluto-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Habitat  in  rupium  fissnris  Portus  Sancti,  inter  lichenes  ibidem  crescentes,  tempore  hiberno  et  vernali, 
non  infrequens  :  in  moute  Pico  d'Anna  Ferreira  dicto  prtecipue  abundat,  quu  Decembri  mense 
A.D.  1848  copiose  observavi. 

Ij.  elougate-ovatc,  brownish-,  or  rusty-black,  and  exceedingly  densely  clothed  with  flat,  pai'tially  over- 
la])ping,  closely  set,  pale  brownish,  or  brownish-cinereous  scales.  Rostrum  wide,  but  almost 
parallel,  being  scarcely  at  all  attenuated  towards  the  apex.  Prothorax  with  the  sides  rounded, 
being  widest  just  behind  the  middle ;  rather  produced  anteriorly ;  deeply  punctured,  and  more 
or  less  variegated  with  ashy  and  brown  scales.  Elytra  somewhat  convex  (and  usually  a  little 
widened)  behind  the  middle,  being  rather  suddenly  shortened  towards  their  apex  ;  punctate- 
striated  ;  the  alternate  interstices  generally  very  distinctly  and  prettily  tessellated  with  paler  and 
dai'ker  patches  of  the  scales.  Antennte  with  their  scape  dull  brownish-piceous ;  their  funiculus 
and  club  being  usually  a  little  brighter.  Lei/s  more  or  less  brownish-piceous,  with  the  tarsi 
testaceous. 

Apart  from  aU  other  characters  (which  nevertheless  have  been  pointed  out),  the 
present  insect  and  the  following  one  may  be  at  once  recognised  from  the  a\  hole  of 
the  other  Cyclomides,  wliich  we  have  as  yet  considered,  by  their  densely  scaly 
(instead  of  pubescent)  sm-faces,  in  which  respect  they  coincide  with  ScoUocerus  and 
Tracliyphlosiis,  as  well  as  with  certain  members,  such  as  Acalles  and  Ti/cMiis,  of 
the  3Iecorlujnchi, — the  fu-st  of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  Gonatocerous  Curcu- 
lionidce.  The  L.  fritillus  tliffers  from  the  L.  Hcumiiiatiis  in  its  comparatively  ovate 
outline,  and  in  its  paler,  more  deeply  sculptured,  and  generally  prettily  tessellated 
surface, — on  wliich  moreover  there  is  scarcely  the  slightest  indication,  except  under 
a  very  high  magnifjang  power,  of  the  erect  additional  seta3  so  conspicuous  on  that 
species.  It  is,  apparently,  peculiar  to  Porto  Santo,  where  however,  dui-ing  the 
^\inter  and  early  spring,  it  is  tolerably  common  in  particular  spots,  amongst  lichen 
ill  the  fissures  of  the  exposed  weather-beaten  rocks.  On  the  ascent  of  the  Pico 
d'Anna  Ferreira  from  the  east  I  have  taken  it  abundantly,  in  company  with 
other  insects  of  similar  habits, — though  more  especially  at  only  a  short  distance 
1)elow  the  extreme  summit  of  the  mountain.  Although  of  a  very  gregarious 
nature,  it  is  exceedingly  partial  in  its  distribution,  since  on  many  of  the  moun- 
tains which  offered  precisely  similar  conditions  for  its  existence  I  could  detect  no 
traces  of  it  whatsoever. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  391 

299.  Lichenophagus  acuminatus,  tToU.    (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  3.) 
L.  elongatus  oblongo-ovatiis  fusco-niger,  squamis  siibcinereo-brunneis  densissime  tectus  et  undique 
setulis  rigidis  erectis  dense  obsitus,  protborace  punctate,  elytris  leviter  punctato-striatis,  sub- 
parallelis  ad  apieem  leviter  acuminatis,  interstitiis  alternis  vix  tessellatis,  antennis  fusco-piceis, 
tarsis  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Habitat  in  insula  Desertse  Grandis,  semel  tantum  (Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1850)  repertus. 

L.  rather  slenderer  than  tbe  L.  fritillus,  and  less  ovate,  being  more  parallel  and  oblong ;  also  of  an 
obscurer  and  more  rusty  brown  hue,  being  less  variegated  with  paler  and  darker  scales ;  densely 
beset  all  over  with  short,  robust,  and  erect  setae,  which  however  are  longer  and  more  perceptible 
on  the  elytra  than  on  the  prothorax.  Rostrum  and  prothorax  as  in  that  species,  except  that  they 
are  not  quite  so  deeply  punctured,  and  that  the  widest  point  of  the  latter  is  perhaps  rather  more 
strictly  medial.  Elytra,  likewise,  rather  less  deeply  punctate-striated;  more  parallel  at  their 
base  and  less  shortened  behind,  their  apex  being  comparatively  produced  or  acuminated ;  .the 
alternate  interstices  very  much  less  tessellated  than  in  that  insect,  being  apparently  almost  con- 
colorous  with  the  rest  of  the  surface.  Antenna  and  leffs  as  in  the  L.  fritillus ;  except  that  the 
latter  are  a  little  longer,  and  have  their  tarsi  of  an  obscurer  testaceous,  or  ferruginous. 

Hitherto  unique,  tlie  example  from  which  the  above  diagnosis  has  been  com- 
piled ha\-ing  been  discovered  by  myself  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  during  my  encamp- 
ment on  that  island  with  the  Ptev.  E,.  T.  Lowe,  at  the  end  of  May  1850.  It  is  an 
exceedingly  distinct  species,  as  may  be  gathered  from  the  description.  Like  most 
of  the  Cyclomides,  its  habits  are  noctui'nal, — my  specimen  having  been  captured 
at  night,  attracted  by  the  light  of  a  candle,  on  the  inner  canvass  of  my  tent. 

Genus  127.  SCOLIOCERUS,  Woll.    (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  2.) 

Corpus  sat  parvum,  sub-oblongum,  vix  convexum,  parce  lutoso-squamosum  et  undique  setosum:  rostro 
brevi,  supra  piano,  ad  apieem  leviter  attenuate  et  integi-o  (nee  triangulariter  emarginato) ;  scrobe 
profunda  subsinuata,  medium  oculi  attingentc ;  oculis  rotundatis  :  prothorace  subangusto,  ad 
latera  a^qualiter  rotundato :  scutello  distincto  triangidari :  eli/tris  subconnatis,  basi  conjuuctmi 
emarginatis:  afe  obsoletis.  Antenna  (VIII.  2  a)  breves  crassissimse  setosre;  scapo  vel  ad  basm 
subito  angulato-flexuoso  abrupte  incrassato  atque  inde  ad  apieem  latitudine  subsequali,  vel 
omnino  curvato  atque  apieem  versus  facilius  (tamen  valde)  incrassato;  funiculo  7-articidato, 
articulo  primo  crasso  brevi,  reliquis  vel  brevissimis  longitudinc  subsequalibus,  vel  secundo  paulo 
longiore ;  clava  ovata,  obscurissime  articulata.  Pedes  valde  robusti,  setosi :  femoribus  clavatis, 
basi  pedunculatis :  tibiis  vel  subcurvatis,  posterioribus  apieem  versus  acuminatis,  vel  anticis 
solum  subcurvatis ;  omnibus  ad  apieem  (praesertim  externum)  valde  setuloso-eiiiatis,  ad  apieem 
internum  (prsesertini  in  posterioribus)  in  uncum  acutissimum  detlexum  productis,  necnon  intus 
ante  apieem  plus  minusve  constrictis. 

A  (7Ko\w<;  flexus,  et  Kepav  cornu.      (Typus — Scoliocerus  Maderce.) 

Wliilst  somewhat  related,  in  general  aspect,  to  Tmcliyphlceus,  the  two  singular 


392  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

bisects  described  below  possess  so  many  peculiarities  of  theii*  own,  that  they  cannot 
be  referred  to  any  of  the  groups  hitherto  published  in  this  section  of  the  Curcu- 
noiiidiB.  They  possess  perhaps  a  greater  affinity  with  Cathormiocei^us  than  with 
anything  else  with  which  I  am  acquainted ;  nevertheless  many  of  the  most 
essential  features  of  that  genus  (as,  for  instance,  the  triangularly  emarginated 
rostrum,  the  submedial  insertion  of  the  antennae  with  their  do^Tiwardly-curved 
groove,  the  obsolete  scutellum,  and  the  straightened  tibiae)  are  altogether  wanting 
to  them.  In  fact,  in  the  entire  front  margin  of  their  rostrum  and  the  central 
]iosition  of  its  lateral  canal,  in  the  details  of  their  enormously  thickened  and 
apically-inserted  antenna?,  as  well  as  in  their  distinct  scutellum  and  rather  largely- 
developed  and  acute  tibial  spine,  they  recede  from  the  whole  of  tlie  recognised 
types  in  this  department  of  the  Cyclomides ;  whilst  the  curiously  distorted  and 
liasaUy  angulated  scape  of  the  fli'st  of  the  following  species,  together  with  the  con- 
struction of  the  tibiae  of  them  both  (which  m  the  ^S".  Maderce  have  the  fi-ont  pair 
deeply  emarginated  internally,  and  in  the  ^S".  cnrvlpes  the  foiu"  posterior  ones  con- 
sideraljlj"  curved  and  acuminated  towards  theu"  extremity),  ■rtII  serve  additionally 
to  characterize  them.  In  then*  habits  I  believe  them  to  be,  at  any  rate  partially, 
attendant  upon  Ants'  nests,  being  usually  found  beneath  stones  on  the  grassy 
mountain-slopes  in  positions  where  the  Ants  are  more  particularly  abundant, — 
and  then*  anomalous  structure  rather  favourmg  such  an  hy]^)othesis.  At  all 
events,  whetlier  this  l)e  the  case  or  not,  it  is  eWdont  that  such  localities  are  not 
essential  for  them, — since  in  certain  districts  I  have  observed  them,  occasionally, 
far  removed  from  the  habitations,  or  indeed  fi'om  any  traces,  of  Ants. 


§  1.  Antennarum  scapus  mox  po7ie  basin  suhito  angulalo-flexuosus  atque  ibidem  abrupte  incrassatus,  deiit 
usque  ad  apican  latitudine  subteqiialis ;  articulo  secundo  brevi  {sequentibus  hand  longiore).  Tibia 
antica  subcwvatce,  initis  ante  apicern  emarginato-eonstnctcB,  suram  sub-basalem  efficientes. 

300.  Scoliocenis  Maderae,  WoU.    (Tab.  YIII.  fig.  2.) 
S.  piceo-niger  subnitidus  puree  lutoso-squamosus,  prothorace  crebrc  punctato,  elytris  subpunctato- 
striatis,  interstitiis  setis  suberectis  longiusculis  seriatim  instructis,  antennis  pedibusque  ferrugiueis. 
Long.  eorp.  lin.  lJ-2. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  Maderse,  prnesertim  in  graminosis  minus  elevatis,  hine  inde  non  infrequens, — 
formiearum  nidos,  nisi  fallor,  colens. 

S.  oblong,  and  a  little  shining,  piceous-black,  and  sparingly  clothed  with  dirty,  browuish-white,  mud- 
like  scales.  Rostrum  very  slightly  attenuated  towards  the  apex,  and  longitudinally  channeled. 
Prothorax  with  the  sides  regularly  rounded,  being  widest  in  the  middle, — but  altogether  a  good 
deal  narrower  than  the  clj-tra ;  very  closely,  and  rather  deeply  punctured  ;  and  usually  somewhat 
densely  clothed  with  scales  at  its  lateral  edges.  Elytra  nearly  parallel ;  sub])unctute-striated  ; 
the  interstices  flattened,  and  each  beset  with  a  single  row  of  rather  long,  suberect  setae, — which 
however  are  often  comparatively  few  in  number  (or  at  any  rate  obliterated)  on  the  disk.    Antenna 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  393 

and  legs  more  or  less  ferruginous  :  the  funner  rather  the  darker  of  the  two ;  extremely  robust ; 
with  the  second  joint  of  their  funiculus  excessively  short  (being  of  the  same  length  as  each  of  the 
following  ones) ;  and  with  their  scape  suddenly  bent  (or  angulated),  and  thickened,  immediately 
in  front  of  its  base,  from  which  point  it  is  greatly  incrassated  the  whole  way  to  the  apex, — and, 
compared  with  that  of  the  following  species,  of  subequal  breadth  throughout  the  entire  distance  : 
the  latter  with  i\\e'\v  front  tibia  alone  curved, — which  moreover  have  their  inner  edge  deeply  con- 
stricted, or  scooped  out,  at  a  considerable  distance  behind  then*  extremity. 

A  most  peculiar  insect,  the  basally-angiilated,  or  bent,  structure  of  its  scape, 
wliich  is  suddenly  thickened  at  that  point,  and  continues  excessively  robust  (and 
but  slightly  increasing  in  breadth)  the  whole  way  to  the  apex,  in  conjunction  with 
the  deeply  constricted  inner  margin  of  its  front  tibiae,  being  of  themselves  suffi- 
cient to  distinguish  it  from  every  other  member  of  the  Curculionidce  here  described. 
From  the  ^S*.  curvipes  it  may  be  known,  apart  from  the  above  (sectional)  charac- 
teristics, by  its  rather  shining  and  more  piceous  hue,  by  the  comparative  paucity 
of  the  dirty  mud-like  scales  with  which  it  has  a  tendency  to  be  clothed,  and  by 
the  somewhat  longer,  less  rigid,  and  generally  partially  obliterated  setae  with 
which  its  upper  surface  is  beset.  It  is  not  very  uncommon  on  the  grassy  slopes 
of  Madeira  at  rather  low  elevations.  On  the  high  cliffs  to  the  eastward  of 
Funchal,  below  the  Palheiro,  I  have  observed  it  more  abundantly  than  elsewhere, 
especially  diu'ing  the  autumnal  months ;  and,  as  abeady  stated,  I  think  it  far  from 
unlikely  that  it  may  be  an  attendant  upon  Ants'  nests ;  and  should  such  be  the 
case,  it  would,  in  all  probability,  be  found  in  greater  numbers  were  its  proper 
localities  more  rigidly  investigated. 


§  II.  Antennarum  seapus  omnino  eurvatus  atque  apicem  versus  facilius  (tamen  valde)  incrassatus ;  articulo 
secv/ndo  sequentibus  distincte  longiore.    Tihice  omnes  siibcv/rvateB,posteriores  apicem  versus  acuminatcB. 

301.  Scoliocerus  curvipes,  Woll. 

S.  fusco-niger  parum  dense  lutoso-squamosus,  prothorace  crebre  punctato,  elytris  subpunctato-striatis, 
interstitiis  setis  suberectis  breviuscuhs  valde  rigidis  subcrebris  seriatim  instructis,  antennis  pedi- 
busque  fusco-ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l|-2. 

Habitat  Maderam,  et  borealem  et  australem,  in  locis  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  sed  usque  ad  clivos 
montium  ascendens. 

S.  similar  to  the  S.  Madera,  bu.t  of  a  more  rusty  and  less  piceous  hue,  perfectly  opake,  and  more 
densely  clothed  all  over  with  mud-like  scales.  Rostrum  and  prothorax  as  in  that  species,  except 
that  the  former  is  perhaps  a  little  shorter  and  more  distinctly  attenuated  towards  the  apex. 
Elytra  with  the  setae  of  their  interstices  much  robuster  (though  perhaps  not  quite  so  long)  and 
rather  more  numerous, — having  less  of  a  tendency  moreover  to  be  rubbed  off,  or  obhterated,  on 
the  disk.  Antenna  ani  legs,  likewise,  darker  than  in  that  insect,  being  usually  of  a  dull  brownish- 
ferruginous  :  the  former  a  little  less  thick  than  those  of  the  S.  Madera ;  with  the  second  joint  of 

3  E 


391  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

their  funiculus  perceptibly  longer  than  any  of  the  follomng  ones ;  and  mth  their  scape  curved 
throughout  its  entire  length,  being  more  gradually  (although  considerably)  incrassated  at  its 
apex ;  the  latter  with  all  their  tibia  slightly  curved, — and  with  their  fuur  posterior  ones  very 
distinctly  acuminated  towards  their  extremity.  \ 

The  tlistinctions  between  the  present  species  and  the  preceding  one  hare  been 
ah'eady  doubly  pointed  out, — the  peculiarities  of  their  respective  antennce  and  legs 
being  more  than  sufficient,  even  alone,  to  identify  them.  The  construction  of  the 
tibise  of  the  aS*.  curvipes  is  in  fact  of  a  very  singular  nature,  theu*  gradually 
diminishing  breadth,  from  the  base,  added  to  their  slightly  arcuated  form  (more 
especially  cA^dent  however  in  the  two  hinder  pau's),  gi^^ing  them  a  most  unusual 
and  anomalous  appearance.  It  is  rather  more  common  than  the  S.  Madera;,  and 
of  a  somewhat  higher  range ;  but  in  other  respects  its  habits  are  very  similar  to 
those  of  that  insect.  On  the  mountain-slopes  above  Funchal,  particularly  towards 
the  Pico  da  Silva  (on  the  Caminho  de  Meio),  I  have  constantly  observed  it  from 
the  autumn  to  the  early  spring ;  and  dui'ing  July  of  1850  I  took  it,  sparingly,  in 
the  chestnut- woods  of  Santa  Anna. 

Genus  128.  TRACHYPHLffiUS. 

Germar,  Ins.  Spec.  i.  403  (1824). 

Corpus  sat  parvum,  ovatum,  convexum,  plerumquc  dcnsissime  squamosum  et  parce  setosum :  i-ostro 
longiusculo,  supra  piano,  lineari,  minus  lato,  ad  apicem  triangulariter  emargiuato ;  scrohe  pro- 
funda subrectii  elongata,  ad  medium  oculorum  ascendente  sed  cos  vix  attingente ;  oculis  rotun- 
datis  :  prothorace  brevi  transverso,  ad  latera  subampliato-rotundato,  antice  valde  truncato  :  scutello 
haud  ohservando :  ebjtris  subconnatis,  basi  conjunctim  subintegris :  alis  obsoletis.  Antennw 
breves  crassa;  et  parce  setosa;,  pone  apicem  rostri  insertje ;  scapo  recto,  apicem  versus  incrassato  ; 
funiculo  7-articulato,  articulo  primo  magno  crasso  obconico,  secundo  gracihore  et  paulo  breviore, 
reliquis  brevibus  transversis;  clava  ovata,  obscurissime  articulata.  Pedes  breviusculi,  valde 
robusti,  setosi :  femoribus  subclavatis :  tibiis  rectis,  ad  apicem  fortiter  spinuloso-ciliatis,  ad  apicem 
internum  (pra;sertim  in  postcrioribus)  in  uncum  minutum  acutum  detlexum  productis,  necnou 
intus  ante  apicem  leviter  constrictis. 

The  common  Em-opeau  genus  Trachyplilcexts  (which  appears  to  possess  but  a 
single  representative  in  the  Madeu'a  Islands)  may  be  kno^^^l  fi-om  its  allies  with 
wliich  we  have  here  to  do  by  the  ovate,  convex,  densely  scaly,  and  more  or  less 
setose  bodies  of  the  insects  which  compose  it,  by  theu'  short  and  transverse  pro- 
thorax,  linear  and  ratlicr  elongated  rostrum  (into  which  the  antcnnrc  are  inserted 
at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  apex),  and  by  their  uncm-ved  tibia;  and  scape. 
They  reside  principally  beneath  stones,  particularly  in  sandy  or  gravelly  spots ; 
and  are,  some  of  them,  I  believe,  occasionally  attendant  uj)on  i\jits. 

302.  Trachyphloeus  scaber. 
T.  ovatus  fusco-niger,  squamis  fusco-cinereis  densissime  tectus,  rostro  ante  basin  strigS  transversa 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  395 

impresso,  prothorace  brevi  insequali,  leviter  canaliculato  et  postice  utrinque  foveolato,  elytris  sub- 

punctato-striatis,  interstitiis  obsolete  tessellatis  et  setis  suberectis  brevibus  valde  rigidis  dispersis 

seriatim  instructis,  antennis  pedibusque  fusco-ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  liii.  3. 

Curculio  scaler,  Limi.  Fna  Siiec.  176  (1761). 

tesseUaUts,  Mshm,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  307  (1802). 

— scahriculus,  G-yll.  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  309  (1813). 

Trachypliloetis  scahriculus,  Schoii.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  ii.  490  (1834). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  Maderas,  et  borealis  et  australis,  toto  anno  frequens. 

T.  ovate  (being  rather  inflated  posteriorly)  and  opake,  brownish-black,  and  very  densely  clothed  with 
brownish-cinereous  scales, — which  often  assume  more  or  less  of  a  rusty  or  ferruginous  bue. 
Rostrum  rather  long  and  almost  linear  (being  of  nearly  equal  breadth  throughout),  obscurely 
channeled  in  the  centre,  and  with  a  straight  transverse  impression,  or  striga,  immediately  before 
the  base.  Prothorax  short  and  transverse,  and  with  the  sides  much  rounded, — ^being  widest  just 
behind  the  middle  ;  truncated  both  before  and  behind ;  rather  uneven,  and  with  a  shallow 
central  channel  and  a  (more  or  less  distinct)  rounded  fovea  on  either  side  behind.  Elytra  widest 
behind  the  middle  and  very  convex ;  subpuuctate-striated ;  the  interstices  ratber  convex,  usually 
a  little  tessellated,  and  each  beset  with  a  single  row  of  ratber  short,  suberect  and  very  stiff  setae. 
Antenna  and  legs  brownisb-ferruginous,  and  densely  clothed  with  scales  and  setfe;  the  latter 
rather  short. 

A  ttniversal  insect  througliout  Europe,  and  tolerably  common  in  Madeira  at 
rather  low  and  intermediate  elevations, — occurring  bencatli  stones  on  the  grassy 
slopes  both  in  the  north  and  south  of  the  island,  and  at  aU  seasons  of  the  year.  I 
have  taken  it  in  the  neighlwurhood  of  Funchal,  at  Sao  Vincente,  and  in  the  chest- 
nut-woods of  Santa  Anna,  at  times,  in  comparative  abundance. 


(Subf.  7.  BYRSOPSIDES.) 

Genus  129.  ECHINOSOMA,  Woll.    (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  5.) 

Corpus  sat  parvum,  ovatum,  gibboso-convexum,  setis  valde  rigidis  et  squamis  robustis  undique  densis- 
sime  tectum :  rostro  (VIII.  5  a)  longiusculo,  supra  piano,  lineari,  minus  lato,  subdeformi,  ad 
apicem  intcgro  (nee  emarginato),  leviter  curvato  et  inflexo  (ad  pectus  arete  applicando  sed  in 
canaliculam  pectoralem  baud  immerso) ;  scf)-obe  angusta  elougata  subflexuoso-obliqua,  longe  infra 
oculum  retrorsum  ducta ;  oculis  minutis  subrotundatis  demissis  :  jjrothorace  elongato  subangusto 
insequali,  ad  laiera  undulato,  antice  producto  et  leviter  acuminato :  scutello  baud  observando : 
elytris  subconnatis,  basi  conjunctim  leviter  emarginatis :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna  (VIII.  5  b) 
breves  graciles,  pone  apicem  rostri  inserts ;  scapo  recto,  ad  apicem  subito  (sed  leviter)  clavato,  per 
marginem  inferiorem  (prsesertim  versus  apicem)  longissime  et  parce  setoso ;  funiculo  5-articulato, 
articulo  primo  leviter  robusto,  secundo  graciliore  multo  longiore  subcylindrico,  reliquis  brevioribus 
longitudine  subajqualibus  latitudine  leviter  crescentibus  ;  clava  pilosa  ovata,  obscurissime  articu- 
lata.     Pedes  breviusculi  robustissimi,  longe,  fortiter  et  densissime  setosi :  femoribus  crassis  sub- 

3  E  2 


390  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

clavatis :  tibiis  subrectis  latis  compressis  breviusculis,  anterioribus  ad  apicem  externum  in  uncum 
parvum  acutum  decun'um  productis,  sed  posticis  (VIII.  5  c)  simplicibus  («'.  e.  baud  uncinatis)  : 
tarsis  pilosis,  sed  baud  setosis. 

Ab  i-xlvo<;  echinus,  et  croifjM  corpus. 

Thi'oughout  all  the  Madeiran  Curculionidce  there  is  perhaps  no  form  more 
anomalous  than  that  which  is  displayed  by  the  singular  insect  from  which  the 
above  diagnosis  has  been  compiled.  Its  natm-al  position  in  the  family  is  indeed  at 
first  sight  anything  but  apparent,  its  outward  contour  calling  so  forcil)ly  to  mind 
some  of  the  members  (such  as  Trachodes  and  Acalles)  of  the  3Iecorhynchi,  as  to 
render  it  doubtful  whether  it  should  not  be  rather  referred  to  that  di\ision.  Still, 
in  its  misshapen  rostrum  and  in  the  subapical  insertion  of  its  antennae,  it  is,  even 
as  regards  its  primary  featui'es,  better  identified  mth  the  Brachyrhynchi ;  and,  after 
a  careful  consideration  of  the  various  points  of  its  structure,  I  have  but  little  doubt 
that  it  is  correctly  associated  with  the  Byrsopsides  of  Schonherr, — with  which  in 
the  ciu"vatm*e  and  situation  of  its  lateral  scrobs,  in  its  inflexed  rostrum  (which  is 
capable  of  being  compactly  lodged,  dui-ing  repose,  against  its  cliest),  in  its  ovate 
outline,  squamose  and  imeven  sm-face,  as  well  as  in  its  obsolete  scutellum  and 
freedom  from  wings,  it  entirely  agrees.  Nevertheless,  although  thus  far  coincident 
with  the  representatives  of  that  subfamily,  there  is  at  the  same  time  no  indication 
of  the  pectoral  groove  which  is  there  more  or  less  expressed, — whilst  in  its  excess- 
ively setose  body  and  cm'ious  antennte  it  offers  characters  essentially  its  own. 
These  last  in  fact  are  of  a  very  unusual  nature,  and  should  be  especially  noticed, — 
being  not  only  remarkably  slender,  as  compared  ^vith  the  general  robustness  of  the 
insect  (and  particularly  of  its  legs),  but  having  theu'  funiculus  composed  of  Jive 
joints  only,  whilst  the  extremely  long,  thick  and  svibsetiform  ap2)endages  \\\i\\ 
which  the  lower  edge  of  its  scape  is  fringed  are  altogether  unparalleled  in  any 
other  genus  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  Upon  the  whole,  however,  it  has  so 
much  more  in  common  with  the  Byrsopsides  than  wdth  any  other  recognised  por- 
tion of  the  Ctirculionidce,  that  I  have  no  hesitation  in  locating  it  there, — a  station 
which  is  the  more  plausible  in  the  present  instance,  as  happening  to  bring  it  into 
du'cct  contact  Anth  the  Cyclomideous  Trachyphlcei,  to  which  prima  facie  it  is 
somewhat  akin.  Its  habits  would  appear  to  be  precisely  those  of  Acalles,  -vA-ith 
which  it  is  principally  foimd  in  company, — and  from 'which,  when  its  rostrum  is 
closely  applied  against  its  prosternum,  it  is  not  easy  without  examination  to 
distinguish  it. 


303.  Echinosoma  porcellus,  WoU.    (Tab.  Till.  fig.  5.) 
E.   ovatum,  squamis  fuscis  robustis  setisque  valde  rigidis  erectis  undique  densissime  tectum,  pro- 
thorace  in  medio  transversim  sctoso-fasciculato,  clytris  profundc  subpunctato-striatis  mox  pone 
basin  transversim  setoso-fasciculatis,  fasciis  duabus  (so.  media  et  postmedia)  per  suturam  inter- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  397 

ruptis  subcinereis  obscure  ornatis,  antennis  gracilibus  ferrugineis,  pedibiis  valde  robustis  setosis, 
tarsis  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l|-2. 

Habitat  per  regionem  Maderae  sylvaticam,  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis,  pestate 
rarissimum  :  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  mense  Julio,  uecnou  ad  Feijaa  de  Corte  Augusto  ineunte, 
A.D.  1850  parce  collegi. 

E.  ovate,  piceous,  and  most  densely  clothed  with  robust  brownish  scales,  and  with  extremely  thick, 
rigid  and  erect  setse  intermixed, — which  are  partly  of  a  darker  and  partly  of  a  paler  colour  than 
the  scales.  Rostrum  rather  long  and  almost  linear  (though  unequally  thickened  in  depth  behind 
its  apex).  Prothorax  tolerably  elongated,  and  considerably  narrower  than  the  elytra;  uneven, 
and  with  the  sides  rather  undulated ;  a  good  deal  produced,  and  rather  acuminated,  anteriorly ; 
with  four  (more  or  less  distinct)  denser  fascicles  of  setae  transversely  arranged  across  its  central 
portion, — the  two  inner  ones  of  which  are  generally  very  apparent,  though  the  outer  ones  are 
often  nearly  obsolete.  Ehjtra  widest  behind  the  middle  and  convex  ;  deeply  subpunctate-striated, 
and  ^"ith  the  surface  more  or  less  uneven, — there  being  small  fascicles  of  darker  sette  transversely 
placed  (and  usually  sufficiently  apparent)  immediately  within  the  extreme  base,  and  sometimes 
indications  of  others  a  little  behind  the  middle  ;  and  with  two  transverse  and  somewhat  oblique 
fasciae  (one  of  which  is  medial  and  the  other  postmedial,  and  both  of  them  widely  inten'upted 
along  the  suture)  of  paler,  or  subcinereous  scales, — which  are  occasionally  however  exceedingly 
obscure.  AntenncE  slender,  comparatively  glabrous,  and  ferruginous.  Legs  extremely  thick  and 
robust,  and  most  densely  beset  with  rigid  setae, — except  the  tarsi,  which  are  ferruginous  and 
merely  pubescent. 

Apparently  extremely  rare,  and  confined  to  remote  sylvan  spots  of  intermediate 
altitudes.  It  occurs  beneath  stones  and  logs  of  wood,  in  company  with  different 
species  of  Acalles, — under  which  circumstances  I  took  it  sparingly,  during  July 
1850,  in  the  dense  region  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros ;  and  also,  in  August  of 
the  same  year,  at  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte. 

(Subf.  8.  MOLYTIDES.) 
Genus  130,  HYPERA. 

Germar,  Mag.  der  Ent..\\-.  335  (1821). 

Corpus  mediocre  vel  sat  parvum,  plus  minusve  oblongo-ovatum  vel  oblongum,  squamoso-variegatum 
et  pilosum :  rostro  parum  elongato  teretiusculo  lineari  subgracili,  ad  apicem  iutegro,  leviter 
arcuato ;  scrobe  obliqua,  infra  medium  oculi  retrorsum  ducta  sed  cum  vix  attingente ;  oculis 
ovatis  demissis  :  prothorace  ad  latera  saepius  subaequaliter  rotundato,  antice  subtrancato  :  scutello 
plerumque  minuto  triangulari :  ehjtris  liberis  :  alis  saepivis  (ut  in  speciebus  Maderensibus)  sat 
amplis  (rarissime  obsoletis).  Antenna  mediocrcs  subgraciles,  mox  pone  apicem  rostri  insertae; 
scapo  subrecto,  ad  apicem  subito  clavato ;  funiculo  7-articulato,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  elon- 
gatis  obconicis  (illo  robustiore),  reliquis  brevibus  latitudine  vix  crescentibus ;  clava,  elongato- 
ovali,  quadriarticulata.  Pedes  longiusculi :  femoribus  clavatis  :  tibiis  vel  rectis  vel  obsoletissime 
subcuiTatis,  ad  apicem  fere  muticis. 


398  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

The  immense  genus  Hypera  {=l?hytonomns,  Sclion.  a.d.  1826)  contains  insects 
which,  both  in  their  larva  and  perfect  states,  are  eminently  attached  to  the  foliage 
of  the  smaller  plants, — being  seldom  foimd,  like  the  Cyclomides,  beneath  stones  ; 
and  never  ia  any  way  connected,  like  so  many  of  the  earlier  groups,  with  the 
larger  vegetation  and  trees.  In  their  rather  narrow  and  subcylindi-ical  rostra 
they  slightly  recede  from  the  normal  members  of  this  di\dsion  of  the  Curcit- 
lionidfs,  in  which  the  flatness  and  breadth  of  that  portion  of  the  body  constitutes 
one  of  the  main  distinctive  featm*es;  whilst  in  their  more  or  less  pubescent 
surfaces,  nearly  unarmed  tibia?,  disengaged  elytra  and  usually  developed  wings, 
they  seem  to  belong  to  a  different  type  of  form  from  those  \^hich  we  have  just  left 
heliind  us.  They  are  subject  to  great  instability  in  the  coloiu"  and  arrangement  of 
their  scales ;  and  hence  it  is  that  varieties  have  been  often  described  as  species, 
and  true  species  lost  sight  of  amongst  varieties,  antU  the  greatest  confusion  as 
regards  their  synonymy  has  been  the  result.  Of  the  three  representatives  which 
have  been  hitherto  detected  in  Madeira,  two  are  abundant  throughout  Eiu-ope; 
whilst  the  tliird,  which  is  of  a  more  truly  indigenous  uatui-e,  would  seem  to  be 
peculiar  to  these  islands. 

304.  Hypera  lunata,  WoU. 

H.  nigra,  squamis  fuscis  et  fusco-nigrescentibus  densissime  tecta,  prothorace  plus  minusve  distincte 
trilineato,  elytris  fascieulis  minutissimis  nigrescentibus  undique  irroratis,  fascia  magna  commuui 
antemedia  luniformi  pallidiore  ornatis,  antennis  pedibusque  ferragineis  et  squamoso-variegatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3^. 

Habitat  Maderam  et  Portum  Sanctum,  rarior :  in  ilM  mihi  non  obvia,  tamcn  plurima  specimina,  in 
horto  quodam  ad  Sanctum  Antonium  capta,  nuper  communicavit  Dom.  Leacock  ;  sod  in  hoc 
egomet  obsenavi,  qua  mense  Aprili  a.d.  1848  in  summo  ipso  monte  Pico  de  Facho  dicto  exemplar 
unieum  e  rupium  fissura  (inter  licheues)  collegi. 

H.  large,  black  or  piceous-black,  most  densely  clothed  with  brown  and  blackish-brown  scales,  and 
beset  with  a  short,  decumbent  and  rigid  pubescence.  Rostrum  rather  long.  Prothorax  with  the 
sides  rounded,  and  rather  widest  just  before  the  niiddk' ;  generally  with  a  distinct  central  line  of 
paler  scales,  and  with  indications  of  an  ill-defined  and  curved  one  on  either  side.  Ebjtra  scarcely 
wider  behind  the  middle  than  at  their  base ;  besprinkled  with  very  minute,  and  more  or  less 
evident  fascicles  of  darker  pile-like  scales,  and  usually  with  foui-  larger  (triangular)  ones  (two  on 
either  side  of  the  scutellum)  at  their  extreme  base  ;  often  with  their  entire  (common)  disk  con- 
siderably darker  than  the  sides, — in  which  case,  these  larger  basal  and  the  remaining  (minute) 
fascicles  are  suffused  (as  regards  colour)  into  the  obscurer  central  portion  ;  but  in  «//  instances 
with  a  large  luniform  fascia  of  paler  scales,  common  to  both  (arising  from  either  shoulder,  and 
extending,  in  an  unbroken  arch,  to  nearly  the  centre  of  their  disk),  more  or  less  apparent  in 
front.  Antenna?  and  leys  ferruginous;  but  the  latter  densely  variegated  with  darker  and  paler 
scales,  and  with  their  cluws  very  robust. 

A  large  and  most  elegant  Hypera,  somewhat  calling  to  mind  the  H./asciculata 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  399 

of  more  northern  latitudes,  though  abundantly  distmct  from  it  specifically, — in 
size,  outline,  colour  and  structure.  It  may  be  at  once  recognised  by  the  greatly 
developed,  and  generally  very  perfectly-formed,  lunate  fascia  of  paler  scales  with 
which  the  anterior  portion  of  its  elytra  is  ornamented,  and  by  its  elongated  and 
powerful  claws.  It  is  apparently  exceedingly  local,  and  a  truly  indigenous  insect. 
The  only  occasion  on  which  I  have  myself  captured  it  was  during  April  of  1848, 
in  the  island  of  Porto  Santo, — when  a  single  individual  occui'red  to  me,  from 
amongst  moss  and  lichen  in  a  fissure  of  the  weather-beaten  rocks,  on  the  northern 
side  of  the  extreme  summit  of  the  Pico  de  Tacho  (1660  feet  above  the  sea).  I 
have  lately  however  received  several  specimens  from  Madeii-a  proper,  taken  by 
Mr.  Leacock  in  the  garden  of  liis  house  (the  Quinta  dos  Padres)  at  Santo  Antonio, 
near  Funchal, — where  he  states  that  they  are  far  from  uncommon,  and  where  he 
has  observed  them  (during  October)  for  two  successive  years,  adhering  to  small 
pegs  of  wood  on  a  stone  seat  immediately  outside  his  door,  to  Avhich  they  were 
accustomed  to  attach  themselves  in  the  course  of  the  night ;  and  which  he  informs 
me  are  the  only  circumstances  under  which  he  has  hitherto  detected  them. 

305.  Hypera  murina. 
H.  nigra,  squamis  griseis  vel  subcinereis  adspersa,  prothorace  paulo  magis  convexo  obscurius  triliueato, 

elytris  plerumque  minus  tessellatis,  squamis  pallidioribus  undique  subsequaliter  irroratis,  antennis 

pedibusque  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  25-2^. 

Curculio  murinus,  Pab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  ii.  463  (1792). 
Eliyncli(enws  murinus,  G-yll.  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  108  (1813). 
Hypera  murina,  Germ.  Mag.  der  Ent.  iv.  341  (1821). 
Phytonomus  murinus,  Scbou.  Gen.  et  S^jec.  Cure.  ii.  383  (1834). 

Habitat  in  locis  iuferioribus  Maderse  Portusque  Sancti,  bine  inde  non  infrequens. 

H.  black  or  piceous-black,  more  or  less  clothed  or  mottled  witb  griseous  or  somewhat  cinereous  scales, 
and  beset  with  a  short,  rather  fine  and  partially  decumbent  pubescence.  Rostrum  a  little  thicker 
and  shorter  (in  proportion)  than  that  of  either  of  the  other  species.  Prothorax  convex,  and  with 
the  sides  rounded, — being  widest  about  the  middle ;  and  generally  with  only  veiy  faint  indica- 
tions of  three  longitudinal  lines.  Elytra  usually  just  perceptibly  wider  behind  the  middle  than 
at  their  base ;  hardly  at  all  tessellated,  though  more  or  less  mottled  or  besprinkled  with  the  paler 
scales.     Antenrue  and  legs  ferruginous. 

Very  closely  allied  to  the  following  species,  from  which  it  principally  diifers  in 
its  rather  larger  size  and  less  variegated  surface,  in  its  somewhat  more  globose 
prothorax,  and  in  its  just  perceptibly  thicker  rostrmn.  It  occm-s  sparingly  in 
grassy  spots  of  low  elevations  in  the  neighboui-hood  of  Punchal  (occasionally 
beneath  stones),  and  I  have  likewise  taken  it  lq  Porto  Santo, — in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  Cidade. 


400  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

306.  Hypera  variabilis. 
H.  nigra,  squamis  cinereis  (vel  fulvescenti-cinereis)  et  nigris  variegata,  prothorace  trilineato,  elytris 

plerumque  distinctius  longitudinaliter  tessellatis,  regione  suturali  basin  versus  obscuriore,  antennis 

pedibusque  femigineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  24-2|. 

CurcuUo  variabilis,  Hcrbst,  Kaf.  vi.  26.3.  tab.  80.  fig.  1  (1795). 

himaciilatus,  Msbin,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  266  (1802). 

Rliynchenus  variabilis,  Gyll.  Itts.  Suec.  iii.  lOi  (1813). 
Phytonomus  variabilis,  Schon.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  ii.  384  (1834). 

Habitat  Maderam,  passim  (usque  ad  3500'  s.  m.  ascendens)  :  necnon  etiam  m  Deserta  Grandi  Maio 
exeunte  a.d.  1850  specimen  iinicum  inveni. 

H.  similar  to  the  last  species,  but  (on  the  average)  a  little  smaller,  and  also  more  densely  variegated 
with  scales, — there  being  generally  an  admixture  of  dark  ones,  and  the  jjaler  ones  having,  also, 
more  of  a  fulvescent  tinge.  Rustrum  perhaps  a  trifle  slenderer  and  longer  than  in  that  insect. 
Prothorax  not  quite  so  convex,  and  with  the  longitudinal  lines  usually  better  defiued.  Elytra 
more  distinctly  tessellated  (the  alternate  interstices  being  more  or  less  chequered  with  darker 
pile-like  scales),  and  with  their  sutural  region  towards  its  base  more  evidently  obscured.  An- 
tetma  and  Icffs  ferruginous. 

It  is  possible  that  the  present  insect  and  the  last  one  may  be  but  states  of  the 
same  species  :  nevertheless,  since  I  believe  them  to  be  correctly  identified  with,  the 
coimnon  European  M.  variabilis  and  miirina  (which  are  usually  retained  as 
distinct),  I  have  not  amalgamated  them.  The  H.  rariabilis  is  foimd  sparingly 
throughout  Madeira,  in  much  the  same  positions  as  the  H.  murlna, — ascending 
however  somewhat  higher,  since  (in  addition  to  the  vicinity  of  Fimchal,  in  ^^■hich 
I  have  frequently  observed  it  at  rather  low  elevations)  I  captm-ed  a  specimen 
during  the  summer  of  1850  at  the  Ribeu'o  Frio ;  and  another,  at  the  end  of  May 
of  the  same  vear,  towards  the  summit  of  the  Dezerta  Grande. 


(Subf  9.   CLEONIDES.) 
Genus  131.  CLEONUS. 

SchiJnherr,  Cure.  Disp.  Meth.  145  (1826). 

Corpus  sat  magnum,  plerumque  oblongum,  plus  minusve  squamuloso-variegatum  (vel  submaculatum) 
et  pubescens,  durum :  rustro  (in  specie  nostra)  parum  elongate  sulcato-teretiusculo,  basin  versus 
subgracili  sed  apice  paulo  latiore,  ad  apicem  ipsum  vel  subtruncato  vel  (ut  in  nostrd)  triangulariter 
cmarginato,  leviter  arcuato ;  scrobe  subflexuoso-obliqua,  versus  marginem  oculi  inferiorcm  retror- 
sum  profunde  ducta  sed  eum  vix  attingente ;  oculis  ovatis  demissis  :  prothorace  subconico,  mox 
pone  apicem  sa?pius  leviter  constricto,  necnon  per  marginem  basalem  subsinuato :  scutello  pai-vo 
rotundato:  ehjtris  Uberis,  basi  sfcpius  singulatim  subrotundatis,  sed  interdum  (ut  in  specie 
nostra)  conjunctim  leviter  emarginatis :  alls  plerumque  (ut  in  specie  Maderensi)  parum  amplis 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  401 

(rarius  obsoletis).  Antenna  mediocres  aut  breviuscula;,  sat  validfe;  scapo  subrecto,  ad  apicem 
clavato ;  funiculo  7-articulato,  articiilis  primo  et  secundo  plus  minusve  obconicis,  tertio  ad  sextum 
brevibus  transversis,  septimo  majore  clavse  arete  adpresso;  clava  acuminata,  quadri-articulata. 
Pedes  longiusculi :  femoribus  subclavatis  :  tihiis  ad  apicem  internum  in  uncum  dctlexum  pro- 
ductis. 

The  Cleoni  are  insects  of  a  considerable  size,  of  a  principally  elongated-oblong 
outline,  and  of  either  blotched  or  fasciated  surfaces.  They  may  be  further  recog- 
nised by  their  subconical  prothoras,  by  their  apically-subdilated  rostrum  (and  by 
the  form  of  its  lateral  scrobs,  which  is  curved  beneath,  in  a  deep  channel,  almost 
to  the  inferior  margin  of  the  eye),  and  by  the  joints  of  their  funiculus, — the  first 
and  second  of  which  are  (especially  in  the  Madeiran  representative)  obconic,  the 
third  to  the  sixth  short  and  transverse,  whilst  the  seventh  is  larger  and  closely 
applied  to  the  club.  Their  elytra,  likemse,  are  usually  sUghtly  callose,  or  irre- 
gularly subnodulose,  towards  their  extremity  (as  in  many  of  the  species  of  Acalles) ; 
and  their  tibiae  are  generally  produced  at  the  inner  angle  into  a  downwardly- 
(Hi'ected  spine.  They  reside  for  the  most  part  in  gravelly  or  barren  localities, 
more  or  less  free  from  vegetation, — secreting  themselves  amongst  stones  during 
the  day,  with  which  their  obscurely  daj^pled,  or  submaculated,  bodies  often  display 
a  remarkable  similarity  as  regards  colouring ;  particularly  when  clothed  with  dust, 
which  in  such  positions  they  are  constantly  liable  to  become. 

307.  Cleonus  plicatus. 

C.  niger,  squamvJia  cinereo-brunneis  suberetaceis  undique  densissime  teetus,  rostro  sulcato,  prothorace 
costis  plurimis  undulatis  instructo,  elytris  profunda  striato-punctatis,  faseiis  duabus  communibus 
(una  sc.  antica  luniformi  sed  in  medio  latissime  interrupta,  et  altera  subapicali  transversa  dentata 
integra)  vix  pallidioribus  ornatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  6-7. 

Curculio plicatus,  Oliv.  i:nt.  v.  83.  322.  pi.  6.  fig  65  (1807). 
Rliytideres  plicatus,  Scliou.  Cure.  Disp.  Meth.  150  (1826). 
Cleonus  plicatus,  Schon.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Owrc.  ii.  203  (1834). 
Cleonis  ■plicatus,  Dej.  Cat.  (S'^-^^  edit.)  281  (1887). 

Habitat  in  Portu  Sancto  et  Deserta  Grandi,  prsesertim  inter  lapides  in  rupium  fissuris  jacentes,  hinc 
inde  non  infrequens  :  in  Madera  milii  non  obvius. 

C.  large,  black,  but  most  densely  clothed  with  whitish-brown  or  brownish-white  scales,  of  a  somewhat 
cretaceous,  or  chalky,  nature, — and  which  are  always  of  a  paler  colour  beneath  the  insect  than 
on  the  upper  side.  Rostrum  rather  long,  and  deeply  channeled  longitudinally  (both  in  the  centre 
and  at  the  sides).  Prothorasc  subconical,  and  closely  beset  with  longitudinal  costse,  which  are 
more  or  less  undulated  or  waved, — especially  the  one  on  either  side  of  the  central  canal.  Elytra 
a  good  deal  broader  than  the  prothorax,  and  nearly  parallel ;  deeply  striate-punctate  ;  and  with 
two  transverse  fasci:e  (one  of  which  is  situated  on  the  anterior  portion,  and  is  large  and  luniform, 
though  broadly  interrupted  in  the  centre,  thus  constituting  an  oblique  band  on  either  elytron, — 

3  F 


402  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

whilst  the  other  is  subapieal,  transverse,  zigzaged  and  abbreviated,  but  entire  at  the  suture), 
common  to  both,  of  a  rather  paler  hue, — and  which  are  sometimes  only  just  distinguishable. 
AntcnruB  and  legs  a  little  more  piccous  than  the  rest  of  the  surface,  but  considerably  pubescent, 
and  (like  the  body)  usually  densely  clothed  with  scales. 

Apparently  a  rather  scarce  insect,  and  one  which  I  have  hitherto  only  observed 
in  Porto  Santo  and  on  the  Dezerta  Grande, — where  it  occurs  principally  amongst 
dry  and  loose  stones  in  the  crevices  of  the  weather-beaten  rocks.  In  the  former 
of  those  islands  I  detected  it,  not  uncommonly,  during  April  of  1848 ;  and  on  the 
latter  (in  the  fissures  of  the  highest  central  peaks)  during  January  18  i9.  It  is  a 
species  of  Mediterranean  latitudes,  being  recorded  in  the  south  of  Spain,  France 
and  Sicily  :  as  also  in  the  Canarian  group. 


(Subf.  10.  BEACHYDEEIDES.) 
Genus  132.  SITONA. 

Gcrmar,  Ins.  Spec.  i.  414  (1824). 

Corpus  sat  parvum,  elongatum,  plus  minusve  squamuloso-variegatum  et  pubescens  :  rostro  brevi  crasso, 
supra  piano,  sublineari  aut  apicem  versus  Icviter  attenuato,  ad  apicem  ipsum  ssepius  triangulariter 
emarginato ;  scrube  angusta  curvata,  infra  oculum  retrorsum  desiliente ;  oculis  rotundatis  vcl 
oblongis,  interdum  valde  prominentibus  :  prothorace  ad  latera  plus  minusve  rotundato,  antice 
truncato  et  mox  pone  apicem  leviter  constricto  :  scutellu  parvo  rotundato  :  ehjtris  liberis  :  alls 
plerumque  amplis  (rarius  obsoletis).  AntemuB  breviusculae  subgracUes ;  scapo  vel  recto  vcl  sub- 
flesuoso,  ad  apicem  clavato  ;  funiculo  7-articulato,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  obconicis  (illo  paulo 
robustiore),  reliquis  brevibus  latitudine  vix  crescentibus ;  clava  parum  angusta  acuminata,  quadri- 
articulata.  Pedes  longiusculi  (vel  subffiquales  vel  antici  longiorcs)  :  femoribus  subfusiformibus 
(i.  e,  in  medio  lc\iter  incrassatis)  :  iiljiis  ad  apicem  truncatis  muticis. 

Although  widely  distributed  tlu'oughout  the  world,  the  Siton^  are  principally 
confined  to  temperate  latitudes, — nearly  fifty  species  having  been  recorded  as 
European.  Out  of  the  five  representatives  which  I  have  hitherto  detected  in 
these  islands,  none  would  appear  to  be  undescribed, — whilst  two  out  of  them  are  of 
almost  universal  distrilnition,  and  may  perhaps  have  been  accidentally  introduced 
from  more  northern  countries.  They  are  insects  which  rnay  be  known  (amongst 
other  distinguishing  features)  by  their  rather  narrow  and  elongated  bodies,  by 
their  short  and  l)road  rostrum  (with  its  greatly  curved  lateral  groove),  by  their 
somewhat  slender,  though  abbreviated,  antenncc,  and  by  their  apically-unarmed 
tibiae.  They  occur  amongst  the  smaller  vegetation,  particitlarly  in  cultivated 
districts, — where  they  often  abound.  In  clover-fields  and  meadows  in  our  own 
country  some  of  the  commoner  ones  occasionally  teem ;  and  after  sudden  floods 
they  may  be  frequently  observed  by  tens  of  thousands  amongst  the  refuse  left  at 
the  edges  of  rivers.     . 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  403 

§  I.  Rostrum  paulo  longius  et  angustius,  supra  longitudinaliter  sulcatum ;  oculis  ohlongis  valde  prominen- 

tibus  :  iarsorum  spongim  distinetw. 

308.  Sitona  gressoria. 

S,  fusiformi-elongata,  squamulis  fulvescentibus  tecta^  protliorace  profunde  et  rugose  punetato,  ad 
latera  in  medio  subampliato-rotundato,  elytris  profunde  punctato-striatis,  interstitiis  convexis,  per 
suturam  stepius  densius  squamulosis,  antennis  pedibusque  robustis,  illis  brevibus,  his  elongatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin,  4-4|-. 

Cwreulio  gressorius,  Eab.  Ent.  Sgst.  i.  ii.  465  (1792). 

— ,  Herbst,  Kaf.  vi.  493  (1795). 

Sitona  gressorius,  G-erm.  Ins.  Spec.  i.  416  (1824). 
,  Scliou.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  ii.  97  (1834). 

Habitat  Maderam,  jestate  rarior  :  in  castanetis  Sanctae  Anna;  Junio  exeuute  a.d.  1850  tria  specimina 
cepi. 

S.  the  largest  of  the  genus,  elongate  and  somewhat  fusiform  (being  acuminated  both  before  and 
behind),  black,  and  generally  rather  densely  clothed  with  yellowish-brown  or  fulvescent  scales 
above,  and  with  paler  ones  underneath.  Rostrum  longer  and  narrower  than  in  any  of  the  follow- 
ing species,  and  more  grooved  (or  sulcated)  above, — having  not  only  a  deeper  and  broader  central 
channel,  but  likewise  one  on  either  side  of  it  in  front  of  the  eyes.  Eges  large,  oblong  and  pro- 
minent. Prothorax  deeply  and  roughly  punctured  (the  punctures  being  often  a  good  deal  con- 
fluent, and  not  very  well  defined) ;  rounded  at  the  sides, — the  widest  part  being  about  the  centre, 
at  which  point  it  is  generally  slightly  angulated ;  with  a  conspicuous  pale  line  down  the  disk, 
and  with  usually  only  very  obscure  indications  of  one  on  either  side.  Elytra  deeply  punctate- 
striated,  wdth  the  interstices  convex,  and  with  the  suture  generally  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of 
the  surface.  Antenna  short  and  rather  robust  (and  with  their  scape  more  perceptibly  flexuose, 
and  more  gradually  thickened  towards  its  apex,  than  in  any  of  the  other  species).  Legs  long 
(the  intermediate  pan  being  rather  the  shortest) ;  with  their  tarsi  large  and  distinctly  cushioned 
beneath. 

An  insect  of  Mediterranean  latitudes,  and  the  largest  of  all  the  SttoncB  hitherto 
described.  It  recedes  in  so  many  respects  from  the  normal  members  of  the  group 
as  to  have  been  originally  regarded  by  Schonherr  as  the  type  of  a  separate  genus 
(tmder  the  name  of  Charagmiis),  which,  however,  in  his  Genera  et  Sj^ecies  Curcu- 
Uonklum,  he  afterwards  suppressed.  Independently  of  its  bulk,  it  may  be  at  once 
known  from  its  allies  with  which  we  have  here  to  do,  by  its  fusiform  outline,  by 
its  more  produced,  proportionably  narrower  and  deeply  sulcated  rostrum,  by  its 
oblong  eyes,  by  the  sides  of  its  prothorax  being  subangulated  in  the  centre,  by 
the  coarse  sculptui'c  and  convex  interstices  of  its  elytra,  by  its  rather  short  and 
thickened  antennae  (the  scape  of  which  is  slightly  flexuose,  and  more  gradnally 
incrassated  towards  its  apex),  and  by  its  exceedingly  elongated  legs.  It  occurs 
throughout  southern  Eiu*ope  (being  recorded  in  Italy,  France  and  Portugal)  and 
in  the  Canary  Islands,  but  does  not  appear  to  extend  into  boreal,  or  even  sub- 

3  F  2 


404  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

boreal  regions.  It  is  in  fact  the  representative  (except  in  habits)  of  the  ^S".  grisea 
of  our  own  country  (so  abundant  in  sandy  districts  towards  the  coast),  with  which 
indeed  by  some  entomoloi,nsts  it  has  been  actually  united, — but  from  which  it  is 
in  my  opinion  most  unquestionably  distinct,  displaying  as  it  does  important  differ- 
ences (even  of  structure)  which  can  hardly  be  accounted  for  by  geographical 
influence.  Thus,  it  is  not  only  of  greater  magnitude,  and  otherwise  adorned  in 
the  arrangement  of  its  scales,  but  its  punctuation  is  altogether  much  more  rugose, 
its  eyes  are  more  oblong,  and  its  prothorax  (the  sides  of  which,  as  already  stated, 
have  a  very  e\adent  tendency  to  be  acute,  instead  of  obtusely  rounded,  in  theii- 
centre)  is  longer.  It  would  seem  to  be  rare  in  Madeira,  the  only  three  specimens 
Avhich  I  have  taken  having  been  captured  in  the  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna 
during  the  summer  of  1850. 

§  II.  Bostrum  breve  latum,  sitpm  lined  media  longitudinali  impressum ;    oculis  subrotundatis :   tarsorum 

sponijice  minus  distinctce. 

a.  Oculi  prominentes  :  pedes  antici  leviter  elongati. 

309.  Sitona  latipennis. 

S.  subovato-elongata,  squamulis  raetallico-cinereis  et  albidis  dense  irrorata,  prothorace  leviter  rugnloso- 
subpunctulato  convexo,  ad  latera  in  medio  rotundato-ampliato,  elytris  punctato-striatis  convexis, 
post  medium  latioribus  et  callo  postico  utrinque  notatis,  interstitiis  alternis  plerumque  obsole- 
tissime  tessellatis,  antennis  pedibusque  ferrugiueis  longiusculis,  illis  gracilibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3i. 

Sitona  latipennis,  Schon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  ii.  99  (1834). 
Habitat  in  montibus  MaderjE,  super  folia  Genista  scoparice,  Linn.,  aistate  et  autumno  frequens. 

S.  somewhat  ovate-elongate  (being  expanded  posteriorly),  black,  and  more  or  less  densely  besprinkled 
with  very  deciduous  scales, — part  of  which  (especially  towards  the  hinder  region)  are  white,  but 
the  greater  portion  submetallic-cinereous  (reflecting,  when  viewed  obliquely,  either  a  slightly 
golden  or  greenish-golden  lustre).  Rostrum  shorter  and  broader  than  that  of  the  last  species, 
and  more  flattened  above, — having  no  lateral  sulci,  and  not  being  excavated  in  the  centre  (the 
\nedial  canal  of  that  insect  being  here  represented  by  merely  a  narrowly  impressed  hne).  Eyes 
nearly  round,  and  very  prominent.  Prothorax  almost  unpunctured  on  the  disk,  but  very  lightly 
rugulose  and  subpunctulatcd  towards  the  sides;  convex,  and  considerably  rounded  at  the 
edges, — the  widest  part  being  about  the  middle;  with  its  front  margin  a  little  raised,  and 
generally  with  an  exceedingly  shallow  rounded  fovea  on  either  side  of  its  hinder  disk.  Elytra 
convex,  and  expanded  behind  the  middle ;  punctate-striated ;  and  with  the  interstices  flattened, 
— the  alternate  ones,  together  with  the  suture,  being  often  very  obsoletely  tessellated  with  the 
darker  and  paler  scales  (but  which  in  many  instances  is  altogether  imperceptible) ;  rather  more 
pubescent  behind  than  in  any  of  the  other  species,  and  armed  on  either  side  with  a  small 
callosity  at  a  short  distance  within  their  apex.  Antenna  and  legs  ferruginous,  and  rather  long ; 
\.\\c  former  being  slender;  and  the  latter  having  their  anterior  pair  more  elongated  than  the  rest. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  405 

A  large  and  well-marked  member  of  the  group,  ranking  next,  in  bulk,  to  the 
S.  gressoria.  It  may  be  immediately  recognised  by  its  convex  and  comparatively 
ovate  (or  posteriorly  inflated)  body,  by  its  greatly  rounded  and  very  lightly  sculp- 
tured prothorax,  by  the  submetallic  lustre  and  fragile  nature  of  its  scales  (which 
have  frequently  a  tendency,  in  highly  coloured  examples,  to  tessellate  the  alternate 
interstices  of  its  elytra),  by  the  small  callosity  with  which  it  is  armed  towards  its 
hinder  quarters  on  either  side,  and  by  its  long  and  ferruginous  antennae  and  legs, 
— the  former  of  which  are  slender,  whilst  the  latter  have  their  anterior  pair  more 
perceptibly  lengthened  than  the  remainder.  It  is  a  truly  indigenous  Sitona,  and 
confined,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  the  common  Broom  {Genista 
scoparia,  Linn.)  of  intermediate  and  lofty  altitudes, — making  its  appearance  about 
the  beginning  of  summer  and  lasting  until  the  eai'ly  winter  months.  I  have  taken 
it  abundantly  at  the  Curral  das  Romeiras  (above  Funchal)  during  October  and 
November ;  and  on  the  ascent  of  the  Paul  da  Serra  from  Sao  Vincente,  in  July. 
It  is  announced  by  Schonherr,  on  the  aiithority  of  Faldermann,  to  be  a  native  of 
Portugal ;  and  whilst  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  occur  in  that  coimtry, 
yet,  since  I  have  grounds  for  suspicion  that  mistakes  have  arisen  as  to  the  correct 
geographical  reference  of  several  of  the  insects  which  were  disseminated  by  Falder- 
mann (who  seems  either  to  have  touched  at  these  islands,  on  his  travels,  or  else  to 
have  received  specimens  from  them, — and  hj  whom  many  species  which  have 
altogether  escaped  our  combined  researches  durmg  a  coiu'se  of  many  years,  but 
which  are  universal  in  Portugal,  were  reported  as  Madeiran;  whilst  others, 
apparently  peculiar  to  Madeii-a,  were  registered  as  Portuguese),  and  since  I  have 
never  detected  any  traces  of  it  amongst  the  numerous  collections  which  I  have 
examined  from  the  south-western  districts  of  Europe,  I  accept  that  statement  with 
considerable  hesitation, — and  more  especially  so,  since  it  is  not  only  certain  that 
such-like  misapplications  are  of  frequent  experience  in  Museums  of  a  large  and 
general  scale ;  but  also  because  it  is  far  from  improlmble,  that,  since  Madeira,  is 
regarded  as  a  province  of  Portugal,  any  very  great  acciu*acy,  or  precautions  against 
error,  might  have  been  deemed  superfluous  in  preserving  records  of  localities 
within  what  are  artificially  but  parts  (even  though  widely  distinct  by  nature)  of 
one  and  the  same  kingdom. 

310.  Sitona  cambrica. 

S.  parallelo-elongata  vix  squamiilosa  sed  pilis  subcinereo-nigrescentibus  bvevibus  tecta,  prothorace 
profunde  punctato,  ad  latera  in  medio  rotundato-ampliato,  scutello  albo-squamoso,  elytris  sat 
profunde  pmictato-striatis,  interstitiis  subconvexis,  antenais  picescentibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2|-2^. 

Sitona  cambrica,  (Kirby)  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  140  (1831). 

crihricollis,  Schon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  ii.  101  (1831). 

ruguJosus,  DiUw'iTi,  in  litt. 

seticollis,  Woll.  (olim)  in  litt. 


iOG  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Habitat  ad  vias  vel  sub  lapidibus  in  locis  inferioribus  Maderse  Portusque  Sancti,  praesertim  circa  urbem 
Fiinchalensemj  passim. 

S.  elongate  and  parallel,  black,  and  almost  free  from  scales  above  (though  closely  beset  with  cinereous 
ones  beneath),  but  rather  densely  clothed  with  pile  (which  is  exceedingly  short  and  decumbent 
on  the  elytra,  though  longer,  robuster  and  often  partially  erect  on  the  head  and  prothorax)  of  a 
dark  hue,  but  which  has  more  or  less  of  a  subcinereous  and  slightly  fulvescent  tinge  when  viewed 
obliquely.  Rostrum  as  in  the  S.  latipennis,  but  with  its  central  canal  wder  and  much  deeper. 
Eyes  large,  rounded  and  exceedingly  convex,  being  more  prominent  than  in  any  of  the  other 
Sitonee  here  described.  Prothorax  very  roughly  and  deeply  punctured;  considerably  rounded  at 
the  sides, — the  widest  part  being  about  the  middle ;  with  its  front  margin  a  Uttle  raised ;  and 
generally  with  a  few  paler  scales  in  the  centre  of  its  base  (adjoining  the  scutellum,  which  is  itself 
always  beset  with  conspicuously  pale  scales).  Elytra  rather  deeply  punctate-striated,  and  with 
the  interstices  a  little  convex.  Antenna  somewhat  picescent,  with  their  base  ferruginous.  Leys 
almost  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  surface  (though  with  the  knees  and  tarsi  perhaps  a  little 
picescent),  and  with  their  anterior  pair  rather  more  elongated  than  the  rest, — though  not  so 
evidently  so  as  in  the  S.  latipennis. 

Readily  known  from  the  other  Sitonee  here  described  by  its  comparatively  dark 
colour  (the  scutellum  and  a  minute  dash  on  the  hinder  margiu  of  the  prothorax, 
opposite  to  it,  being  the  only  portions  of  its  upper  surface  Avhich  are  invariably 
paler),  by  the  extreme  prominence  of  its  eyes,  and  by  the  anterior  half  of  its  body 
being  considerably  pUose, — its  head  and  rostrum  (and  occasionally  also  the  pro- 
thorax) being  often  beset  with  long,  partially  erect,  and  more  or  less  rigid  hairs. 
It  seems  to  be  principally  confined  to  the  south  of  the  island,  and  to  tlie  neigh- 
bourliood  of  Fimchal, — where  I  have  constantly  taken  it,  dming  the  autiminal  and 
winter  months,  in  and  about  the  vineyards  and  cultivated  groimds,  as  well  as 
l)eneath  stones  on  the  grassy  slopes  towards  the  coast ;  and  I  have  likewise 
observed  it,  sparingly,  in  Porto  Santo.  It  appears  to  be  one  of  the  scarcer  species 
throughout  Em-ope  generally,  being  recorded  by  Schonherr  from  Austria  only.  I 
have  however  met  "with  it  rather  plentifully  in  the  west  of  England,  and  on  the 
sandy  sea-shores  of  AValcs, — especially  in  the  immediate  vicioity  of  Holyhead, 
where  it  abounds.  The  Madciran  specimens  differ  in  no  respect  from  the  "Welsh 
ones,  of  which  I  possess  an  extensive  series, — though  they  arc  somewhat  smaller 
and  narrower  than  the  average  of  those  from  Devonshire  and  Cornwall. 


b.   Oculi  minus  jJrominentes :  pedes  subcequales. 

311.  Sitona  lineata. 
S.  parallelo-elongata,  squamulis  fuscis  et  subcinereo-fuscis  dense  tecta,  prothorace  crebre  et  subtiliter 

punctulato,  ad  latera  pone  medium  leviter  rotundato,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  interstitiis  alternis 

pallidioribus,  antennis,  tibiis  tarsisque  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2j-2j. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  407 

Curculio  Jineatus,  Linn.  Fna  Sttec.  183  (1761). 

— ,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  ii.  466  (1792). 

Sitona  lineata,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  135  (1831). 

lineatus,  Sclion.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  ii.  109  (1834). 

Habitat  in  TMadera  Portixque  Sancto,  liinc  inde  sat  vulgaris,  ex  Europ^  forsan  introducta. 

S.  elongate  and  parallel,  black,  and  densely  clothed  vsdth  fulvous  and  cinereo-fulvous  scales  above,  and 
with  pale  cinereous  ones  beneath.  Rostrum  as  in  the  S.  canibrica,  except  that  it  is  flatter  and 
less  sculptured  above,  and  with  the  medial  canal  narrower  and  less  deep.  Erjes  nearly  round, 
and  less  prominent  than  in  any  of  the  preceding  species.  Prothorax  finely  and  very  closely 
punctulated ;  widest  a  little  behind  the  middle ;  with  its  front  margin  slightly  raised ;  and  with 
three  more  or  less  distinct  longitudinal  lines  composed  of  the  paler  scales.  Elytra  punctate- 
striated,  and  with  the  interstices  flattened, — the  scales  of  the  alternate  ones  being  more  or  less 
evidently  paler.     Antenna,  tibia  and  tarsi  pale  ferruginous, — the  legs  being  of  subequal  length. 

An  insect  which  ahoimds  thronghont  every  portion  of  Evirope, — from  where 
indeed  it  has  j)robahly  been  introduced  into  these  islands.  It  is  not  very  common 
in  Madeii'a,  occui'ring  principally  at  low  elevations  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Funchal, — where  I  have  constantly  observed  it  during  the  spring  months,  espe- 
cially in  the  Rev.  E,.  T.  Lowe's  garden  at  the  Levada.  It  is  occasionally  however 
to  be  met  Tvath  at  higher  elevations,  since  in  the  simimer  of  1850  I  took  it 
sparingly  at  the  Hibeu'o  Prio.  I  have  likewise  captured  it,  behind  the  sea-beach, 
in  Porto  Santo.  It  may  be  at  once  known  by  its  parallel  outline,  by  the  light 
brown  scales  with  which  it  is  clothed  (the  three  prothoracic  lines  and  the 
alternate  interstices  of  its  elytra  being  alone  slightly  paler),  and  by  its  ferruginous 
antennae,  tibiae  and  feet. 

312.  Sitona  humeralis. 

S.  subparallelo-elongata  (antice  subacuminata),  squamuKs  cinereis  et  infuscato-cinereis  insequaliter 
tecta,  prothorace  rugulose  punctato  angusto  subconico  (ad  latera  pone  medium  vix  rotundato), 
elytris  leviter  punctato-striatis,  versus  latera  cinereo-variegatis  sed  in  disco  communi  ssepius  late 
obscurioribus,  antennis,  tibiis  tarsisque  obscuro-ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-  vLx  2j. 

Sitona  humeralis,  (Kirby)  Steph.  Ill  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  138  (1831). 

Bid,  Steph.  m.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  139  (1831). 

promptus,  Schon.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  ii.  113  (1834). 

Sitones  promptus,  Eedt.  Fna  Aiistr.  451  (1849). 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  sed  paulo  rarior :  in  Portu  Sancto  tamen  prsedominat,  quii 
mense  Aprili  a.d.  1848  plurima  specimina  per  oram  maritimam  collegi. 

S.  about  the  same  size  as  (or  a  little  smaller  than)  the  S.  lineata,  but  rather  less  parallel  (being 
slightly  acuminated  anteriorly),  black,  and  densely,  though  unequally,  clothed  with  cinereous  and 
brownish-cinereous  scales  above, — but  with  uniformly  cinereous  ones  beneath.  Rostrum  rather 
narrower  than  that  of  the  -S.  lineata,  and  with  its  medial  channel  (like  that  of  the  S.  cambrica) 


1,08  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

deep  and  wide.  Eyes  round,  but  more  depressed  than  in  any  of  the  other  species.  Proihorax 
rather  rugosely  punctured;  narrow  and  subconical  (being  widest  behind  the  middle,  and  less 
rounded  at  the  sides  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing  species) ;  with  its  front  margin  slightly  raised, 
and  with  three  usually  distinct  longitudinal  lines  composed  of  the  paler  scales.  Elytra  some- 
what finely  punctate-striated,  and  with  the  interstices  flattened ;  more  or  less  dappled,  or  clothed, 
with  paler  scales  towards  the  sides,  but  usually  broadly  infuscatcd,  or  obscured,  on  their  common 
disk, — throughout  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  suture.  Antenna,  tibia  and  tarsi  dull 
ferniginous, — the  kffs  (which,  with  the  antennae,  are  rather  shorter  than  those  of  the  S.  lineata) 
being  of  subequal  length. 

Likewise  an  abundant  Eui'opean  Sitona,  though  not  quite  so  universal  as  the 
^S".  lineata, — and  recorded  also  from  Persia  and  the  Caucasus.  It  may  be 
recognised  from  that  insect  by  its  anteriorly-subacuminatcd  form,  by  its  narrower 
and  subconical  prot  borax  (which  is  more  roughly  punctured,  and  has  the  edges 
Init  v(>ry  sHghtly  roimded),  l)y  the  pale  ashy-coloured  scales  with  Avliich  it  has  a 
tendency  to  be  lilotched  or  dappled  towards  its  sides  (its  disk  remaining  broadly 
obscured),  and  by  its  somewhat  shorter  limbs.  Like  the  last  species,  it  may 
perhaps  have  been  introduced  into  these  islands  from  more  northern  latitudes, — 
occurrinu  at  low  elevations  within  the  cultivated  districts.  I  have  taken  it  rather 
plentifully  behind  the  sandy  sea-beach  of  Porto  Santo,  dm-ing  the  spring  ;  but  in 
]\Iadeu-a  proper  it  would  seem  to  be  scarce, — tlie  only  specimen  which  I  have 
seen  having  been  recently  communicated  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.,  from  the  neigli- 
liourhood  of  Funchal. 

Fani.  35.  ATTELABID^. 

Genus  133.  APION.     (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  4  et  6.) 
llerbst,  Kiif.  vii.  100  (1797). 

Corpus  miuutum,  ob-pyriforme  et  antice  valde  attenuatum,  plus  minusve  pubescens  vel  laete  coloratum 
(rarius  squamosum)  :  rostru  subpornctu,  plerumquc  gracili  teruti  arcuato  (rarius  valido),  scd  in 
paucis  basi  crassiusculo ;  oculis  rotuudatis  promiuulis  ;  proihurace  vel  subconico  vcl  subcylindrico  : 
scutello  parvo :  elytris  ovatis :  alis  sat  amplis.  Antenna  mediocres  rectse,  ad  (aut  i)otius  inox 
ante)  basin  vel  versus  medium  rostri  insertse,  sub  capite  inter  otium  inflexse,  articulo  primo 
le\iter  elongate  clavato,  secundo  breviore  sub-obconico,  tertio  ad  octavum  pan-is  subcTqualibus, 
reliquis  inter  se  arete  couuexis,  elavam  quadri-articulatani  acuto-ovalem  elticientibus.  Pedes 
longiusculi :  tibiis  rectis  teretibus,  ad  apicem  muticis. 

The  genus  Apion,  so  universal  tlu-oughout  temperate  latitudes,  may  be  recog- 
nised by  the  ob-pyriform  (or  inverted  pear-shaped)  and  anteriorly-acuminated 
bodies  of  the  numerous  and  minute  species  which  unite  in  composing  it, — and 
which  are  often  gaily  colovu-ed  (exhibiting  occasionally  metallic  tints),  have  theii- 
surfaces  more  frequently  pubescent  than  scaly  (sometimes  enth-ely  glabrous),  their 
tibipe  unarmed,  aiul  their  antenme  (as  is  always  the  case  in  the  present  family) 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  409 

straightcjied  (instead  of  elbowed,  as  iu  the  Curcnlionid(B,—i\\e  first  joint  being 
only  slightly  elongated),  and  inserted  either  near  to  the  base  or  else  towards  the 
middle  of  their  (nsually  slender,  arcuated,  cylindrical  and  porrected)  rostrum. 
They  are  insects  which  are  princiioally  attached  to  the  smaller  plants,  on  the  softer 
portions  of  which  they  subsist, — comparatively  few  being  connected  with  the 
foliage  of  trees.  So  abundant  are  some  of  the  commoner  forms,  in  certain  places 
and  seasons,  as  to  commit  considerable  damage  amongst  various  kinds  of  veffetables 
in  agricultm-al  districts.  Nearly  130  species  are  recorded  as  Em-opean, — more 
than  70  of  which  are  found  m  the  British  Islands.  When  the  southern  position 
of  Madeira  and  its  limited  area  are  taken  into  account,  the  group  may  be  con- 
sidered to  be  well  represented  in  our  Coleopterous  fauna  :  nevertheless,  out  of  the 
seven  members  described  below,  three  may  perhaps  have  been  originally  introduced 
from  more  northern  countries, — whilst  the  remaining  fom*  are  of  remarkaljly 
indigenous  habits,  occurring  at  higher  altitudes,  and  in  spots  for  the  most  part 
altogether  removed  from  any  traces  of  cultivation. 


§  I.  Antenncd  ante  basin  rostri  inserted. 

313.  Apion  vemale. 

A.  subgracile  piceo-fuscum  subopacum,  squamis  albidis,  fusco-albidis  et  subnigresceutibus  Isete  varie- 
gatum,  rostro  breviusculo  minus  arcuato,  prothorace  ruguloso-punctato,  ad  basin  sinuato  et  in 
disco  postico  distincte  foveolato,  elytris  elongato-subovatis  crenato-striatis,  ad  apicem  ipsum  sub- 
acuminato-constrictis  necnon  singulatim  rotundatis  et  debiscentibus,  fascia  postmedia  maxima 
valde  arcuata  commimi  albida  (antice  et  postice  plaga  obscuriore  subnuda  terminata)  ornatis, 
antennis  pedibusque  infuscato-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  hu.  1-1^. 

Attelabus  vermlis,  Pab.  I^nt.  Sy^t.  i.  ii.  392  (1792). 
Curculio  eoncinnus,  Mslim,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  248  (1802). 
Apion  vemale,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  33  (1813). 
,  Sehon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  i.  273  (1833). 

Habitat  in  graminosis  Maderse  australis,  tempore  vernab,  non  infrequens. 

A.  ratber  slender,  piceous-brown,  subopake,  and  densely  variegated  witb  white  and  brownish-white 
scales, — with  a  few  darker  ones  intermixed.  Rostrum  rather  short,  and  but  very  slightly  arcuated  ; 
thickened  behind  the  insertion  of  the  antennae  (which  are  placed  at  a  short  distance  in  front  of 
its  extreme  base) ;  sculptured,  and  densely  clothed  with  scales,  in  the  male ;  but  shining, 
glabrous  and  rufo-piceous,  from  the  insertion  of  the  antennae  to  the  apex,  in  the  female.  P?-o- 
thorax  subconical,  and  with  its  posterior  margin  considerably  sinuated;  closely  and  roughly 
punctured ;  with  a  deep,  distinct  and  somewhat  rounded  fovea  in  the  centre  of  its  hinder  disk ; 
and  usually  densely  beset  with  white  scales  at  its  sides.  Elytra  elongate-subovate  and  crenate- 
striated ;  rather  produced  and  constricted  at  their  extreme  apex,— where  each  of  them  is  separately 

3g 


410  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

rounded  (and  the  two  consequently  somewhat  gaping,  or  divergent,  at  the  suture) ;  and  with  a 
large,  postmedial,  arcuated  fascia,  common  to  both  (and  bounded  in  front  and  behind,  especially 
the  former,  by  a  darker  subglabrous  portion, — which  is  generally  besprinkled  with  a  few  blackish 
scales),  more  or  less  distinctly  white.  Antenna  and  legs  dusky-testaceous, — the  former,  and  the 
tarsi  of  the  latter,  being  sometimes  rather  more  obscure. 

A  very  distinct  'E\\xo])eva\  Apion ;  and  one  wliicli  may  be  at  once  recognised,  not 
only  by  its  slender  form  and  prettily  fasciated  siu-face,  bvit  likewise  by  the  deep 
postmedial  fovea,  and  greatly  sinuated  hind  margin,  of  its  prothorax;  though, 
above  all,  by  the  peculiar  construction  of  the  apex  of  its  elytra, — which  I  have  not 
seen  elsewhere  alluded  to,  but  wliich  is  of  a  very  extraordinary  natm-e.  If  the 
insect  be  viewed  from  behind,  it  will  be  perceived  that  each  elytron  is  somewhat 
in-oduced  and  separately  rounded-off,  so  that  the  two  slightly  gape  (or  diverge)  at 
the  suture, — a  singularity  which  is  rendered  the  more  apparent  from  then*  having 
a  tendency  to  be,  also,  constricted  and  subelevated  in  that  particular  region.  It 
occm-s  in  grassy  spots,  and  amongst  dense  herbage,  during  the  spring  months,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Funchal,  though  not  very  abundantly.  Dm-ing  my  encampment 
however  in  the  llibeiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  ■\A'ith  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  in  May  of  181-9, 
I  took  it  in  considerable  numbers  towards  the  base  of  the  lofty  perpendicular  rocks 
wliich  constitute  the  boundaries  of  the  ravine. 


314.  Apion  sagittiferum,  WoU. 

A.  fusco-piceum  subopacum,  squamis  albidis  et  subflavescenti-albidis  adspersum,  rostro  brcviusculo, 
prothorace  ruguloso-punctato,  ad  basin  leviter  sinuato  et  in  disco  postico  obscure  foveolato,  elytris 
subovatis  crenato-striatis,  ad  apicem  integris  et  baud  acuminatis,  macula  parva  antemedia  sub- 
sagittata  et  fascia  postmedia  transversa  recta  communibus  albidis  ornatis,  autennis  pedibusque 
testaceis,  illis  plerumque  obscurioribus. 

Long.  corp.  liii.  1-1^. 

Huliitat  insulas  jMaderenses,  prpcscrtim  in  gramiuosis  locorum  subeditiorum,  hiuc  inde  vulgaris :  in 
Portu  Sancto  et  Descrta  Grandi  abundat,  inter  lichenes  in  rupium  fissm-is  crescentes  tempore 
hiberno  latitaus. 

A.  smaller,  shorter,  convexer  and  more  ovate  than  the  A.  veniale,  brownish-piccous  (sometimes  with 
a  just  perceptibly  a;neous  tinge),  subopakc,  and  clothed  (though  not  very  densely)  with  white 
and  yellowish-white  scales.  Rostrum  as  in  that  insect,  but  a  little  more  arcuated,  less  evidently 
thickened  behind  the  insertion  of  the  antenu;v,  and  (if  anything)  perhaps  a  trifle  shorter  and 
more  robust.  Pruthurax  a  little  broader  and  shorter  (in  proportion)  than  that  of  the  A.  vernale, 
also  with  its  posterior  margin  rather  less  evidently  sinuated,  and  with  the  fovea  (or  abbreviated 
canal)  of  its  hinder  disk  (instead  of  being  deep  and  lai-ge)  hardly  perceptible,  and  sometimes 
obsolete  ;  and  not  more  bcs]n-inklcd  with  scales  towards  its  sides  than  elsewhere.  Elytra  shorter, 
more  convex  and  ovate  than  in  that  species ;  crenate-striated ;  entire  at  their  apex  (luning  no 
appearance  of  the  acuminated,  constricted  and  subdivergent  structure  which  is  there  so  con- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  411 

spicuous) ;  with  a  small  autemcdial  patch  ou  the  suture  of  the  shape  of  an  arrow-head,  or  an 
inverted  V  (formed  by  an  oblique  spot  on  each,  confluent  anteriorly),  and  a  straight  postmedial 
transverse  fascia  (bounded  in  front  by  a  darker  siibglabrous  portion),  common  to  both,  more  or 
less  obscurely  white.  Antennca  and  legs  testaceous,- the  former  being  generally  more  or  less 
darkly  infuscated. 

A  most  interesting  little  Ajrion,  and  of  an  exceedingly  indigenous  nature.     Be- 
fore I  had  subjected  it  to  a  critical  analysis,  I  had  imagined  it  to  be  Init  a  local 
state  of  the  A.  veniale,— to  which  in  its  fasciated  siu-face  and  general  aspect  it 
bears  a  certain  2)rlmd  facie  resemblance :  but,  apart  from  its  opposite  habits,  and 
many  minute  distinctive  features  (shortly  to  be  noticed)  which  had  long  combined, 
even  before  examination,  to  give  it  a  peculiar  character  (albeit  more  easily  seen 
than  expressed),— the  discovery  of  the  singularly  acuminated  and  subdehiscent 
structure  of  the  apex  of  the  elytra  which  is  so  universal  in  that  insect  (and  which 
is  not  so  much  as  indicated  here)'  at  once  removed  all  doubt  as  to  its  true  specific 
clauns.     The  comparison  moreover  of  a  very  large  series  of  specimens,  coUected  in 
Madeira,  Porto  Santo,  and  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  has  subsequently  convinced  me 
that  it  is  not  even  so  variable  as  (under  the  former  hyiwthesis)  I  had  concluded  it 
to  be,— whilst  the  arrangement  of  its  scales,  as  compared  with  those  of  such-Uke 
species  generaUy,  is  in  fact  remarkably  constant.     Thus,  it  is  not  only  smaUer, 
convexer,  thicker  and  more  ovate  than  the  A.  vernale,  but  its  prothorax  is  less 
sinuated  along  its  posterior  margin,  has  its  central  fovea  very  much  less  evident, 
and  is  not  more  clothed  at  the  sides  than  elsewhere;  whilst  its  elytra  (which,  as 
just  stated,  are  entire  at  their  extremity)  are  differently  colom-ed,- the  minute 
sagittiform,  or  inverted  V-shaped,  patch  before  the  middle  of  the  suture,  in  con- 
junction with  the  straightened  transverse  postmedial  fascia,  immediately  suflacing 
to  identify  it.     Its  legs  also  are  of  a  purer  testaceous  hue,  and  the  darker  portion 
of  its  scales  has  more  or  less  of  an  obscure  yellowish  tinge  (which  frequently 
imparts  to  the  entu-e  surface  a  subfeneous  cast) ;  whHst  its  antennee  are  nearly 
always  more  decidedly  infascated  than  is  the  case  in  that  insect.     It  is  principally 
confined  to  higher  elevations  than  the  A.  vernale,  and  seems  to  be  more  especially 
attached  to  lichen  and  dense  vegetation  on  the  rocks  of  intermediate  altitudes. 
Nevertheless  it  is  occasionally  to  be  met  with  in  lower  regions,  since  I  have  cap- 
tured it  sparingly  in  gardens  near  Funchal,  and  (in  the  north  of  the  island)  in  the 
chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna.     It  is  more  abundant  however  in  Porto  Santo  and 
on  the  Dezerta  Grande  than  in  Madeu-a  proper,— where  I  have  taken  it  in  pro- 
fusion, dm-ing  the  spring  months,  from  out  of  the  fissm-es  of  the  weather-beaten 
peaks,  as  well  as  in  grassy  spots  m  their  immediate  vicinity. 

315.  Apion  Malvse. 
A.  nigrum  subnitidum,  squamis  albidis  vel   subflavescenti-albidis   magnis  adspersum,   rostro  bre- 
viusculo    robusto,    apicem    versus   interdum    testaceo,   prothorace   ruguloso-punctato    (punctis 

3  G  2 


412  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

oblongis),  elytris  ovatis  striatis  omniao  (regione  basali  triangulari  except^)   testaceis,  anteaais 
pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Curculio  MalecB,  Fab.  Syst.  Ent.  132  (1775). 

,  Mshm,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  246  (1802). 

Apion  Malom,  Schoa.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  i.  272  (1833). 
,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  462  (1849). 

Habitat  super  folia  Maivarum  in  locis  subinferioribus  Maderse,  tempore  vcrnali  hinc  inde  vulgaris. 

A.  rather  short  and  robust,  black,  very  slightly  shining,  and  more  or  less  clothed  (usually  not  very 
densely  so  on  the  elytra)  with  large  (though  somewhat  deciduous)  whitish  or  yellowish-white 
scales.  Rostrum  rather  short  and  thick,  generally  slightly  denuded  (and  often  paler)  towards  its 
apex, — and  with  the  antenna  inserted  into  it  at  a  considerable  distance  in  front  of  its  base. 
Prothorax  somewhat  broad  (especially  behind),  and  with  its  posterior  margin  just  perceptibly 
sinuated ;  rugosely  punctured  (the  punctures  being  subcontluent,  and  more  or  less  elongated  or 
oblong).  Elytra  ovate,  and  striated  (the  strise  not  being  crenate,  but  simple) ;  entire  at  their 
apex ;  and  testaceous, — except  tlic  inner  region  of  the  base  of  each,  which  is  obliquely  darker  (the 
two  together  causing  a  large  triangular  dusky  patch  to  appear  about  the  region  of  the  scutellum). 
Antenna  and  leys  robust,  and  testaceous. 

The  A.  JIalf(e,  common  througliout  the  Avhole  of  central  and  southern  Eiu-ope, 
and  which  perhaps  has  been  imported  into  these  islands  from  more  northern 
latitudes,  may  be  known  by  its  rather  ovate  and  thickened  form,  by  its  pale 
testaceous  elytra  and  limbs  (the  former  of  which  have  merely  a  triangular  patch 
at  their  base  darker),  and  hj  the  large,  whitish,  or  yellowish- white  scales  with 
which  it  is  besprinkled.  It  is  found  on  the  foliage  of  plants  (esiiecially  Mallows), 
during  the  spring  months,  in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal, — being  by  no  means  gene- 
rally diffused,  though  in  certain  spots  sufficiently  abundant.  I  have  taken  it  in 
the  Rev.  E,.  T.  Lowe's  garden  at  the  Levada ;  as  also  about  half-way  up  the  Ilibeii'o 
de  Santa  Luzia,  during  my  encampment  there  in  May  of  1849. 

316.  Apion  finunentaiium. 
A.  pallido-sanguineum  (oculis  solis  nigris)  opacum  subtiliter  cinereo-pubescens,  rostro  robusto,  pro- 

thorace  profunde  et  crebre  punctato,  elytris  ovatis  profunde  crenato-striatis,  antennis  pedibusque 

vix  pallidioribus. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  li-lf. 

Curculio  frumeiitarius,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  175  (1761). 

,  Payk.  Moil.  Cure.  139  (1792). 

Ajnon  hwrnatodes,  Stejih.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  174  (1831). 
frumentarium,  Schon.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  i.  283  (1833). 

Habitat  Maderam,  et  borealeni  et  australem,  toto  anno,  passim  :  necnon  in  Porta  Sancto,  sed  minus 
frcquens  occurrit. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  413 

A.  pale  sanguineous  (the  eyes  being  aloue  black),  opake,  and  sparingly  besprinkled  with  a  fine 
cinereous  pubescence.  Rostrum  rather  short  (though  somewhat  longer  than  in  the  A.  Malva) 
and  robust,  slightly  shining, — and  with  the  antennse  inserted  into  it  at  a  considerable  distance  in 
front  of  its  base.  Prothorax  with  its  posterior  margin  straightly  truncated  ;  closely  and  deeply 
punctured.  Elytra  ovate,  deeply  crenate-striated,  and  entire  at  their  apes.  Antennce  and  %« 
scarcely  pajer  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

The  bright  red,  or  pale  sanguineous,  hue  of  the  present  Apioii  (its  eyes  alone 
])eing  black)  Avill  at  once  serve  to  distinguish  it  from  the  other  species  with  which 
Ave  have  here  to  do.  It  is  a  universal  insect  throughout  Europe, — ^and  widely 
scattered  (though  somewhat  sparingly)  over  Madeira  at  rather  low  and  inter- 
mediate elevations.  I  have  taken  it  in  the  neighboui-hood  of  Funchal;  at  the 
Ribeiro  Frio ;  as  also  (in  the  north  of  the  island)  at  Sao  Vincente  and  Santa  Anna  : 
and  I  have  Likewise  captured  it  in  Porto  Santo. 

317.  Apion  chalybeipenne. 
A.  elongatum  nigrum   subnitidum,   squamulis  cinereis  subtilibus  parce  irroratum,   rostro  elongato 
arcuate,  prothorace  profunda  punctato  et  postice  in  medio  leviter  canahculato,  elytris  subellipticis 
crenato-striatis  et  obscure  subsenescenti-viridescentibus,  antennis  ad  basin  ipsam  rufo-ferrugineis. 
Var.  /3.  omnino  (prsesertim  in  elytris)  chalybeum  et  minus  cinereo-pubescens. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|^-1|. 

Apion  ehalyheipenne,  Schon.  in  lift,  (teste  Dom.  Bohemann). 

Habitat  in  montibus  Maderre  Portusque  Sancti,  prssertim  super  folia  Malvarum,  tempore  vernali 
et  sestivo  non  infrequens :  varietatem  /3.  ad  Feijaa  de  Corte  solum  vidi. 

A.  elongate,  black  (except  on  the  elytra),  slightly  shining,  and  sparingly  besprinkled  with  small, 
exceedingly  deciduous,  cinereous  scales.  Rostrum  long  and  arcuated  (being  more  curved  than  in 
any  of  the  other  species), — and  with  the  antennfe  inserted  into  it  at  a  considerable  distance  in 
front  of  its  base.  Prothorax  with  a  very  faint  tendency  to  have  its  posterior  margin  sinuated; 
deeply  and  regularly  punctured,  but  not  quite  so  closely  so  as  in  the  preceding  species ;  and  with 
an  impressed  central  channel  behind.  Elytra  subelliptical  (being  widest  about  the  middle),  and 
crenate-striated ;  a  little  acuminated  at  their  apex, — where  each  of  them  has  a  slight  tendency  to 
be  separately  rouuded-off;  of  a  more  or  less  obscure  brassy-green  tinge.  Antennx  and  legs 
rather  robust ;  the  former  with  their  extreme  base  rufo-ferruginous. 
Var.  j3.  altogether  of  a  chalybeous,  or  bluish,  lustre  (especially  on  the  elytra) ;  and  with  less  appear- 
ance of  the  small  cinereous  scales  or  pubescence. 

Very  closely  aUied  to  the  common  A.  rad loins  of  more  northern  latitudes, — 
from  which  it  differs  in  being  a  little  smaller,  in  having  its  rostrum  and  limbs 
somewhat  shorter  and  less  thickened,  in  its  antennae  being  more  evidently  ferru- 
ginous at  their  extreme  base,  and  in  its  surface  being  usually  more  besprinkled 
with  minute  cinereous  scales.  The  var.  |3.  however  is  often  almost  free  from 
pubescence, — nevertheless  that  particular  state  recedes  entii'ely  from  the  A.  radi- 


il-1  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

olus  in  coloiu",  being  of  a  bluisk  or  chalybeous  tint.  The  obscure  brassy-green 
hue  which  is  so  perceptible  on  the  elytra  of  the  normal  specimens  is  precisely 
sunilar  to  what  we  observe  in  that  insect, — a  remark  which  Avill  equally  apply  to 
tlie  (rather  considerable)  cui"vatui'e  of  its  rostrum.  I  am  informed  Ijy  M.  Bohe- 
mann  that  it  agrees  with  the  A.  ch((lybeipenne  of  Schonherr  {in  lift.),  and  I  have 
therefore  retained  it  under  that  name.  It  seems  to  he  confined  to  intermediate 
and  rather  lofty  elevations,  occurring  amongst  herbage  during  the  spring  and 
summer  months.  I  have  taken  it  towards  the  head  of  the  Kibeiro  de  Santa. 
Luzia  in  May ;  from  off  a  species  of  Mallow  at  the  Feijaa  dc  C6rte  in  July ;  and 
on  the  ascent  of  the  Pico  E,uivo  from  the  Curral  das  Freu-as  early  in  August : 
and  I  likewise  captured  it  on  the  grassy  mountain- slopes  of  Porto  Santo  (imme- 
diately below  the  summit  of  the  Pico  de  Facho)  during  April  of  1848.  The  vai\  (5. 
I  have  hitherto  only  detected  at  the  Feij{\a  de  C6rte. 

§  II.  AntenncB  versus  medivm  rostri  insertee. 

318.  Apion  Wollastoni.    (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  4.) 

A.  viridescenti-seneum  nitidum,  pai'ce  et  subtiliter  einereo-pubeseens,  rostro  elongato  gracili,  pro- 
thorace  parvo  profuiidc  ct  rugose  puuctato,  clytris  ovatis  crcnato-striatis  et  magis  metallicis 
(plerumquc  plus  minusvc  cuprescenti-micantibus),  interstitiis  minutissime  rugulosis  et  punc- 
tulatis,  antennis  pedibusque  longiusculis  robustis  fere  nigris. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l{-lj. 

Apion  Wollastoni,  Chevrolat,  in  Cruer.  liev.  de  Zool.  iv.  (2''">«  serie)  278  (1852) . 

Habitat  in  Mader^  boreali,  ad  Sanctam  Annam  super  plantas  Equiseti  ftuviatilis  sestate  a.d.  1850  a 
meipso  sat  copiose  repertum. 

A.  grceuish-brassy  or  brassy-gi'ecn,  sliiuing,  and  sparingly  besprinkled  with  a  very  tine  cinereous 
pubescence.  Rostrum  long  and  arcuated  (though  not  quite  so  much  cun'ed  as  that  of  the 
A.  chuhjheipenne) , — and  with  the  antennae  inserted  into  it  about  midway  between  its  base  and 
apex.  Prothoraw  small,  slightly  rounded  at  the  sides,  and  with  its  posterior  margin  straightly 
truncated ;  deeply  and  rugosely  punctured,  and  with  faint  indications  of  a  central  chanucl. 
Elijtra  ovate,  and  creiiate- striated ;  just  perceptibly  acuminated  at  their  apex, — where  each  of 
thcni  is  separately  rounded-off;  with  the  interstices  most  delicately  rugulose  and  punctulatcd  ; 
usually  of  a  more  coppc-ry  or  brassy  tinge  than  the  prothorax  (in  which  metallic-green  is  the  pre- 
vailing hue).  Antenntc  and  leys  rather  long  and  robust,  and  nearly  black, — displaying  but  a  very 
shght  metallic  lustre. 

Both  the  present  Apion  and  the  folloT\-ing  one  may  be  known  from  the  species 
here  described  by  their  antennte  being  inserted  near  to  the  middle  of  their  rostrum, 
instead  of  towards  its  base ;  whilst,  inter  se,  the  more  shining  and  metallic  body 
of  the  A.  Wollastoni,  which  has  its  prothorax  (although  small)  not  quite  so 
minute  or  so  cylindrical,  in  conjunction  with  its  rather  more  pubescent  surface, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  4'15 

the  subnigiilose  and  delicately  punctulatcd  interstices  of  its  (more  perceptibly 
ovate  and  apically  subdebiscent)  elytra,  and  its  rather  longer  and  robuster  limbs, 
will  serve  to  separate  it  from  the  A.  rotimdipenne.  It  is  apparently  extremely 
rare  (or  at  any  rate  local),  the  only  spot  in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it  being 
in  the  north  of  the  island,  at  Santa  Anna,— where,  during  May  and  June  of  1850, 
I  captm-ed  many  specimens  from  off  the  Eqtmetumfuv'mUle  in  a  boggy  piece  of 
sroimd  on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  road  which  leads  from  the  Quinta  of  Senhor 
Louiz  Acciaioly  down  to  the  sea.  Although  I  searched  diUgently  in  similar  spots, 
I  did  not  succeed  in  procuring  it  elsewhere. 

319.  Apion  rotimdipenne,  Wall.    (Tab.  VIII.  flg.  6.) 
A.  purpurascenti-  vel  subsenescenti-nigmm  subopacum  et  vix  pubescens,  rostro  longiusculo  gracili, 
protborace  miuuto  subcylindrico  profunde  et  sat  rugose  punctato,  elytris  vel  subgloboso-ovatis 
vel  ovatis,  profunde  crenato-striatis  et  paulo  magis  metallico-micantibus,  iuterstitiis  vix  punc- 
tulatis,  antennis  pedibusque  gracilibus  nigris. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-ly- 

Habitat  in  montibus  Maderse,  prssertim  super  folia  Vicice  conspicuce,  Lowe,  a  vere  novo  usque  ad 
autumnum  nou  infrequens. 

A.  less  shining  and  metallic  tban  the  A.  Wollastoni,  being  usually  either  black  or  purplish-black,  and 
less  evidently  pubescent.  Rostrum  a  trifle  shorter,  and  not  quite  so  arcuated.  Prothorux 
rather  smaller  and  more  cylindrical  than  that  of  the  A.  Wollastuni  (the  sides  being  scarcely  at  all 
rounded),  and  not  quite  so  rugosely  punctui-ed.  Elytra  varying  from  roundish-ovate  into  ovate, 
and  deeply  crenate-striated ;  with  less  indications  of  being  subdebiscent  (or  separately  rounded- 
ofi")  at  their  extreme  apex  than  in  the  last  species  ;  the  interstices  with  scarcely  any  tendency  to 
be  punctulated ;  generally  rather  more  metallic  than  the  prothorax,  being  either  of  a  shghtly 
coppery  or  greenish  tinge.  Antenna  and  legs  rather  shorter  and  less  robust  than  those  of  the 
A.  Wollastoni,  and  apparently  free  from  metallic  lustre. 

Apart  from  the  above  coinjmrative  diagnosis,  the  distinctions  between  the 
present  species  and  the  last  one  have  been  already  pointed  out.  The  A.  rotimdi- 
penne varies  a  good  deal  in  the  outline  of  its  elytra,  which  are  either  subglobose 
or  else  (like  those  of  the  A.  Wollasto)ii)  ovate.  They  are  both  of  them  strictly 
indigenous  insects, — the  one  under  consideration  however  being,  so  far  as  I  have 
hitherto  observed,  the  more  widely  distributed  of  the  two.  It  occm-s,  at  most 
seasons  of  the  year,  in  grassy  spots  of  intermediate  elevations,  and  would  seem 
to  be  more  attached  to  the  Vicia  consplcua,  Lowe,  than  to  any  other  plant, — 
an  additional  reason  (since  that  vetch  is  essentially  Madeiran)  for  regarding  it  as 
a  true  native  of  the  soil.  I  have  taken  it  in  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia  in  May, 
at  Sao  Vincente  in  June,  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  in  July,  at  the  Ptibeii-o 
Prio  and  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte  in  August,  and  at  the  Curral  das  Romeiras  dvu'ing 
October. 


il6  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  134.  AULETES.    (Tab.  YIII.  fig.  7.) 

Schonherr,  Cure.  Bisp.  Meth.  46  (1826). 

Corpus  parvum,  oblongo-ovatum,  minus  durum  et  parce  pubescens  :  rostro  longiusculo  porrecto,  sub- 
cylindrico  ad  apicem  leviter  dilatato,  minus  arcuato ;  scrobe  obsolcta ;  ocuJis  rotundatis  promi- 
nentibus  :  prothorace  basi  apiceque  truncato,  ad  latera  leviter  rotundato :  scutello  parvo  sub- 
rotundato  :  elytris  oblongis,  ad  apicem  ipsura  singulatim  rotundatis  :  alls  amplissimis.  Antenna: 
lougiusculse  rectEe,  prope  basin  (ct  supra  latera)  rostri  insertse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  sub- 
robastis,  tertio  longiore  graciliore,  inde  ad  octavum  latitudine  leviter  crescentibus,  reliquis 
clavam  elongatam  perfoliatam  parum  abruptam  efficientibus.  Pedes  longiusculi :  tibiis  ad  apicem 
muticis. 

Atiletes  may  be  at  once  distiuguislied  by  the  peculiarities  of  its  rostrum  and 
antennse, — the  former  of  which  is  porrected,  subcylindrical  (though  slightly 
divergent  at  its  apex),  almost  straightened,  and  A^ithout  any  indication  of  scrohes, 
or  grooA'es ;  whilst  the  latter  are  inserted  immetliately  before  the  base  of  the 
former  (rather  more  on  the  itppcr  siu'face  than  at  the  sides),  and  have  then*  ter- 
minal three  joints  thickened  into  an  elongate  and  perfoliated  club.  It  seems  to 
be  a  genus  of  subaustral  latitudes, — the  south  of  France,  Hungary,  Dalmatia  and 
the  Caucasus  being  the  recorded  countries  of  the  few  species  which  have  been 
hitherto  described.  They  are  insects  wMch  appear  to  occur  on  the  foliage  of 
trees, — much  ui  the  same  manner  as  the  members  of  the  allied  group  Bhynchites, 
to  wliich  it  is  nearly  akin. 

320.  Auletes  Maderensis,  WoU.    (Tab.  Vlll.  fig.  7.) 

A.  infuscato-ferrugineus  pubescens  et  profunde  punctatus,  elytris  (sutura  nigrescenti  excepta), 
antennarum  basi  pedibusque  testaceis,  elytro  singulo  stria  suturali  impresso. 

Var.  /3.  testaceus,  rostro,  elytris  antennisque  infuscatis. 

Var.  y.  omnino  valde  infuscato-testaceus,  pedibus  vix  pallidioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  Tj-lf. 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarissimus  :  ad  Curral  das  Romeiras  necnon  ad  Sanctam  Annam  in  Madera  boreali, 
super  folia  salicum  parce  deprehcnsi. 

A.  pubescent,  and  deeply  punctured.  Head  and  prothorax  brownish-ferruginous,  being  unequally 
clouded  in  parts.  Elytra  rather  less  closely  punctured  than  the  prothorax,  but  without  any 
tendency  to  have  the  punctures  arranged  in  rows ;  testaceous,  except  the  suture  which  is  narrowly 
darker, — and  alongside  which  there  is  an  impressed  stria  on  each.  Antenna  and  legs  testaceous ; 
t\ie  former  with  their  club  a  little  dusky. 

Var.  ^.  with  the  head  and  prothorax  testaceous  (the  rostrum  being  alone  iufuscated).  Elytra,  and 
antennee  (especially  at  their  apex),  darkly  infuscated. 

Var.  y.  testaceous,  but  altogether  darkly  (though  very  unequally)  infuscated, — the  legs  however 
being  a  little  palor  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  417 

Apparently  a  most  variable  insect, — out  of  the  four  examples  which  have 
hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice  not  two  being  alike,  either  in  statui-e  or  colom'. 
It  would  seem  to  be  excessively  rare,  though  found  both  in  the  north  and  soutli 
of  the  island.  I  fu*st  discovered  it  in  October  1847  on  the  foliage  of  a  species 
of  Sallow  at  the  Cm-ral  das  Homeii'as,  above  Punchal;  and  iu  June  of  1850  it 
again  occurred  to  me,  in  the  vineyard  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly  at  Santa  Anna. 


Fam.  36.  BRUCHID^. 

(Subf.  1.  ANTHEIBIDES.) 

Genus  135.  XENORCHESTES,  iFoll.    (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  8.) 

Corpus  parvum,  ovatum,  valde  convexum,  glaberrimum  et  politum :  capite  deflexo ;  rostro  brevi  lato 
complanato ;  oculis  oblongis  integris  demissis,  supra  marginem  capitis  lateralem  positis  :  protho- 
race  amplo,  postice  lato  eljtris  arete  applieato :  scutello  nullo  :  elytris  postice  leviter  abbreviatis 
(pygidiiim  vix  obtegeiitibus),  necnon  ad  apieem  ipsum  singulatim  obliquo-truncatis  :  alis  obsoletis. 
Antenna  (VIII.  8  a)  longiusculse  (in  maribus  quam  in  foeminis  paulo  longiores)  rectse,  basi  sub- 
approximatEe  et  inter  oculos  (in  fronte)  insertse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  elongatis  robustis 
(illo  curvato),  tcrtio  ad  octavum  gracilioribus  subfequalibus,  reliquis  clavam  elongatam  laxam 
minus  abruptam  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (nono  et  decimo  intus  productis).  Labrum  (VIII.  8  b) 
antice  rotundatum  ciliatum.  MandibulcB  magn»  validee,  apice  incurvse  acutse,  basi  latse,  margine 
interno  in  dentem  obtusum  postmedium  producto.  Maxilla  (VIII.  8  c)  bdob?e,  longiusculee : 
lobo  externa  angusto,  apice  pubescenti :  interno  vix  breviore  latiore,  intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi 
filiformes,  articulo  ultimo  elongato  subfusiformi  apice  leviter  acuminato ;  maxillares  (VIII.  8  c) 
articulis  pi'imo  et  tertio  minutis  subjequalibus,  secundo  longiore  cra.ssiore,  extus  ampliato ; 
labiates  (VIII.  8  d)  articulo  secundo  primo  vix  longiore.  Mentum  amplum,  antice  sinuatum 
necnon  in  medio  profunda  fissum.  Ligula  porrecta  subrotundata  pilosa.  Pedes  (praesertim 
antici  necnon  in  sexu  masculo)  elongati,  postici  subsaltatorii  (sed  baud  incrassati) :  tibiis  ad 
apieem  muticis  :  tarsis  (VIII.  8  e)  pseudotetrameris,  articulo  primo  (in  anticis  prsecipue)  elongato, 
secundo  ad  apieem  emarginato  tertium  bilobum  recipiente,  ultimo  clavato  unguiculis  simplicibus 
munito. 

A  fei'o?  mirabilis,  et  6p-)^rjaTt)v  saltator. 

Throughout  all  the  members  of  the  Coleoptera  with  which  we  have  here  to  do, 
there  is  no  form  more  remarkable  or  interesting  than  Xenorchestes, — possessing  as 
it  does  points  of  coincidence  with  groups  far  removed  from  each  other.  I  have 
but  little  doubt  however  that  it  is  correctly  placed  near  to  the  Anthribi,  since  its 
most  essential  characteristics  (both  structural  and  external)  betray  a  nearer  relation 
to  Chorar/ns  than  perhaps  to  anything  else  hitherto  described.  Still,  it  is  impossible 
to  deny  that  it  inherits  likewise  a  certain  atflnity  vnth.  some  of  the  ChrysomeUdce, 
especially  with  siieli  genera  as  Ilnlophila  and  3Iiiw]jhilosouia  (hereafter  to  be 
noticed), — in  conjunction  with  which  indeed  it  may  very  likely  constitute  a  passage 
between  the  present  family  and  that  division  of  the  Thytoiiliaga.      The  parts  of 

3h 


418  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

its  mouth  are  moulded  in  every  respect  after  the  ordinary  Anthribideous  type; 
whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  its  subapproximated  antennas  (which  are  inserted  into 
its  forehead  between  the  eyes)  would  tend  to  associate  it  with  the  departments 
above  mentioned, — from  which  also  its  extraordinary  capability  of  leaping  would 
not  assist  in  removing  it.  In  this  last  peculiarity  however  it  agrees  equally  with 
Choragus  (of  the  Brnchidoi), — to  which,  as  just  stated,  I  believe  it  to  be  veiy  nearly 
akin.  The  sexual  variation  in  the  length  of  its  limbs  is  more  in  accordance  with 
what  we  know  of  the  Rhyncophora  than  with  the  Phijtophaga ;  and  its  habits, 
wliich  appear  to  be  subcortical,  incline  likewise  to  the  former.  Still,  as  regards  its 
mode  of  Hfe,  ILiiophilosoma  does  not  altogether  ditfer  fi'om  it,  being  very  liable  to 
(at  any  rate)  harbour  beneath  loosely-attached  bark, — under  which  circumstances 
I  have  frequently  captm'cd  it  in  company  with  Xenorchestes  ;  and,  from  its  strong 
prima  facie  resemblance  in  general  contour  and  colouring  to  the  females  of  that 
insect,  have  not  always  found  it  easy  at  fii-st  sight  to  separate  the  two. 

321.  Xenorchestes  saltitans,  Woll.    (Tab.  Till.  fig.  8.) 
X.  niger  nitidus  glaberrimus  et  fere  irapunctatus,  prothoracis  margine  antico  saepius  dilutiorc,  anten- 
narum  basi  ferruginea,  pedibus  vel  infuscato-piceis  vel  infuscato-ferrugineis. 
Mas,  plerumque  paulo  major,  antcnnis  pedibusque  longioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  f-lj. 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatica  excelsa,   sub  cortice  arborum  laxo,  rarior  :  ad  Ribeiro  Frio   tempore 
hiberno,  necnon  in  regione  Fanalensi  mense  Julio,  parce  observavi. 

X.  ovate  and  rather  compressed  laterally,  exceedingly  convex,  black  (and  usually  with  a  just  appre- 
ciable greenish  tinge),  perfectly  glabrous,  highly  jiolished,  and  almost  unsculptured.  PrutJwrax 
large,  wide  behind,  and  with  its  fore-margin  generally  a  little  transparent  and  diluted  in  colouring ; 
appearing  all  but  unpunctured  beneath  a  moderate  lens, — but  under  the  microscope  finely 
granidated,  and  with  distant  and  most  minutely  impressed  points  intermixed  (as  also  with  a  row 
of  rather  larger  punctures  along  its  extreme  hinder  edge).  Elijtra  not  perceptibly  sculptured 
except  beneath  tlie  microscope  (when  they  will  be  observed  to  be  most  dehcatoly  but  remotely 
punetulated,  though  even  more  finely  so  than  the  prothorax;  and  without  any  appearance  of 
granules).  Antenna  and  legs  either  brownish-piceous  or  brownish-ferruginous. 
Male,  usually  a  little  larger  than  the  female,  and  with  the  antenna;  and  legs  rather  longer. 

ExceecUngly  rare,  and  confined  to  the  forest  districts  of  intermediate  and  lofty 
elevations, — where  it  occurs  beneath  the  dead,  loosely-attached  bark  of  trees  in 
damp  spots.  I  have  taken  it  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio  dm-ing  the  ^-inter ;  and,  in  July, 
at  the  Lombo  dos  Pccegueiros  and  the  Fanal.  It  leaps  but  very  imperfectly  (not 
more  successfully  in  fact  than  the  Euclneti), — as  indeed  the  construction  of  its 
hind  legs  (which  arc  not  more  tliickened  than  the  remainder)  would  lead  us  to 
anticii)ate.  From  their  highly-polished,  glabrous,  laterally-compressed  bodies  and 
saltatorial  liabits,  small  female  examples  bear  a  sin^vXviV  prima  facie  resemblance 
to  dark  specimens  of  the  common  flea. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  ^^^ 


(Subf.  2.  BRUCHIDES.) 


Genus  136.  BRUCHUS.    (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  9.) 

Geoffrey,  Hist.  Abr.  des  Ins.  de  Farts,  i.  163  (1762). 

Corpus  parvum,  plus  minusve  pubescenti-variegatum :  capite  exserto  subinflexo,  leviter  producto  (sed 
vix  rostrato) ;  oculis  lunatis  prominulis  :  prothorace  postice  lato  sinuato,  elytris  arete  applicato : 
scutello  plerumque  distincto  et  subquadrato :  elytris  oblougo-subquadratis,  postice  abbreviatis 
(pygidium  baud  tegentibus),  necnon  ad  apieem  ipsum  plerumque  siugulatim  rotundatis  :  alis 
amplis.  Antennm  longiusculfe  validse,  juxta  sinum  oculorum  insertfe,  apieem  versus  erassiores  et 
intus  plerumque  serratse.  Lahrum  luuulatum.  Mandibula  validae  triangulares,  intus  in  medio 
membrane  angusta  auets.  Maa:illa  bilobse  graciles,  valde  ciliatae.  Palpi  articulo  ultimo  sub- 
fusiformi.  Mentum  transversum,  antice  in  medio  emargiuatum,  lobis  lateralibus  rotundatis. 
Ligula  ampla  elongata,  apice  vlx  sinuata.  Pedes  vaUdi,  jaos^ici  paulo  longiores  ;  femoribus  posticis 
subincrassatis  et  infra  dente  minuto  sspius  instruetis ;  tibiis  posticis  (interdum  posterioribus)  ad 
apieem  internum  spina  parv^  acuta  munitis  ;  tarsis  posticis  articulo  primo  elongato  cui-vato. 

The  :Bruchi  are  insects  of  a  very  wide  geographical  range,  nearly  250  species 
(about  70  of  which  have  been  recorded  as  European)  being  described  in  Schon- 
herr's  great  work  on  the  Bhyncophom.  They  are  more  numerous  in  tropical  than 
in  northern  latitudes;  and,  from  the  seed-infesting  habits  of  theii-  larvse,  are  con- 
stantly Hable  to  transmission  throughout  the  civiHzed  world:  and  hence  the 
original  centres  of  diffusion  of  some  of  them  are  now  not  very  easily  to  be  ascer- 
tained. They  may  be  known,  amongst  other  features,  by  their  apicaUy-abbre\iated 
and  more  or  less  subquadrate  elytra,  by  their  exserted  (though  subinflexed)  head 
and  lunate  eyes,  by  the  sinuated  hinder  margm  of  their  prothorax,  by  their 
graduaUy  thickened  and  subserrated  antennae,  and  by  their  robust  posterior  legs, 
—the  femora  of  which  are  usuaUy  furnished  with  a  smaU  spine  beneath.  Out  of 
the  thi-ee  representatives  hitherto  detected  vn  the  Madeii-a  Islands,  two  have  in  aU 
probabiUty  been  naturaHzed  from  other  countries ;  whilst  the  remaioing  one  is  of  a 
remarkably  iadigenous  nature,— being  confined  to  higher  altitudes,  and  harbouring 
amongst  the  lichen  of  the  exposed  moimtain-summits. 


§  I.  Scutellum  distinctum,  suhquadratum. 

322.  Bruchus  rufimanus. 
B.  oblongo-ovatus  niger,  pube  fulvescenti  parce  variegatus,  prothorace  ad  latera  in  medio  subangulato, 
elytris  subcrenato-striatis  et   maculis  plurimis  parvis   (prsesertim  in  media  parte)  albidioribus 
adspersis,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  anticis  rufo-testaceis,  femoribus  posticis  obsolete  et  obtuse 
dentatis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  2i. 

3h2 


420  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Bruehm  granarius,  Mslun,  (nee  Linn.  1767)  Ent.  Brit.  i.  235  (1802). 

et  Pisi,  Steph.  Ill  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  213  (1831). 

riiftmanus,  Schon.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  i.  58  (1833). 


Habitat  prope  urbum  Funchalensem  i\Iaderse  (ex  Europu  introJuctus?). 

B.  oblong-ovate,  black,  and  sparingly  variegated  with  fulvescent  pubescence  above, — but  with  rather 
paler  beneath  and  on  the  pygidiura  (where,  likewise,  it  is  more  dense).  Prothorax  punctured 
and  rugulose ;  with  its  lateral  edges  more  or  less  angulatcd  about  their  centre ;  and  generally 
with  a  thicker  patch  of  somewhat  paler  pubescence  in  the  middle  of  its  hinder  margin,  in  front 
of  the  scutellum  (which  is  distinct  and  subquadrate).  Elytra  subcrenate-striated ;  the  suture 
usually  more  densely  clothed  with  the  fulvescent  pubescence ;  and  with  numerous  small  irregular 
paler  spots  (or  specks)  besprinkled  over  their  surface, — especially  however  across  the  central 
region,  where  they  have  a  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  in  two  transverse  fascia;.  Antenna  and 
leys  rather  short  and  robust ;  the  base  of  the  former,  and  the  anterior  pair  of  the  latter,  bright 
rufo-testaceous.     Hinder  femora  with  a  strong,  but  obscure  and  obtuse,  tooth  beneath. 

An  abundant  insect  throughout  central  and  southern  Em-ope,  and  recorded  also 
from  Eg}7)t  and  the  Caucasus.  It  has  probably  been  introduced  into  Madeira, — 
where  it  occurs  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  towns,  though  not  very  al)imdantly. 
Apart  from  its  large  size  and  robust  limbs,  it  may  be  at  once  recognised  h\  the 
subangulated  sides  of  its  prothorax,  and  by  the  bright  rufo-testaceous  hue  of  its 
front  legs  and  of  the  base  of  its  antennae.  The  small,  irregular,  white  freckles, 
and  the  densely  clothed  suture,  of  its  elytra  which  characterize  it  in  its  normal 
state  are  apt  to  be  more  or  less  obscure,  and  occasionally  nearly  obsolete. 


323.  Bruchus  subellipticus,  TT'oll. 

B.  clliptico-ovatus  niger,  pube  subcinereo-fulvescenti  pai'ce  variegatus,  elytris  leviter  punctato-striatis 
valde  abbre\datis,  antennis  pedibusque  brevibus,  illarum  basi  et  articulo  ultimo,  his  abdomineque 
rufo-testaeeis,  femoribus  posticis  valde  et  acute  dentatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2t. 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarissime :  specimen  unicum  (ex  alienis  forsan  in  iusulam  invectum)  detexit  Rev"^"" 
Doin.  Lowe. 

B.  smaller  and  more  elliptical  than  the  B.  rufimanus  (being  considerably  acuminated  both  before  and 
behind),  black,  and  with  its  pubescence  a  little  more  ashy  and  less  fulvescent.  Prothorax  not 
quite  so  closely  punctured,  or  so  rugulose  as  in  that  insect ;  and  with  its  lateral  edges  simply 
rounded.  Scutellum  distinct  and  subquadrate.  Elytra  lightly  punctate-striated ;  exceednigly 
abbreviated,  and  each  of  them  rather  more  rounded  at  its  apex  than  in  either  of  the  other  species 
here  described.  Abdomen  rufo-testaceous.  Antenna  and  legs  short;  the  former  with  their  base 
and  ajiical  joint,  and  the  latter  entirely,  rufo-testaceous.  Hinder  femora  with  a  long  and  acute 
tooth  beneath. 

A  single  specimen  only  of  the  present  Bruchus  (detected  by  the  Rev.  11.  T.  Lowe 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  421 

in  the  north  of  the  island)  has  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice,  and  it  is  most 
probably  an  imported  insect  into  Madeka :  nevertheless,  not  having  been  al^le  to 
identify  it  with  any  species  wliich  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  examining,  I  have 
been  compeUed  to  describe  it  as  new.  It  may  be  immediately  known  by  its  sub- 
eUiptical  outline  and  short  limbs,  by  its  greatly  abbreviated  elytra,  and  by  the 
rufo-testaceous  hue  of  its  legs,  and  of  the  base  and  apical  joint  of  its  antennte. 
The  spine  of  its  hinder  femora,  also,  is  longer  and  more  acute  than  that  of  either 
of  the  other  members  of  the  genus  with  which  we  have  here  to  do. 

§  II.   Scutellwm  minutissimum,  vix  observandum. 

324.  Bruchus  lichenicola,  Woll.    (Tab.  VIII.  fig.  9.) 
B.  ovatus  niger,  pube  fulvescenti  et  cinerea  densissime  variegatus,  elytris  striatis  et  fasciis  duabus 
albido-ciuereis  ornatis,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  rufo-testaceis,  femoribus  posticis   obscure 
dentatis. 
Variat  antennis  omnino  testaceis  et  dente  femorum  posticorum  valde  indistmcto. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  f-I. 

Habitat  ins.  Portus  Sancti  et  Desertje  Grandis,  inter  lichenes  in  rupium  fissuris  nascentes,  tempore 
hiberno  et  vernali  \nilgaris :  in  jMadera  propria  mihi  uon  obvius. 

B.  minute  and  ovate,  black,  and  most  densely  clothed  with  fulvescent  and  ashy-white  pubescence 
above,— but  with  entirely  pale  beneath.  Protlwrax  closely  punctured  and  subrugulose,— the 
paler  pubescence  preponderating  at  its  sides  (which  are  rounded)  and,  generally,  towards  the 
centre  of  its  hinder  margin,  in  front  of  the  scutellum  (which  is  very  minute,  and  only  just  distin- 
guishable). Elytra  striated;  and  adorned  with  two  more  or  less  evident  fasciai  of  the  paler 
(ashy-white)  pubescence,  common  to  both,— one  of  which  is  postmedial,  and  the  other  (which  is 
widely  interrupted  at  the  suture)  antemedial.  Antenna  and  legs  rather  fragile ;  the /ora^er  with 
their  base  (sometimes  with  the  apes  also),  and  the  legs,  rufo-testaceous.  Hinder  femora  with  a 
small  and  very  obscure  tooth  beneath,  which  is  occasionally  nearly  obsolete. 

A  most  distinct  and  truly  incHgenous  Uttle  Bruchus —hein^  moreover  the 
smallest  member  of  the  genus  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  averaging  about  three- 
quarters  of  a  line  in  length.  Independently  however  of  its  diminutive  bulk,  it  is 
characterized  by  the  excessive  mimiteness  of  its  scutellum  and  femoral  tooth,  by 
its  unusually /rfl^ife  (though  not  particularly  slender)  limbs,  and  by  the  two  more 
or  less  evident  ashy-white  fascia?  with  which  its  elytra  are  adorned.  Its  habits 
are  of  a  very  exclusive  nature,  it  being  confined,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed, 
to  the  Hchen  of  the  exposed  weather-beaten  peaks,— amongst  the  thick  masses  of 
which  in  the  crevices  of  the  rocks  of  Porto  Santo  and  the  Dezerta  Grande  it 
literaUy  teems.  I  have  not  as  yet  detected  it  in  Madeu-a  proper,  but  in  the  former 
of  those  islands  I  might  have  captui-ed  it  by  thousands  dming  December  1848 
and  April  1849 ;  whilst,  in  May  of  1850,  it  was  scarcely  less  abundant  on  the 


422  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

latter, — particularly  in  the  dried  bimclies  of  Bamalina  scopulorum  and  JEvernia 
jn'vnastri,  in  company  with  the  Ptinus  fragilis  and  other  insects  which  delight  in 
such  situations. 


Sectio  VIII.    EUCERATA. 
Pam.  37.  CERAMBICID^. 

Genus  137.  STROMATIUM. 

Serville,  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  Ent.  de  France,  iii.  (1«  serie)  80  (183i). 

Coi-pus  magnum,  clongatum,  parallclum,  pubescens,  leviter  depressum  :  capite  subporrecto ;  oculis 
valde  emarginatis  (subluniformibus)  :  prothorace  tequo  ;  ad  latera  in  maribus  rotundato-excavato, 
excavationc  pilorum  pulrino  instructii :  alls  amplis.  Anteniue  ante  margiuem  oculorum  internum 
inserts;,  longissima;  (praesertim  in  maribus),  setacefe,  basin  versus  birsuta;,  articulo  primo  robusto, 
secundo  brevissimo,  tertio  elongate,  rebquis  huic  paulo  brevioribus  longitudine  subsequalibus, 
latitudine  vix  decrescentibus.  Labrum  membranaceum  breve  transversum,  pilis  longissimis 
munitum,  apice  vix  cmarginatum  et  in  medio  setoso-pencillatum.  Mandibula  magnje  cornese 
vaHda;,  basi  latse,  apice  acuta,  intus  ante  medium  dente  obtusissimo  rotundato  instructte.  Maxilla 
biloba;  submembranaceae,  lobis  valde  pubescentibus  pencillatis.  Palpi  robusti,  vis  clavati ; 
maxillares  articulo  prime  parvo,  secundo  et  ultimo  longitudine  subtequalibus  (boe  subovato  apice 
oblique  truncate),  tertio  paulo  breviore;  labiales  e  scapis  ligulce  connatis  surgcntcs,  articulo  primo 
parvo,  secundo  paulo  longiore,  ultimo  crassiore  elongate-ovate  apice  suboblique  truncate.  Mentum 
submembranaceum  transversum  antice  angustatum,  apice  prefunde  cmarginatum.  Ligula  mem- 
branacea,  apice  bileba,  lobis  divergentibus  valde  pilosis.  Pedes  elongati :  femoribiis  compressis 
subliuearibus  :  tarsis  (ut  in  bujus  scctionis  reliquis)  pseudotetrameris. 

Stromatiinn  may  be  readily  knoTVTi  by  the  structure  of  its  prothorax, — which 
has  the  sides,  in  the  male  sex,  slightly  hollowed  or  scooped  out,  the  excavation 
being  filled  up  with  a  dense  cushion  of  hairs ;  it  has  also  its  upper  siuface  fi'ee 
from  iuequalitics,  and  without  any  appearance  of  the  more  or  less  poMshed  tuber- 
cles which  are  apparent  in  Fhymatodes  and  Blahinotiis.  In  the  details  of  its 
trophi  it  does  not  offer  any  great  peculiarities ;  nevertheless  its  more  filiform, 
though  somewhat  robuster,  palpi  (the  terminal  joint  of  which,  instead  of  being 
securiform,  is  ovate,  and  truncated  at  its  extremity),  in  conjimction  with  its 
deeply  cmarginated  mentum,  should  be  especially  noticed.  The  thii'd  articulation 
also  of  its  antennaj  is  distinctly  longer  than  the  fourth  (wliich  is  scarcely  the  case 
in  any  of  the  follomng  three  genera) ;  and  its  femora  are  sublinear  and  com- 
pressed,— being  somewhat  narrowed  towards  their  apex,  instead  of  abruptly 
clavatc.  Apart  from  the  entire  edges  of  then-  prothorax,  the  females  (as  in  the 
Eucerata  generally)  may  be  recognised  by  being,  on  the  average,  of  a  rather  larger 
size,  and  by  their  antenna;  being  proiiortionahly  a  little  more  abbreviated. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  423 

325.  Stromatium  unicolor. 
S.  subdepressum  fulvo-testaceum  creberrime  rugulosvim  et  pubesccns,  prothorace  sequo,  elytris  punctis 

elevatis  (prfescrtim  antice)  dispersis  obsitis,  sutura  apice  acuminata. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  6-11. 

Callidium  unicolor,  Oliv.  Ent.  iv.  70.  58.  pi.  7.  fig.  8-1  (1795). 

strepens,  Eab.  Ent.  Syst.  v.  Suppl.  150  (1798). 

SoIenopJiorus  strepiens,  Mills.  Long,  de  France,  G5  (1810). 
Stromatium  strepens,  Lucas,  Col.  de  VAlt/erie,  490  (1819). 

Habitat  in  domibus  prope  Funcbal,  ligno  antique,  ab  sestate  nova  usque  ad  autumnum  non  infrequens. 

S.  large,  linear-elongate,  sUgbtly  depressed,  entirely  fulvo-testaceous  (or  pale  cinnamon-colour),  very 
closely  rugulose  (scarcely  punctured),  and  densely  clotbed  with  a  short  decumbent  paler  pubes- 
cence. Antenna  very  long,  rather  thickly  hirsute  towards  their  base.  Prothorax  tolerably 
large,  somewhat  ovate,  and  truncated  before  and  behind ;  its  upper  surface  free  from  inequalities, 
though  with  obscure  indications  of  a  slightly  elevated  dorsal  line  on  its  hinder  disk.  Elytra  with 
minute  scattered  tubercles,  or  raised  points,  especially  apparent  towards  the  suture  and  base ; 
and  with  two  or  three  very  obscurely  elevated  ridges  down  each.  Antenna  and  legs  concolorous 
with,  or  a  little  paler  than,  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

The  large  size  and  pale  cinnamon  hue  of  the  *S'.  unicolo)',  apart  from  the  generic 
characters  of  its  prothorax  and  femora  already  referred  to,  will  at  once  distinguish 
it  from  the  remainder  of  the  Longicorns  with  which  we  are  here  concerned. 
Since  the  north  of  Africa  would  appear  to  be  one  of  its  principal  areas  of  diffusion, 
it  is  possible  that  it  may  be  truly  indigenous  in  these  islands ;  nevertheless,  if 
such  be  the  case,  it  is  certainly  remarkable  that  it  should  not  occur  except  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Firachal, — to  which,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  it 
seems  to  be  almost  exclusively  confined.  There,  however,  it  is  sufficiently 
common,  being  but  too  well  known  in  the  houses  from  the  injury  which  it  is 
liable  to  commit  amongst  different  articles  of  furniture,  on  the  old  wood  of  which 
the  larvae  subsist.  It  is  not  unusual  indeed  for  the  attention  to  be  attracted  by 
the  grating  noise  (whence,  I  imagine,  the  very  appropriate  name  of  strepens  was 
suggested,  but  which  has  unfortunately  to  give  way  to  the  older  one  applied  to  it 
by  Olivier)  which  the  perfect  insect  makes,  on  its  arrival  at  the  imago  state,  in 
gnawing  its  way  from  out  of  the  cavities  formed  by  the  larvaj, — an  operation 
which  it  often  requii'cs  a  considerable  time  to  effect,  resuming  its  labours  at 
intervals,  especially  towards  the  evening.  Owing  perhaps  to  its  fi'equent  trans- 
mission amongst  civilized  countries,  it  is  a  species  of  wide  geographical  range ; 
nevertheless,  its  original  centre  was  probably  within  the  Mediterranean  limits, — 
it  being  abundant  in  the  south  of  France  and  Spain,  and  (as  just  mentioned)  in 
the  north  of  Africa.  The  specimens  in  fact  described  Ijy  Pabricius,  in  1798,  were 
from  Tangier, — and  it  is  stated  by  M.  Lucas  to  be  not  uncommon  in  logs  of 
CytisKS  spinosus  and  Pistacea  lentiscus  in  the  neighboiu'hood  of  Algiers.  It  has 
however  been  likewise  recorded  in  Russia,  Asia  Minor,  Persia  and  Mesopotamia. 


424  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  138.  PHYMATODES. 

Mulsant,  Longic.  de  France,  47  (1840). 

Corpus  sat  magnum,  elongatum,  parallelum,  piibescens,  depressum :  capite  subpon-ecto ;  uculis  valde 
emarginatis  (subluniformibus) :  prothorace  insequali  parvo,  tuberculis  obscuris  aucto  :  alls  amplis. 
Antenna  ad  margiuem  oculorum  internum  insertfe,  longissimfe  (prfesertim  in  maribus),  setacese, 
articulis  basUaribus  setis  paucis  ad  apicem  instructis,  articulo  primo  robusto,  secundo  brevissimo, 
reliquis  longitudine  subfequalibus,  latitudine  leviter  decrescentibus.  Labrum  tenuissimo-mem- 
branaceum  transversum,  pilis  longissimis  munitum,  apice  rotundatum  integrum  et  in  medio 
pencillatum.  Mandihula  validaj,  basi  latie,  apice  corner  valde  incurva;  acutissimse,  intus  ante 
medium  dente  obtuso  instructje.  Maxilla  bilobae  membranaceae,  lobis  valde  pubescentibus 
pencOlatis.  Palpi  elongati  parum  graciles  subclavati ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo 
et  ultimo  longitudine  subfequalibus  (hoc  subsecuriformi),  tertio  paulo  breviore ;  labiales  e  scapis 
ligulffi  connatis  sm-gentes,  articulo  primo  vix  parvo,  secundo  paulo  longiore,  ultimo  elongato 
crasso  subsecurifoiini.  Mentum  corneum  breve  transversum,  apice  fere  integrum.  Ligula  brevis 
membranacea  apice  biloba,  lobis  divergentibus  pilosis.  Pedes  elongati :  femorilms  basi  peduncu- 
latis,  apicem  versus  subito  et  valde  clavatis. 

In  point  of  priority,  Merhtm,  established  in  the  Fauna  Boreali-Americana  (in 
1837),  is  the  oldest  title  for  the  present  genus ;  and,  since  Kirby  expressly  there 
.states  that  the  CalUdinm  varlabUe  of  Fabricius  may  be  regarded  as  the  type,  we 
should  have  been  comjicUed  under  ordinary  circumstances,  notwithstanding  the 
unimportant  feature  selected  as  the  sum  total  of  his  diagnosis  (namely,  the  clava- 
tion  of  the  thighs,  Avhich  is  common  to  so  many  of  the  allied  groups),  to  have 
retained  that  name, — ^even  though  it  be  usually  ignored  by  recent  entomologists. 
A  more  serious  objection  however  lies  in  the  fact  that  a  3Ieriam  and  Jleria  did 
jn-eviously  exist  (of  which  Kirby  could  not  have  been  aware)  :  and,  since  even 
these  infringe  too  closely  on  the  Linmcan  prohibition  (vid.  Philosophia  Botanica, 
no.  228)  against  genera  "  simUi  sono  exeuntia  "  (a  rule  stUl  insisted  ujion  by  the 
laws  of  nomenclature),  it  is  clear  that  to  add  a  Merium  to  the  list  is  only  to  per- 
petuate confusion,  and  that  we  have  consequently  a  legitimate  reason  for  dis- 
cardmg  it  altogether, — a  step  which  the  unsatisfactory  natvu'c  of  the  character  on 
which  it  was  originally  founded  will  not  cause  us  to  regret*.  Regarding  the 
peculiarities  of  Fhymatodes,  apart  from  its  more  flattened,  less  densely  pul^esccnt 
surface,   and   its   extremely  clavated  femora,  it  may  be  kno\Mi  both  from  the 

•  Dr.  Le  Conte  indeed,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  rejects  the 
name  of  Merium  on  account  of  the  iusuflicieut  value  of  the  character  on  wliich  the  genus  was  estabhshed : 
but  it  seems  to  me  that  we  can  hardly  admit  such  a  principle  without  opening  the  door  to  a  host  of 
difficulties  wliich  its  adoption  would  at  once  let  in  upon  us ;  since  it  is  certain  that  many  of  the  groups 
■which  are  now  universally  received  were  at  first  indicated  in  ahnost  as  loose  and  general  a  maimer  as 
Kirby's, — and  by  sanctioning  it  therefore  we  Should  in  fact  be  sacrificing  the  law  of  priority  to  individual 
judgment,  .and  resigning  the  necessity  of  retaining  the  fii-st  proposed  names  of  genera  to  the  mere  option 
of  succeeding  naturalists,  according  as  they  may  choose  to  regard  the  attendant  diagnoses  to  be  satisfac- 
tory or  not  (a  standard  which,  as  science  advances,  must  of  course  vary  witli  almost  everj-  consecutive 
age). 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  425 

23i'e\dous  genus  and  the  following  one  by  its  somewhat  more  incurved  mandibles 
and  slenderer  palpi, — the  latter  of  which  have  their  apical  joint  more  secnriform 
than  in  Stromatliim,  but  considerably  less  so  than  in  Blahi>iotus.  It  is  very  often 
united  with  CallkUum,  from  which  perhaps  it  is  scarcely  in  reality  distinct. 
Nevertheless  it  differs  fi-om  the  normal  state  of  that  group  in  having  its  antennae 
longer  and  more  setaceous,  the  terminal  articulation  of  its  palpi  more  incrassated, 
and  by  the  more  or  less  glabrous  prominences  of  its  prothorax. 

326.  Phymatodes  variabilis. 
P.  depressus  rufo-testaceus  punctatus  pubescens,  prothorace  inaequali  subtuberculato,  elytris  testaceis. 

Var.  /3.  niger,  elytris  vix  siibrufescentibus,  antennis  tarsisque  fusco-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  5-6^. 

Ceramhyx  variabilis,  Lmn.  Fna  Suec.  669  (1761). 

testaceus  et  fennicus,  id.  670  et  674. 

CalliJium  fennicum,  variahile,  testaceum  et prtBustum,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  319,  321,  326,  327  (1792). 

variahile,  Steph.  lU.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  248  (1831). 

Phymatodes  variahile,  Muls.  Longic.  de  France,  47  (1840). 

Habitat  in  vinetis  hortisque  Maderfe,  sub  cortice  arborum  laxo,  sestate  rarior. 

P.  smaller  than  the  last,  and  mucb  more  depressed,  linear-elongate,  rufo-testaceous,  distinctly  and 
rather  coarsely  punctured,  and  clothed,  though  not  very  densely,  with  pubescence.  Antenna 
very  long,  with  a  few  rigid  hairs  at  the  summit  of  each  joint,  evanescent  in  the  apical  ones. 
Prothora.v  rather  small,  and  rounded  at  the  sides ;  its  upper  surface  unequal,  with  a  large  (though 
obscure)  tubercular  subglabrous  prominence  on  either  side  of  the  disk,  and  an  elongated  central 
one  (forming  a  portion  of  the  dorsal  line)  behind.  Elytra  rather  paler  than  the  prothorax ;  much 
depressed,  and  with  very  obscure  indications  of  a  slightly  oblique  longitudinal  ridge  down  each. 
Antenna  and  legs  concolorous  with  the  head  and  prothorax. 
Var.  /3.  piceous-black  ;  elytra  with- either  a  slightly  rufescent  or  a  violet  tinge;  antenna  and  tarsi 
more  or  less  fusco-ferruginous. 

The  common  European  F.  variabilis  appears  subject  in  Madeira  to  much  the 
same  alternations  of  colouring  as  in  more  northern  latitudes, — from  whence  indeed 
it  may  very  possibly  have  been  originally  introduced.  It  occiu'S,  at  rather  low 
elevations,  in  the  \dcinity  of  vineyards, — secreting  itself  l)eneath  the  loose  bark  of 
the  trees  upon  which  the  vines  are  trained.  In  such  situations  I  have  taken  the 
pale,  or  normal,  state  rather  abundantly  at  Santa  Anna  during  the  early  summer 
months.  Of  the  dark  variety  I  have  seen  hitherto  but  a  single  specimen,  pre- 
sented to  me  by  the  Hev.  R.  T.  Lowe  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken, 
by  whom  it  was  captured  many  years  ago  near  Funchal. 

Genus  139.  BLABINOTUS,  Woll    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  l.) 

Corpus  magnum,   elongatum,   parallelum,  valde  pubescens,  subcyhndricum :  capite   (IX.  1  a  et  1  6) 
subporrecto ;  oculis  lenter  emarginatis  (reniformibus)  :  prothorace  insquali,  tubercuhs  Isevissimis 

3i 


426  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

auctOj  ad  latera  dente  medio  acuto  instructo :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  ante  marginem  oculorum 
internum  insert?e,  longissima-  subsetaceae  liirsutissinise,  articulo  primo  robusto,  secundo  brevis- 
simo,  reliquis  longitudine  siibaequalibus,  latitudine  Icviter  decresceutibus.  Labrum  teuuissimo- 
membranaceum  transversum,  in  medio  setoso-pilosum,  apice  integrum  rectum.  Mandibula 
corneae  validse,  basi  lata;,  apice  incurvse  acutissima;,  intus  ante  medium  dente  obscuro  (in  una 
rotundato  obtusissimo,  in  altera,  IX.  1  c,  obsolete)  instructa;.  Maxilla  (IX.  1  d)  bilobse  sub- 
mcmbranacere,  lobis  valde  pubcscentibus  pencillatis.  Pulpi  longissimi  robusti  valde  clavati ; 
maxillares  articulo  j)rimo  vix  parvo  extus  profunde  sinuato,  secundo  et  ultimo  longitudine  sub- 
sequalibus  (hoc  valde  securiformi  dilatato),  tertio  paulo  breviore ;  labiaks  (IX.  I  c)  e  scapis  ligulae 
connatis  surgentes,  articulo  primo  vix  parv'o,  secundo  ])aulo  longiore  crassiorc,  ultimo  maximo 
securiformi  valde  dilatato.  Mentum  subcorneum  transversum,  angulis  anticis  rotundatis,  apice 
leviter  emarginatum  membranaceum.  Ligula  membranacea,  apice  valde  biloba,  lobis  divergen- 
tibus  pilosis.     Pedes  elongati :  femoribus  basi  pedunculatis,  apicem  versus  clavatis. 

A  ffka^t)  injuria,  et  voto?  auster. 

Blab'motus  is  an  exceedingly  well-marked  genus,  presenting  many  peculiarities 
which  ^vlU  readily  separate  it  from  the  allied  groups.  Thus,  its  extremely  pUose 
surface  and  cylindrical  hody  (which  however  it  possesses  iu  common  with  Tricho- 
ferus),  added  to  the  structure  of  its  prothorax,  which  has  two  prominent,  greatly 
developed  tubercles  on  the  disk,  and  the  sides  furnished  \d\\\  an  acute  central 
tooth,  are,  even  2)rimd  facie,  apparent :  whUst,  at  the  same  time,  in  its  obscurer 
details  it  is  not  less  distinctly  characterized, — since  its  reniform  eyes  (somewhat 
remote  from  the  inner  margin  of  which  the  antennae  are  inserted,  which  is  not  the 
case  cither  in  JPhijmatodes  or  Trichoferus),  and  the  remarkable  formation  of  its 
very  elongated  palpi,  which  have  theu*  last  joint  large  and  seciu-iform  and  the  basal 
maxillary  one  decjily*  sinuatcd  externally,  at  once  remove  it  from  the  remainder 
of  the  Madeii'an  Longicorns  here  desci'ibed.  I  have  retained  the  name  proposed 
for  it  by  M.  Chevrolat,  after  my  first  return  from  the  Madeira  Islands  in  1818. 

327.  Blabinotus  spinicollis,  Woll.    (Tab.  IX.  tig.  l.) 

B.  subcylindricus  fusco-piceus  valde  cinereo-  et  flavescenti-cinereo-pubescens,  prothorace  inaequali 
tuberculato  ad  latera  spina  media  instructo,  clytris  profunde  punctatis  piloso-marmoratis, 
antennis  pedibusque  fusco-ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  5-7,}. 

Habitat  in  ligno  antiquo  per  partem  Maderae  sylvaticara,  non  infrequens  :  praesertim  nocte  volitat,  quo 
tempore  ad  ignium  lumina  allectus  saepissime  legatur. 

B.  narrow,  linear-elongate,  subcylindrical,  of  an  obscure  rusty-  or  brownish-piceous,  densely  clothed 
with  decumbent,  silken,  cinereous  and  yellowish  hairs,  and  with  longer  and  more  erect  ones 


*  This  singularity-  of  structure  is  slightly  indicated  also  in  Clytus,  but  altogether  absent  in  the  inter- 
mediate genus  Trichoferus.     In  Beucalian  it  is  exceedingly  evident. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  427 

intermixed.  Antennm  very  long,  and  exceedingly  hirsute,  especially  towards  their  base.  Pro- 
thorax  rather  small,  with  the  sides  produced  into  a  robust  central  tooth ;  its  upper  surface 
unequal,  with  a  somewhat  small  (though  very  elevated  and  distinct)  transverse  tubercular 
glabrous  prominence  on  either  side  of  the  disk,  and  an  obscure,  elongated,  scarcely  raised,  central 
one  behind  (forming  a  portion  of  the  dorsal  line)  ;  rather  rough,  and  with  the  anterior  margin  a 
little  elevated.  Elytra  very  coarsely  and  distinctly  punctured,  and  more  or  less  mottled  with 
cinereous  pubescence.  Antenna  and  legs  brownish-ferruginous ;  the  apical  portion  of  the  former, 
and  the  tarsi  of  the  latter,  being  generally  paler. 

A  truly  indigenous  insect,  occurring  in  most  parts  of  the  island  at  intermediate 
altitudes, — though  especially  within  the  sylvan  districts,  and  between  the  limits  of 
about  2000  to  4000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  nocturnal  in  its  habits,  and  is  con- 
stantly attracted  by  the  light  of  fires  and  candles  in  elevated  spots.  I  have  taken 
it  under  such  cu-cumstances  at  the  bottom  of  the  Ciu-ral  das  Preu-as,  in  Eebruary ; 
as  also  in  the  region  of  the  Ribeiro  Prio,  diuing  August, — where  I  have  likewise 
frequently  observed  it  drowned  in  the  Levada,  or  have  extracted  it  from  out  of  the 
dead  branches  of  the  trees  which  clothe  the  mountain- slopes. 


Genus  140.  TRICHOFERUS,  Woll.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  .3.) 

Corpus  sat  magnum,  elongatum,  parallelum,  valde  pubescens,  subcylindricum :  capite  (IX.  3  fl  et  3  6) 
subporrecto ;  oculis  valde  emarginatis  (subluniformibus)  :  protliorace  parvo  aequo  transverso- 
subgloboso,  ad  latera  rotundato  integro  :  alls  amplis.  AntenruE  ad  marginem  oculorum  internum 
insertse,  longissime  subsetaceje,  basin  versus  leviter  hirsutse,  articulo  primo  robusto  subcylindrico, 
secundo  brevissimo,  reliquis  longitudine  subaequalibus,  latitudiue  vuc  decrescentibus.  Labrum 
tenuissimo-membranaceum  transversum,  in  medio  setoso-pilosum,  apice  vix  integrum  rectum. 
Mandibula  validse  cornepe,  basi  latse,  apice  incurvse  acutse,  intus  ante  medium  dente  obsoleto 
instructs.  Maxilla  (IX.  3  c)  bilobas  membranaccfe,  lobis  valde  pubescentibus  pencillatis.  Palpi 
breves  robusti  subclavati ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  paido  majoribus 
subaequalibus,  ultimo  subsecuriformi  leviter  dilatato ;  labiates  (IX.  3  f?)  e  scapis  ligulse  connatis 
surgentes,  articulo  primo  vix  parvo,  secundo  paxdo  longiore  crassiore,  ultimo  magno  subsecuri- 
formi leviter  dilatato.  Mentum  subcoriaceum  transversum,  angulis  anticis  rotundatis,  apice 
leviter  productum  submembranaceum.  Liyula  membranacea,  apice  biloba,  lobis  divergentibus 
pilosis.     Pedes  sat  elongati :  femoribus  apicem  versus  vix  clavatis. 

A  dpl^  pilus,  et  <^e'p(u  porto. 

The  insect  from  which  the  above  diagnosis  has  been  compiled  bears  so  strong  a 
superficial  resemblance  to  Blahinotus,  that  it  might  be  almost  mistaken  for 
another  species  of  that  genus ;  nevertheless  a  more  careful  examination  wUl  at 
once  disclose  important  characters  in  which  it  differs  from  it  altogether.  In  fact, 
the  peculiar  structure  of  the  palpi,  prothorax,  and  eyes,  which  constitutes  the  main 
featm'e  of  Blahinotus,  is  here  wanting, — ^siuce  the  palpi  are  exceecUngly  short,  with 
the  basal  joint  simple  and  the  apical  one  scarcely  secm-iform ;  the  prothorax  is 
rounded,  beiug  free  from  the  iuequalities,  tubercles  and  spines  which  are  there  so 

3  i2 


4,28  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

conspicuous  ;  and  the  eyes,  instead  of  being  reniform,  are  almost  as  deeply  emar- 
ginated  as  in  any  of  the  CerambicidcB  with  which  we  have  here  to  do.  Its  antennae 
moreover  are  not  quite  so  hau-y  as  in  Slabinotns  (though  its  body  is  even  more 
so),  and  its  femora  are  much  less  clavate.  In  some  respects  indeed  it  is  inter- 
mediate between  Blabinotiis  and  Cli/ttis,  uniting  to  a  certain  extent  the  elements 
of  them  both  :  nevertheless,  whilst  the  above  distinctions  will  readily  separate  it 
from  the  first,  its  elongated,  cylindrical  body,  apically  entire  elytra,  more  length- 
ened and  setiform  antennae  (inserted  immediately  in  front  of  the  emargination  of 
the  eyes),  in  conjimction  with  its  less  perceptibly  abbreviated  anterior  legs,  wUl, 
apart  from  the  modifications  of  its  oral  organs,  equally  remove  it  from  the  second. 
The  two  ol)scure  patches  of  its  prothorax,  produced  by  the  condensation  of  paler 
pile,  are  worthy  of  remark ;  for,  being  placed  in  nearly  similar  positions  as  the 
tubercles  are  in  BlaUnotus,  they  have  all  the  appearance,  prima  facie,  of  being 
elevated,  likewise, — thus  keeping  up  the  analogy  of  the  latter  in  a  somewhat 
singular  way. 

328.  Trichofems  senex,  WoU.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  3.) 
T.  subcylindricus  fusco-piceus    valde   subcinereo-pubescens,  prothorace  transverso-subgloboso  aequo 

obscure  piloso-bimaculato,  elytris  punctatis  piloso-submarmoratis,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-fer- 

rugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  4:^-7. 
Habitat  in  JIadera  sylvatica,  rarissime  :  duo  specimina  (a  DD.  Heinecken  at  Lowe  capta)  sola  vidi. 

T.  nanow,  linear-elongate,  subcyliiulrical,  of  much  the  same  colour  as  the  last  insect,  but  a  little 
more  nifcscent,  clothed  with  decumbent  subcinereous  hairs  (of  a  coarser  nature,  and  with  a  less 
decided  admixture  of  yellow,  than  in  the  last  insect),  and  with  exceedingly  long  and  almost  erect 
ones  intermixed.  Antenme  just  perceptibly  shorter  than  in  Blahinotus,  and  not  quite  so  hirsute. 
Prothorax  somewhat  transverse-globose,  its  sides  being  regularly  rounded ;  its  upper  surface  free 
from  inequalities  and  tubercles,  though  with  indications  of  a  glabrous  and  very  abbreviated  por- 
tion of  an  (otherwise)  obsolete  dorsal  line  in  the  centre  of  its  hinder  disk ;  and  with  an  ob.scui-e 
patch,  produced  by  denser  pile,  on  either  side  of  its  fore  disk.  Elytra  rather  roughly  punctured 
anteriorly,  but  obsoletely  so  behind  (the  punctures  even  in  front  being  less  defined  than  those 
of  BlaUnotus) ;  with  the  cinereous  pubescence  somewhat  unequally  distributed  (though  scarcely 
causing  the  surface  to  appear  so  decidedly  mottled  as  in  the  last  genus)  ;  and  with  excessively 
long,  fine,  and  erect  hairs  interspersed.     Antenna  and  legs  rufo-ferruginous. 

Until  quite  recently  a  single  specimen  only  of  the  present  insect  (collected  by 
the  late  Dr.  Heinecken)  had  come  beneath  my  notice  ;  but  a  second  has  been  just 
communicated  l)y  the  llev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  by  whom  it  was  detected  at  the  llibeiro 
Frio  during  Jidy  of  1851.  It  would  seem  to  be  extremely  rare, — having  alto- 
gether escaped  my  own  observations  in  these  islands  (the  result  however  perhaps 
of  its  not  making  its  appearance  until  nearly  the  autumn,  a  season  at  which  my 
researches  in  Madcu-a  have  been  less  prosecuted  than  at  any  other). 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA,  429 

Genus  141.  CLYTUS. 

rabrieius,  Si/sf.  Eleu.  ii.  345  (1801). 

Corpus  sat  magnum,  elongatum,  pubescens  :  capita  subdeflexo ;  oculis  emarginatis  (subluniformibus)  : 
prothorace  majore  aequo  subgloboso,  ad  latera  rotundato  integro  :  ehjfris  apice  subdehiscentibus 
et  plus  minusve  leviter  attenuatis  :  alis  amplis.  AntenncB  basi  subapproximatae  (vix  ad  marginem 
oculorum  internum  insertse),  minus  elongatse,  subfiliformes,  basin  versus  leviter  hirsutse,  articulo 
primo  robusto,  secundo  brevissimo,  tertio  leviter  elongato,  reliquis  longitudine  paulatim  deeres- 
centibus,  latitudine  subsequalibus.  Labrum  submembranaceum  trausversum,  apice  vix  rotun- 
datum  pilosum,  ad  basin  parte  media  coriacea  leviter  biloba  auctum.  Mandibulce  validse  cornefe, 
basi  latse,  apice  incurvse  acutae,  margine  interno  fere  integro.  Maxillae  bilobse  submembranacese, 
lobis  elongatis  valde  pubescentibus  pencillatis.  Palpi  breves  i-obusti  clavati ;  maxillares  articulo 
primo  vix  parvo  extus  obscure  subemarginato,  secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  crassioribus,  ultimo 
securiformi  dilatato ;  labiales  e  scapis  ligulse  connatis  surgentes,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo 
pauIo  majore,  ultimo  magno  subsecuriformi  dilatato.  Mentum  subcorneum  transversum,  antice 
leviter  emarginatum  subcoriaceum.  Ligula  membranacea,  apice  biloba,  lobis  divergentibus 
pilosis.    Pedes  posteriores  elongati,  antici  paulo  breviores  :  femoribus  apicem  versus  leviter  clavatis. 

Apart  from  less  evident  distinctions,  the  common  genus  Clytiis  is  sufficiently 
characterized  by  its  somewhat  largely  developed,  globose  and  luiarmed  prothorax, 
by  its  comparatively  short  and  robust  antennae  (the  joints  of  which,  from  the 
tbu'd  to  the  apex,  usually  decrease  in  length),  by  the  very  peculiar  formation  of  its 
upper  lip,  the  almost  entire  inner  margin  of  its  mandibles,  the  rather  elongated 
lobes  of  its  maxUlse,  by  its  posteriorly  narrowed  and  slightly  gapiug  elytra,  and 
by  its  subabbreviated  front  legs.  The  species  are  for  the  most  part  ornamented 
with  transverse,  more  or  less  arcuated  bands ;  and  their  prevalent  colom-s  (as  in 
the  only  Madeii'an  representative)  are  yellow  and  black. 

329.  Clytus  Arietis. 

C.  subcylindi-icus,  postice  leviter  attenuatus,  niger  pubescens,  prothorace  magno  globoso  aequo,  antice 
et  postice  flavo-marginato,  elytris  fasciis  tribus  communibus  (sc.  sub-basali  late  interrupta,  media 
biarcuata  et  postica  Integra)  flavis  ornatis,  apice  scutelloque  flavis,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo- 
ferrugineis,  illis  ad  basin  et  versus  apicem  et  femoribus  anterioribus  in  medio  infuscatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  5|. 

Leptwra  Arietis,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  695  (1761). 
CalUdium  Arietis,  Oliv.  Unt.  iv.  70.  jjI.  2.  fig.  20  (1795). 
Cli/fus  Arietis,  Fab.  Si/st.  Eleu.  ii.  3-17  (1802). 
,  Staph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  243  (1831). 

Habitat  prope  urbem  Funchalensem  Maderae  a  Dom.  Heinecken  olim  detectus,  cujus  exemplar  (in 
museo  Loweano  conservatum)  solum  nisi  fallor  exstat. 

C.  subcylindrical,  somewhat  acuminated  behind,  black,  and  pubescent.  Prothorax  rather  large  and 
globose,  its  sides  rounded,  and  its  upper  surface  free  from  inequalities ;  the  anterior  and  posterior 


430  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

margins  bright  yellow.  Elytra  with  three  transverse  fasciae,  common  to  both  (one  of  which  is 
sub-basal  and  broadly  interrupted  at  the  suture,  the  second  medial  and  biarcuate,  and  the  third 
postmedial  and  entire),  the  apex,  and  the  scutellum,  bright  yellow.  Antenna  and  legs  rufo-ferru- 
ginous  ;  the  former  with  their  basal  joint  and  the  apical  five  or  six,  and  the  latter  with  the  central 
portion  of  their  four  anterior  femora,  infuscated. 

The  C.  Arietis,  so  extremely  common  throughout  Europe,  may  very  possibly  have 
been  accidentaUy  imported  into  Madeka  from  more  northern  latitudes  ;  and  espe- 
cially so  since  it  is  evidently  scarce  in  these  islands,  it  having  never  come  xuider  my 
o^\-n  observation  in  a  recent  state.  The  vmique  examjile  on  which  its  admission 
into  oiu-  founa  rests  was  captm-ed  many  years  ago,  in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal,  by 
the  late  Dr.  Heinecken, — from  whose  collection  it  was  communicated  to  me  by 
the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe. 

Genus  142.  DEUCALION,  WoU.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  2.) 

Corpus  magnum,  elongato-ovatum,  minus  pubesccns :  capite  (IX.  2  a  et  2  Z>)  amplo  deflexo;  oculis 
valde  emarginatis  (subluuifonnibus)  :  prothorace  maximo  elongato  inaequali  rugoso,  ad  latera 
dente  medio  parvo  instructo,  postice  subito  transversim  constricto  et  plicato  :  mesothorace  elongato 
cyliudrico,  in  parte  supera  scobina  media  aspera  longitudiuali  munito  (quare  insectum  per  fric- 
tioncm  strepere  potest)  :  elytris  ovatis  subconnatis,  valde  tubcrculato-asperatis,  apicc  intcrdum 
iuKqualibus :  alls  obsoletis.  Antenna  ad  marginem  oeulorum  internum  (in  processus  duos) 
inserta^,  plus  minusve  longissima;  setacese,  articulis  intermediis  leviter  hirsutx,  articulo  primo 
robusto,  secundo  brevissimo,  tertio  elongato,  reliquis  huic  pauIo  brevioribus  vix  decrescentibus. 
Labrum  magnum  subcorneum,  a]iice  pilosissimum,  lateribus  rotundatis  coriaceis.  Mandibula 
corne;e  valida;  crassa3,  basi  lat<c,  aj)ice  incurvae  acutw,  marginc  intcrno  iutegro.  Maxilla  (IX.  2  c) 
bilob;e  submcmbranaccic,  lobis  valde  sctoso-pubescentibus.  Palpi  lougissimi  robusti  subtiliformes ; 
viaxillares  articulo  primo  vix  parvo  extus  (ut  in  Blabinoto)  profunde  sinuato,  secundo  et  tertio 
majoribus  subsequalibus,  ultimo  elongato  fusiform!  apice  subacuminato  ;  labiates  (IX.  2  d)  &  scapis 
ligulaj  connatis  surgcntcs,  articulo  primo  vix  parvo  extus  leviter  sinuato,  secundo  paulo  longiore 
crassiorc,  idtimo  elongato  fusiformi-ovato  apice  subacuminato.  Mentum  corneum  brevissimum 
transversum,  angulis  anticis  rotundatis,  apice  leviter  emargiaatum.  Lit/ula  longissima  mem- 
branacea,  anticc  profunde  fisso-biloba,  lobis  subdivergentibus  pilosis.  Pedes  elongati  robusti : 
femuribus  vix  clavatis :  tibiis  intermediis  pone  apiccm  externum  excavato-constrictis. 

A  ^evKoXiodv  Deucalion. 

There  is  no  genus,  perhaps,  throughout  aU  the  Madeiran  Coleoptera,  more  truly 
indigenous  than  Deucalion.  Couiined  apparently,  so  far  as  these  islands  are 
concerned,  to  the  remote  and  almost  inaccessible  ridges  of  the  two  southern 
Dezertas,  it  would  seem  to  bid  defiance  to  the  most  enthusiastic  adventm-er  who 
would  scale  those  dangerous  heights.  Its  excessive  rarity  moreover,  even  when  the 
localities  are  attained,  must  ever  impart  to  it  a  peculiar  value  in  the  eyes  of  a 
natm-alist ;  wliilst  its  anomalous  structure  and  sedentary  mode  of  life*  give  it  an 

*  AMien  we  consider  indeed  tlie  apterous  nature  of  Deucalion,  its  subcomiate  elytra,  and  its  attach- 
ment (at  any  rate  in  the  lana  state)  to  the  interior  of  the  stems  of  particular,  local  plants,  or  its  retiring 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  431 

adclitioual  interest  in  connection  with  that  ancient  continent  of  which  these  ocean 
ruins,  on  which  for  so  many  ages  it  has  been  cut  off,  are  the  undoubted  witnesses. 
Approximating  in  affinity  to  Farmena  and  Dorcadion,  yet  presenting  a  modifica- 
tion essentially  its  own,  it  becomes  doubly  important  in  a  geographical  point  of 
view ;  and  it  was  therefore  with  the  greater  pleasure  that  I  lately  received,  from 
T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.,  of  Fimchal,  a  second  representative  from  the  distant  rocks  of 
the  Salvages  (midway  between  Madeira  and  the  Canaries), — on  which  we  may 
almost  pronou^nce  for  certain  that  an  entomologist  had  never  before  set  foot. 
Differing  widely  in  specific  minutiae,  yet  agreeing  to  an  identity  in  everything 
generic,  they  offer  conjointly  the  strongest  evidence  to  the  quondam  existence  of 
many  subsidiary  links  (long  since  lost,  and  radiating  in  all  probability  from  some 
intermediate  type)  during  the  period  when  the  Avhole  of  these  islands  were  portions 
(and  perhaps  very  elevated  ones)  of  a  vast  continuous  land. 

In  the  details  of  their  trophi  the  genera  of  this  section  of  the  Eucerata  are  so 
nearly  similar,  that  we  must  not  look,  even  in  otherwise  anomalous  forms,  for  any 
very  striking  u'regularities  there.  And  yet  the  mouth  is  not  altogether  uncharac- 
terized  in  Deuccdlon,  since  its  laterally-rounded  upper  lip,  long  and  acuminated 
palpi  (the  basal  joint  of  which  is  broadly  sinuated  externally,  as  in  Blabinotus), 
together  with  its  imusually  produced  and  deeply  bUobed  ligula,  at  once  remove  it 
from  Dorcadion, — from  which  moreover  its  largely  developed  and  exceedingly 
ujaeven  prothorax  (a  hinder  zone  of  which  is  suddenly  constricted,  as  though  by  a 
wide  and  tightened  belt,  and  is  ribbed  with  transverse  plaits),  added  to  its  curiously 
pitted  and  tubercvilar  elytra,  will  stUl  further  serve  to  separate  it.  In  some 
respects  perhaps  it  is  more  akin  to  Parmena  than  to  Dorcadion :  nevertheless  its 
comparatively  gigantic  size,  and  the  contracted,  plicate,  posterior  band  of  its 
(otherwise)  greatly  wrinkled  prothorax,  apart  from  the  above-mentioned  pecu- 
liarity of  its  elytral  sculpture  (one  of  the  most  remarkable  features  which  it 
possesses),  and  its  freedom  from  the  dense  elongated  pile  which  is  more  or  less 
evident  in  all  the  members  of  the  former,  AviU  equally  distinguish  it  from  that 
group  also. 

Amongst  other  singularities,  a  tendency  (which  I  have  likewise  observed,  occa- 
sionally, in  the  Jfor^H^^)  to  have  one  of  their  elytra  a  little  shorter  than  the  other  is 
strongly  indicated  in  the  Deucaliones.  Thus,  of  my  two  examples  of  the  D.  Deser- 
tarum  one  is  very  decidedly  so  constituted ;  and,  out  of  eight  of  the  D.  oceanicum  it 
is  traceable  in  no  less  than  three.  Like  many  of  their  allies  in  this  department  of 
the  Longicorns,  they  are  gifted  with  the  capability  of  making  a  grating  or  hissing 
noise, — the  modus  operandi  in  producing  which  (since  I  have  not  been  able  to 


propensities  withiQ  the  crevices  of  rocks,  we  are  at  once  struck  witli  tlie  conviction  that,  diu-ing  the 
enormous  interval  of  time  which  has  elapsed  since  the  mighty  convulsions  which  rent  asunder  these 
regions  terminated,  it  has  probably  never  removed  many  yards  from  the  weather-beaten  ledges  which  it 
now  inhabits. 


432  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

meet  with  any  explanation  of  it  altogether  satisfactory)  I  have  taken  some  paiiis 
to  investigate.  The  solution  given  by  Mr.  West  wood,  in  his  admirable  Introduction 
to  the  Modern  Classification  of  Insects  (vol.  i.  p.  356),  would  seem  to  come  nearest 
to  the  truth,  but  still  it  does  not  quite  apply  to  the  species  imder  consideration,— 
■which  arc  moulded,  thus  far,  on  one  and  the  same  principle.  Mr.  Westwood  states 
that  the  sound  is  generated  by  the  friction  of  a  polished  portion  of  the  scutellum 
against  the  edge  of  tlu>  prothoracic  cavity.  In  Dei(calion,  Farmena  and  Dorca- 
dion,  however,  there  is  a  narrow  space,  in  the  shape  of  an  isosceles  triangle  (the  apex 
being  turned  towards  the  scutellum),  which  occupies  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the 
nicsonotum,  and  which,  from  its  brightness,  appears  at  first  sight  to  be  perfectly 
smooth.  Allien  viewed  however  beneath  the  microscope,  this  longitudinal  area  is 
seen  to  be  composed  of  very  fine,  transverse,  parallel  and  acute  ridges,  closely  set 
together  after  the  manner  of  a  file :  and  it  is  by  depressing  and  raising  the  pro- 
thorax  (an  act  which  alternately  exposes  and  re-covers  the  upper  region  of  the 
extremely  cylindrical  mesothorax)  that  its  under  side  is  brought  to  play  against 
this  inner  dorsal  file,  —by  which  process  the  stridulation  is  effected.  In  order  to 
con\incc  myself  of  the  reaUty  of  this,  I  have  relaxed  many  specmiens  of  the  genera 
in  question,  and  have  caused  the  soimd  artificially  with  the  greatest  ease. 

Hence,  we  can  mimediatcly  appreciate  the  object  of  the  broadly  constricted 
basal  margin  of  the  prothorax  of  Deucalion,  which  is  so  regulated  that  it  may 
present  a  more  perfect  and  contiguous  surface  to  the  mesothorax, — whilst,  by 
being  more  tightly  draAvn  as  it  were  over  that  especial  part,  it  is  made  likewise  to 
grate  more  \dgorously  against  the  lower  file.  This  transverse,  coarctate  ring  is 
not  expressed  at  all  in  Borcadion,  and  it  is  but  faintly  suggested  in  a  few  of  the 
Parmence :  so  that  we  should  a  priori  have  expected  that  the  stridulating  power 
of  Deucalion  would  be  more  effectual  than  is  there  the  case.  And  such,  on 
inquiry,  Ave  find  to  be  a  fact :  for  so  loud  is  the  sound  which  the  D.  Besertarum 
is  able  to  accomplish,  that  the  only  individual  which  has  come  mider  my  notice  in 
a  recent  state  I  heard  at  a  considerable  distance ;  and  the  second  example  as  yet 
detected  was  described  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  (who  obtained  it  from  the  extreme 
summit  of  the  Ilheo  Bugio,  or  Southern  Dezerta)  as  emitting  a  "  l)uzzing  noise, 
somewhat  resembling  that  of  a  Humble  Bee."  Everything  indeed  in  this  strange 
ffcnus  seems  desiijucd  to  c-ive  full  effect  to  these,  far  from  umnusical,  inter-thoracic 
notes  ;  for,  in  addition  to  the  hinder  contracted  belt  abeady  mentioned,  the  pro- 
notum  of  Beucalion  is  furnished  with  an  exceedingly  deep,  rounded,  postmedial 
fovea,  which  (since  it  projects  beneath)  must  evidently  form  an  extra  instrument 
of  impact  to  sweep  over  the  mesothoracic  file, — when  its  head  (and,  simulta- 
neously, its  prothorax)  is  by  turns  lowered  and  upraised.  In  the  Salvagian* 
representative  this  impression  is  less  developed  than  in  the  Dezertan  one ;  never- 

*  Wliilst  unwilling  to  insei-t  the  descriptions  of  extra-lMacloiran  forms  into  tlio  body  of  this  work,  I 
can  sec  no  objection  to  admitting  the  diagnoses  of  a  few  nearly  allied  species  (both  in  allinity  and  geo- 
graphically) into  the  notes.     The  following  characters  therefore  of  the  large  and  remarkable  Deucalion 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  433 

theless  it  exists  in  them  both, — conjointly  with  the  other  structural  characters 
above  enumerated. 


from  the  Salvages  will  not  be  here  out  of  place,—  and  especially  so  since  it  is  scarcely  less  remarkable  in 
outward  contour,  or  interesting  in  local  importance,  than  its  Dezertan  analogue. 

Deucalion  oceanicus,  JVoll. 
D.  oblongo-ovatus  crassua  subdepressus  niger  subopacus  et  dense  lurido-pubescens,  prothorace  inaequali 

ad  latera  spina  media  instruoto,  in  disco  postico  fovea  rotundata  plus  miuusve  profunda  impresso, 
elytris  substriatis,  iuterstitiis  crebre  varioloso-tubercidatis,  autemiis  minus  elongatis  apicem  versus 
fuscis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  5-9. 

Habitat  in  insvdis  remotis  "  Salvages"  dietis,  a  Dom.  Leacock  sub  lapidibus  detectus. 

D.  broader  and  thicker  than  the  B.  Besertarum,  also  rather  more  depressed,  dull  black,  nearly  opake, 
and  densely  clothed  vrith  short  decumbent  lurid  (or  dirty  yellow)  hairs.  Antennce  considerably 
shorter  tlaan  the  body ;  piceous  at  their  base,  but  fuscous  towards  their  apex.  Head  large  and 
rough ;  with  an  impressed  central  line,  and  a  small,  narrow  and  rather  shallow  fovea  on  the  top  of 
the  forehead  behind  the  eyes.  Pro^/wrao:  vrider  and  shorter  than  in  the  B.  Besertarum  ;  uneven  and 
wrinkled,  and  with  the  sides  produced  into  an  obtuse  postmedial  spine ;  the  hinder  margin  not  quite 
so  straight  as  in  the  B.  Besertarum  (liavong  an  obscure  tendency  to  be  waved)  ;  broadly  constricted 
(though  much  less  distinctly  so  than  in  the  Dezertan  insect)  posteriorly,  the  constricted  portion 
being  transversely-plicate ;  and  impressed  on  its  hinder  disk  (just  in  front  of  the  coarctate  belt) 
with  a  small,  rounded  and  more  or  less  shallow  fovea.  Elytra  obscurely  striated ;  the  interstices 
thickly  beset  with  shallow  variolose  pits  or  impressions,  the  anterior  edge  of  each  of  which  is  raised 
into  a  very  large,  distinct,  obtuse,  and  somewhat  overhanging  tubercle, — the  tubercles  being  free 
from  pubescence,  and  (as  in  the  B.  Besertarum)  more  numerous  and  elevated  towards  the  humeral 
angles  and  base  (nevertheless  altogether  larger  and  denser  than  in  that  species).  Legs  slightly 
piceous,  but  thickly  beset,  like  the  rest  of  the  surface,  with  dirty -yellowish  pile. 

A  most  beautiful  and  well-marked  Beucalion  ;  and  readily  known  from  the  B.  Besertarum  by  its  extra- 
ordinary LQstabiLity  of  stature,  by  its  broader,  thicker,  more  depressed,  and  densely  pubescent  body,  by 
its  shorter  prothorax  and  antennae  (the  former  of  which  is  not  quite  so  imeven  as  in  that  species,  and  has 
both  the  hinder  central  fovea  and  the  coarctate  band  less  defined),  and  by  the  larger,  more  nimierous, 
and  obtuser  tubercles  of  its  perceptibly  striated  elytra.  The  shaUo^vness  of  its  elytral  impressions  indeed, 
in  conjunction  with  the  much  greater  development  of  the  prominences,  might  have  caused  it  to  have 
been  described  as  simply  tuberculose,  did  not  the  B.  Besertarum  fortunately  exist  to  explain  their  forma- 
tion,— which,  it  win  be  seen  on  inspection,  is  the  same  as  in  that  insect.  For,  whilst  the  varioles  of  the 
B.  Besertarum  are  exceedingly  distinct  and  the  tubercles  small  (the  latter  seeming  to  be  principally 
generated  by  the  oblique  upheaval  of  the  anterior  edge  of  the  former, — as  though  the  result  of  the  indi- 
rectness of  the  force  which,  impinging  against  the  surface,  had  dug  out  the  depressions)  ;  in  tlie  B.  ocea- 
nicus the  law  is  somewhat  reversed, — the  elevations  being  considerably  developed,  and  the  pits  almost 
obsolete.  The  specimens  from  which  the  above  description  has  been  compiled  were  detected  (as  already 
mentioned)  in  the  Salvages  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.  of  Funchal, — whose  researches  on  those  remote  rocks, 
in  1851,  have  brought  to  Uglit  many  interesting  facts  bearing  on  their  geographical  relation  to  the  one 
great  system  of  which  all  these  Atlantic  groups  are  but  detached  portions.  The  insect  under  consider- 
ation came  from  the  smaller  of  the  two  islands  (known  nevertheless  as  the  "Great  Piton"), — which 
Ml'.  Leacock  describes  as  a  very  singular  spot ;  beiug  a  cone  of  rock  projecting  out  of  a  sandy  base,  and 
covered  with  a  profusion  of  plants.  Out  of  the  six  members  of  the  Coleoptera  which  he  collected,  aU  are 
specifically  new ;  yet,  at  the  same  time,  so  intimately  allied  to  both  the  Madeiran  and  Canarian  types  as 
to  constitute  a  stepping-stone  as  it  were  between  the  two. 

3  K 


434  IXSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

330.  Deucalion  Desertarum,  WoU.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  2.) 

D.  oblongo-ovatus  subconvexus  niger  nitidus  et  fere  glaber^  prothorace  elongate  valde  insequali,  ad 
latera  spina  media  instructo,  in  disco  postico  fovea  magna  rotimdatii  valde  profunda  impresso, 
elytris  sparsim  varioloso-tuberculatis,  antennis  elongatis  apiceni  versus  fuscis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  7-8. 

Habitat  Desertam  Grandem  et  Australem,  rarissime  :  duo  specimina  (unum  sc.  a  meipso  in  summo 
illius  fastigio,  e  ruj)iuni  fissura,  Januario  exeunte  a.d.  1849,  et  alterum  in  hac  a  Rev''"  Dom. 
Lowe  d.  3  Jul.  ejusdem  anni,  detecta)  sola  vidi. 

D.  elongated,  oblong-ovate,  convex,  deep  black,  shining,  and  almost  free  from  pubescence.  AnfenruE 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body ;  piceous  at  their  base,  but  fuscous  towards  their  apex.  Head  large 
and  rather  elongated ;  with  an  impressed  central  line,  and  with  a  wide  and  deep  subtriangular 
fovea  on  the  top  of  the  forehead  behind  the  eyes.  Prothorax  elongated ;  exceedingly  uneven 
and  wrinkled,  and  with  the  sides  produced  into  an  obtuse  postmedial  spine ;  the  hinder  margin 
perfectly  straight ;  broadly  and  suddenly  constricted  posteriorly,  the  constricted  band  being 
transversely  plicate  ;  and  impressed  on  its  hinder  disk  (just  in  front  of  this  coarctate  belt)  with 
a  large,  rounded  and  exceedingly  deep  fovea.  Elytra  with  the  suture  rather  depressed,  but  with 
scarcely  any  indications  of  strife;  somewhat  irregularly  beset  with  variolose  pits,  or  obliquely- 
impinged  impressions,  the  anterior  edge  of  each  of  which  is  raised  into  a  distinct,  rather  acute, 
and  slightly  overhanging  tubercle, — the  tubercles  being  most  numerous  and  most  elevated 
towards  the  humeral  angles  and  base.  Legs  slightly  piceous, — with  the  tarsi  paler,  and  with  the 
apex  of  each  of  the  tibia  (especially  of  the  four  binder  ones)  beset  with  yellowish  pile. 

Apparently  of  the  utmost  rarity,  the  only  two  specimens  which  I  have  seen 
having  been  captured  on  the  respective  summits  of  the  IMicklle  and  Southern 
Dezertas.  The  one  from  the  former  was  taken  by  myscK,  dui'ing  a  week's  sojourn 
in  that  desolate  spot,  with  the  Eev.  W.  J.  Armitage,  in  January  1849.  I  extracted 
it  from  out  of  a  crevice  of  an  exposed  weather-beaten  peak  (where  it  had  secreted 
itself,  in  company  with  the  Scarites  abbreviatus  and  several  species  of  Helops)  at 
the  immediate  point  where  the  great  central  heights  commence  to  narrow  into  an 
almost  perpendicular  ridge  nearly  2000  feet  above  the  sea.  Although  I  searched 
with  the  greatest  diligence,  I  could  not  obtain  more ;  nor  indeed  was  I  able  to 
procm-e  it  dm-ing  a  subsequent  encampment  on  the  island,  Avith  the  Rev.  R.T.  Lowe, 
at  the  end  of  May  1850, — even  tbovigh  I  visited  the  identical  crag  and  split  open 
the  fissiu'es,  both  of  it  and  of  the  hardened  volcanic  mud  in  all  directions  around 
it.  The  second  example  hitherto  detected  is  from  the  still  more  perilous  steeps  of 
the  Ilhco  Bugio,  or  Southern  Dezerta,  and  it  is  to  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  that  we  are 
indebted  for  this  interesting  contribution  to  the  fauna  of  that  almost  unapproach- 
ul)lc  rock.  Having,  on  the  3rd  of  July  1849,  succeeded  in  reaching  the  summit, 
not  without  much  difficulty  and  at  the  greatest  peril  (in  the  piu-suit  principally  of 
laud  mollusca  and  plants),  Mr.  Lowe  informs  me  that  he  met  with  it  beneath  a 
slab  of  stone,  and  that  he  was  attracted  (as  ah-eady  mentioned)  by  its  remarkable, 
stridulatmg  noise.     So  local  indeed  does  this  insect   seem  to  be,  that  it,  appa- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  435 

rently,  has  not  extended  itself  even  over  the  Dezerta  Grande  (where  there  are  no 
external  obstacles  to  bar  its  progress) ;  but  retains  the  very  position  which  in  all 
probability  constituted  its  original  centre  of  dissemination  at  the  remote  period  of 
time  when  this  ancient  continent  received  its  allotted  forms.  Judging  from  the 
slowness  with  which  creatures  of  such  habits  must  necessarily  (under  any  circum- 
stances) be  diffused,  it  is  at  least  unlikely  that  the  present  one  could  have  circu- 
lated far,  when  the  now  submerged  portions  of  that  region  began  to  give  way ; 
and  hence  it  is  not  impossible  that  the  Southern  Dezerta  with  the  adjacent  part 
(then  united  to  it)  of  the  Central  one  may  have  embraced  the  lohole  area  of  its 
actual  primiEval  range, — the  remains  of  which  (though  they  be  now  separated  by 
a  channel)  it  still  continues  to  occupy,  and  from  which,  even  where  physically  un- 
impeded, it  has  never  roamed. 


Sectio  IX.    PHYTOPHAGA. 
Fam.  38.  CRIQCERID^. 

Genus  143.  LEMA. 

rabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  v.  Swppl.  90  (1798). 

Corpus  parvum,  parallelo-oblongum,  interdum  Isete  coloratum  :  capite  porrecto ;  oculis  subintegris : 
prothorace  elytris  angustiore,  postioe  ssepius  constricto  :  scutello  apice  valde  truncate  :  alts  amplis. 
Antenna  robustfe  filiformes,  vel  apicem  versus  vix  incrassatse,  articulo  primo  robusto  breviusculo, 
secundo  brevissimo,  tertio,  quarto  et  quinto  longitudine  variabilibus,  reliquis  subsequalibus  lati- 
tudine  plus  minusve  leviter  crescentibus.  Labium  conieum,  subquadrato-transversum,  apice  vix 
integrum.  MandibuliB  validae  cornese  latae,  apice  acutfe  bifidse,  luargine  interne  ssepius  integro. 
Maxillce  bilobte  submembranacese,  lobis  valde  ciliatis.  Palpi  filiformes ;  maxillares  articulo  primo 
parvo,  secundo  majore  subclavato,  tertio  buic  paulo  breviore,  ultimo  elongato-oblongo  apice 
obtuso ;  lahiales  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  majore  crassiore,  ultimo  subovato  apice  obtuso. 
Mentum  corneutn  subluniforme,  antice  profunde  emarginatum.  Ligula  submembranacea,  apice 
setosa  Integra.     Pedes  leviter  elongati :  unguiculis  basi  connatis. 

Both  Lema  and  Crioceris  may  be  known  from  the  rest  of  the  Phytophaga  here 
described  by  their  comparatively  elongated,  parallel  forms,  and  by  their  sub- 
cylindrical  prothoraces, — which  are  much  narrower  (especially  at  their  base)  than 
the  elytra.  They  are  genera  of  a  wide  geographical  range,  occurring  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  world.  The  insects  of  which  they  are  composed  are  principally  gaily- 
coloured,  and  are  exclusively  attached  to  plants  (particularly  those  of  a  succulent 
nature), — on  which,  both  in  their  larva  and  perfect  states,  they  subsist.  The  species 
are  exceedingly  numerous, — M.  Lacordaire,  in  his  Monographie  des  Fhytopihages, 
enumerating  no  less  than  273  of  the  former,  and  43  of  the  latter. 

3  k2 


4.36  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

331.  Lema  melanopa. 
L.  parallelo-oblonga  nitida  viridi-cyanea,  prothorace,  femoribus  tibiisquc  rufo-ferrugineis,   anteuuis 
tarsisque  nigris. 
Var.  /3.  elytris  obscurioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2g-2f. 

Chrysomela  melanopa,  Liim.  Fna  Sitec.  573  (1761). 
Lema  melanopa,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  v.  Suppl.  93  (1798). 
Cnoceris  melanopa,  Stepli.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  281  (1831). 
Lema  melanopa,  Laoordaire,  Mon.  des  Phytoph.  i.  393  (184.5). 

Habitat  in  humidiusculis  iMaderse,  a  vere  novo  usque  ad  autumuuni,  passim:  rar.  (3.  ad  Portuin 
Sanctum  solum  jiertinet,  qua  in  arenosis  maritimis  priedoniinat,  gramina  Arundinemqne  donacem 
ascendens. 

L.  parallel-oblong,  rather  narrow,  shining,  and  bright  greenish-blue.      Prothorax,  femora,  and  tibia 
rufo-ferruginous ;  i\\e.  first  small  and  very  convex,  sparingly  punctured  on  the  disk  and  in  front, 
but  more  closely  so   (and  suddenly  constricted)  at  the  hinder  margin.     Elytra   coarsely   and 
regularly  punctate-striated.     Antenna,  tarsi,  and  the  extreme  tip  of  the  tibia,  black. 
Var.  /3.  with  the  elytra  of  an  altogether  obscurer  hue,  being  sometimes  almost  dull  black. 

A  most  abundant  European  insect  (except  in  the  extreme  north),  and  occurring 
likewise  in  Algeria  and  the  Canary  Islands.  In  Madeira  it  is  not  very  common, 
nevertheless  widely  distributed  throughout  low  and  intermediate  altitudes.  In 
most  of  the  ravines  in  the  Aicinity  of  Funchal  it  may  be  found  sparingly  dm-ing 
the  spring  and  stmimer  months.  In  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia  and  at  the  Curral 
das  Romeu-as,  however,  I  have  observed  it  in  comparative  profusion ;  and  it  has 
been  captured  by  Professor  Heer  at  the  Mount  Chm-ch.  I  have  taken  it  at  the 
Ribeu-o  Frio;  as  also,  amongst  Avundo  donax  and  a  coarse  species  of  grass 
(growing  in  the  loose  sand),  behind  the  beach  of  Porto  Santo,— where  the  speci- 
mens {car.  /3.)  arc  usually  moreover  of  an  obscurer  hue. 


Genus  144.  CRIOCERIS. 

Geoffn>y,  Lis.  des  Em:  de  Paris,  i.  237  (176-1). 

Corpus  parvum,  parallelo-oblongum,  sa;pius  Isetc  coloratum  :  capite  porrecto,  pone  oculos  (subintegros) 
plus  minusve  leviter  constricto  :  prothorace  elytris  angustiore,  postice  siepius  mmus  constricto: 
scuteV.o  apice  rotundato  vel  producto  (rarissime  truncate)  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna,  instrumenta 
cibaria  et  pedes  fere  ut  in  Lema,  sed  unguiculi  liberi  (ad  basin  ha\id  connati). 

The  only  constant  featui-e  which  separates  Crioceris  from  Lema  lies  in  the  con- 
struction of  its  claws,— which  are  of  the  ordinary  form,  not  bemg  soldered  together 
(as  in  that  genus)  at  their  base.  Still,  in  a  general  way,  it  may  be  lUstinguished, 
likewise,  by  its  head  being  somewhat  more  lengthened,  or  constricted,  posteriorly, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  437 

and  the  hinder  margin  of  its  prothorax  less  so.  M.  Lacordau-e  refers,  also,  to 
the  shape  of  the  scuteUa  of  the  two  groups  as  an  ahnost  unfailing  character,  and 
one  of  primary  importance, —  that  of  Lema  heing  directly  truncated  at  its  apex, 
whilst  that  of  Crioceris  is  more  roimded  and  produced  (sometimes  indeed  even 
acute,  in  which  case  it  is  entirely  triangular). 

332.  Crioceris  Asparagi. 

C.  parallelo-oblonga  nitida  obscure  cyaneo-virescens,  prothorace  rufo-fernigineo,  in  disco  maculis 
duabus  obscurioribus  notato,  elytris  ad  latera  et  apicem  ferrugineis,  singulo  maculis  tribus  (una 
sc.  basali  longitudinali  et  duabus  traflsversis  limbo  laterali  connexis)  pallido-testaceis  ornato, 
tibiis  basi  ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2|. 

Chrysomela  Aspa/ragi,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  567  (1761). 
Crioceris  Asparagi,  Eab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  2.  10  (1792). 

,  Steph.  ///.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  282  (1831). 

•,  Lacordaire,  Mon.  des  Fhytopli.  i.  590  (1845) . 

Habitat  prope  urbem  Funchalensem  Maderse  in  Asparagi  ramis  (quos  larva  destruit),  non  infrequens ; 
forsan  ex  Europ4  Uluc  introducta. 

C.  parallel- oblong,  but  rather  wider  than  the  last  insect,  shining,  and  obscure  blackish-  or  bluish- 
green.  Prothorax  rufo-ferruginous,  with  two  darker  dorsal  patches ;  larger,  and  more  closely 
and  coarsely  punctui'ed,  than  in  the  Lema  melanopa ;  also  less  convex,  and  not  suddenly  con- 
stricted, behind.  Elytra  coarsely  punctate-striated,  the  punctures  being  larger  than  in  that 
species,  and  somewhat  vanishing  towards  the  outer  margins, — which  last,  with  the  apex,  are 
ferruginous ;  each  with  three  patches  (the  fii'st  of  which  is  rather  small,  basal,  and  longitudinal, 
whilst  the  other  two  are  transverse,  and  confluent  with  the  outer  ferruginous  margin)  pale 
testaceous.  Antenna  and  tegs  bluish-black, — the  tibia  having  an  obscure  ferruginous  ring  at 
their  base. 

Also  a  very  common  Em-opean  insect,  occurring,  like  the  Lema  melanopa,  in 
every  part  except  the  extreme  north.  It  is  exclusively,  I  believe,  confined  to  the 
Asparagus, — on  the  maturer  shoots  of  which  the  larva  subsists.  It  has  without 
doubt  been  introduced  into  the  Madeira  Islands,  being  found  only,  so  far  as  I 
have  hitherto  observed,  in  gardens  near  Punchal, — in  Avhich  position  it  has  been 
also  captured  by  Professor  Heer.  The  Madeiran  specimens  dilfer  from  the 
ordinary  ones  in  having  the  two  darker  patches  on  the  disk  of  their  prothorax 
generally  more  developed.  Although  somewhat  partial  in  its  tUstribution,  it  is  a 
species  which  is  excessively  abundant  at  times  in  oiu-  own  country,  making  its 
appearance  throughout  certain  districts  where  the  Asparagus  is  more  especially 
cultivated  in  the  utmost  profusion, — so  much  so  indeed  as  frequently  to  caifse 
considerable  damage  to  the  crops.  Such,  however,  being  its  habits,  its  liabUity 
to  importation  in  the  present  instance  from  higher  latitudes  is  at  once  rendered 
intelligible. 


438  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


Fam.  39.  CASSIDID^. 


Genus  145.  CASSIDA. 
Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  i.  (1735). 

Corpus  parvum  vel  mediocre,  latum,  rotundato-ovatum,  subtus  deplauatum  :  ore  infra  caput  horizontale 
sito  nccnon  a  prostemo  subtecto :  prothorace  et  ehjtris  ad  latera  valde  explanato-jiroductis,  ad 
basin  latitudine  subsequalibus ;  illo  semicirculari,  caput  obtegente :  alts  plerumque  amplis.  An- 
tennm  apieem  versus  ]e\-iter  incrassatiP,  articulo  primo  robusto  parum  breviusculo,  secundo  brevi, 
reliquis  latitudine  paulatim  crescentibus  (tertio  ad  octavum  longitudine  decrescentibus,  octavo  ad 
ultimum  crescentibus,  ultimo  elongato-ovato  apice  acuminate).  Labrum  corneum  transverso- 
subquadi-atum,  apice  duplicatum  et  in  medio  fisso-emarginatum,  angulis  anticis  rotundato- 
ampliatis.  MandihulcE  validie  cornese  concava;  latse,  apice  rotundata;  et  fortiter  subporrecto- 
dentatae,  margine  intcruo  integro.  Maxillce  biloba;  membranacese :  lobo  externo  angusto  sub- 
cylindrico  subpalpiformi  fere  recto,  apice  obtuso  pilisque  paucis  longissimis  instructo :  interno 
parvo.  Palpi  subfiliformes ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  majore  subclavato,  tertio 
huic  paulo  bre^iorc,  ultimo  elongate  subfusiformi  apice  acuto  ;  hihiaJes  e  scapis  liguL-e  conuatis 
sui-gentes,  articulo  primo  jjarvo,  secundo  majore  crassiore,  ultimo  elongate  subfusiformi  apice 
acuto.  Mentum  membranaceum  minutum,  apice  leviter  concavum.  Ligula  tenuissime  mem- 
branacca  subovata,  apice  retundata  pilisque  longissimis  aucta.  Pedes  breves  retractiles :  tarsis 
brevibus  latis  (articulo  tertio  longissime  bilobe,  quartum  quintumque  breviusculum  omuino 
includente). 

The  common  genus  Cassida,  so  universally  distributed  throughout  the  world,  is 
almost  too  well  known  to  require  comment.  The  singular  outline  of  the  insects 
composing  it,  which  are  greatly  flattened  below,  and  have  then-  prothorax  and 
elj^ra  expanded  laterally  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  the  entire  body,  except 
the  tarsi  and  the  apical  half  of  the  antennae,  invisible  from  above,  in  conjimction 
with  their  sluggish  movements  and  the  peculiar  structure  of  their  head  (which, 
although  itself  horizontal,  has  the  mouth  situated  altogether  beneath  it),  have 
gained  for  them  the  not  inappropriate  name  of  Tortoise  Beetles.  This  curious 
analogy  moreover  with  the  Testiidinata  is  even  fm-ther  carried  out,  in  some  of  the 
species,  from  the  remarkable  colom-  Avhich  they  present,  the  clouded  (or  waved) 
fasciae  and  spots  with  which  they  are  ornamented  giving  then-  upper  sm-face  some- 
what the  appearance  of  tortoiseshell.  They  are  generally  found,  motionless,  on 
the  leaves  of  plants,  to  which  their  flattened  under-quarters  and  broad  feet  enable 
them  to  adhere  very  closclv ;  whilst  the  brii?ht  green  hue  Avhich  so  manv  of  the 
representatives  (either  cntu-cly  or  La  part)  display,  renders  their  chance  of  detection 
by  birds,  in  positions  thus  exposed,  the  less  probable.  Such  are  some  of  the 
external  features  wliich  readily  separate  the  Cassidcs  from  the  members  of  the 
allied  groups ;  and  yet  even  in  obscm-er  details  they  are  scarcely  less  remarkable, 
— since  then-  enormously  bilobed  thii-d  tarsal  joint,  which  completely  includes  (not 
merely  the  minute  fourth  one,  but  also)  the  y?/if// articulation  between  its  processes, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  439 

added  to  their  curiously  concave,  obtuse  mandibles  (the  apex  of  which  is  broad  and 
cleft  into  large  porrccted  teeth,  like  those  of  a  trident),  and  the  extremely  mem- 
branous nature  of  their  lower  oral  organs  (in  which  indeed  the  ordinary  robust- 
ness is  scarcely  required,  since  they  are  protected  by  the  somewhat  produced 
anterior  region  of  the  presternum),  at  once  offer  peculiarities  exceedingly  charac- 
teristic. In  the  subpalpiform  outer  division  of  their  maxiUse  they  agree  with  the 
greater  portion  of  this  section  of  the  Fhytophaga. 

333.  Cassida  uebulosa. 
C.  oblongo-ovata  dilute  flavescens,  infra  (limbo  pallido  excepto)  nigi-a,  prothoracis  angulis  posticis 

rotundatis,  elytris  pvofunde  punctato-striatis  nigro  irroratis,  interstitiis  elevatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3^^. 

Cassida  nehulosa,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  468  (1761). 

et  ajjiiis,  Fab.  Iliit.  S^st.  i.  293  (1792). 

,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  442  (1813). 

,  Stepb.  m.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  3G7  (1831). 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarissima;  exemplar  unicum  in  museo  Loweano,  a  Dom.  Heinecken  prope  urbem 
Funchalensem  olim  captum,  vidi. 

C.  oblong-ovate,  nearly  opake,  and  of  a  dull  brownish-yellow.  Body  beneath  black ;  with  the  excep- 
tion of  its  margin,  which  is  paler.  Prothorax  and  elytra  with  the  sides  much  expanded  horizon- 
tally, and  slightly  recurved ;  the  former  coarsely  punctui-ed,  with  its  posterior  angles  rounded, 
and  with  slight  indications  of  a  dorsal  line,— especially  behind,  where  there  is  a  somewhat  raised 
tubercle  on  either  side  of  it.  Elytra  shghtly  convex,  and  with  their  humeral  angles  porrected 
and  greatly  rounded ;  besprinkled  with  small,  irregular,  black  spots,  or  broken  Unes ;  deeply 
punctate-striated  (the  punctures  being  large  and  ocellate) ;  and  with  the  interstices,  particularly 
towards  the  suture,  raised.  Antenna  and  legs  a  little  paler,— the  apex  of  the  former  being  some- 
what dusky. 

An  insect  wHch  is  found  throughout  most  parts  of  Europe,  and  in  certain 
districts  rather  abundantly.  In  Madeira  it  would  appear  to  be  exceedingly  rare, 
the  only  specimen  which  has  come  under  my  observation  being  a  very  old  one, 
from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken,  and  presented  to  me  by  the  Rev. 
R.  T.  Lowe.  It  differs  from  its  more  northern  representatives  in  being  somewhat 
paler,  and  in  having  the  two  rounded  elevations,  which  are  but  just  perceptible  on 
the  hinder  portion  of  the  prothoracic  disk  in  the  ordinary  examples,  tolerably 
distinct.     In  every  other  respect  it  coincides  with  the  usual  type. 

334.  Cassida  hemisphserica. 
C.  brevis  rotundato-ovata  flavo-viridis  convexa,  capite  pectoreque  nigris,  prothoracia  anguhs  posticis 

acutis,  elytris  confertissime  punctulatis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2^. 


440  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Cassida  hemisphesrica,  Herbst,  Jiaf.  viii.  226  (1799). 

,  GyU.  Inx.  Suec.  iv.  645  (1827). 

,  Steph.  ///.  Brit  Ent.  iv.  371  (1831). 

,  Lucas,  Col.  de  VAlgerie,  514  (1849). 

Habitat  in  graminosis  MadersEj  semel  tantum  (Maio  exeunte  a.d.  184.9)  lecta. 

C.  short,  rounded-ovate,  rather  less  opake  than  the  last  species,  and  of  a  pale  j'ellowish-green.  Body 
beneath,  with  the  head  and  breast  black.  Prothorax  and  ebjtra  with  the  sides  much  expanded, 
though  more  obliquely  so  than  in  the  C.  nebulosa,  and  scarcely  at  all  recurved  ;  the  former  closely, 
but  almost  obsoletely  punctured,  with  its  posterior  angles  acute,  and  free  from  all  inequalities 
(there  being  scarcely  any  appearance  of  even  a  dorsal  line).  Elytra  very  convex,  and  with  their 
humeral  angles  rather  less  poiTCcted,  and  much  more  acute,  than  in  the  last  species  ;  concolorous 
with  the  rest  of  the  surface  ;  and  rather  finely  and  very  closely  punctured,  but  with  scarcely  any 
tendency  to  lines  or  stria;.  Antennce,  legs  and  abdomen  more  distinctly  yellow  than  the  rest  of  the 
surface. 

Likewise  an  exceedingly  rare  insect  in  Madeira,  the  only  individual  which  I 
have  seen  having  been  captured  by  brusliing  the  long  grass  on  the  steep  bank  to 
the  left  of  the  great  Waterfall  at  the  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia, — during 
my  encampment  there,  with  the  llev.  H.  T.  Lowe,  at  the  end  of  May  1819.  Like 
the  C  nebulosa,  it  is  found  throughout  the  greater  portion  of  Europe,  though 
more  especially  towards  the  south.  It  is  recorded  by  M.  Lucas  in  Algeria ;  and 
I  possess  a  specimen  from  the  Canary  Islands,  taken  by  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Armitage 
in  Teneriffe.  Its  smaller  size  and  rounded  form,  in  conjunction  with  its  simply 
and  closely  punctulatcd  surface,  and  its  uniformly  pale  yellowish-green  hue,  will, 
apart  from  minor  differences,  at  once  distinguish  it  from  the  last  species. 


Pam.  40.  GALERTJCID^. 

Genus  146.  HALTICA. 
Geofiroy,  Hist.  Ahr.  des  Ins.  de  Paris,  i.  244  (script.  Attica)  (1762). 

Corpus  parvum,  oblongo-  vel  rotundato-ovatum,  convexiusculum  :  capite  srepius  transvcrso  :  prothorace 
transverse,  ad  angulos  plus  minusve  acuto  :  elytris  vel  punctatis,  vel  punctato-striatis  :  alis  niodo 
amplis,  modo  obsoletis.  Antenna  filiformes  longiuscula;,  articulo  prime  robusto,  secundo  brevi- 
usculo,  reliquis  longitudine  suba;qualibus,  latitudine  vix  crescentibus  (ultimo  elongato-ovato  apice 
oblique  truncate).  Lahrum  amplum  transverse-subquadratum,  corncum  limbo  menibranaceo, 
apice  integrum.  Mundibula  magna;,  basi  lata;,  apice  corueoe  acutie  fortiter  incurve-dcntata;, 
margine  interne  membraua  angustS  aucto.  Maxillte  biloba  membranacese  :  lobo  externa  angusto 
subcylindrico  subpalpifornii  geniculate,  apice  obtuse  pilisque  paucis  minutis  instructo  :  intemo 
hand  brcviore  sed  lato,  ajjice  dense  ciliato.  Palpi  maxilUn-es  subfiliformes  elongati,  articulo  prime 
parvo,  secundo  majore  clavato,  tertio  huic  paulo  breviore  crassiere  apice  lato,  ultimo  elongato 
conico :  labiates  e  scapis  ligulse  connatis  surgentes,  brevissimi,  articulo  prime  pane,  secundo 
majore  multo  crassiore  subglobeso,   ultimo  gracili    aciculari-conice.     Mentum    membranaccum 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  4.41 

subquadratum,  apice  fere  integrum.  Ligula  membranacea,  apice  rotundata  Integra.  Pedes  (pr«- 
sertim  postici  saltatorii)  leviter  elongati :  femoribus  posticis  incrassatis :  tibiis  spina  apicali  interna 
armatis  (in  anterioribus  mmutissima,  segre,  nisi  oculo  fortiter  armato,  observanda) :  tarsis  articulo 
primo  clavato  (in  anterioribus  longiusculo,  in  posticis  elongate),  secundo  et  tertio  longitudine 
subfequalibus. 

The  insects  of  the  present  and  two  following  genera  may  be  known  by  their 
minute  size  and  enormous  capability  of  leaping, — their  posterior  femora  being 
unmensely  thickened,  in  order  to  support  the  strong  muscles  necessary  for  then- 
saltatorial  habits  :  and,  though  in  aU  points  purely  structural  they  are  very  nearly 
akin,  they  offer  nevertheless  abundant  characters  externally  which  are  at  once 
sufficient,  when  combined,  to  distinguish  them  from  each  other.  Thus,  from 
Zongitarsus,  in  which  the  body  is  nearly  always  elongate-ovate  (having  a  tendency 
to  be  expanded  and  convex  beyond  the  middle),  the  head  triangular,  and  the  pro- 
thorax  subcylindrical  and  comparatively  narrow  (with  its  hinder  angles  obtuse), 
Haltica  proper  may  be  recognised  by  its  usually  more  oblong,  or  else  rounded, 
outline,  broader  head,  and  by  its  wider  and  more  transverse  prothorax, — all  the 
angles  of  wliich  (though  especially  the  basal  ones)  are  more  or  less  well  defined. 
Its  antennge  and  legs  also  are  somewhat  shorter  than  is  there  the  case,  and  its 
tibise  are  each  of  them  furnished  with  a  terminal  spur,— quite  perceptible  under 
the  microscope  even  on  the  anterior  four,  which  in  that  genus  are  entirely 
unarmed.  Its  hinder  tibiae  moreover  are  free  from  the  smaU  teeth,  or  spinules,  so 
apparent  towards  the  outer  apex  in  those  of  Zongitarsus ;  and  its  feet  have  their 
first  articulation  more  abbreviated  and  clavate.  In  their  oral  organs,  none  of 
these  immediate  groups  display,  as  already  stated,  any  great  discrepancies  w^ier  «e ; 
nevertheless  it  wUl  be  perceived,  on  reference  to  the  diagnoses,  that  there  are  a 
few  modifications  in  the  proportions  of  their  antennaj  and  palpi  (and,  also,  in  the 
relative  robustness,  or  consistency,  of  the  parts  of  then-  mouth),  which  ought  not  to 
escape  observation.  From  Fsylliodes  both  of  the  above  genera  are  separated  (inde- 
pendently of  mmor  features,  hereafter  to  be  noticed)  by  their  less  elliptical  form, 
eleven-jointed  antennae,  and  by  the  construction  of  their  posterior  tibiae,  which  are 
simple  at  then-  extremities  (instead  of  obliquely  hollowed  on  the  outside,  vdih  the 
tarsi  implanted  into  the  upper  edge  of  the  emargination,— far  removed  from  the 
tip,  their  ordinary  point  of  insertion). 

335.  Haltica  subtUis,  Wall. 
H.  elougato-ovata  depressa  subviridescenti-nigro-senea  et  creberrime  punctulata,  antennis  pedibusque 

fere  nigris,  protborace  antice  angustato,  elytris  apice  truncatis  subdebiscentibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  Ij-l^. 

Habitat  insulas  Maderenses  non  infrequens  :  in  Maderse  propria  vinetis  hortisque  culinaribus  prope 
urbem  Funcbalensem  sitis  bine  inde  occurrit,  necnon  in  Porta  Sancto  locis  similibus  est  sat 
vulgaris,  et  etiam  in  Deserta  Grandi  eestate  ineunte  a.d.  1850  exemplar  unicum  inveni. 

3  L 


442  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

H.  elongate-ovate,  narrow,  greatlj'  depressed,  slightly  shining,  most  closely  and  minutely  punctulated 
all  over,  and  of  a  dark  brassy  hue  with  a  faint  tinge  of  metallic  green.  Prothorax  narrowed  (or 
laterally  compressed)  in  front.  Elytra  with  the  punctures  rather  coarser  than  those  on  the  pro- 
thorax;  somewhat  parallel  at  the  sides;  truncated  and  a  little  gaping  at  their  extreme  apex, — 
exposing  a  small  portion  of  the  pygidium.     Antenna  and  legs  nearly  black, — the  former  long. 

Readily  clistinguislicd  from  the  followixij^  species  by  its  narrow  and  depressed 
form,  thickly  punctulated  surface,  by  its  long  and  nearly  black  antennae,  greenish- 
brassy  hue,  and  by  its  apically  truncated,  subdeliiscent  elytra.  It  is  by  no  means 
a  scarce  insect ;  and  found,  apparently,  in  most  of  the  islands  of  the  group, — since 
I  have  not  only  captiu-ed  it  in  Madeu-a  proper,  but  likewise  in  Porto  Santo  and  on 
the  Dezerta  Grande.  It  closely  resembles  the  common  European  H.  antennota, 
but  is  a  little  more  depressed,  its  eh-tra  are  somcAvhat  more  abbreviated  and 
gapkig  posteriorly,  and  its  antennae  (which  are  slightly  longer)  are  simple  in  both 
sexes. 

336.  Haltica  Salicaris. 
H.  ovata  convexa  testacea  (oculis  solis  nigris),  prothorace  brevi  postice  in  medio  transversim  impresso, 

elytris  punctato-striatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1  j. 

Oaleruca  Salicarice,  Payk.  Fna  Suec.  iii.  453  (1800). 
Haltica  Salicarite,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  554  (1813). 

,  Steph.  ni.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  303  (1831). 

,  Eedt.  Ftia  Austr.  529  (1849). 

Habitat  hortos  Funchalenses,  rarior  :  in  Porta  Sancto  prsedominat,  qua  inter  gramina  in  arenis  mari- 
timis  crescentia  atque  super  folia  Arundinis  donacis  tempore  vernali  occurrit. 

H.  ovate,  rather  short,  convex,  testaceous  (the  eyes  alone  being  black),  and  shining.  Prothorax  most 
delicately,  but  not  very  closely,  punctured;  short  and  broad,  with  an  abbrenated  transverse 
impression  in  the  centre  of  its  hinder  margin ;  with  its  angles  well  defined  (and  almost  right 
angles), — the  anterior  ones  being  a  little  thickened.  Elytra  punctate-striated,  and,  together 
with  the  antenna  and  legs,  rather  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface ;  the  extreme  apex  of  the 
terminal  joint  of  the  antennae  (which  are  shorter  than  in  the  last  species)  dark. 

A  very  abimdant  insect  throughout  Europe,  from  whence  perhaps  it  may  have 
been  accidentally  naturalized  in  these  islands.  In  Madeu-a  proper  it  is  exceedingly 
scarce, — the  only  example  which  has  come  beneath  my  observation  having  been 
captured  by  myself,  on  a  sugar-cane,  in  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe's  garden  near  Fimchal. 
In  Porto  Santo  liowever  it  is  far  commoner,  where  I  have  taken  it  in  jirofusiou, 
durmg  the  spring  months,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Cidiide, — especially  on  a  species  of 
coarse  grass,  and  Arundo  donax,  with  which  the  loose  sand,  inmiediately  beliind 
the  southern  beach,  is  more  or  less  clothed.  Its  short  and  ovate  form,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  its  small,  transversely-impressed  prothorax,  pale  testaceous  hue,  and  its 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  443 

puuctate-striated  elytra,  Avill  ^^QYxe  prima  facie  to  distinguish  it.  The  Madeii'an 
sj)ccimcus  are  a  trifle  larger  and  less  deeply  sculptured  than  the  ordinary 
northern  type. 

Genus  147.  LONGITARSUS.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  4  et  6.) 

Latreille,  Fam.  Nat.  des  Ins.  405  (script.  Longitarse)  (1825). 

Corpus  ijarvum,  plus  minusve  elongato-ovatum,  pone  medium  plerumque  subinflatum  convexum : 
capite  triangulari :  prothorace  angusto  parvo  subcylindrico,  ad  angulos  (prjesertim  posticos)  plus 
minusve  rotundato :  elytris  punctatis  :  alls  modo  amplis,  modo  (ut  in  speciebus  Maderensibus 
certe  indigenis)  obsoletis.  Antenna  fiUformes  elongatse,  articulo  primo  robusto  longiusculo, 
secundo  brevi,  reliquis  subsequalibus  (ultimo  elongato-ovato  apice  oblique  truucato).  hahi'um 
amplum  transverso-subquadratum,  coriaceum  limbo  membranaceo,  apice  integrum.  Man- 
dibulce  elongatfe,  basi  tenues  latfe,  apice  cornese  acutse  fortiter  incurvo-dentatse,  margine 
interno  membransl  angustissima  aucto.  Maxilla,  palpi,  mentum  et  ligula  fere  ut  in  Haltica,  sed 
palpi  labiales  paulo  longiores,  articulo  secundo  minus  inflato.  Pedes  (prtesertim  postici  saltatorii) 
elongati :  femoribus  posticis  incrassatis  :  tibiis  anterioribus  muticis  ;  posticis  spina  apicali  interna 
armatisj  et  apicem  versus  externum  seriatim  spinulosis  :  tarsis  articulo  primo  subparallelo  (in 
anterioribus  lato  elongato,  in  posticis  angustiore  longissimo),  secundo  et  tertio  in  anterioribus 
longitudine  \dx  suba^qualibus,  secundo  in  posticis  tertium  longitudine  superante. 

LongitarsKS  {=Thyamis,  Stephens,  a.d.  1831),  as  already  stated,  differs  from 
Haltica  jjwjier  mainly  in  external  characters, — wliich  however  are  sufiiciently 
apparent  to  he  at  once  easily  detected.  Thus,  the  comparatively  elongate-ovate 
form  of  the  species  composing  it  (which  nearly  always  have  a  tendency  to  be  more 
or  less  expanded,  or  inflated,  beyond  the  middle),  their  more  triangular  head, 
narrower,  more  cylindrical  and  somewhat  posteriorly -rounded  prothorax,  their  less 
abbreviated  antennae  and  legs,  the  last  of  which  have  the  apex  of  the  fom*  anterior 
tibiae  entu'cly  unarmed,  wldlst  the  spiu*  on  the  hinder  (externally  spiuulose)  pair  is 
larger  than  in  Haltica,  in  conjunction  with  the  longer  and  more  parallel  basal 
joint  of  their  feet,  constitute  the  priacipal  poiats  on  which  its  separation  from  that 
genus  is  made  to  rest.  All  the  Longitarsi,  moreover,  are  simply  punctulated 
insects;  Avhereas  the  Halticce  are  composed  not  only  of  punctiu'ed,  but  also  of 
ininctate-striated  ones, — perhaps  of  about  an  equal  number  of  each.  As  regards 
theii'  oral  organs,  the  mandibles  of  Longitarsus  are  a  little  longer  and  less  corneous 
than  those  of  Haltica ;  and  the  labial  palpi  are  not  quite  so  short.  In  their  habits, 
the  members  of  these  genera  are  precisely  similar, — being  attached  (almost  exclu- 
sively) to  the  foliage  of  the  smaller  plants,  on  which  they  frequently  abound. 


§  I.  Alee  obsoletce  :  antenna  longissimte. 

337.  Longitarsits  Isoplexidis,  WoJl.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  4.) 

Ij.  oblongo-ovatus  depressiusculus  subopacus  testaceus,  capite,  elytrorum  sutura,  maculis  duabus  (una 

3  L  2 


M4  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

sc.  parva  humerali,  et  altera  magna  rotundata  central!)  in  elytro  singiJo  positis    femorumque 
posticorum  apice  nigris,  elytris  siibstriatis,  antennis  apicem  versus  infuscatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  lf-2. 

Habitat  in  montibus  Maderae,  super  folia  Isoplexidis  sceptri,  sestate  rarior :  inter  plantks  ad  Feijaa  de 
Corte  crescentes  Augusto  ineunte  a.d.  1850  primus  inveni. 

I».  elongate,  rather  depressed  and  narrow,  and  nearly  opake.  Head  black.  Prothorax  testaceous. 
Elytra  pale  testaceous,  with  the  suture  (except  at  the  extreme  apex),  a  small  patch  immediately 
within  either  shoulder,  and  a  very  large  rounded  one  in  the  centre  of  the  disk  of  each,  black  (the 
sutural  band  spear-shaped,  being  expanded  and  subangulated  behind) ;  minutely  and  closely 
punctured;  and  substriated, — especially  towards  the  outer  disk.  Body  beneath  (except  the  pro- 
thorax,  which  is  testaceous)  black.  Legs  (except  the  apex  of  the  two  hinder  thighs,  which  are 
black),  and  base  of  antenna,  pale  testaceous.     Antenna  at  apex  iufuscated. 

One  of  the  most  elegant  and  truly  indigenous  of  aU  the  Coleopterous  insects  of 
these  islands ;  and  confined  exclusively,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  the 
scarce  and  magniticent  Isoplexis  sceptvinn, — the  most  singularly  beautiful  perhaps 
of  all  the  plants  (strictly  native)  which  the  Madciran  group  produces.  It  was  not 
until  my  explorations  of  1850  that  I  discovered  this  grand  addition  to  our  entomo- 
logical fauna ;  and  indeed,  from  the  remote  and  almost  inaccessible  ledges  on 
^vhich  it  occm*s,  it  might  well,  even  though  thus  conspicuous,  escape  observation 
altogether.  Happening  however  to  be  encamped  at  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte  at  the 
beginning  of  August  of  that  year  (a  region  in  which  the  Isoplexis  is  comparatively 
almndant),  I  was  enabled  to  examine  many  clusters  of  it,  and  was  rewarded  with 
two  Coleopterous  novelties  (the  present  one  and  a  MeUgethes),  as  also  witli  an 
interesting  Capsus,  hereafter  to  be  noticed.  The  Longitarsus  appeared  to  be  more 
attached  to  ilie  foliage  than  to  the  flowers, — the  wooUy  coating  of  which  rendered 
it  easy  of  capture,  notwithstanding  its  enormous  power  of  bounding  when  trans- 
ferred to  a  moi'c  glabrous  surface.  In  other  positions  I  could  not  detect  it  in 
equal  abundance ;  but,  were  it  practicable  to  reach  the  large  masses  of  IsopAexis 
which  stud  the  perpendicular  faces  of  the  rocks  in  lofty  sylvan  spots,  it  would 
doubtless  be  obtained  in  greater  numbers  :  since  such  however  is  clearly  impos- 
sible, it  must  ever  remain  a  rarity  to  the  researches  of  a  naturalist.  Apart  from 
its  peculiarity  of  colouring,  it  recedes  from  all  the  members  of  the  present  genus 
with  which  I  am  acquainted  in  having  its  elytra  striate. 

338.  Longitarsus  Cinerariae,  WoU.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  6.) 

Ii.  ovatus  valde  convexus  nitidissinuis  ater  et  fere  impunctatus,  capitc,  prothorace,  antennarum  basi 

pcdibusque  anterioribus  rufo-testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1|-1|. 

Habitat  Maderam  in  floribus  Cineraria  auritce,  Herit.  (  —  Senecionis  Maderensis,  DeCand.),  praesertirn 
per  regionem  sylvaticam  inter  3000'  et  5000'  s.  m.,  ajstate  non  infrequens. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  445 

Ij.  ovate,  exceedingly  convex  (especially  behind,  where  it  is  considerably  inflated),  very  highly  polished, 
and,  to  the  naked  eye,  almost  impunctate, — ;though  minute  and  delicate  punctures  are  perceptible 
beneath  a  powerful  lens.  Head,  prothorax,  and  base  of  antenrue  bright  rufo-testaceous.  Elytra 
and  the  two  hinder  legs  of  the  deepest  black.  Body  beneath  (except  the  head  and  prothorax, 
which  are  rufo-testaceous)  deep  black.  Apex  of  antenna  of  a  less  intense  black  than  the  elytra, 
being  sometimes  completely  iufuscate.  Four  anterior  legs  rufo-testaceous,  and  more  or  less  dusky 
in  parts, — with  their  tarsi  always  darker. 

Like  the  last  species,  the  present  beautiful  Longitarsus  is  of  a  remarkable  indi- 
genous nature,  and  peculiarly  attached  to  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  the  native 
plants, — the  Cineraria  am'ita,  Herit.  (=Senecio  Maderensis,  DeCand.) — the  purple 
clusters  of  Avhich  form  such  a  conspiciious  feature  throughout  the  summer  months 
on  the  damp  perpendicular  rocks  of  lofty  elevations.  It  ranges  from  about  500  to 
5000  feet  above  the  sea,  attaining  its  maximum  however  near  the  upper  extremity 
of  those  limits.  Towards  the  base  of  the  island  it  is  of  the  greatest  rarity,  the 
lowest  position  at  which  I  have  hitherto  detected  it  being  in  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe's 
garden  near  Funchal, — where  I  once  captured  a  single  specimen,  but  could  never 
obtain  more.  As  we  ascend  tlie  mountains,  it  becomes  gradually  more  abundant ; 
until,  at  the  altitude  of  about  4500  feet,  we  seldom  visit  a  bunch  of  the  Cineraria, 
in  full  bloom,  without  discovering  some  traces  of  its  existence.  During  my 
encampment  in  the  upland  region  of  the  Cruzinhas,  in  July  of  1850,  I  might 
have  taken  it  by  hundreds, — though  scarcely  ever  under  any  other  circumstances 
than  those  just  mentioned. 

§  II.  Al(B  amplce  :  antentUB  mediocres. 

339.  Longitarsus  saltator,  Woll. 
Ii.  elongato-ovatus  convexiusculus  nitidus  subolivaceo-testaceus,  capite  femorumque  posticorum  apice 

nigi-is,  elytrorum  sutura  antennarumque  apicem  versus  plus  minusve  leviter  infuscatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1§. 

Habitat  in  graminosis  prope  urbem  Funchalensem,  sero  autumno,  sub  lapidibus  non  infrequens. 

L.  elongate-ovate,  rather  wide  and  robust,  slightly  convex,  and  shining.  Head  and  the  two  kinder 
femora,  except  their  extreme  base,  black.  Prothorax  and  elytra  dirty  testaceous,  with  more  or 
less  of  a  brownish  or  olivaceous  tinge ;  the  lattey-  rather  the  duller  of  the  two  (with  their  suture 
sometimes  dusky),  and  minutely,  though  evidently,  punctulated.  Body  beneath,  except  the  pro- 
thorax, blackish.     Antenna  at  apex  more  or  less  infuscated. 

A  large  and  weU-marked  Longitarsus, — readily  known  by  its  wide  and  robust 
form,  })lack  bead  and  hinder  femora,  and  by  its  dirty  brownish-testaceous,  or 
somewhat  olivaceous,  hue.  It  appears  to  be  an  insect  of  rather  low  range,  and  by 
no  means  common, — the  few  specimens  which  I  have  taken  ha\ing  been  isolated 
ones,  dui'iug  the  autumnal  and  early  winter  months,  from  beneath  stones  in  the 


i46  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

vicinity  of  Funchal.  In  general  contour  and  aifinity,  it  somewhat  approaches  the 
L.  Verbasci  of  more  northern  latitudes, — though  abundantly  distinct  from  it 
specifically,  in  size,  colour  and  sculpture. 

340.  Longitarsus  lutescens. 
L.  elongato-ovatus  convexus  nitidus  tiavo-testaceus,  capite  vel  nigrescente  vel  infuscato,  elytroruiii 

sutura  (pra3sertim  in  disco)  femorumque  posticorum  apice  nigris,  antennis  apicem  versus  ferru- 

gineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l}-!^. 

Haltica  lutescens,  Gjll.  Ins  JIuec.  iii.  546  (1813). 
Thyamis  lutescens,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  310  (1831). 
Longitarsus  lutescens,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  533  (1849). 

Habitat  in  graminosis  montosis  Madera;  et  Portus  Sancti,  a  vcre  novo  usque  ad  autumnum  ,<at 
frequens. 

L.  elongate-ovate,  convex,  shining,  and  of  an  exceedingly  pale,  straw-coloured  yellow,  or  flavo-testa- 
ceous.  Head,  especially  behind,  reddish-brown,  or  infuscated  (rarely  black).  Elytra  with  the 
suture  brownish-black  (the  dark  baud  being  narrow  at  the  base,  gradually  a  little  expanded  to 
about  (or  a  trille  Ijeyoud)  the  middle,  and  suddeuly  narrowed  and  abbrc\-iatcd  before  reaching 
the  extreme  apex),  most  minutely  and  obsoletely  punctulatcd.  Body  beneath,  and  the  apical  half 
of  the  two  hinder  femora,  black.     Apices  of  antenna  and  tarsi  generally  femiginous. 

Jvuowu  from  the  rest  by  its  extremely  paUid,  straw-coloui'ed  hvie, — its  suture, 
eyes,  and  two  posterior  femora  being  the  only  black  portions  visible  from  above. 
This  dark  sutm-al  Hue,  moreover,  possesses  the  invariable  character  of  being 
narrow  and  almost  evanescent  at  the  base,  becoming  gradually  broader  to  about 
(or  a  little  beyond)  the  niidcUc,  after  which  it  is  suddenly  constricted, — leaving  the 
extreme  apex  free.  The  head  is  usually  only  dusky  (being  of  a  slightly  reddish- 
brown  behind) ;  and  the  body  beneath  (the  inflected  edges  of  the  upper  sm*face 
excepted)  is  entirely  piccous-black.  It  is  probably  a  truly  indigenous  insect ; 
nevertheless,  like  the  L.  sallafor,  nervosns  and  nuhigcna,  it  is  of  a  more  orchnary 
type  of  form  than  the  remaining  two.  It  occurs  both  in  Madeira  and  Porto 
Santo,  from  the  spring  to  the  autumnal  months,  in  grassy  spots  of  intermediate 
and  lofty  altitudes.  I  have  brushed  it  from  oif  the  coarse  vegetation  which  clothes 
the  sides  of  the  Curral  das  Romeu*as,  in  October ;  as  also,  in  similar  positions,  in 
tlie  upland  region  of  the  Cruzinhas,  in  July  :  and,  during  my  fii'st  visit  to  the 
island  of  Porto  Santo,  in  April  and  May  of  1848,  I  observed  it  in  consideral)le 
abundance  on  the  southern  mountain-slopes  immediately  below  the  summit  of  the 
Pico  de  Pacho.  It  tUlfcrs  from  the  ordinary  northern  type  in  being,  on  the  average, 
somewhat  larger,  in  haxing  its  antenna;  perhaps  (proportionably)  a  trifle  longer, 
and  in  the  terminal  portion  of  its  hinder  thighs  being  more  evidently  and  inva- 
rial)lv  dark. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  447 

341.  Longitarsus  nervosus,  Woll. 

Ij.  elongato-ovatus  convexus  nitidus  testaceus,  elytris  pallidioribus,  femorum  posticorum  apice  nigro- 
piceo,  antennis  apicern  versus  infuscatis. 
Va?:  /3.  paulo  major,  elytris  minus  evidenter  punctulatis  vix  obscurioribus  subtranslucidis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-1^^. 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  Maderae  Portiisque  Sancti  ac  prsecedens,  sed  illo  copiosior  :  var.  /3.  sola  ad 
Desertam  Grandem  solam  pertinet,  qua  Maio  exeunte  a.d.  1850  plurima  specimina  cepi. 

Ij.  elongate-ovate,  convex,  shining,  and  testaceous.     Elytra  slightly  paler  than  the  head  and  pro- 
thorax  ;  and  minutely,  but  distinctly,  punctulated.     Meso-  and  metu-thoraces  beneath,  and  the 
apical  half  of  the  two  hinder  femora,  piceous-black.     Antenna  at  apex  infuscated. 
Var.  /3.  rather  larger,  with  the  elytra  less  evidently  punctulated  and  not  quite  so  pale, — being  of  a 
more  cUluted,  cloudy,  or  semitransparent  hue. 

Not  an  vmcommon  insect  at  rather  low,  or  intermediate  altitudes,  occurring 
in  most  of  the  islands  of  the  group.  I  have  taken  it  near  Funchal,  dm*ing  the 
autumn  and  spring,  principally  in  the  Ribeira  de  Santa  Luzia  and  at  the  Cm'ral 
das  E-omeiras ;  on  the  grassy  slopes  of  Porto  Santo  in  April ;  and  on  the  Dezerta 
Grande  in  May.  It  may  be  kno^vn  from  the  rest  of  the  Longitarsi  here  described 
by  its  uniformly  testaceous  hue, — the  only  dark  portions  visible  on  its  upper 
surface  (apart  from  the  eyes)  being  the  apices  of  its  two  hinder  femora;  and  thus, 
whilst  its  actual  colom*  is  not  so  pallid  as  that  of  the  L.  Intescens,  yet  its  entire 
freedom  from  black  markings  above  (even  its  head  being  pale)  gives  it  a  peculiar 
character,  which  it  is  impossible  to  mistake.  Its  body  beneath,  moreover,  is  lighter 
than  in  the  other  species, — the  meso-  and  meta-sterna  being  alone  universally 
dark.  The  specimens  from  the  Dezerta  Grande  {var.  (3.)  are  a  trifle  larger  and 
duskier  than  those  from  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo,  and  not  quite  so  distinctly 
punctulated :  nevertheless  they  are  clearly  but  a  local  form,  and  without  any 
claim  to  specific  isolation. 

§  III.  AJcB  ohsoletcB :  antemns  mediocres. 

342.  Longitarsus  nubigena,  Wall. 

It.  parvus  elongato-ovatus  convexus   subnitidus   ferrugineus,   capite,  femorumque  posticorum  apice 

picescentibus,  elytris  minus  rufescentibus  subseriatim  punctatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^. 

Habitat  in  montibus  IMaderse  borealis,  rarissimus :  specimina  duo  sola  detexi,  unum  sc.  ad  summam 
originem  convallis  Ribeiro  de  Joao  Delgada  dictje  (circa  5000'  s.  m.)  et  alterum  ad  Lombo  dos 
Pecegueiros,  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  capta. 

Ii.  small,  elongate-ovate,  convex,  very  slightly  shining,  and  of  a  dull  reddish-ferruginous.  Head 
slightly  dusky,  being  of  a  somewhat  more  rufo-picescent  hue  than  the  prothorax.     Elytra  a  little 


448  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

paler  than  the  prothorax,  and  less  rufescent, — being  of  rusty  brownish-testaceous ;  and  rather 
coarsely  punctured, — the  punctures  having  a  slight  tendency  to  be  disposed  in  rows.  Body 
beneath  (except  the  prothorax),  and  the  apical  half  of  the  hinder  femora,  picescent.  Antenna  at 
apex  very  slightly  infuscated. 

The  minute  size  of  this  somewhat  insiguificant  Longitarsus  would  be  sufl&cient, 
even  alone,  to  separate  it  from  the  remainder :  nevertheless  its  reddish-ferruginous, 
or  rusty-testaceous,  hue,  its  obsolete  wings,  and  its  comparatively  deeply  punc- 
tured elytra, — the  pitnctures  of  which  are  a  little  inclined  to  be  disposed  in  rows 
(of  very  rare  occurrence  in  the  present  genus), — will  afford  additional  characters 
whereby  to  distinguish  it.  It  is  in  some  respects  allied  to  the  L.  BallotcB  of 
Marsham,  in  which  the  wings  are,  also,  obsolete  and  the  elytral  pitnctures  have  a 
slight  tendency  to  longitutlinal  distribution ;  nevertheless  its  smaller  bulk,  darker 
and  more  rufescent  hue,  and  (especially)  its  almost  unsculptui'ed  prothorax,  Avill 
readily  remove  it  from  that  species  (in  which  that  portion  of  the  surface  is  inva- 
riably  as  coarsely  punctulated  as  the  elytra).  It  is  exceedingly  scarce,  the  only  two 
specimens  which  I  have  seen  having  been  captured  l)y  myself, — one  on  the  19th  of 
July  1850,  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Joao  Delgada,  al)out  5000  feet 
above  the  sea ;  and  the  other  in  the  remote  forest  district  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pece- 
gueiros,  during  the  same  montli. 

Genus  148.  PSYLLIODES.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  5.) 

Lati-eille,  Fam.  Nat.  des  Ins.  405  (script.  PsyUwde)  (1825). 

Corpus  parvum,  plus  minusve  elliptico-ovatum,  crassum  :  capite  parvo  triangulari :  pruthorace  trans- 
verso  antice  attenuato,  ad  angulos  (prresertim  posticos)  plus  miuusve  acuto  :  clytris  puuctato- 
striatis  :  alls  modo  ainplis,  modo  (ut  in  speciebus  Maderensibus  plurimis)  obsoletis.  Antenna 
tilit'ormes  longiusculffi  lO-articulatfe,  articulo  primo  baud  robusto  longiusculo  subcm'vato,  secundo 
ct  tertio  paulo  brevioribus  subsqualibus,  quarto  longiusculo,  reliquis  longitudine  subrequalibus, 
latitudine  vix  crescentibus  (ultimo  elongato-ovato  apice  oblique  truncate).  Labnnn  (IX.  5  a), 
mandibuleE  (IX.  oh),  maxilla  (IX.  ^  c),  palpi,  mentum  e.t  ligula  (IX.  5  rf)  fere  ut  in  Longitarso,  sed 
Uyuln  apice  truncata  (minus  rotundata).  Pedes  (prpescrtini  postici,  IX.  5  e,  saltatorii)  Icvitcr 
elongati :  feinoribus  posticis  valde  incrassatis  :  tibiis  anterioribus  simplicibus;  pusticis  &^\ui\  apicali 
interna  armatis,  et  apicem  versus  externum  oblique  excavato-truncatis  valde  biseriatim  spinulosis, 
ad  marginem  summum  excavationis  tarsum  recipientibus  :  tarsis  articulo  primo  in  anterioribus 
(IX.  5/)  plus  minusve  lato  longiusculo  subcordato,  in  posticis  angustiorc  subdexuoso  longissimo  ; 
secundo  et  tertio  in  anterioribus  longitudine  sub;cqualibus,  secundo  in  pusticis  tertium  longitu- 
dine valde  supcrante. 

From  Ilaltica  loroper  and  Longitarsus,  FsyUiodes  {=3Iacroci/cmct  of  Stepliens, 
A.D.  1831)  may  be  easily  recognised  by  the  thicker  and  more  elliptical  bodies  of 
the  species  composing  it,  by  their  comparatively  small  heads  and  anteriorly- 
attenuated  prothorax,  and  by  the  construction  of  their  two  hinder  legs, — which 
have  the  femora  enormously  incrassated,  and  the  tibiae  obliquely  scooped  out  (or 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  449 

truncated)  externally,  the  tarsi  being  inserted  (remote  from  the  apex)  into  the 
upper  edge  of  this  emargination.  Their  elytra,  unlike  those  oi Longitarsus,  are  in 
every  instance  i^xuicisLtQ-stnated ;  and  their  antennse  (which  is  perhaps  the  most 
remarkable  character  of  all)  are  composed  of  only  ten  articulations, — the  second 
(which  in  the  allied  groups  is  short)  being  evanescent,  and  compensated  for  by 
the  unusually  long  foiu'th  one.  In  the  exceedingly  lengthened  basal  joint  of  its 
posterior  feet,  the  present  genus  agrees  with  the  last ;  but  the  second  is  con- 
siderably longer  in  Psylliodes  than  it  is  in  Lomjltarsus,  giving  the  foot  a  very 
extraordinary,  geniculated  appearance. 


§  I.  Tarsi  simplices  :  alee  vel  amplce  velfere  obsoletcB. 

343.  Psylliodes  chrysocephala. 
P.  obovato-elliptica  convexiuscula  subnitida  cyanesceuti-  (vel  aenescenti-)  viridis,  capite,  antennaruni 

basi  pedibusque  (apice  femorum  posticorum  picescente  excepto)  testaceis,  prothorace  antice  vix 

angustato,  elytris  punctato-stiiatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l|-2. 

Chn/somela  chrysocephala,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  535  (1761). 
Haltica  chrysocephala,  Gryll.  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  5G8  (1813). 
Macrocnema  chrysocephala,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  319  (1831). 
Psylliodes  chrysocephala,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  538  (1849). 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem,  in  castanetis  Sanctse  Annse  sestate  media  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  detecta. 

P.  large,  obovate-elliptical  (being  somewbat  attenuated  posteriorly),  rather  convex,  slightly  shining, 
and  bluish-  or  brassy-green  (when  immature  entirely  testaceous) .  Head,  antenna  at  base,  and  legs 
(except  the  apical  half  of  the  two  hinder  femora,  which  are  picescent),  pale  testaceous.  Prothorax 
finely  and  very  closely  punctulated ;  and  very  shghtly  narrowed  in  front.  Elytra  acuminated 
behind;  punctate- striated;  and  with  the  interstices  veiy  finely  and  most  obscurely  punctulated. 
Antenna  at  apex  pale  fuscous. 

A  common  European  insect,  and  one  which  has  most  probably  been  naturalized 
in  Madeu-a  from  higher  latitudes.  The  only  position  in  which  I  have  hitherto 
observed  it  is  in  the  north  of  the  island,  where,  during  the  summer  of  1850,  I 
took  several  specimens  in  the  vineyard  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly  at  Santa  Anna. 
It  may  be  known  from  the  rest  of  the  genus  here  described  by  its  large  size,  bluish- 
or  brassy-green  sui'face,  and  by  (not  merely  its  legs,  but  likewise)  its  head  being 
pale.  It  is  not  quite  so  cyaneous  as  the  ordinary  state, — from  which  it  also 
recedes  in  having  its  elytra  rather  more  distinctly  striated :  nevertheless  it  is 
clearly  but  a  local  variety. 

344.  Psylliodes  hospes,  Woll. 

P.  subelliptica  depressiuscula  subnitida  viridescenti-  (vel  uigi-escenti-)  senea,  antennarum  basi  pedi- 

3  M 


450  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

busque  (apice  femorum  posticorum  picescente  excepto)  testaceis,  prothorace  parvo  antice  angus- 
tato,  elytris  saturate  testacescentibua  leviter  punctato-striatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  super  plantas  cruciferas  in  vinetis  hortisque  culinaribus  Maderse  et  Portus  Sancti,  aestate 
rarior. 

P.  subelliptical  and  rather  slender,  more  depressed  than  any  of  the  other  species,  shining,  and 
greenish-  (or  dark)  seneous.  Antenna  at  base,  and  ler/s  (except  the  picescent  apex  of  the  two 
hinder  femora),  testaceous.  Prothorax  more  coarsely  punctulated  than  that  of  the  P.  chrijso- 
cephala ;  very  small,  and  narrowed  in  front.  Ehjtra  less  acuminated  behind  than  in  the  last  or 
following  species ;  of  a  diluted  brassy-testaceous  hue ;  faintly  punctate-striated ;  and  with  the 
interstices  distinctly  punctulated.     Antenna  at  apex  dark  fuscous. 

Likemse,  in  all  probability,  an  introduced  insect  into  the  Madeira  Islands, — 
occurring  only,  I  believe,  in  vineyards  and  cultivated  spots  in  and  about  the  towns 
(especially  on  plants  allied  to  Sinapis,  and  other  Cniciferce) ;  nevertheless,  not 
ha\dng  been  able  to  identify  it  with  any  recorded  species,  I  have  been  compeUed  to 
describe  it  as  new.  It  may  be  known  by  its  more  depressed,  less  apically-aciuni- 
nated  form,  by  its  small  and  rather  coarsely  punctured  prothorax,  and  by  the 
brassy-testaceous  hue  of  its  {lightly  punctate-striated)  elytra.  It  is  apparently  the 
only  Madeu-an  PsylUodes  in  which  the  wings  are  fully  developed.  I  have  taken 
it,  sparingly,  in  gardens  near  Funchal ;  as  also  in  Porto  Santo,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  Cidtide. 

345.  PsyUiodes  umbratilis,  WoU. 

P.  obovato-elliptica  convexa  nitida  aenescenti-  (vel  cyanescenti-)  vii-idis,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque 
(apice  femorum  posticorum  picescente  excepto)  testaceis,  prothorace  parvo  antice  angustato. 
elytris  punctato-striatis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  in  gi-aminosis  humidiusculis  Maderre,  inter  2000'  et  SOOC  s.  m.,  sestate  rarissima,  locis  snni- 
libus  ac  Longitarsus  nubigena  occurrens. 

P.  somewhat  short  and  thick,  obovate-elliptical,  convex,  exceedingly  shinhig,  and  of  either  a  brassy- 
or  bluish-green.  Antenna  at  base,  and  legs  (except  the  picescent  apical  portion  of  the  two  hinder 
femora),  testaceous.  Prothorax  neither  quite  so  small,  nor  so  coarsely  punctulated  as  m  the 
P.  hospes ;  narrowed  in  front.  Elytra  acuminated  behind  ;  rather  deeply  punctate-striated,  and 
with  the  interstices  very  distinctly  punctulated.     Antenna  at  apex  fuscous. 

Distinguished  by  its  somewhat  thickened  and  exceedingly  convex  body,  and  by 
its  very  shining,  brassy-green  hue.  It  is  in  all  prol)ability  a  truly  indigenous 
insect  to  Madeira,  occurring  in  remote  spots  of  a  lofty  elevation,  where  it  is 
scarcely  likely  to  have  become  natm-alized.  It  is  apparently  very  rare,  the  few 
examples  which  have  come  under  my  observation  having  been  captured  by  myself 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  451 

in  the  forest  region  of  tlie  Lombo  clos  Pecegueiros,  and  at  the  extreme  head  of  the 
Hibeiro  de  Joao  Delgada  (about  4500  feet  above  the  sea)  during  July  1850. 

346.  PsyUiodes  vehemens,  TToll 

P.  subelliptica  convexa  profundius  punctata  nitida  testacea,  capitis  macula  minutissima  basali,  pro- 
thoracis  disco,  elytrorum  sutura,  femorumque  posticorum  apice  nigrescentibus,  prothorace  antice 
angustato,  elytris  profunde  punctato-striatis. 
Var.  /3.  elytrorum  plaga  suturali  in  fasciam  transversam  postmediam  plus  minusve  latam  ampliata. 
Var.  y.  minus  nitida,  punctis  paulo  profundioribus,   testacea,  sutura  pone  medium  femorumque 
apice  posticorum  nigrescentibus.     (Ins.  Partus  Sanctus.) 
Long.  corp.  lin.  ]-l~. 

Habitat  in  graminosis  Maderfe,  vulgaris,  ab  ora  maritima  fere  ad  cacumina  montium  ascendens ;  inter 
1000'  et  2500'  s.  m.  tamcn  prsedominat :  var.  j3.  nisi  fallor  sola  ad  iusulam  Portiis  Sancti  soli 
pertinet. 

P.  subelliptical,  robust,  convex,  shining,  and  testaceous.  Head  and  prothorax  less  densely,  and 
much  more  coarsely,  punctured  than  in  any  of  the  other  species  :  the  former  with  a  minute  dusky 
spot  behind,  which  is  sometimes  nearly  covered  by  the  anterior  edge  of  the  pronotum  (but  scarcely 
ever  absent)  :  the  latter  with  a  broad,  longitudinal  black  cloud  (more  or  less  defined,  and  widest 
posteriorly)  down  the  centre,  and  which  has  generally  either  a  bluish  or  a  brassy  tinge ;  slightly 
narrowed  in  front.  Elytra  very  deeply  punctate-striated ;  vnih.  the  suture,  and  a  small  portion 
of  the  extreme  lateral  margin  behind  the  middle,  black, — the  dark  sutural  line  being  exceedingly 
narrow  at  the  base,  but  suddenly  expanded  about  the  middle,  after  which  it  again  contracts. 
Hinder  femora  with  their  apex  picescent.  Antenna  infuscated  at  their  extremity. 
Var.  j3.  with  the  sutural  line  of  the  elytra  much  dilated  behind  the  middle  (its  widest  part,  in  all 
instances),  so  as  to  join  the  dark  portion  of  the  lateral  margin, — thus  forming  a  more  or  less 
broad,  transverse  fascia. 
Var.  y.  a  little  less  shining,  and  with  the  punctures  (if  anything)  even  more  distinct ;  entirely  pale 
testaceous,  with  merely  the  minute  speck  on  the  back  part  of  the  head,  the  scutellum,  the  hinder 
j)ortion  of  the  sutm-e,  and  the  tips  of  the  posterior  femora,  dark ; — the  prothoracic  cloud  and  the 
dark  marginal  portion  of  the  elytra  being  entirely  evanescent,    (The  state  peculiar  to  Porto  Santo.) 

Throughout  all  its  states,  the  present  FsylUodes  may  be  knoAvn  by  its  testaceous, 
coarsely  punctured  sui-face,  by  the  minute  cloudy  speck  on  the  hinder  portion  of 
its  forehead,  and  by  its  more  or  less  (postmedially)  dilated,  dark,  sutural  line.  It 
is  an  almost  universal  insect,  existing  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  island,  from  the 
level  of  the  shore  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  highest  peaks, — though  attain- 
ing its  maximum  perhaps  between  about  1000  and  2500  feet  above  the  sea. 
Amongst  long  grass  and  herbage,  wherever  such  is  to  be  found,  it  is  well  nigh 
certain  to  occur  dui-ing  the  summer  mouths, — abounding  in  sheltered  spots,  and 
at  the  bottom  of  deep  ravines,  where  the  vegetation  is  especially  rampant.  In 
such  positions,  I  have  observed  it  towards  the  head  of  the  Ribeu'o  de  Santa  Luzia, 
in  the  vitmost  profusion,  in  May ;  and  in  the  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna, 

3  M  2 


452  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

during  June  and  July,  in  equal  multitudes.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Funchal 
it  is  somewhat  scarce;  and,  as  "vve  ascend  the  moimtains,  beyond  the  limits  of 
4000  feet,  rarer  still.  Nevertheless  it  is  widely  distributed  even  over  the  loftiest 
altitudes,  where  in  particularly  exposed  localities  it  takes  shelter  beneath  stones, — 
as  I  liave  frequently  remarked  on  the  upland  plain  of  the  Fateiras  and  along  the 
edges  of  the  Caminho  de  Meyo,  around  the  southern  base  of  the  Pico  da  Silva. 
Dm'ing  my  encampment  in  the  elevated  region  of  the  Cruzinhas,  in  July  of  1850, 
I  met  with  it  sparingly ;  but  did  not  detect  it  on  the  extreme  summit  of  the  Pico 
Ruivo, — where  (with  the  exception  of  the  great  height)  there  is  every  condition 
necessary  for  its  development.  The  var.  y,  from  Porto  Santo,  is  interesting  as 
affording  another  example  of  the  modifying  influences  of  local  circumstances  on 
external  insect  form.  That  the  species  is  identical  with  the  Madeiran  one  1  have 
not  the  slightest  doubt, — the  sculpture  and  colour,  as  I  conceive,  having  merely 
undergone  a  change  since  the  remote  period  of  its  isolation  on  a  comparatively 
calcareous  soil. 


§  II.  Tarsi  anteriores  articulo  hasilari  latissimo  cordato  :  alee  ohsoletw. 

(Subgenus  EUPUS,  WoU.) 

347.  Psylliodes  tarsata,  Woll.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  5.) 
P.  elliptica  convexiuscula  subnitida  subcyanescenti-nigra,  capitc,  prothorace,  anteunarum  basi  pedi- 

busque  (apice  femorum  posticorum  vix  picescente  excepto)  rufo-testaceis,  prothorace  amplo  antice 

baud  angustato,  elytris  punctato-striatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^-l^. 

Habitat  in  Madera  umbrosis  montosis,  sestate  non  iufrequens :  Maderam  borealem,  nisi  fallor,  pr?e- 
sertim  occupat,  qua  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  plurima  specimina  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  inveni. 

P.  rather  narrow,  elliptical,  somewhat  convex,  very  slightly  shining,  and  quite  apterous.  Head  and 
prothorax  almost  impunctate,  and  of  a  bright  rufo-testaccous ;  the  latter  rather  large,  and  not 
at  all  narrowed  in  front.  Elytra  rather  coarsely  punctate-striated ;  acuminated  posteriorly,  and 
a  little  constricted  at  their  extreme  base ;  and  of  a  deep  subcyaneous-blaek.  Legs  testaceous, — 
except  the  apical  poi'tion  of  the  tuu  hinder  femora,  yihich  are  pale  brownish-piceous.  Antenna  at 
base  testaceous,  at  apex  infuscated.  Four  anterior  tarsi  with  their  basal  joint  enormously  dilated, 
and  cordate. 

Thi'oughout  all  the  Madeu'an  Coleoptera  there  is  scarcely  a  species  better  defined 
than  the  P.  tarsata,  nor  is  there  any  one  perhaps  which  we  may  more  safely 
pronounce  as  strictly  indigenous.  Receding  as  it  does  fi-om  the  remainder  of  the 
genus,  both  in  outward  aspect  and  structm-e,  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  point  out 
more  minutely  its  distinctive  features, — since  its  beautifully  coloured  surface, 
entirely  apterous  body  (as  in  so  many  of  the  insects  of  these  islands),  and  the  im- 
mensely dilated  basal  joint  of  its  four  anterior  feet  (a  very  remarkable  modifica- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  453 

tion,  which  would  seem  to  be  almost  sufficient  to  isolate  it  even  generically),  are 
of  themselves  more  than  enough  at  once  to  identify  it.  It  is  exceedingly  local, 
and  confined,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  the  dense  forest  districts  of  the 
north, — occurring  beneath  the  trees  (amongst  rank  grass  and  fern)  in  remote  spots 
of  intermediate  altitudes.  During  my  encampment  in  the  region  of  the  Lombo  dos 
Pecegueu'os,  in  July  1850,  I  captvired  it  in  considerable  profusion,— especially 
amongst  the  thickset  and  nearly  impenetrable  groves  of  Folhado,  and  where  the 
moisture  was  most  excessive.  Tlu-oughout  the  whole  tract  Ijetween  the  Kibeiro 
do  Inferno  and  the  Ribeii'o  de  Joao  Delgada  it  may  be  said  to  abound,— but  pro- 
bably diiring  the  summer  months  only,— since  a  great  number  of  the  specimens 
were  immature  in  July,  as  though  theu-  imago  period  had  but  just  commenced. 


Fam.41.  CHKYSOMELID^. 

Genus  149.  MNIOPHILOSOMA*,  TfW.    (Tab.  IX.  fig.  8.) 

Corpus  minutum,  suborbiculato-ovatum,  valde  coiivexum,  politissimum,  glaben-imum  et  fere  impunc- 
tatum  :  capite  deflexo ;  oculis  subrotundatis :  prothorace  transverse,  postice  lato  elytris  arete 
applicato  :  sculello  parvo  triangulari :  eli/tris  ad  apicem  conjuuctim  acuminatis :  alis  obsoletis. 
Antenna  (IX.  8  a)  leviter  clavata;,  inter  ociilos  inserts  sed  basi  baud  approximatse,  artieulis  primo 
et  seeundo  robustis,  illo  elongato  subclavato,  tertio  ad  sextum  gracilibus  longitudine  leviter 
decrescentibus,  rebquis  latitudine  paulatim  crescentibus  (nono,  decimo  et  imdecimo  clavam  minus 
abruptam  efficientibus,  undecimo  elongato-ovato  ad  apicem  externum  oblique  truncate) .  Labrum 
(IX.  8  b)  amplissimum  porrectum  subcoriaceum,  antice  profunde  bilobum.  Mandibula  (IX.  8  c) 
magnffi  cornese  lata,  apice  fortiter  dentatte.  Maxilla  (IX.  8  d)  biloba;  membranacese,  lobis 
latiusculis  subfequalibus  apice  pubescentibus  {externa  vix  palpitbrmi).  Falpi  subfiliformes ; 
maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  seeundo  et  tertio  longioribus  crassioribus  subwqualibus,  ultimo 
subfusiformi-conico :  labiates  (IX.  8  e)  crassi,  artieulis  primo  et  seeundo  latitudine  subsequalibus 
(lioc  paulo  longiore),  ultimo  angustiore  subconico.  Mentum  subquadrato-transversura,  apice 
inteo-rum.  Liffula  (nisi  fallor)  baud  visibilis.  Pedes  longiusculi :  femorihus  posticis  baud  in'cras- 
satis :  iibiis  simplicibus,  ad  apicem  muticis  :  tarsis  antevioribus  in  mare  (IX.  8/)  articulo  primo 
magno  dilatato  subcordato,  posticis  in  utroque  sexu  articulo  primo  leviter  elongato. 

A  Mniophila  (genus  Coleopterorum),  et  o-co/aa  corpus. 

The  curious  little  insect  from  which  the  above  characters  have  been  compiled, 
and  which  bears  a  certain  prima  facie  resemblance,  as  abeady  mentioned  {vid. 
p.  417),  to  stunted  female  specimens  of  Xenorchestes,  is  very  nearly  akin  to  the 
European  IlniopUla,  though,  at  the  same  time,  certainly  distinct  from  it,— since 
it  not  only  wants  the  leaping  propensities  (and  therefore  the  incrassated  posterior 
femora)  which  are  there  indicated,  but  presents  likewise  many  obsciu-er  differences 

*  Genus  Mniopliili  formam  simulans  et  ei  afimitate  proximum,  sed  tarsorum  masculorum  articulo 
basilari  valde  dilatato,  uecuon  antennarum  pedumque  posticormn  structura  et  babitu  baud  saltatorio 
certe  distinctum  videtur. 


454  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

(though  not  the  less  important  ones)  in  the  other  particulars  of  its  structure  which 
coml)ine  to  render  its  isolation  the  more  obvious.  Thus,  its  antennae  recede  from 
those  of  that  genus  in  having  their  terminal  joint  (as  in  Haltica  and  its  allies) 
oljliquely  acuminated  at  the  extremity,  and  in  the  eighth  one  not  being  smaller 
than  the  seventh  (which  is  worthy  of  notice,  since  its  perceptibly  diminished  size  in 
Mniophila  has  been  supposed  by  some  naturalists  to  imply  an  approach  towards 
the  AnisotomidcB) ;  its  outer  maxillary  lobe  also  is  less  evidently  palpiform ;  all  its 
tibiae  are  spiu-less  (whereas  the  hinder  pair  m.3I)H0phiJ((,  as  in  the  other  saltatorial 
Phytophagous  groups,  are  ai-med  with  a  strong  apical  spine) ;  and  the  basal  articu- 
lation of  its  four  anterior  male  feet  is  greatly  dilated.  In  their  labra,  mandibles 
and  palpi,  however,  the  genera  are  almost  coincident.  In  external  contour  it  has 
very  much  the  appearance  of  a  Ilniophila,  except  that  it  is  somewhat  larger,  con- 
siderably acuminated  at  the  anal  region,  and  is  even  stUl  more  polished  and 
glal)rous, — there  being  scarcely  any  traces  of  sculpture,  except  under  a  high 
microscopic  power  (whereas  in  that  genus  the  upper  siu-face,  although  sparingly, 
is  deeply  punctui-ed).  The  two  insects  together  may  be  considered  as  establishing 
a  very  natm-al  passage  between  the  Galernciclce  and  Chrysomelidce ;  for,  Avhilst 
Mniophila,  on  account  of  its  jumping  habits,  is  properly  associated  \di]i  the 
former, — Jliiiojihilosoma,  on  the  other  hand,  is  more  correctly  referred  to  the 
latter.  In  their  general  details  indeed  (as,  for  instance,  their  slightly  clavated, 
basally  subdistant  antcnnte,  and  theii'  thickened,  convex  and  remarkably  glossy 
bodies)  both  are  perhaps  more  related  to  the  C/n^t/soDielldce thanto  the  Galerucidce  : 
nevertheless  Mniophila  is  retained  (albeit  at  the  extremity)  in  the  first,  since  its 
capability  of  bounding  is  clearly  the  most  significant  featui-e  which  it  possesses,  and 
must  therefore  take  the  precedence  of  all  others;  but  3LiiophUosoma,  which  does 
not  exhilnt  this  peculiarity,  finds  its  true  location  at  the  commencement  of  the 
second. 

348.  Mniophilosoma  laeve,  WoU.    (Tab,  IX.  fig.  8.) 

M.  suljurbiculato-ovatum  valde  convexum  politissimum  subviridescenti-nigrum  et  fere  impunctatum, 
elytris  apice  conjunctim  acuminatis  ferrugincis,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Mas  paulo  minor,  tarsis  anterioribus  articulo  primo  dilatato. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |-^. 

Habitat  in  niontibus  Madera;,  praiscrtim  per  regiouem  sylvaticam,  sub  lapidibus,  cortice  arboruui,  vol 
inter  lichenes,  toto  anno  passim. 

M.  suborbiculatc-ovate,  exceedingly  convex,  very  highly  polished,  perfectly  glabrous,  and,  to  the  naked 
eye,  impunctate  (though  under  a  strong  lens  minute  and  distant  punctures  are  just  perceptible) ; 
black,  with  more  or  less  of  a  greenish  tinge.  Head  sometimes  rufescent  between  the  eyes.  Elytra 
conjointly  acuminated  at  their  extreme  apex  (which,  however,  on  account  of  the  great  convexity 
of  the  body,  is  almost  concealed  from  view),  where  they  are  more  or  less  ferruginous,  or  dull 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  455 

testaceous.     Antenna  at  base,  and  the  legs,  testaceous ;  the  former  with  their  apical  portion 
dusky. 
Males  (which  are  rather  smaller  than  the  females)  with  the  basal  joint  of  their  four  anterior  tarsi 
considerably  dilated. 

The  minute  bulk,  and  exceedingly  convex,  highly  polished  and  almost  impunc- 
tate  surface  of  the  present  irisect  will  at  once  distinguish  it  from  the  whole  of  its 
Madeiran  allies, — even  apart  from  its  generic  peculiarities  (already  pointed  out). 
It  is  a  truly  indigenous  species,  occurring  beneath  stones  and  moss  at  intermediate 
and  lofty  altitudes,  and  apparently  at  aU  seasons  of  the  year.     It  is  decidedly 
scarce;  though,  at  the  same  time,  widely  distributed  over  the  island.     Thus,  I 
have  taken  it,  during  the  winter  months,  from  under  stones,  towards  the  upper 
extremity  of  the  Eibeiro  de  Santa  Luzia, — principally  in  grassy  spots  by  the  edges 
of  the  stream :  and  in  the  sunrmer  of  1850  I  captured  it  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pece- 
gueiros,  and  from  beneath  the  dead,  loosely-attached  bark  of  trees  in  the  upland 
region  of  the  Eanal.     I  have  also  brushed  it  from  off  vegetation  in  the  elevated 
district  of  the  Cruzinhas ;  and,  on  one  occasion  (whilst  searching  for  Piqja  con- 
cinna),  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  Bibeiro  de  Joao  Delgada,  I  met  with  it  in 
tolerable  abundance,  under  lichen  on  the  exposed  faces  of  the  rocks  :  and  it  has 
been  detected  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio.     At  the  Fanal  I  have 
observed  it  in  company  with  the  curious  Xenorchestes  saltltans,  to  the  females  of 
which  (as  lately  stated)  large  specimens  of  the  Mniophilosoma,  in  their  size,  colour, 
and  wonderfully  smooth  and  subglobose  bodies,  bear  so  strong  a  resemblance,  that 
the  two  might,  prima  facie,  be  ahnost  mistaken  for  each  other.     It  is  needless 
however  to  remark  that  the  most  superficial  examination  wovdd  at  once  discover 
the  differences :  though  I  am  inclined  to  suspect  that  there  does,  notwithstanding, 
really  exist  some  slight  aflB.nity  between  the  genera ;  a  svipposition  which  is  not 
rendered  tlie  less  probable  by  the  saltatorial  powers  and  subapproximated  antennae 
of  Xenorchestes, — facts  which  would  seem  to  indicate  an  approach  towards  the 
Galerucidce  (from  wliich  group  Mniophilosoma,  as  already  demonstrated,  is  but 
just  removed). 

Genus  150.  CRYPTOCEPHALUS. 

Geoffroy,  Hist.  Air.  des  Ins.  de  Paris,  i.  231  (1762). 

Corpus  mediocre  vel  parvum,  plus  minusve  subcylindrico-ovale,  convexiusculum,  ssepe  coloribus 
diversis  Isete  pictum  :  capite  deflexo ;  oculis  reuiformibus  (intus  leviter  emarginatis) :  prothorace 
postice  lato  sinuato  (elytrorum  latitudine),  amplo,  antice  convexo  ;  prosterno  simplice :  elytris  ad 
apicem  truncatis  dehiscentibus,  pygidium  vix  tegentibus :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  filiformes,  in 
typicis  leviter  elongatse,  inter  oculos  insertse  sed  basi  baud  approximate,  articnlo  primo  robusto, 
secundo  brevi,  tcrtio,  quarto  quintoque  subgracilibus  (tertio  breviusculo,  quarto  quintoque  longi- 
tudine  subaequalibus),  reliquis  vix  crassioribus  subsequalibus.  Labi-urn  amplum  subcoriaceum 
subquadratum,  antice  leviter  bilobum.  Manclibulce  magnje  cornese  insequales,  apice  acutfe,  infra 
apicem  dente  robusto  instructae.    Maxilla  bilobte  :  lobo  externo  lato  obtuso  setoso,  vix  palpifornii : 


456  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

intemo  breviore  (margine  superiore  robustiore  excepto)  membranaceo  compresso.  Palpi  sub- 
tiliformes ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  longioribus  crassioribus  (illo  paulo 
longiorc  subflexuoso),  ultimo  angustiore  subovato  basi  truncate;  labiales  articulo  primo  parvo, 
secundo  et  ultimo  longitudine  subfequalibus  (illo  subclavato,  boc  paulo  angustiore  subfusiformi 
basi  truncate).  Mentum  comeum,  in  parte  media  submembranaceura ;  transversum,  apice  vix 
integrum.  Ligula  subcoriacea,  apice  rotundata  Integra.  Pedes  sat  robusti  subretractiles,  antici 
longiores  :  tibiis  simplicibus. 

Externally,  Cnjptocephalns  may  be  readily  known  from  Chrysomela  by  its  more 
cyliucli-ieal  Ijody,  Avliich  is  truncated  botli  before  (on  account  of  the  deflexion  of  its 
head,  which  is  also  very  deeply  immersed  in  the  prothoracic  cavity)  and  (by  reason 
of  its  apically-abbreviated,  subdehiscent  elytra)  behind,  by  its  more  ample  and 
convex  prothorax,  by  its  narrower,  and  more  internally-emarginated  eyes,  its 
simple  prosternum,  entirely  filiform  antennae,  and  by  its  somewhat  elongated 
anterior  legs.  In  their  trophi  (apart  from  oliscurer  modifications,  which  may  be 
gathered  from  the  above  diagnosis)  the  species  recede  from  the  Chrysomehp,  prin- 
cipally, in  having  theii'  upper  lip  larger  and  more  robust,  the  tei'minal  joint  of 
their  maxillary  palpi  slenderer  and  acuminated,  and  in  theh*  ligula  being  a  little 
smaller,  and  rounded  in  front  (instead  of,  as  in  that  genus,  truncated,  and  bifid  in 
the  centre).  Both  Cry  otocephalus  and  Chrysomela  are  of  great  extent  and  wide 
geographical  range,  occm-riug  in  nearly  all  countries  of  the  world.  They  include 
soiue  of  the  most  gorgeous  insects  throughout  the  whole  range  of  the  Coleoptera ; 
and,  whilst  gay  colours  may  be  said  to  preponderate  with  the  former,  brilliant 
metallic  splendour  (in  which  green  is  the  prevailing  element)  is  eminently  charac- 
teristic of  the  latter.  It  is  remarkable  that  in  the  Madeira  Islands,  where  sun- 
shine is  the  rviUng  power,  I  should  not  have  succeeded  in  detecting  more  than  a 
single  exponent  of  each, — and  even  that  those  should  be  of  such  extreme  rarity 
that  they  must  be  numbered  amongst  the  scarcest  members  of  our  present  fauna. 
The  following  insignificant  little  Cryptocephalus  happens  to  recede  from  the 
normal  representatives  of  the  group  in  being  of  a  more  sombre  tint, — simulating 
in  fact,  in  general  contour  and  hue,  the  C.  signaticoUis  and  minutus  of  more 
northern  latitudes. 

349.  Ciyptocephalus  crenatus,  Woll. 

C.  cylindrico-ovalisdepressiusculus  subopacus  testaccus,  capite  prothoraccque  brevi  rngulose  punctatis 
et  plus  minusve  infuscatis,  elytris  profunde  crenato-striatis,  infra  humeros  callo  le\iter  infuscato 
notatis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  in  graminosis  bumidiusculis  Maderse,  rarissimus :  exemplar  uiiicum  ad  summam  originem 
convallis  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia  dictse  Maio  cxeunte  a.d.  1849  inveni,  atque  duo  specimina  ad 
Sao  Vincentc  testate  a.d.  1851  capta  nuper  communicavit  Rev'''"  Dom.  Lowe. 

C.  cylindric-oval,  a  little  depressed,  very  slightly  shining  (sometimes  nearly  opake),  and  testaceous. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


457 


Head  and  prothorax  rather  coarsely  punctured  and  subrugulose,  more  or  less  clouded  or  infus- 
cate ;  the  latter  short,  transverse,  and  rather  waved  behind.  Elytra  deeply  crenate-striated ; 
with  the  small,  thickened  callosity  within  the  shoulder  of  each  slightly  dusky. 

A  most  distinct  little  Cryptocephalus  ;  and,  although  related,  in  size  and  general 
aspect,  to  the  C.  mimdm  and  signatlcoUls  of  higher  latitudes,  yet  with  abundant 
characters  of  its  own  which  altogether  separate  it,  specifically,  from  either  of  those 
insects.  In  its  regularly  cre?^«^e-striated  elytra,  indeed,  it  recedes  from  every 
Cryptocephalus  with  which  I  am  acquainted  ;  whilst  its  almost  opake  surface,  its 
deeply  pimctured,  comparatively  short  prothorax,  and  its  suhdepressed  form, 
entirely  remove  it  from  any  of  the  small  European  species  of  which  the  common  C. 
mlmitus  may  be  regarded  as  the  type.  It  is  apparently  extremely  rare.  During  my 
constant  researches  in  Madeira,  I  have  met  mth  only  a  single  example,— captm^ed, 
towards  the  end  of  May  1849,  at  the  extreme  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia, 
by  brushing  the  rank  vegetation  at  the  foot  of  the  perpendicular  rocks  on  the  steep 
bank  immediately  to  the  left  of  the  great  Waterfall.  Two  more  specimens  hoAv- 
ever  have  been  subsequently  communicated  to  me  by  the  Rev.  E.  T.  Lowe,  by 
whom  they  were  taken  ia  the  north  of  the  island  (during  the  summer  of  1851),  at 
Sao  Vincente. 

Genus  151.  CHRYSOMELA.    (Tab.  IX.  fig  7.) 

Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  edit.  i.  (1735). 

CV/jus  mediocre,  plus  rainusve  rotundato-ovatum,  convexura,  sjepius  splendore  superbiens  :  capite  sub- 
porrecto ;  oculis  ellipticis  (intus  hand  emarginatis) :  prolhorace  transverso,  postice  lato  (sed  ely- 
trorum  vix  latitudine),  ad  latera  saepius  marginato ;  prosterno  postice  in  lobum  deplanatum  plus 
uiinusvc  elongatuni  (in  mesosternum  receptum)  producto  :  eli/tris  ad  apicem  rotundatis,  pygi- 
dium  omnino  tegentibus  (in  specie  nostra  laterahter  compressis  et  marginem  versus  utrumque 
valde  coiTUgato-rugosis,  unde  nomeu  subgenericum  Rhyssohma  proposui)  :  alis  plerumque  amplis. 
Antennce  apicem  versus  leviter  incrassatjE,  in  typicis  minus  elongate,  inter  oculos  insertse  sed  basi 
baud  approximate,  articulo  primo  robusto,  secundo  brevi,  tertio,  quarto  quintoque  subgracilibus 
(tertio  longiuseulo,  quarto  quintoque  sequalibus),  reliquis  paulo  crassioribus  suba;qualibus. 
Labruin  (IX.  7  a)  submembranaceum  transversum,  antice  leviter  bilobum.  Mandibula  fere  ut  in 
Cryptocephalo.  Maxilla  (IX.  71)  bilobfe  :  hbo  externa  lato  obtuso  subcylindrico  setoso,  vix 
palpiforrai :  interno  vix  breviore,  angusto,  submembranaceo,  longe  setoso.  Palpi  (articulo 
mnxillarium  ultimo  incrassato  plus  minusve  subsecuriformi  excepto)  fere  ut  in  Crji^tocephalo. 
Mentwn  (IX.  7  c)  subcoriaceum  transversum,  apice  plerumque  leviter  emarginatum.  Ligula 
ampla  subcoriacea,  apice  truncata  et  in  medio  minute  bifida.  Pedes  sat  robusti  subretractiles : 
tibiis  vel  simpHcibus,  vel  apicem  versus  externum  dente  instructis. 

The  Clmjsomel(B,  as  ah-eady  stated,  may  be  recognised  from  the  Cnjptocephali 
by  their'  more  rovmded,  or  ovate,  outline,  convexer  bodies  and  more  exposed 
heads,  by  then-  elytra  not  being  abbreviated  posteriorly  (but  entirely  covering 
the   abdomen),  by  their  more  transverse,  less  globose  and  frequently  margined 

3n 


458  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

prothoraces,  by  their  more  elliptical  eyes,  somewhat  shorter  and  more  incrassated 
antennae,  and  by  theu'  prosternum  being  produced  behind  into  a  flattened  lobe, 
"O'hich  (when  long  enough)  is  received  into  an  impression  in  front  of  the  meso- 
sternum.  The  main  distinctive  featm'es  in  the  parts  of  then*  mouth  consist  in 
the  dilated,  apicaUy  truncated,  and  more  or  less  seciu-iform  terminal  joint  of  their 
maxillary  palpi,  in  their  narrow  and  pointed  inner  maxillary  lobe,  and  in  their 
somewhat  ample  and  anteriorly  bifid  ligula.  The  sole  Madeiran  representative 
(hitherto  detected)  of  tliis  immense  and  universally  distributed  group  is,  outwardly, 
of  such  an  exceedingly  anomalous  structure,  that,  before  examination,  I  had 
imagined  that  it  would  probably  constitute  a  separate  genus.  Its  oral  organs 
however  differ  in  scarcely  any  respect  from  the  ordinary  type ;  and  I  have  been 
content  therefore  to  propose  for  it  a  sithfjeneric  name,  in  case  that  future  re- 
searches should  discover,  as  is  not  unlikely,  other  species  moulded  after  the 
same  external  pattern,  and  thus  render  it  desirable  to  detach  them  from  the  parent 
mass. 

(Subgenus  EHTSSOLOMA,   WoU) 

350.  Chrysomela  Fragarise,  iVuU.    (Tau.  IX.  fig.  7.) 

C.  ovata  convcxa  nitida  viridi-splendcns,  capite  protboraceque  fere  impunctatis,  elytris  minute  seriatim 
punctatis,  apieem  versus  convcxis  et  laterabtcr  compressis,  iitrinque  (prsesertim  versus  marginem) 
valde  corrugato-rugosis,  antennis  tarsisque  obscurioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  5|. 

Hnbitat  in  Maderil  sylvatica,  super  folia  Fragarice,  rarissima  :  tria  specimina,  ad  Kibeiro  Frio  mense 
Augusto  A.D.  1850  a  meipso  lecta,  sola  vidi. 

C.  ovate,  convex,  sbining,  when  alive  of  a  very  brilliant  green, — which  however  becomes  obscurer 
after  death.  Head  and  prothorax  impunctate,  except  towards  the  sides  of  the  latter, — which  are 
broadly  (though  not  very  distinctly)  margined,  and  have  a  few  large,  scattered  punctures  (which 
are  sometimes  however  nearly  absent)  along  the  edges  and  within  the  submarginal  depression. 
Elytra  with  longitudinal  series,  somewhat  arranged  in  pairs,  of  very  minute  and  obscure  punc- 
tures (but  not  striated),  the  space  between  each  pair  having  a  tendency  to  be  raised, — both  the 
punctures  and  ridges  however  being  most  apparent  towards  the  sides,  and  nearly  evanescent  on 
the  disk ;  convex  and  laterally  compressed,  particularly  behind,  and  greatly  wrinkled  (or  uneven) 
towards  the  lateral  margins,  along  their  entire  length ;  the  suture  with  a  slightly  violet  tinge. 
Antenna  (especially  towards  their  apex),  and  the  tarsi,  obscurer  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

A  truly  indigenous  insect,  and  perhaps  one  of  the  most  anomalous  of  the 
Chrijsomelce  hitherto  described, — its  laterally  compressed  form,  and  the  curiously 
shriveled,  or  collapsed,  sides  of  its  el}i;ra  giving  it  a  most  remarkable  appearance, 
unlike  anji:hing  else  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  Xt  fii'st  sight  indeed  this 
wrinkled,  or  corrugated,  structure  might  seem  to  be  the  result  of  a  lapsus  naiurcB, 
as  though  the  creature  had  been  imperfectly  developed;  nevertheless,  a  closer 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  459 

examination  would  liave  at  once  prevented  the  possibility  of  regarding  it  as  the 
effect  of  chance,  even  had  I  not  captured  a  sufficient  ninnber  of  specimens,  pre- 
cisely similar,  to  place  beyond  aU  question  any  doubts  as  to  its  normal  state.  It 
is  evidently  of  the  greatest  rarity, — being  confined  to  the  sylvan  districts,  and 
comins  into  existence  about  the  middle  or  latter  end  of  the  summer.  The  only  three 
examples  which  have,  I  beheve,  been  as  yet  detected  were  captured  by  myself,  on 
the  leaves  of  the  mountain  Strawberry,  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada  of  the  Eibeiro 
Frio,  in  August  1850.  Dui-ing  my  repeated  researches  in  the  same  locality  earlier 
in  the  season,  I  failed  in  discovering  it ;  and  in  all  probability  therefore  it  is  an 
autumnal  species. 

Genus  152.  GASTROPHYSA. 

(Chevrolat,  in  Bej.  Cat.  S'^-^e  edit.  429,  a.d.  1837.)     Eedt.  Fim  Austr.  553  (1849). 

Corpus  parvum,  fere  ut  in  Chrysomela,  sed  prothorax  ad  latera  liaud  margiuatus,  prosterno  ])ostice 
minus  producto  ;  labrum  coriaceum,  margine  laterali  membranaceo  ;  maxillarum  lobi  latiorcs ;  pal- 
porum  articulus  ultimus  subfusiformis  basi  truncatus ;  et  liffula  transversa,  apice  leviter  emargiiaata. 

Gastrophysa,  which  by  some  entomologists  is  regarded  as  a  mere  section  of 
Chrysomela,  differs  from  the  normal  members  of  that  group,  mainly,  in  having 
its  maxillary  palpi  not  incrassated  at  their  apex,  but  filiform, — the  terminal  joint 
being,  as  in  Cnjptoceiilialus,  somewhat  cylindrical,  and  narrower  than  the  previous 
one.  In  other  respects  it  offers  scarcely  any  peculiarities ;  nevertheless  its  pro- 
thorax  is  not  so  distinctly  margined  as  in  Chrysomela  proper,  the  hinder  point  of 
its  prosternum  is  less  produced,  its  upper  lip  has  the  sides  membranous,  the  lobes 
of  its  maxUlse  are  broader,  its  ligula  is  shorter  and  more  transverse,  and  its  entire 
body  is  altogether  of  a  smaller  size. 

351.  Gastrophysa  Polygoni. 
G.  ovalis    couvexa  nitida  nigro-CEeriilea  et  dense   punctata,  protliorace,  antennarum  basi,  pedibus 

anoque  rufis,  antennarum  tarsorumque  apice  nigrescentibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Chrysomela  Polygoni,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  520  (1761). 

,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  iii.  474  (1813). 

Phaedon  Polygoni,  Staph.  III.  Brit.  Unt.  iv.  336  (1831). 
Gastrophysa  Polygoni,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  553  (1849). 

Habitat  prope  urbem  Funchalensem  Maderse,  a  Dom.  Heinecken,  M.D.,  olini  capta  (ex  Eui'opa 
forsan  introducta). 

G.  oval,  convex,  shining,  densely  and  deeply  punctured  (especially  on  the  elytra),  and  of  a  dark  sub- 
metallic  blue, — t\iQ  prothorax,  antenna  at  base,  the  legs,  and  the  apex  of  the  abdomenheing  bright 
rufous.     Antennce  at  apex,  and  the  terminal  joint  of  the  tarsi,  nearly  black. 

3  N  2 


460  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

A  most  abundant  Eiu'opean  insect,  occurring  almost  everywhere.  In  Madeira 
it  would  seem  to  be  exceedingly  rare,  and  certainly  not  truly  indigenous, — the 
only  example  which  I  have  seen  (eWdently  an  imported  one)  ha^dng  been  com- 
municated by  the  Kev.  R.  T.  Lowe  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken, 
l^y  whom  it  was  captured  many  years  ago  near  Funchal.  It  differs  in  no  respect 
fi-om  the  ordinary  type,  wiiich  makes  it  the  more  probable  that  the  specimen  was 
accidentally  introduced  from  higher  latitudes. 


Sectio  X.  PSEUDOTRIMERA. 
Fain.42.  COCCINELLIDiE. 

Genus  153.  COCCINELLA.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  5.) 

Linuseus,  Si/st.  Jilit.  edit.  i.  (script.  Coccionella)  (1735). 

Corpus  mediocre,  plus  minusve  heraisphsericum  vel  ovale,  supra  glabrum  convexum  laete  maculatum  : 
prothorace  transverso,  elytrorum  ^ix  latitudine;  prosterno  postice  (ut  in  Gastrophjsd)  leviter 
producto  :  mesosterno  ad  apicom  niodo  iutegro,  modo  emarginato  :  ehjtris  punctatis,  baud  striatis  : 
alls  amplis.  Antenna  breves  clavatfe,  ante  oculos  inserts,  articulis  primo  et  secuudo  (\\\o  prae- 
cipue)  robustis  (hoc  breviusculo),  tertio  ad  septimum  graciUbus  latitudine  vix  crescentibus  (tertio 
quartoque  elongatis,  quinto  paulo  breviore,  sexto  et  septiuio  brevibus  longitudiue  sequalibus), 
reliquis  clavam  baud  abruptam  compressam  quadriarticulatam  efficientibus  (idtimo  late,  apice 
valde  truncato).  Labrum  aniplum  coriaceum  trausversum,  antice  integrum.  Mandibulm  sub- 
corneae,  basi  latae,  apice  valde  incurvfc  acutissimse  bifidse,  margine  interno  membrana  angust& 
ciliata  aucto  et  basin  versus  dente  acuto  robusto  instructo.  Maonllce  bilobae  submcmbranaceae, 
lobis  valde  pubescentibus,  externa  apice  dilatato.  Palpi  maxillares  valde  clavati,  articulo  primo 
parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  crassioribus,  ultimo  maximo  incrassato  securiformi :  labiales 
setiformes,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  ultimo  longitudine  subsequalibus  (illo  crasso,  hoc 
gracili  cylindrico).  Mentum  submembrauaceum,  basi  angustatum,  antice  latiun  integrum, 
angulis  anticis  ampliatis.  Liyula  elongata  membranacea,  apice  truucata.  Pedes  subretractiles : 
tibiis  simplicibus  (baud  calcaratis) :  tarsis  pseudotrimeris  (i.  e.  -i-articulatis,  articulo  secundo 
valde  bilobo  tertium  minutissimum  recipiente),  unguiculis  modo  ad  apicem  bitidis,  modo  ad  basin 
dente  lato  acuto  armatis. 

It  is  ahnost  needless  to  enumerate  the  distinctive  features  of  the  Coccinellce, — 
their  hemispherical  forms  and  glabrous,  prettily  spotted  surfaces,  in  which  red, 
black  and  yellow  are  the  prevailing  colours,  no  less  than  the  popular  term  of 
"  Lady-Birds,"  liy  which  in  England*  they  are  universally  recognised,  being  so 
connected  with  our  earliest  associations  as  to  render  comment  upon  them  super- 

*  Speaking  of  the  CoccincUw,  ^Ir.  Wcstwood  remarks,  "  it  is  curious  that  they  have  received  nearly 
similar  names  of  famiharity  in  other  countries ;  thus  in  France  they  are  called  hetes  de  la  Vierge,  caches  a 
Dieu,  &c."     This  is  equally  the  case  iu  Madeira,  where  the  C.  T-punctata  is  styled  Joaninha. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  461 

fluous.  The  prodigious  numbers  in  wliieli  some  of  the  species  at  times  make 
their  appearance,  in  northern  and  temperate  latitudes,  especially  diu-ing  seasons 
when  Aphides,  on  which  they  subsist,  are  unusually  abundant,  must  further  tend 
to  familiarise  them  to  the  most  superficial  observer. 


§  I.   Corpus  hemisphcBrico-ovatwm  minus  convexum ;  unyuiculis  ad  apicem  hijidis.    (Adoiiia,  Midsaiit.) 

352.  Coccinella  mutabilis. 

C.  nigra,  capitis  maculis  diiabus,  et  prothoracis  lateribus,  mai-gine  antico  (postice  in  medio  vix  pro- 
ducto)  punctisque  duobus  parvis,  plus  minusve  flavo-albidis,  elytris  rubris,  pustulis  sex  in  singulo 
positis  unaque  basali  communi  (plus  minusve  confluentibus)  nigris  oruatis,  tibiis  tarsisque 
anticis  ferrugineis. 

Long,  coi-p.  lin.  2-2\. 

Coccinella  iimtabHis,  Scriba,  Journ.  183.  141  (1790). 

lata,  Fab.  Ent.  Sj/sf.  v.  Siippl  78  (1798). 

■ ■  mutabilis,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  iv.  210  (1827). 

Adonia  mutabilis,  Mulsant,  SecuripaljJ.  de  France,  39  (1846). 

Habitat  insulas  Maderenses,  ad  vias  vel  in  floribus  ubique  vulgaris,  ab  era  maritima  usque  ad 
cacumina  montium  ascendens. 

C.  black.  Head  witb  an  elongated  dash  at  the  inner  margin  of  each  eye  (sometimes  united,  so  as  to 
cause  the  whole  of  the  forehead  to  be  pale),  and  the  prothorax  with  the  sides  and  the  front 
margin  (the  latter  of  which  is  more  or  less  produced  backwards  in  the  centre),  and  two  minute 
spots  on  either  side  of  its  disk  (occasionally  connected  with  the  anterior  margin,  thus  causing  it 
to  appear  trifurcate),  yellowish-white.  Elytra  bright  red ;  with  six  spots  (more  or  less  developed, 
and  sometimes  a  little  confluent)  on  each,  and  a  central  one,  common  to  both,  at  the  scutellum 
(which  has  usually  a  whitish  cloud  in  front  of  it),  black.  'Yhe.  front  tibia  and  tarsi,  and  portions 
of  the  others,  ferruginous  or  rufesceut. 

A  very  abundant  European  insect,  and  one  which  may  be  known  from  the  rest 
of  the  Coecinellce  here  described  by  its  more  flattened,  ovate  form,  apically  bifid 
claws,  and  by  the  fourteen  black  spots  of  its  bright  red  elytra.  The  maculations 
and  paler  patches  are,  some  of  them,  occasionally  confluent ;  nevertheless  the 
remaining  three  of  the  above-mentioned  characters  will  always  sufiice  to  distinguish 
the  C.  mutabilis  from  its  allies. .  It  is  by  far  the  most  common  of  the  genus  in 
these  islands,  occurring  throughout  the  entii-e  Madeiran  group  and  at  all  altitudes. 
In  Porto  Santo  I  have  taken  it  in  profusion,  from  out  of  flowers,  dm-ing  the  early 
spring, — especially  in  the  calcareous  districts  of  a  low  elevation:  and,  whilst 
encamped  on  the  Pico  Ruivo  in  August  of  1850,  I  captured  it  on  the  extreme 
smnmit  of  the  mountain  (6100  feet  above  the  sea).  In  oiu*  own  country  it  is 
principally  attached  to  sandy  and  sitbmaritime  spots, — particularly  the  latter, 
where,  during  the  summer  months,  it  frequently  teems. 


462  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

§  II.   Corpus  plus  minvsve  Jiemispheericum  convextim  ;  unguiculis  ad  basin  dente  lato  acuto  armatis. 

353.  Coccinella  7-punctata. 
C.  nigra,  capitis  maculis  duabus,  et  prothoracis  angulis  anticis,  flavo-albidis,  elytris  rufis,   pustulis 

tribus  in  singulo  positis  unaque  basali  communi  nigris  ornatis. 
Long,  coi-p.  lin.  3-3|. 

Coccinella  7-punctata,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  477  (1761). 

,  Tab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  274  (1792). 

,  Gvll.  Ins.  Suec.  iv.  163  (1827). 

,  Mulsant,  Secicrip.  de  France,  79  (1846). 

Habitat  in  locis  graminosis  omnium  insiilarum  Maderensium,  bine  inde  nou  infrequens. 

C.  black.     Head  witb  a  dash  at  the  inner  margin  of  each  eye,  and  the  prothorax  with  the  anterior 

angles,  yellowish-white.  Elytra  pale  rufous  ;  with  three  large  well-defined  spots  on  each,  and  a 
central  (double)  one  common  to  both,  at  the  scutcllum  (which  has  generally  a  whitish  cloud  in 
front  of  it),  black. 

The  most  iinivcrsal  of  all  the  Lady-Birds  mth  which  I  am  acquainted,  occurring 
in  profusion  throughout  the  whole  of  Europe  and  the  north  of  Africa,  and  being 
found,  in  fact,  in  nearly  every  country  of  the  Old  "VA'orld.  Its  larger  Intlk,  and  the 
seven  black  spots  of  its  pale-rufous  elytra  will  at  once  distinguish  it  from  the  other 
species  with  which  we  have  here  to  do.  It  is  recorded  likewise  in  the  Canary 
Islands.  In  Madeira  it  does  not  appear  to  be  very  abundant,  though  widely 
distributed  over  the  group,  from  the  level  of  the  sea-shore  to  the  mountain  sum- 
mits. In  Porto  Santo  and  on  the  Deserta  Grande  I  have  observed  it  in  tolerable 
numbers. 

354.  Coccinella  14-pustulata. 
C.  nigi-a,  capitis  maculis  duabus,  prothoracis  lateribus  margineque  antico  (postice  in  medio  vix  pro- 

ducto),  et  elytri  singuli  pustulis  septem,  flavis  ornatis,  tibiis  tarsisque  plus  minusve  testaceis. 
Long.  corj).  lin.  3. 

Coccinella  U-pustulata,  Linn.  Fna  Suec.  502  (1761). 

,  Fab.  Fnt.  Si/st.  i.  290  (1792). 

,  GyD.  Ins.  Suec.  iv.  156  (1827). 

,  Mulsant,  Securip.  de  France,  93  (1846). 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarissima :  exemplar  unicum  a  Dom.  Heinecken  olim  captum  amicissime  commu- 
nicavit  Rev'''"  Dom.  Lowe. 

C.  black.  Head  with  a  dash  at  the  inner  margin  of  each  eye,  the  prothorax  with  the  sides  and  the 
front  margin  (the  latter  of  which  is  slightly  produced  backwards  in  the  centre,  and  also  a  good 
deal  enlarged  about  the  anterior  angles),  and  the  elytra  with  seven  large  well-defined  rounded 
patches  on  each,  yellow.  Anterior  tibia  and  tarsi,  and  portions  of  the  four  hinder  ones, 
testaceous. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  463 

Readily  clistingmshecl  from  the  other  Coccinellce  with  which  we  are  here  con- 
cerned hy  its  black  surface,  and  by  the  seven  large,  well-defined,  rounded,  yellow 
sjjots  on  each  of  its  elytra, — which  moreover  have  not  a  common,  central  one  in 
front  of  the  scutellum.  Although  an  aliundant  insect  throughout  Eiu'ope,  it  is 
apparently  scarce  in  Madeira,  the  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  being  a  very 
old  one  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Heinecken,  and  commiinicated  to  me  by 
the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe.     It  seems  to  differ  in  no  respect  from  the  ordinary  tjq)e. 


355.  Coccinella  testudinea. 

C.  nigra,  capitis  maculis  duabus,  prothoracis  lateribus  margineque  antico  (postice  longissime  trifur- 
cato),   et   elytri   singuli   plagis   quinque   magnis   ii-regularibus,    pallido-flavis  ornatis,   pedibus 
testaceis. 
Var,  j3.  maculis  plagisque  omnino  majoribus,  plus  minusve  confluentibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  2^. 

Coccinella  testudinea,  Heinecken,  in  Hit. 

Habitat  Maderam,  et  borealem  et  australem,  praesertim  in  hortis  super  folia  Hibiscorum,  sestate  non 
infrequens. 

C.  black,  and  more  shining  than  any  of  the  other  species.  Head  with  a  large  dash  at  the  inner 
margin  of  each  eye,  the  prothorax  with  the  sides  and  the  front  margin  (the  latter  of  which  is  pro- 
duced backwards  in  the  centre  into  an  exceedingly  elongated  bar,  reaching  about  two-thirds  of 
the  way  to  the  scutellum,  and  also  on  either  side  into  a  shorter  and  broader  lobe, — the  three 
together  causing  the  pale  margin  to  be  strongly  trifurcate),  and  the  elytra  with  five  large  irregular 
elongated  patches  on  each  (aiTanged  longitudinally,  and  the  marginal  ones  generally  more  or 
less  confluent),  very  pale  yellow.  Antennae  and  legs  testaceous. 
Vm-.  /3.  with  the  yellow  spots  and  patches  altogether  very  much  developed  and  confluent ; — those 
between  the  eyes  being  united,  causing  the  whole  forehead  to  be  pale ;  the  two  outer  lobes  of  the 
front  prothoracic  margin  dilated,  so  as  to  join  the  pale  lateral  margin  of  the  hinder  angles 
(enclosing  merely  a  small,  rounded,  black  spot) ;  the  central  bar  hastate  (being  transversely 
dilated  behind  and  but  just  separated  from  a  minute  transverse  pale  patch  on  the  hinder  margin, 
opposite  the  scutellum) ;  and  both  the  dorsal  and  lateral  pair  of  the  elytral  blotches  being  greatly 
confluent,  leaving  only  the  suture,  a  small  rounded  spot  on  the  centre  (which  marks  the  separa- 
tion of  the  dorsal  patches),  two  larger  blotches  towards  the  margin  (which  mark,  in  like  manner, 
the  separation  of  the  lateral  ones),  and  an  irregular  longitudinal  hne  down  the  outer  disk,  not 
quite  reaching  to  the  apex,  black. 

A  weU-defined  Coccinella,  somewhat  resemljHng,  at  fli'st  sight,  the  common 
C.  conglomerata  of  more  northern  latitudes,  though  abundantly  distinct  from  it 
specifically, — not  only  in  its  superior  bulk  and  much  more  oval  form,  but  likewise 
in  its  entii'ely  testaceous  legs  and  in  the  number,  positions  and  development  of  its 
patches.  It  may  be  known  from  the  other  Madeii'an  species  hj  the  almost  equal 
portions  of  yellow  and  ])lack  with  which  its  upper  sm*face  is  maculated,  by  the 


464  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

pale  anterior  margin  of  its  protliorax  being  very  broad  and  deeply  trifurcate,  and 
l)y  the  extremely  irregular,  longitudinal,  more  or  less  confluent  and  greatly 
(Milarged  blotches  of  its  el\i;ra.  It  appears  to  be  somewhat  scarce,  or  at  any  x*ate 
local,  and  occurs  during  the  summer  months  (principally  in  gardens),  both  in  the 
north  and  south  of  the  island.  I  have  taken  it  near  Funchal  in  June,  and  at 
Santa  Anna  and  Sao  Vincente  in  July, — especially  on  the  leaves  of  a  gigantic 
JlibiscHS  (in  company  wdth  the  Scymnus  Durantce),  to  AAliich  it  seems  to  be  parti- 
cularly partial.  I  have  retained  the  name  which  was  proposed  for  it  by  the  late 
Dr.  Hoinccken,  whose  specimens  (communicated  by  the  llev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  with  the 
original  label  still  attached  to  them)  I  possess. 

356.  Coccinella  Genistse,  Well.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  5.) 

C.  nigra  fortius  punctata,  capitis  maculis  duabus,  et  prothoracis  lateribus  margineque  antico  (posticc 
in  medio  integro,  sed  utrinque  longissime  et  oblique  producto),  diluto-tiavis,  elytris  diluto-flavis, 
sutura,  macula  sub-basali  communi  et  lineis  duabus  longitudinalibus  in  singulo  positis  nigris 
ornatis,  tarsorum  basi  fusco-ferruginea. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  Ij-l^ 

Habitat  in  montibus  Maderse,  rarissima :  in  campo  cxcelso  "Paul  da  Serra"  dicto  pauca  specimina 
supra  plantas  Genista  scoparia  ibidem  crescentes  d.  3  Jul.  1850  inveni,  necnou  ad  Cruzmhas 
atque  prope  cacumen  mentis  Ruivensis  (SOOCy  s.  m.)  banc  Coccinellam  sestate  media  observavi. 

C.  small,  black,  and  rather  more  distinctly  punctulated  than  any  of  the  other  species.  Head  with  a 
triangular  dash  at  the  inner  margin  of  each  eye,  and  the  prothorax  with  the  sides  and  the  front 
margin  (the  latter  of  which  is  perfectly  entire  in  the  middle,  having  no  tendency  to  be  back- 
wardly  ])roduced,  but  is  elongated  on  either  side  into  an  oblique  narrow  bar, — the  two  approxi- 
mating behind  the  centre  of  the  disk)  pale  diluted-ycllow.  Eli/tra,  likewise,  of  a  pale  diluted- 
yellow,  the  suture,  a  small  patch,  common  to  both,  behind  the  scutellum,  and  two  longitudinal 
lines  on  each  (of  which  the  inner  one  is  abbreviated,  especially  in  front),  being  black.  Antenjice 
(except  their  basal  joint,  which  is  black)  pale  ferruginous.  Le</s  slender  and  black, — the  tarsi  at 
base  being  dull  brownish-ferruginous. 

This  elegant  little  siiecies,  which  is  apparently  the  most  truly  indigenous,  and' 
constant  in  colouring,  of  all  the  Madeiran  Coccinellce,  may  be  at  once  recognised 
from  the  remainder  by  its  smaller  size  and  slenderer  legs,  by  its  more  distinctly 
punctulated  sm-face,  and  by  the  peculiarity  of  its  markings, — the  form  of  which 
wUl  be  best  understood  by  a  reference  to  the  Plate.  It  is  exceedingly  rare,  and 
confined  to  lofty  altitvides, — where  it  occiu's,  solely  (so  far  as  I  have  hitherto 
observed),  on  the  Genista  scoparia,  or  common  Broom,  which  clothes  the  uplaiuls 
in  many  of  the  elevated  districts  of  the  island.  I  first  detected  it  on  the  Paul  da 
Serra,  July  the  3rd,  1850  :  and  I  subsequently  met  with  it  at  the  Cruzinhas ;  as 
also  (dm-ing  August)  on  the  Enciuniado  exactly  opposite  to  the  Pico  Euivo  (on  the 
descent  from  the  latter  towards  Santa  Anna), — about  0000  feet  above  the  sea. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  465 

Genus  154.  SCYMNUS.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  2  et  3.) 

Kugelaun,  in  Sclineid.  Mag.  515  (1794). 

Corpus  parvum,  fere  ut  in  Coccinell^,  sed  minus  et  pilosum,  prothorax  et  elytra  basi  latitudine 
Eequales.  Antennce  (X.  3  a)  brevissimfe  clavatnej  articulis  primo  et  seeundo  robustis  arete 
connatis,  ad  suturam  (segre  observandam)  latitudine  aqualibus  (illo  longiore  subflexuoso), 
tertio  ad  septimum  gracilibus  latitudine  vix  crescentibus  (tertio  elongate,  quarto  ad  septimum 
brevibus  longitudine  sequalibus),  reliquis  clavam  magnam  elongatam  leviter  abruptam  qiiadri- 
articulatam  cfficientibus  (ultimo  paulo  angustiore,  brevi,  ad  apieem  sub-oblique  truncato). 
Labrum  (X.  3  b),  mandibula  (X.  3  c),  maxilla  (X.  3  i),  mentum  (X.  3  e),  ligula  et  pedes  (X.  3/) 
fere  ut  in  Coccinella.  Palpi  maxillares  clavati,  articulo  primo  parvo,  seeundo  et  tertio  majoribus 
crassioribus,  ultimo  magno  subsecuriformi :  lahiales  filiformes,  articulo  primo  parvo,  seeundo  et 
ultimo  subaequalibus  (boc  subovato  apice  leviter  acuminato). 

Scymnus  recedes  from  Coccinella  in  the  smaller  size  and  somewhat  more  hemi- 
spherical form  of  the  insects  which  compose  it  (the  prothorax  being  generally  a  little 
broader  behind  than  is  the  case  in  that  group),  and  by  their  more  or  less  pithes- 
cent  stu'faces.  In  obscurer  details  also  it  offers  certaiii  distinctive  modifications, — 
especially  in  the  structm-e  of  its  greatly  abbreviated  antennse,  in  which  the  first 
two  articulations  are  so  closely  connected  together,  and  are  of  such  precisely 
similar  width  at  their  point  of  junction,  that  they  have  all  the  appearance  of  a 
single  joint ;  nor  indeed  is  their  line  of  separation  easily  perceived  without  the  aid 
of  a  powerful  glass.  The  third  moreover  (which  ia  Coccinella  is  equal  to  the 
following  one)  is  much  longer  than  any  of  the  succeeding  (subequal)  foiu" ;  and  the 
club  is  comparatively  large  and  abrupt,  with  its  terminal  joint  narrower,  and  less 
suddenly  truncated  at  the  apex.  The  antennae  are  stated  by  Mulsant  to  be  com- 
posed of  ten  articulations  only,  but  in  the  two  Madeiran  species  wliich  I  have 
dissected  (namely  the  S.  DiirantcB  and  Limniclioides)  there  are  most  certaiolv 
eleven.  As  regards  its  oral  organs,  Scymnus  is  motilded  on  much  the  same  type 
as  Coccinella ;  nevertheless  the  ultunate  joint  both  of  its  maxillary  and  labial  palpi 
is  slightly  different, — the  former  not  being  quite  so  much  dilated  as  in  that  genvis, 
and  the  latter  rather  more  so  (since  it  is  less  cylindrical,  and  not  quite  so  narrow). 
The  Scymni  are  not,  usually,  so  brightly  coloured  as  the  Coccinellce,  many  of  them 
being  almost,  or  even  entnely,  black.  Some  however  are  prettUy  marked  with  red 
or  yellow  patches  and  stripes,  —as  is  proved  by  four  out  of  the  six  representatives 
described  below. 

§  I.  Corpus  fere  liemisplicsricmn ;  alis  amplis.     (Habitant  super  foliis  plantarum,  prEesertim  in  ciiltis.) 

357.  Scymnus  Durantse,  WoU. 

S.  niger,  elytro  singulo  maculis  duabus  plus  minusve  distinctis  (priore  magna  obliqua)  rufescentibus 
ornato,  capite,  antennis,  tibiis  tarsisque  rufo-ferrugineis. 
Mas,  protborace  dilutiore  plus  minusve,  pedibusque  fere  omniuo,  rufo-ferrugineis. 

3o 


466  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Fam.,  prothorace  nigra,  marginem  versus  anticum  solum  rufo-ferrugineo,  femorum  basi  nigrescente. 
Var.  /3.  maculis  (in  utraque  sexu)  confluentibus  et  per  elytra  dififusis,  sutura  (prresertim  ad  seutellum) 
solil  paulo  obscuriore. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l-l:j. 

Habitat  in  hortis  Madcrfc,  prajsertim  super  folia  Durantce  Plumieri,  Linn,,  in  boreali  praedominans : 
etiam  ad  Feijaa  de  Corte,  Augusto  ineuntc  a.d.  1850,  pauca  spccimina  inveui, 

S.  black,  and  exceedingly  pubescent.  Elytra  with  two  large,  more  or  less  distinct  patches  on  each 
(the  anterior  one  being  the  largest,  and  oblique, — but  neither  of  them  extending  to  the  outer 
margin)  rufous,  or  rufescent.  Head,  antennce,  tibia  and  tarsi  more  or  less  brightly  rufo- 
ferruginous. 

Male,  with  the  prothorax,  and  the  legs,  almost  entirely  pale  rufo-ferruginous. 

Female,  with  the  'pruthorax  black,  except  the  anterior  margin,  and  sometimes  the  extreme  lateral 
edges, — which  are  obscure  rufo-ferruginous  :  and  with  the  femora,  except  at  their  apex,  black. 

Var.  j3.  with  the  patches  of  the  elytra  (in  both  sexes)  enlarged  and  suffused, — covering  more  or  less 
of  the  entire  sm-face,  except  the  suture,  which  (especially  about  the  region  of  the  seutellum)  is 
obscurer. 

A  large  and  distinct  Scymnus,  slightly  resembling  the  European  ^S*.  quadrilunu- 
latiis,  though  receding  from  it  in  its  greater  bulk,  broader  and  rounder  outline, 
and  more  pubescent  surface,  in  its  differently-formed  patches,  universally  pale 
head,  and  in  the  more  or  less  ferruginous  prothorax  of  its  males.  From  aU  the 
varieties  of  the  S.  marginalis  it  may  be  at  once  known  by  its  superior  size  and 
somewhat  denser  pubescence,  by  the  peculiar  coloration  of  its  prothorax,  and  by 
the  four  large  blotches  of  its  elytra.  It  is  not  an  uncommon  insect,  diu-iug  the 
svmimer  months,  especially  in  the  north  of  the  island, — making  its  appearance 
about  the  latter  end  of  June.  In  the  vicinitv  of  Funchal  it  is  rather  scarce,  never- 
theless  I  have  taken  it  sparingly  in  Aoneyards  at  a  short  distance  above  the  town. 
In  gardens  at  Sao  Vincente,  however,  it  is  comparatively  common ;  where,  at  the 
beginjiing  of  July  1850,  I  observed  it  in  profusion  on  the  foliage  of  the  Diiranta 
Plumieri  and  of  a  species  of  Hibiscus.  Nor  indeed  is  it  confined  exclusively  to 
the  inhabited  districts ;  since,  in  August  of  the  same  year,  a  few  specimens  occm*red 
to  me  even  in  the  remote  region  of  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte, 

358.  Scjrmnus  marginahs. 
S.  nigcr,  elytro  singulo  macula  magna  subtriangulari  (ab  angulo  humcrali  fere  margiuis  medio  ad 
basin  acccdente)  rufa  ornato,  antennis,  ore,  tibiis  tarsisque  testaceis. 
Mas,  paulo  minor,  capite,  prothoracis  lateribus,  pedibusque  omnino,  testaceis. 
Fcem.,  capite  prothoraceque  nigris,  femorum  basi  nigrescente. 

Var.  |3.  maculis  (in  utroque  sexu)  per  elytra  postice  diffusis,  sutura  maculaque  magna  subtriangulari 
basali  communi  solum  nigresceutibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |-1. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  467 

Coccinella  marginalis,  Eossi,  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  87  (1794). 

morio,  Fab.  Syst.  Eleu.  i.  380  (1801). 

marginalis,  Gryll.  Lis.  Siiec.  iv.  199  (1827). 

Scymnus  marginalis,  Mulsant,  Securip.  de  France,  244  (1846). 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  in  vinetis  prope  Funchal,  testate  vulgaris :  in  ipsa  urbe  interdum 
abundat,  qua  super  plantas  Tamiii  edulis  (anglice  "  Yam  ")  iu  borto  Ecclesise  Anglicana;  crescentes 
mense  Augusto  a.d.  1850  copiosissime  observavi. 

S.  black,  and  pubescent.  Elytra  with  a  large  distinct  triangular  patcb  on  eacb  (the  base  of  which 
extends  from  the  humeral  angle  almost  to  the  centre  of  the  lateral  margin,  and  the  ape.x  to  about 
two-thirds  of  the  distance  to  the  suture)  bright  rufous.  Antenna,  upper  lip,  tibia  and  tarsi 
testaceous. 

Male,  rather  smaller  than  the  female ;  with  the  head,  the  sides  of  the  prothorax  (especially  about  the 
anterior  angles),  and  the  entire  legs,  rufo-testaceous. 

Female,  with  the  head  and  prothorax  entirely  black  (except  a  very  narrow  and  minute  portion,  some- 
times scarcely  perceptible,  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  latter  immediately  within  either  angle, 
which  is  testaceous):  and  with  the  femora,  except  at  their  apex,  black. 

Var.  j3.  with  the  rufous  patch  of  either  elytron  (in  both  sexes)  suffused  behind,  so  as  to  cover  almost 
the  entire  surface  to  the  apex, — the  suture  and  a  large  triangular  portion  about  the  scutellum  being 
alone  dark.     (The  head  and  prothorax  with  the  same  sexual  distinctions  as  in  the  normal  state.) 

An  exceedingly  variable  species ;  though  easily  recognised  from  the  last  one,  in 
all  its  phases,  by  its  smaller  size,  somewhat  less  densely  pubescent  surface,  and  by 
its  different  prothorax, — which  appears  to  retain  its  peculiarity  of  colouring  for 
each  sex  constant,  even  whilst  the  patches  of  its  elytra  become  suffused.  In  its 
normal  state,  the  large  and  distinct  triangular  red  spot  which  arises  immediately 
below  either  shoulder  will  at  once  suffice  to  identify  it :  and  even  in  the  paler 
specimens  there  is  never  any  indication  of  the  four  blotches  which  are  amongst 
the  most  essential  characteristics  of  the  S.  Durantce.  Whilst  that  insect  appears 
to  be  most  abundant  in  the  north  of  the  island,  the  S.  marginalis  is  more  particu- 
larly attached  to  the  south, — where  it  occurs  in  cultivated  places  in  and  around 
Funchal,  at  times  in  considerable  profusion.  Like  the  S.  Di(rantcc,  it  attains  its 
maximtim  during  the  summer  months  ;  nevertheless  I  have  taken  it  sparingly,  in 
the  vineyard  of  the  Quinta  d'Ambrosio,  throughout  the  winter  and  spring.  As 
the  season  however  advances  it  grows  more  plentiful ;  until,  about  the  beginning 
of  August,  in  certain  positions  it  may  be  literally  said  to  teem.  In  the  garden  of 
the  EngUsh  Church,  in  the  Beco  das  Aranhas,  I  ,have  observed  it  to  be  much 
attached  to  the  leaves  of  the  Tamnus  edulis  (more  commonly  known,  in  Madeira, 
as  the  "  Yam").  It  is  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  central  and  southern  Europe; 
and  is  recorded  by  M.  Lucas  in  Algeria. 

359.  Scymnus  arcuatus. 

S.  bi-unneo-niger,  prothorace  vel  onmino  vel  ad  latera  sola  pallido,  elytris  pallido-biarcuatis  (arcubus 

interdum  confluentibus),  antennis  pedibusque  pallidis. 

3o2 


468  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Var.  u.  fere  uiger,  prothorace  ad  latera  sola  pallido,  elytris  distincte  biarcuatis. 

Var.  /3.  brunneo-niger,  prothorace  pallido  in  disco  obsolete  bisignato,  elytris  distincte  biarcuatis, 

inter  arcus  plus  miuusve  rufescente-castaneis  et  basi  in  medio  nigrescentibus. 
Var.y.  brunneo-niger,  prothorace  in  disco  nigrescente  (i.e.  signis  conflueutibus),  elytris  latissime 

pallido- arcuatis  (i.  e.  arcubus  confluentibus)  et  basi  in  medio  nigris. 
Var.  S.  ut  var.  y,  sed  prothorace  in  disco  bisignato. 

Var.  s.  supra  omnino  pallidus,  prothoracis  signis  elytrorumque  arcubus  vix  observandis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  J. 

Coccinella  arcuata,  Eossi,  Maiit.  Ins.  ii.  88  (179i). 

,  Schon.  Si/n.  Ins.  i.  2.  207  (1808). 

Scymnus  arcuatus,  Mulsant,  Se'curip.  de  France,  245  (1846). 

Habitat  in  hortis  circa  Funchal,  a  vere  novo  usque  ad  autumnum  vulgaris :  in  rineto  Loweano  ad 
Levada  super  folia  Duranta  Plumieri,  necnon  in  horto  Ecclesiee  Anglicanse  (etiam  in  ipsa  ui-be), 
supra  Musam  paradisiacam  copiosissime  observavi. 

S.  more  or  less  brownish-black,  and  pubescent.  Prothorax  either  entirely  pale,  or  else  more  or  less 
dark  upon  the  disk.  Elijtra  with  two  pale  concentric  arcs  on  the  hinder  cUsk,  common  to  both 
(their  concavities  being  turned  towards  the  scutellum) ;  the  space  between  the  scutellum  and  the 
inner  of  these  curves  always  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  surface,  and  in  most  of  the  varieties, 
except  the  extremely  pale  one  {var.  s),  black,  and  generally  bipartite  behind;  the  arcs  themselves 
very  often  confluent,  in  which  case  they  form  a  single  pale  arch,  exceedingly  broad, — in  other  in- 
stances the  space  between  them  is  more  or  less  chestnut,  or  rufescent,  varying  greatly  in  shade 
and  intensity  :  the  extreme  margin  of  the  elytra  towards  the  apex,  with  the  antenius  and  leys, 
always  pale. 

Var.  a.  nearly  black,  with  the  edges  of  the  prothorax  alone  pale;  and  the  arches  of  the  elytra 
exceedingly  distinct. 

Var.  /3.  brownish-,  or  chestnut-black ;  the  prothorax  pale,  with  only  two  small  (and  very  obscure) 
sjjots  on  the  disk  darker.  Elytra  with  the  arches  distinct,  but  the  space  between  them  more 
diluted,  or  rufescent,  than  in  var.  a.     (Apparently  the  tyi)ical  Madeiran  state.) 

Var.  J.  brownish-,  or  chestnut-black.  Prothorax  with  a  rather  large  and  dark  patch  upon  the  disk 
(the  two  spots  being  confluent) ;  and  the  elytra  with  the  jjalc  arches  also  confluent,  forming  a 
single  postmedial  curve, — exceedingly  pale  and  broad. 

Var.  8.  like  var.  y,  but  with  the  dark  patch  on  the  disk  of  the  prothorax  again  resolved  into  two 
obscure  spots  (as  in  var.  /3) . 

l^ar.  e.  altogether  pallid  above, — the  two  prothoracic  spots,  and  the  arches  of  the  elytra,  being 
almost  evanescent ;  the  former  nevertheless  are  just  perceptibly  dai-ker,  and  the  latter  very  faintly 
paler,  than  the  surrounding  surface. 

Also  a  very  inconstant  insect,  yet  at  the  same  time  receding  so  completely  from 
the  other  Scyrnni  here  described,  that  there  is  but  little  fear  of  confounding  it  with 
any  of  them.  The  two  pale  concentric  cm'ves  indeed  with  which  its  elytra  are 
adorned  (and  which  even  when  suliused  into  a  single  broad  one  do  not  lose  then- 
arcuated  shape),  in  conjimction  with  the  almost  invariably  darker  region  enclosed 
by  the  inner  of  these  loops  at  the  base  of  the  suture,  and,  in  every  instance,  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  469 

extremely  pallid  edges  of  its  protliorax,  are  of  themselves  sufficient,  prima  facie, 
to  identify  it.  It  is  most  abundant  in  idncyards  and  cultivated  grounds  near 
Funchal,  during  the  spring  and  summer  months, — occurring  on  divers  plants, 
though  especially  the  Duranta  Flmnieri  and  the  different  varieties  of  Hibisciis. 
I  have  also  captm'ed  it,  in  profusion,  at  the  Quinta  d'Ambrosio,  on  the  foliage  of 
the  Ficiis  stijmlafa,  dm'ing  the  winter;  and  in  Eunchal  itself  in  still  greater 
numbers  (on  the  gigantic  leaves  of  the  Banana,  in  the  garden  of  the  English 
Church),  in  the  Beco  das  Aranhas, — in  August.  It  is  a  species  of  Mediterraneail 
latitudes,  being  recorded  in  the  south  of  Erance,  Tuscany  and  Sicily,  but  becoming 
rare  towards  the  north ;  nevertheless  it  is  stated  to  have  been  found  even  in  the 
vicinity  of  Paris. 


360.  Scymnus  flavopictus,  w^oll.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  2.) 

S.  piceo-niger,  capite  prothoraceque  (praesertim  hoc)  rufescentibus,  elytris  flavo-pictis,  antennis  pedi- 

busque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |-|. 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarior  :  in  hortis  prope  urbem  Funchalensem  tempore  vernali,  necnon  ad  Lombo 
dos  Pecegueiros  d.  23  Jul.  a.d.  1850,  parce  cepi :  in  ins.  Desertae  Borealis  tameu  abundat,  qua 
d.  5  Jun.  ejusdem  anni  plurima  specimina  apricitate  volitantia  deprehensi. 

S.  piceous-black,  and  densely  pubescent.  Head  and  prothorax  more  or  less  rufescent,  the  former 
generally  the  darker  of  the  two.  Elytra  very  beautifully  ornamented  with  broken,  yellow  fasciae, 
or  patche.s, — the  peculiar  form  of  which  will  be  best  imderstood  by  a  reference  to  the  Plate. 
Antenna  and  legs  testaceous ;  the  latter  with  their  femora  rather  dusky. 

A  very  distinct  and  elegant  little  Scymnus,  and,  like  the  S.  I/imnichoides,  one  of 
the  most  truly  indigenous  members  of  the  Madeiran  Coleoptera, — occurring  not 
only  in  gardens  near  Funchal  (where  it  is  extremely  rare),  but  also  in  remote  spots 
within  the  sylvan  districts ;  and  even  on  the  Flat  Dezerta,  where  it  is  compara- 
tively abundant.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Eunchal  I  have  taken  it  sparingly, 
at  the  Quinta  da  Silva,  during  the  spring ;  and,  in  the  north  of  the  island,  in  the 
almost  inaccessible  region  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros, — where,  on  the  22nd  of 
July  1850, 1  brushed  it  from  out  of  the  thick  vegetation  towards  the  lower  edge  of 
the  Riljeu'o  de  Joao  Delgada.  It  would  seem  however  to  attain  its  maximum  on 
the  Ilheo  Chao,  on  which  extraordinary  rock  I  captured  it  in  considerable  numbers, 
during  my  encampment  there  with  the  Rev.  E-.  T.  Lowe,  early  in  June  of  the 
same  year.  It  appears,  in  still  weather,  to  be  peculiarly  active  on  the  wing, — 
under  which  circumstances  most  of  my  Dezertan  specimens  were  obtained.  The 
almost  magical  eflFcct  of  a  sudden  calm  at  sea  on  insects  of  this  description  has 
been  already  alluded  to*. 

*  Vide  p.  270. 


470  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

361.  Scymnus  mininms. 
S.  ater,  profunde  punctulatus,   ore,  antennis   pedibusqiie   (fcmorum    posteriorum  apice  nigrescente 

excepto)  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  f-vix  |. 

Coccinella  minima,  Eossi,  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  89  (1794). 

,  Gyll.  Ins.  Siiec.  iv.  195  (1827), 

Sajmnus  ater,  Dcj.  Cat.  (.S'^""^  edit.)  ■162  (18-37). 

minimus,  Mulsant,  Securip.  de  'France,  260  (1846). 

Habitat  in  hortis  vinetisque  Madcrse,  super  folia  plantarum,  vulgaris :  mense  Julio  ad  Lombo  dos 
Pecegueiros,  necnon  sero  autumno  in  graminosis  humidiusculis  ad  Curral  das  Ilomeiras, 
observavi. 

S.  minute,  hemispherical,  deep  black,  pubescent  and  shining,  more  coarsely  and  distinctly  punctiilated 
than  the  other  species.  Mouth,  antenna,  tibice  and  tarsi  testaceous.  Femora  more  or  less 
obscured  towards  their  apex,  especially  the  hinder  ones, — the  anterior  pair  being  nearly  as  pale 
as  the  tibia;  and  tarsi. 

The  S.  minimus  and  lAmnichoicles  are  apparently  the  only  Madeiran  Scymni 
which  are  entirely  hlack ;  nevertheless,  receding  as  they  do,  hoth  in  structure  and 
contoiu',  from  each  other,  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  mistake  them  inter  se.  The 
former  may  be  at  once  known  by  its  minute  size  and  hemispherical  outline,  by  its 
comparatively  shining  and  evidently  punctulated  surface,  by  its  intensely  dark 
hue,  and  by  the  slightly  obscured  apices  of  its  posterior  femora.  It  is  an  extremely 
aliuudant  insect  near  Funchal,  in  vineyards  and  other  cultivated  grounds.  In  the 
Rev.  II .  T.  Lowe's  garden  at  the  Leva  da  I  have  taken  it  in  the  greatest  profusion 
durmg  the  spi'ing, — especially  on  the  foliage  of  the  Duranta  JPliimieri,  to  which, 
with  several  of  the  other  species,  it  is  remarkably  attached.  It  is  not  however 
peculiar  to  the  inhaliitcd  districts,  since,  like  the  S.  Durantce  and  flavojnctits,  I 
have  captured  it  in  remote  positions  far  removed  from  any  traces  of  civilization. 
In  the  region  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  it  was  not  uncommon  in  July  1850 ; 
and  I  have  brushed  it  from  off  the  herbage  which  clothes  the  mountain-slopes  of 
the  Ctu'ral  das  Romeiras,  diu-ing  the  autumnal  months.  It  occiu's  throughout 
the  greater  portion  of  Em-ope,  from  Sweden  to  the  Mediterranean  limits. 


§  II.  Coi'pm  ovatum ;  alis  ohsoletis.     (Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  aperto.) 

362.  Scymnus  Limnichoides,  Walt.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  3.) 

S.  niger,  prothorace  interdum  (prsesertim  ad  latera)  picescente,  antennis  pedibusque  pallido-ferrugineis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  *. 

Habitat  in  montosis  graminosis  Portus  Sancti,  sub  lapidibus  Aprili  mense  a.d.  1848  a  meipso  repertus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  471 

S.  ovate,  apterous,  black  (rarely  with  a  piceous  tiuge),  less  shiuing  than  the  S.  minimus,  very  finely 
pubescent,  and  most  minutely,  closely  and  delicately  punctulated.  Prothorax  sometimes  pices- 
cent,  especially  towards  the  lateral  and  anterior  edges  (the  former  of  which  are  in  nearly  all 
instances  a  little  diluted  in  colouring).     Antenna  and  leffs  pale  ferruginous. 

The  present  insect,  although  not  of  a  very  showy  description,  is  one  of  the  most 
indigenous  members  of  oiu*  fauna ;  whilst  in  its  apterous  and  ovate  body  it  is  the 
most  anomalous  of  the  Sci/mni  here  described.  In  its  mode  of  life  moreover  it 
recedes  from  the  rest  of  the  genus  with  which  we  have  to  do, — since  it  occui-s 
(not  on  the  foliage  of  plants  and  trees,  but)  in  exposed  grassy  spots  beneath  stones. 
In  its  general  contour  and  texture,  it  is  at  first  sight  strongly  suggestive  of  the 
Lwinichi, — a  deception  which  is  even  further  carried  out  by  the  singularity  of  its 
habits,  in  which  it  approximates  that  group  very  closely.  Like  most  species  in 
which  the  powers  of  dissemination  are  vmusually  limited,  it  is  exceedingly  local, 
being  found  solely,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  on  the  mountain- slopes  of  Porto  Santo  ; 
and  even  there  I  have  hitherto  only  detected  it  on  the  single  ridge  which  connects 
the  Pico  do  CasteUo  with  the  Pico  de  Eacho, — where,  in  April  of  1848,  I  met 
with  it  in  considerable  numbers.  During  two  subsequent  residences  in  the  island 
I  was  unable  to  procure  more,  and  it  must  therefore  be  regarded  as  one  of  the 
rarest  of  the  Madeiran  Coleoptera. 

Genus  155.  RHYZOBIUS. 

Stephens,  ///.  Brit.  Eiit.  iv.  39(3  (1831). 

Cor/JMS  parvum,  ellipticum,  couvexum,  pilosum  :  w/-o//io?-«ce  transverse,  postice  elytrorum  vix  latitiidine  : 
prostenio,  mesosterno  eli/tiisqu.e  fere  ut  in  Scymno :  alis  vix  amplis.  Antenncs  longiores  quam 
Scymno,  clavatse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  prsecipue)  robustis  (hoc  breviore  cylindrico), 
tertio  ad  octavum  gracilibus  (tertio  elongato,  quarto  ad  octavum  subsequalibus),  reliquis  clavam 
magnam  elongatam  gracilem  efficientibus  (none  et  decimo  ad  apicem  internum  productis,  unde- 
cimo  ad  externum  truncato) .  Instrumcnta  ciharia  et  pedes  fere  ut  in  Scymno,  sed  ligula  apice 
leviter  emarginata,  in  parte  mediji  tenuissime  membranacea,  et  pedes  longiores. 

Rhyzobiiis  differs  from  Scymnus  in  its  more  elliptical  outHne,  longer  legs,  and  in 
the  structiu'e  of  its  antennae, — which  are  considerably  less  abbreviated  than  those 
of  that  group,  and  have  a  slender,  triarticulate,  and  internally  serrated  club,  as 
well  as  their  first  and  second  joints  (instead  of  being  of  similar  breadth  and  closely 
connected  together)  formed  almost  exactly  as  in  Coccinella.  The  third  antennal 
joint  however  is  elongated,  as  in  the  true  Scymni ;  but,  on  account  of  the  clava 
being  merely  /^'/articvdate,  the  following  five  (instead  of  four)  are  in  the  present 
genus  subequal.  Two  species  only  (namely  the  common  B.  litiira,  and  the  disci- 
macula  of  Mulsant)  have  been  hitherto  recorded,  the  habits  of  which  (like  those  of 
the  Coryloj)Md(B)  display  a  closer  attachment  to  the  smaller  than  to  the  larger 
plants, — particularly  to  Monocotylcdonous  ones,  about  the  roots  and  stems  of 
which  they  are  principally  to  be  found. 


472  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

363.  Rhyzobius  litura. 

R.  testaceus,  abdomine  nigro,  elytris  vcl  ultra  medium  nigro-fasciatis,  vel  omnino  immaculatis. 

Far.  /3.  rufo-testaceus,  elytris  obscurioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1  j-li. 

Mfidula  litura,  Fab.  Manf.  Ins.  i.  52  (1787). 
Ehyzehius  litura,  Stepli.  77/.  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  396  (1831). 
Nundina  litura,  Dej.  Cat.  (3*^-°'  edit.)  462  (1837). 
Rhizohiui  litura,  Mulsant,  Securip.  de  France,  262  (1846). 

Habitat  in  insulis  Maderensibus,  ad  graminum  radices  vel  sub  lapidibus,  ubique  \-ulgaris :  var.  ^.  ad 
Desertam  Grandem  priecipue  pertinet. 

R.  elliptical,  testaceous,  slightly  shining,  and  pubescent.     Head  and  prothorax  immaculate.     Elytra 
with  an  arcuated  interrupted  fascia,  common  to  both,  a  little  beyond  the  middle  (but  which 
however  is  sometimes  altogether  obsolete),  black.    Abdomen  blackish.    Antenna  and  legs  scarcely 
paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 
Var.  /3.  rufo-testaceous ;  with  the  elytra  a  good  deal  clouded,  or  obscured. 

A  common  insect,  at  the  roots  of  grass  and  beneath  stones,  in  nearly  all  the 
islands  of  the  group,  especially  at  intermediate  altitudes.  It  is,  nevertheless, 
found  occasionally  even  on  the  level  of  the  shore, — ^under  which  circumstances  it 
occurs  in  Porto  Santo,  amongst  Arundo  doiiax,  on  the  loose  sand  behind  the  sea- 
beach.  The  specimens  {cur.  /3.)  from  the  Dezerta  Grande  are  rather  darker  in 
colotu'ini?  than  the  Madeiran  ones.  It  is  abundant  throughout  the  whole  of 
Europe,  the  north  of  Africa,  and  in  the  Canaries.  The  Madeiran  state  differs  in 
no  respect  from  the  ordinary  one,  except  that  it  is  perhaps  a  little  more  pubescent. 


Fam.  43.  CORYLOPHID^. 

Genus  156.  CLYPEASTER.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  4.) 

(.Viidersch,  in  Dej.  Cat.  A.D.  1821)  Eedtenbacher,  Fna  Austr.  572  (1849). 

Corpus  minutum,  ovale,  pubescens,  subdepressum  :  prothorace  amplo  semi-ovato,  ad  basin  eh'trorum 
latitudine,  angulis  posticis  rectis,  ad  lutcra  ct  (prajsertim)  antice  valde  explanato-producto  (caput 
oniuiuo  tegcnte)  :  elytris  apice  truncatis  (anguhs  suturalibus  subrotuudatis) :  alis  amplissimis 
ciliatis.  Antenrus  (X.4a)  prothoracis  longitudinc,  valde  clavata;,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo 
prsecipue)  elongatis  robustis,  inde  ad  sextum  minutis  longitudine  suba;qualibus  latitudine  levitcr 
crcscentibus,  septimo  et  octavo  latioribus  transversis,  rcliquis  clavam  magnam  subfissilcm  tri- 
articulatam  efficientibus  (nono  magno  semigloboso,  decimo  brevi  transverso,  undecimo  buic  vix 
longiore  sed  paulo  angustiore  et  apice  valde  truncato).  Labrum  (X.  4i)  magnum  coriaceum 
transversum,  antice  Icviter  bilobum.  Mandibulce  (X.  4  c)  validic  lata;,  apice  dentibus  tribus  vel 
quatuor  armata;,  intus  membrana  angusta  auctse..  Maxilla  (X.  4  d)  lobo  singula  recto  angusto 
(ad  apicem  tri-  vel  quadri-uncinato)  instracts  {interna  obsoleto).  Palpi  breves  crassi ;  niaxillares 
fusiformes,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  incrassatis,  ultimo  paulo  longiore 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  473 

conico ;  labiales  (X.  4  e)  brevissimi,  articulo  primo  paiTO,  secundo  et  ultimo  majoribus  iucrassatis 
(illo  subclavato,  hoc  subtransverso-globoso).  Ligida  vLx  membi-anacea,  ampla,  subquadrata,  apice 
leviter  dilatato  subcorneo  integro.  Pedes  (X.  4/)  longiusculi  subcontractiles  graciles :  tibiis 
intus  calcari  apicali  niinuto  arniatis  :  tarsis  (vix  pseudoti-imcris,  nam  articulus  secundus  baud 
bUobus  est, — tantum,  una  cum  articulo  primo,  subtus  productus  et  pilosus)  4-articulatis,  articulo 
primo  longiusculo,  secundo  paulo  breviore,  tertio  parvo  (nee  minutissimo),  ultimo  longissimo 
subclavato. 

The  little  assemblage  of  insects  usually  kno-^VTi  as  the  Clypeastres  (but  which  I 
would  rather  designate  the  Corylophidce)  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  within  the 
whole  range  of  the  Coleoptera ;  and  whilst,  on  the  one  hand,  it  is  manifestly  akia  to 
the  Coccinellce,  it  nevertheless  makes  an  almost  equal  approach,  on  the  other,  towards 
the  modifications  attendant  on  Leiodes, — the  passage  to  them  being  very  gradually 
effected  by  means  of  such  genera  as  Glceosoma  and  OrtJwpenis,  in  which  (although 
their  tetramerous  feet,  and  the  majority  of  theii-  details,  show  them  to  be  more 
immediately  related  to  the  present  family)  the  sub-exserted  head,  and  the  glabrous 
convexer  bodies,  in  conjunction  with  the  minuteness  of  the  second  articulation  of 
the  clava*,  and  the  less  produced  edges  of  the  pronotum,  are  abundantly  sufficient 
to  betray  an  Anisotomideous  tendency.  The  simple  tarsi,  moreover,  and  the  great 
instability  in  the  number  of  the  antennal  joints,  of  the  species  which  compose  it 
{Clypeaster  alone  possessing  eleven,  whUst  ArthroUps,  Sericoderus  and  Gloeosoma 
have  ten,  and  Corrjlopliiis  and  Orthoperus  merely  nine),  are  even  further  suggestive 
of  a  movement  iia  that  dii-ection, — a  like  variation,  as  regards  the  latter,  con- 
stituting one  of  the  most  prominent  features  of  those  groups.  Although  thus 
however  displaying,  to  a  certain  extent,  points  of  similarity  both  with  the  Fseiido- 
trimera  and  the  Anisotomidce,  it  exhibits  at  the  same  time  many  structural 
peculiarities  of  its  own  (amongst  which  the  narrow  apicaUy-denticvilated  outer, 
and  the  obsolete  inner,  lobes  of  its  maxillae,  its  thickened  fusiform  palpi,  and  its 
subcrenulated  mandibles  are  perhaps  the  most  important) ;  whilst  even  externally 
the  members  would  seem  to  be  no  less  clearly  defined, — since  their  diminu.tive  bulk 
and  eminently  ciu'sorial  habits  (in  which  they  recede  from  the  Coccinellw  entirely), 
in  connection  with  their  enormously  developed  wings  and  the  expanded  margin  of 
then*  prothorax,  combine  in  giiing  them  a  very  remarkable  character  (in  some 
respects  even  approximating  the  Trichopterygia,  with  which  indeed  Sericoderus 
especially  has  much  in  common). 

Touching  the  genera  inter  se,  there  is  but  little  fear  of  confounding  theii'  distinc- 
tions,— each  of  them  being  particularly  well  marked.  Apart  from  obscurer 
minutiae  (which  -^vill  be  best  gathered  by  a  reference  to  the  Plate),  Clypeaster  may 
be  readily  known  by  its  more  parallel,  or  oblong,  outline,  less  abbreviated  legs, 

*  This  reduction  in  size  of  tlie  second  joint  of  the  antennal  club  (or  the  fourth  one  fi'om  the  extre- 
mity), which  constitutes  so  marked  a  featm-e  in  the  Anisotomidce,  and  ^vhich,  as  above  stated,  is  strongly 
expressed  in  Qloeosoma  and  Orthoperus,  is  also  very  distinctly  iudicated  in  Coryloplius, — a  circumstance 
which  is  worthy  of  remark,  since  that  genus  may  be  said  to  be  the  most  typical  one  of  the  present  family. 

3p 


i74  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

and  by  the  robustness  of  its  eleven-articulated  antennse, — -n-hich,  it  will  be  per- 
ceived, not  only  differ  in  the  number,  but  likewise  in  the  proportions  of  their  joints 
(of  which,  those  from  the  thu"d  to  the  eighth  arc  of  nearly  the  same  length  but 
gradually  increase  in  breadth,  wliilst  the  terminal  three  make  up  an  extremely 
large,  abrupt  and  internally  subfissile  club).  The  penultimate  articulation,  also, 
of  its  feet,  although  small,  is  not  so  minute  as  is  the  case  either  in  Sericoderus  or 
A^'throlips. 

364.  Clypeaster  pusiUxis.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  4.) 

C.  ovalis  subdepressus  nigro-fuscus  pubescens  et  punctulatus,  prothoracis  limbo  antico  pallido  sub- 

pellucido,  antennis  ferrugineis,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  §. 

Cossyphus  pimllus,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  576  (1810). 
Clypeoiter  pusiUus,  Germ.  Fna  Col.  Eur.  fasc.  ^iii.  10  (1822). 
-,  Eedt.  Fna  Austt:  572  (1849). 

Habitat  in  graminosis  IMaderse  (pra-sertim  borcalis),  restate  non  infrequciis :  in  castanetis  Sanctje 
Anna:  et  Sancti  Vincentii  nicnsc  Jiiuio  abundat ;  necnon  in  ins.  Dcscrta;  Grandis  Maio  cxeunte 
A.D.  1850  exemplar  unicum  invcni. 

C.  oval,  rather  depressed  above,  but  convex  beneath,  dusky-  or  blaekish-browu,  very  slightly  shining, 
pubescent,  and  rather  coarsely  punctulated.  Pruthurax  large  and  semi-ovate  (its  sides  being 
almost  parallel  behind,  and  its  posterior  angles  nearly  right  angles) ;  testaceous  in  front,  where 
it  is  also  somewhat  transparent.  Elytra  with  their  extreme  apex  usually  a  little  diluted  in 
colouring  (occasionally  almost  testaceous).  Antenna  ferruginous,  with  their  apical  region  gene- 
rally darker.     Leffs  dull  testaceous. 

The  larger  size  and  more  oval  or  parallel  outline  of  the  present  insect,  in  con- 
junction with  its  browner  hue,  its  somewhat  duller  and  more  depressed  siu'face, 
and  its  coarser  punctuation,  would  be  at  once  sufficient,  even  in  the  aljsence  of 
structural  characters,  to  distinguish  it  from  Artlirolips.  It  is  not  uncommon  in 
Madeira,  though  apparently  more  abundant  towards  the  northern  than  the  southern 
coast, — occurring  in  grassy  spots,  beneath  trees,  diu-ing  the  spring  and  summer 
mouths.  In  Jvme  and  July  of  1850  I  took  it  in  profusion  in  the  chestnut-woods 
of  Santa  Anna  and  Sao  Vinccnte,  especially  the  former ;  as  also  imder  similar 
cu'cumstances,  though  more  sparingly,  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros :  and  I 
likewise  captured  a  specimen  on  the  Dezerta  Grande  (in  company  with  a  host  of 
the  Artlirolips  piceum),  during  my  encampment  on  that  island  with  the  Rev. 
R.  T.  Lowe,  late  in  May  of  the  same  year.  It  is  foimd  throughout  the  greater 
portion  of  Em-ope,  but  has  not  yet  been  observed  in  our  o\w\  coimtry*.     The 

*  Since  the  above  was  written,  a  single  specimen  has  been  detected  in  England, — captured  by  myself" 
at  Spridlington  near  Lincoln  (a  locality  in  which,  singularly  enough,  another  Madciran  insect,  of  the 
greatest  rarity  in  the  British  Isles,  though  existing  on  the  continent,  namely  the  Hahrocerus  eapiUari- 
coriiis,  has  been  recently  obtained). 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  475 

Madeiran  specimens  are  more  deeply  punctured  than  their  representatives  from 
higher  latitudes, — with  which  in  all  other  respects  however  they  exactly  coincide. 

Genus  157.  ARTHROLIPS,  Woll.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  6.) 

Corpus  minutissimum,  ovatum  antice  subacuminatum,  pubescens,  subconvexum  :  prothorace  minore 
(vix  semf-ovato),  ad  basin  elytrorum  latitudine,  angulis  posticis  subrectis,  ad  latera  et  (prsesertim) 
antice  valde  subrecui-vo-producto  (caput  omnino  tegeute) :  elytris  apice  truncatis  (angulis  sutu- 
ralibus  rotundatis) :  alis  (X.  6^)  amplissimis  ciliatis.  Antenna  (X.  6 «)  protborace  breviores, 
lO-articulatae,  clavatfe,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  prfecipue)  elongatis  robustis,  inde  ad 
sextum  gracilibus  latitudine  sequalibus  (tertio  elongate,  reliquis  brevissimis  transversis),  septimo 
paulo  majore,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  elongatam  laxam  perfoliatam  triarticulatani  efficientibus 
(octavo  subovato  apice  tnmcato,  nono  vix  breviore  transverso,  decimo  paulo  longiore  ovali). 
Instrument  a  cibaria  fere  ut  in  genere  prpecedenti,  sei  labritm  (X.  6  b)  antice  integrum;  mandibuhe 
(X.  6  c)  et  maxillce  (X.  6  d)  ad  apicem  fortius  denticulatse  {illis  intus  profunde  sinuatis  et  mem- 
brana  ampliore  instructis) ;  palpi  labiaJes  articulo  secundo  majore  crassiore ;  et  ligula  ampla, 
ad  apicem  recte  truncata  et  minus  robusta.  Pedes  (X.  6/)  paulo  breviores :  tibiis  apice  (nisi 
fallor)  ecalcaratis  :  tarsis  articulo  tertio  minutiore,  quarto  fortius  clavato  et  unguiculis  majoribus 
munito. 

Ab  apdpov  artus,  et  XeiTTo)  relinquo. 

The  insect  for  which  I  have  proposed  the  name  of  Arthrolips  is  referred  by 
M.  Redtenbacher  to  Gryphimis  (i.  e.  Sericodenis  of  Stephens, — the  correct  title  as 
regards  priority) ;  but  it  appears  to  me  to  constitute  an  exceedingly  well-marked 
genus  between  it  and  Clypeaster,  partaking  ahnost  equally  of  the  structiu-al 
characteristics  of  them  both,  though  in  general  affinity  approaching  the  second 
more  than  the  first.  It  is  true  that  its  10-articulated  antennse  might  of  them- 
selves incline  us  to  associate  it  with  Sericodenis  ;  yet  it  entirely  wants  the  largely- 
developed  prothorax,  with  the  greatly-produced  hinder  angles,  which  are  there  so 
conspicuous, — whilst  in  its  habits,  contour,  coloviring  and  texture  it  approximates 
so  much  nearer  to  Clypeaster,  that  I  cannot  but  believe  it  to  be  unnatural  to  force 
its  union,  on  account  of  the  reduction  of  its  antennal  joints,  with  the  former  (from 
which  in  so  many  of  its  primary  featui-es  it  altogether  recedes) :  and  hence,  if  it 
must  be  appended  to  either,  I  would  rather  widen  the  definitions  of  the  latter, 
so  as  to  allow  of  its  admission  there,  than  consent  to  the  other  alternative.  In  real 
fact  however  it  seems  to  offer  discrepancies  abundantly  sufficient  to  warrant  its 
isolation  from  them  both, — since  the  modifications  of  its  antennse  and  mouth  as 
much  forbid  its  junction  with.  Clypeaster  as  its  outward  structure  and  aspect  do 
with  Sericoderns. 

The  trophi  of  most  of  the  Corylopliidce  are  moulded  on  nearly  the  same  plan ; 
and  indeed,  were  this  not  so,  their  microscopic  dimensions  would  entkely  preclude 
the  employment  of  them  for  practical  purposes, — and  hence  it  becomes  doubly 
necessary  that  the  external  characters  at  any  rate  should  be  so  far  apparent  as  to 
be  at  once  appreciable  for  ordinary  investigation.     Tortunately  this  is  the  case 

3p2 


476  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

with  the  diminutive  insects  of  which  the  present  family  is  composed, — since  their 
general  lineaments,  in  connexion  ^vdth  the  great  variety  displayed  both  in  the 
num1)er  and  proportions  of  their  antenna!  joints,  at  once  afford  a  series  of  com- 
binations which  may  be  readily  grasped. 

Apart  fi-om  the  distinctive  peculiarities  of  its  oral  organs  (wliich,  though  trivial, 
do  nevertheless  exist, — as  a  comparison  of  the  respective  figures,  and  a  glance  at 
the  above  diagnosis,  will  easily  demonstrate),  Arthrolips  may  be  known  from 
Chjpeaster  by  its  inferior  size,  otate  and  more  anteriorly  acuminated  body,  and  by 
its  shorter  antennfe  and  legs, — the  former  of  which,  like  those  of  Sericodcnis* , 
are  10-articulate,  and  have  the  five  minute  joints  between  the  second  and  the  club 
of  subequal  breadth  (the  first  of  them  however  being  perceptibly  longer,  and  the 
last  altogether  a  trifle  larger,  than  the  intervening  three),  and  the  clava  itself 
loose,  elongated  and  perfoliate :  whilst  from  Sericoderus  it  may  be  recognised  by 
its  totally  different  configuration, — its  prothorax  being  small,  comparatively  narrow, 
and  with  the  posterior  angles  nearly  right  angles  ;  whereas  the  prothorax  of  that 
genus  is  enormously  developed  (being  considerably  -^^-ider  than  the  elytra),  and  has 
its  basal  angles,  as  in  many  of  the  Ptiliadce,  immensely  lengthened  and  acute.  In 
Arthrolips  and  Chjpeaster  moreover  the  body  is  somewhat  depressed  above  and 
roimded  beneath,  the  colour  is  dark,  with  the  front  edge  of  the  pronotum  (which 
is  slightly  elevated)  alone  pale,  and  the  elytra  (especially  of  the  former)  are  sub- 
obliquely  truncated  at  their  extremity  (each  of  them  being  a  little  Ijlunted,  or 
dehiscent,  at  the  suture) ;  whereas  Sericoderus  is  convex  on  the  upper  side  and 
flattened  on  the  under,  its  surface  is  sericeous  and  of  a  uniformly  pallid  hue,  the 
anterior  margin  of  its  pronotum  has  no  tendency  to  be  recurved,  and  its  elytra  are 
terminated  straightly  (the  inner  angles  being  right  angles). 

365.  ArthroUps  piceiun.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  6.) 

A.  ovatum    subconvexiim  nigrum  pubescens  et  subtilissime  punctulatum,  prothoracis  limbo  antico 
pallido  subpellucido,  anteniiis  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 

Long,  coi-p.  lin.  \. 

Cli/peasfer  2>!ceus,  (Kimze)  Comolli,  De  Col.  Nov.  50  (1837). 

ohscurus,  Dej.  Cat.  (3'*»«  edit.)  455  (1837). 

piceus,  Lucas,  Col.  de  VAlgerie,  551  (1849). 

Grifphinus  piceus,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  574  (1849). 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarius,  a  cl.  Dom.  Heer  adPraya  Formoza  prope  Funchal  mense  Februario  a.d.  1851 
detectum  :  in  Deserta  Grandi  tamen  abundat,  qua  Male  exeuntc  a.d.  1850  copiosissime  coUegi. 


*  Although  possessing  the  same  number  of  joints,  the  antennje  of  Arthrolips  and  Sericoderus  are  never- 
theless not  altogether  coincident,— since  the  third  articulation  is  distinctly  longer  in  the  former  genus 
than  in  the  latter ;  ;vhilst  the  terminal  one  has  no  appearance  in  Arthrolips  of  the  oblique  truncation 
which  is  so  evident  in  Sericoderus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


477 


A.  ovate  (being  slightly  rounded  at  the  sides,  and  rather  li.rrower  before  than  behind),  somewhat 
more  convex  than  the  Chjpeaster  pusillus,  also  much  blacker  and  rather  more  shining,  and 
most  minutely  punctulated,— the  punctures  being  scarcely  perceptible  (especially  on  the  pro- 
thorax)  except  beneath  the  microscope.  Prothorax  rather  smaller  than  in  that  insect,  being 
scarcely  semi-ovate  (and  therefore  with  its  sides  not  so  parallel  behind) ;  testaceous  in  front, 
where  (as  in  that  species)  it  has  also  a  tendency  to  be  somewhat  transparent.  Elytra  with  the 
punctures  rather  more  perceptible  than  on  the  prothorax;  and  with  their  extreme  apex  usually 
more  or  less  diluted  in  colouring.     Antenna  and  leffs  diluted-testaceous. 

Apart  from  its  generic  distinctions,  which  have  been  fuUy  pointed  out,  the 
present  insect  may  be  easily  recognised  from  the  last  by  its  smaUer  and  more 
ovate  body,  somewhat  blacker,  brighter,  and  less  depressed  surface,  and  by  the 
excessive  delicacy  of  its  punctuation,— which  is  altogether  imperceptible  except 
under  a  powerful  glass.  It  is  perhaps  a  trifle  more  pubescent  and  less  shining 
than  the  more  northern  type ;  and  its  punctures,  even  though  thus  minute,  are,  if 
anything,  a  Httle  more  evident.  It  is  apparently  scarcer  throughout  Europe 
generally  than  the  Chjpeaster  pitslllus,  being  ahnost  peculiar  to,  central  and 
southern  latitudes.  In  Madeu-a  proper  it  would  seem  to  be  rare,  the  only 
specimen  which  I  have  seen  having  been  captm-ed  by  Professor  Heer  of  Zui'ich,  in 
February  of  1851,  at  the  Praya  Formoza  near  Punchal.  On  the  Dezerta  Grande 
however  it  abounds,— where,  at  the  end  of  May  1850,  I  took  it  in  considerable 
numbers,  on  the  outer  canvass  of  my  tent  (running  rapidly  in  the  hot  sunshine), 
in  company  with  the  Europs  impressicollis,  and  other  species  which  have  been 
abeady  noticed.     It  is  recorded  by  M.  Lucas  in  Algeria. 


Genus  158.  SERICODERUS. 

Stephens,  III.  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  188  (1828). 

Corpus  minutissimum,obovatum  antice  obtusum,  sericeo-pubescens,  convexum:  prothorace  ^m^Msmno 
subluniformi,  ad  basin  elytris  latiore,  angulis  posticis  valde  productis  acutissimis  elytra  amplec- 
tentibus,  ad  latera  et  (prassertim)  antice  valde  decurvo-producto  (caput  omnino  tegente) :  elytris 
apice  truncatis  (angulis  suturalibus  rectis) :  alis  amplissimis  ciliatis.  Antenna  prothoracis  Ion- 
gitudiue,  lO-articulatffi,  graciles,  clavatae,  articulis  fere  ut  in  genere  praecedenti,  sed  tertio  paulo 
breviore,  et  decimo  ad  apicem  externum  oblique  truncato.  Instrumenta  dbaria  et  pedes  fere  ut  in 
genere  pr^cedente,  sed  tibice  apice  calcari  minutissimo  armatse. 

The  structm-al  characteristics  of  Sericoderus  have  been  already  mentioned,— its 
short,  blunt  and  anteriorly-dilated  oiitline,  convex,  sericeous  upper  sm-face  and 
paUid  hue,  in  conjunction  with  the  enormously  produced  hinder  angles  of  its 
greatly  developed  prothorax,  its  straightly  terminated  elytra  (the  sutural  angles 
bemg  right  angles),  and  its  comparatively  slender  antennae  (the  third  joint  of 
which  is'' not  perceptibly  elongated,  whilst  the  apical  one  is  obliquely  lopped  off  at 
its  outer  extremity),  constituting  the  main  distinctive  features  which  separate  it 


478  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

from  Arthrolips.  In  its  general  contour  and  extremely  cursorial  habits,,  it  is  a 
genus  wliicli  has  much  the  appearance,  at  first  sight,  of  an  Acrutriclds,  or  Tri- 
chopteryx;  nor  indeed  is  this  resemblance  a  mere  analogical  one,  since  in  its 
immensely  large  and  ciliated  wings,  the  peculiar  formation  of  its  prothorax,  and 
ill  the  straight  truncation  of  its  elytra,  as  well  as  (along  mth  the  rest  of  the 
CorylophklcB)  in  its  tetramerous,  simple  feet,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  it 
may  possess  some  real  affinity  (albeit  perhaps  not  a  very  intimate  one)  with  that 
group.  Like  the  Trichopterygia,  moreover,  it  is  especially  found  in  fimgi,  or  else 
beneath  moist  and  decaying  vegetable  substances;  whereas  its  immediate  aUies 
are  more  peculiarly  attached  to  grassy  spots, — harbouring  between  the  outer 
envelope  and  the  stems  of  Monocotyledonous  plants,  particularly  those  of  the 
JtmcacecB  and  Graminece. 

366.  Sericoderus  lateralis. 
S.  obovatus  (antice  obtusus)  convexus  rufo-testaceus  sericeo-pubescens  et  fere  impunctatus,  prothorace 
lato  antice  in  medio  nigrescente,  elytris  vix  obscurioribus,  antennis  pedibusque  pallido-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  i. 

Cossyplius  lateralis,  (Megerle)  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  iv.  516  (1827). 
Sericoderus  tlioracicus,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  188  (1828). 
Chjpeaster  Hindus,  Dej.  Cat.  (3'^"=  edit.)  455  (1837). 
Ori/phinus  lateralis,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  573  (18i9). 

Habitat  in  humidiusculis  Maders,  sub  foliis  arborum  dejectis  vul  inter  licheues,  ab  urbe  Funchalensi 
usque  ad  4000'  s.  m.  asceudens. 

S.  short  and  obovate  (being  broad  and  obtuse  in  front),  more  convex  than  either  Clypeaster  or  Arthro- 
lips, of  a  pale  (more  or  less  livid)  testaceous  hue, — the  prothorax  however  being  always  of  a 
clearer  (or  more  rufescent)  colour  than  the  elytra,  which  are  generally  moreover  a  little  infus- 
cated;  shining,  densely  clothed  with  silken  pubescence,  and  almost  impunctate.  Prothorax  very 
large  and  wide,  with  its  hinder  angles  much  acuminated ;  and  with  a  rounded  blackish  cloud  in 
the  middle  of  its  anterior  margin, — which  however  is  rather  increased  in  intensity  perhaps  by  the 
semi-transparency  of  the  surface,  which  allows  the  head  (over  which  the  spot  is  placed)  to  be  (as 
in  the  preceding  two  genera)  just  traceable  (or,  at  any  rate,  its  position)  from  above.  Elytra 
less  shining  and  more  pubescent  than  the  prothorax  ;  and  much  truncated  at  their  extremity. 
Antenna  and  leys  pale-testaceous. 

A  tolerably  common  species  in  Madeira,  from  abnost  the  level  of  the  sea-shore 
to  the  altitude  of  about  4000  feet.  I  have  taken  it  fi-om  out  of  fungi,  during  tlie 
winter  and  spring  montlis,  in  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe's  garden  near  Fuuchal ;  in 
tlie  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  i\jina  and  Sao  Vincente,  and  in  the  lofty  region  of  the 
Lombo  das  Vacas,  in  June ;  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueii'os,  in  July ;  and  at  the 
Feijaa  de  C6rte  and  the  Ribeu-o  Frio,  in  August.  It  is  found  tlu-oughout  the 
greater  portion  of  Em-ope,  though  more  abundant  in  central  and  ^Mediterranean 
latitudes  than  towards  the  north.  In  om-  own  country  it  is  extremely  rare,  but  it 
is  apparently  less  scarce  in  Ireland.     Mr.  Stephens,  although  in  possession  of  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  4.79 

Marshamian  collection,  has  cited  as  its  synonym  the  ScaphkUum  clubium  of 
Marsliam, — which  is  a  totally  different  insect  (being  the  Clamhus  Enshamenfiis  of 
"VVestwood,  and  the  genus  Calyptomerus  of  Redtenbacher,  though  in  all  probability 
distinct  specifically  from  his  C.  aljjestris). 


Genus  159.  CORYLOPHUS.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  9.) 

(Leacli)  Steph.  Man.  Brit.  Col.  99  (1839). 

Corpus  minutissimum,  rotundato-ovatum,  glabrum,  convexum :  proihorace  amplo  semicirculari,  ad 
basin  elytroriim  latitudine,  angulis  posticis  levitcr  productis  acutis,  ad  latera  et  (pr^sertim) 
antice  valde  subdeciirvo-producto  (caput  omnino  tegente)  :  elytris  apice  leviter  truncatis  (angulis 
suturalibus  vix  rotundatis) :  alis  (in  typicis  sat  amplis  ciliatis,  sed  in  specie  Maderensi)  obsoletis. 
Antenna  (X.  9  a)  protborace  paulo  longiores,  Q-articulata;,  graciles,  leviter  et  faciliiis  clavatfe, 
articulis  primo  et  secundo  robustis  (illo  longissimo,  boc  ])aulo  breviore  graciliore  subclavato), 
tertio  quartoque  gracilioribus  latitudine  pequalibus  (illo  hoc  paulo  longiore),  quinto  leviter  cras- 
siore,  sexto  minutissimo  transverse,  reliquis  clavam  elongatam  minus  abruptam  triarticulatam 
effieientibus  (none  majore  ovato,  ad  apicem  externum  oblique  truncate).  Latirum  (X.  9  A) 
magnum  transverso-subquadi-atum,  apice  integrum.  Mandibulm  (X.  9  c)  validsE  latae,  apice  In- 
tegra;, margine  interne  minutissime  crenulato.  Maxilla  (X.  9  d),  palpi  (X.  9  rf  et  9  e),  ligula 
(X.  9  e)  et  pedes  (X.  9/)  fere  ut  in  Sericodero,  sed  maxillarum  lobus  paulo  brevier  et  minus 
rectus,  palporum  maxillarium  articulus  secundus  crassior  et  extus  setosus,  et  tibia  antica  (X.  9/) 
ad  apicem  internum,  prjesertim  in  maribus  (?),  incurvo-productse. 

Corijloplius,  which  I  would  regard  as  the  type  of  the  present  family,  may  be 
known  by  its  more  rounded  outline,  convex  and  glal^rous  upper  surface,  by  its 
nearly  semicircular  prothorax,  less  posteriorly-truncated  elytra,  and  by  the  curved 
inner  angle  (a  peculiarity  which  is  especially  apparent  in  the  males,  ?)  of  its  two 
front  tibia?.  Its  mandibles  moreover  are  minutely  crenulated  along  their  entire 
length  (a  structure  which  is  only  just  indicated  in  a  few  of  the  allied  forms) ;  and 
the  second  articulation  of  its  maxillary  palpi  is  greatly  thickened, — particularly  at 
its  external  apex,  where  it  is  also  beset  with  long  and  robust  bristles.  Its  antennae 
however  afford  the  most  tangil)le  distinctive  characters,  being  (like  those  of 
Orthopems,  with  which  in  proportions  moreover  they  almost  exactly  coincide)  only 
9-jointed.  Cori/lojihns,  Orthoperm  and  Glceosoma,  indeed,  were  it  not  for  the 
additional  articulation  possessed  l^y  the  latter,  would  be  very  similar  in  this  respect, 
— since  their  antennae  are  not  only  move  g^Hulually  clavated  than  is  the  case  in  the 
other  genera,  but  the  club  in  each  of  them  may  be  said  to  commence  at  the  fiftli 
joint  from  the  extremity  (the  foui-th  one  being  extremely  minute,  as  in  many  of 
the  Anisotomidce).  As  a  further  proof  of  the  affinity  of  the  three  groups  in  ques- 
tion, we  may  appeal  to  the  shape  of  their  anterior  tibioe,— which  not  only  have  (as 
already  stated)  their  inner  angle  incurved  (very  evidently  so  in  one  sex,  probably 
the  male),  but  are  themselves,  also,  slightly  arcuated  (a  singularity  which  must 
stm  further  tend  to  establish  their  relation  with  the  members  of  the  following 


480  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

family).  The  only  European  Corylophus  is  the  C.  cassidoides,  Marsham, — ^from 
which  the  Madeiran  representative,  apart  from  its  numerous  other  specific 
features,  which  wUl  be  at  once  gathered  from  the  diagnosis,  differs  in  being  entu-ely 
apterous, 

367.  Corylophus  tectifonnis,  WoJl.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  9.) 

C.  rotundato-ovatus  convexus  piceus  glaber  minutissime  granulatus  et  punctis  vix  observandis  ad- 
spersus,  prothorace  interdum  subrufescentiore,  limbo  antico  late  pallido  subpellucido,  antennis 
pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  |. 

Habitat  in  humidis  Maderfe,  per  regionem  sylvaticam,  sestate  rarior :  inter  plantas  Pteridis  aqnilina 
ad  Lombo  das  Vacas  nasceutes  die  solstitiali  a.d.  1850  primus  inveni;  necnon  mense  Julio  ad 
Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  atque  in  locis  similibus  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  Augusto  iueunte  ejusdem  anni 
cepi. 

C.  rounded-ovate,  convex,  piceous,  slightly  shining,  entirely  free  from  pubescence,  most  minutely  and 
closely  granulated,  and  with  very  delicately  impressed  points  intermixed  (both  the  granules  and 
punctures  being  imperceptible  except  beneath  the  microscope) .  Prothorax  nearly  semicircular, 
with  its  hinder  angles  slightly  acuminated ;  somewhat  more  rufescent  than  the  ehira ;  and  with 
its  lateral  and  anterior  margins  (which  have  a  slight  tendency  to  be  somewhat  transparent) 
broadly  testaceous.  Elytra  with  the  punctures  rather  more  perceptible  than  those  of  the  pro- 
thorax.     Antenna  and  legs  diluted-testaceous, — the  tarsi  being  exceedingly  pale. 

A  very  large  and  distinct  Corylophus,  being  one  of  the  most  truly  indigenous  of 
the  Coleopterous  inhabitants  of  these  islands, — and  receding,  as  has  been  ah-eady 
mentioned,  from  the  generic  type  in  being  apterous.  It  differs  from  the  C.  cassi- 
doides of  Marsham  (the  only  European  member  of  the  group)  in  its  much  greater 
bulk,  somewhat  less  shining  and  more  evidently  sculptured  surface,  in  its  dark 
piceous  hue,  more  straightly  truncated  elytra  (the  sutm-al  angles  Ijeing  con- 
siderably rounded  off  in  that  insect,  whereas  here  they  are  nearly  right  angles), 
and  in  its  longer  antennte.  It  is  exceedingly  rare,  or  at  any  rate  local,  being  con- 
fined to  the  dense  ravines  of  intermediate  and  lofty  altitudes, — where  it  is  usually 
to  be  met  with  amongst  the  rankest  vegetation  and  in  the  dampest  spots.  Thus, 
during  the  srmimer  of  1850,  I  brushed  it  from  off  wet  fern  in  the  almost  inaccess- 
ible region  of  the  Lombo  das  Vacas,  in  Jvme  ;  as  also,  imdcr  sunilar  circumstances, 
at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueii-os,  in  July ;  and  at  the  Eibeii-o  Frio,  by  the  moist 
edges  of  the  Levada,  in  August. 

Genus  160.  GLCEOSOMA,  WoU.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  7.) 

Corpus  minutissimum,  rotundato-ovatum,  glabrum,  convexum  :  prothorace  sub-semicirculari,  anticc 
leviter  truncato-emargiiiato  (caput  vix  omnino  tcgente),  ad  basin  elytrorum  latitudine,  anguiis 
posticis  leviter  productis  acutis  :  elytris  apice  rotundatis  vix  truncatis  (anguiis  suturalibus  rectis) : 


TNSECTA  MADERENSIA.  481 

alls  (nisi  fallor)  obsoletis.  Antennm  (X.  7  a)  prothorace  paulo  longiores,  10-articulatse,  sat 
robusta;,  leviter  et  facilius  clavatse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  pnecipue)  elongatis  robustis, 
tertio  paulo  breviore  graciliore,  quarto  quintoque  minutissimis  transversis,  sexto  majore  crassiore, 
septimo  minuto  intus  aagiilato,  reliquis  clavam  elongatam  minus  abruptam  triarticulatam  efficien- 
tibus  (decimo  ovato).  Labrum,  mandibulas  lii/ulamqne  baud  observav-i.  Maxilla  (X.  7  b)  lobo 
singula  angusto,  apicem  versus  angustissimo  acutissimo  simplice,  instructse ;  interna  vel  externa 
(forte  hoc,  sed  eerte  dicere  baud  potui)  obsoleto.  Palpi  fusiformes  valde  incrassati ;  maxillares 
articulo  prime  parvo,  secundo  maximo  inflate,  tertio  et  ultimo  minutis ;  labiales  (X.  7  c)  articulo 
primo  parvo,  secundo  ut  in  maxillaribus  amplissimo,  ultimo  minutiore  subovato.  Pedes  valde 
cursorii :  tibiis  anticis  {\.7d)  subcurvatis,  ad  apicem  internum  leviter  incurvo-productis  :  tar  sis 
4-articulatis,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  longiusculis  crassiusculis  subsequalibus,  tertio  mmuto, 
ultimo  longissimo  subclavato. 

A  y\oio<;  IjeviSj  et  awfia  corpus. 

In  their  comparatively  rounded  outline  and  glabrous  siu-faces,  as  well  as  in  the 
minute  second  joint  of  their  clava,  and  the  curved  apex  of  their  two  anterior  tibise, 
the  present   genus   and   the  last   one   are   coincident;    nevertheless    Glceosoma 
displays  many  peculiarities  which  CorijlopJms  does  not, — amongst  which  its  very 
convex  body,  the  almost  unproduced  edges  of  its  pronotum  (the  front  margin 
being  a  little  truncated,  or  scooped  out,  so  as  not  entirely  to  conceal  the  head), 
added  to  its  10-articulated  antennae  and  eminently  cursorial  habits,  are  perha])s 
the  most  important.     Considering  the  diminutive  size  of  the  insect  on  which  the 
genus  is  founded,  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  unique  example,  which  has  been  so 
skilfully  drawn  and  dissected  by  Mr.  Westwood,  should  have  proved  insufficient 
for  the  detection  of  the  whole  of  its  oral  organs.     Nevertheless,  its  maxillae  and 
palpi  are  quite  perceptible  enough  to  attest  its  close  relationship  to  Orthopems  and 
Coryloplius,  were  indeed  further  evidence  of  its  affinities  necessary  than  that  which 
its  limbs  and  general  outward  contour  so  abundantly  supply.     It  is  curious  how- 
ever to  remark  how  the  enlargement  of  the  second  joint  of  the  palpi,  which  iu 
Coryloplius  extends  only  to  the  maxiUary  and  in  Arthr'olips  to  the  labial  ones,  is 
here  carried  out  in  both, — and  moreover  to  such  an  extent  that  it  would  seem 
(especially  in  the  maxillary  paii-)  to  monopolize  almost  the  entire  palpus  (thus 
constituting,  in  conjunction  with  the  extremely  acute,  aciculated  single  lobe  of  its 
maxillfe,  the  most  distinctive  feature  possessed).     Throughout  aU  the  Madeiran 
Coleoptera  there  is  certainly  no  form  more  interesting  than  Glceosoma,  or  which 
tends  to  establish  affinities  more  significant ;  for  whilst,  in  some  respects,  it  has  so 
much  in  common  with  even  the  typical  Corylophklce,  it  nevertheless  assimilates  so 
closely,  in  others,  many  of  the  early  members  of  the  Anisotomidce,  that,  at  first 
sight,  it  might  be  almost  questioned  to  which  of  the  families  it  ought  strictly  to  be 
referred.    Upon  the  whole,  however,  it  is  I  think  more  akin  to  Orthopems  than  to 
anything  else  ^ith  which  I  am  acquainted ;  though,  at  the  same  time,  its  10- 
articulated  antennce  and  marvellously  cursorial   natm-e  wiU,   apart  from   other 
characters  prima  facie  apparent,  at  once  separate  it  from  that  group  (in  which 

3q 


■^ 


482  JNSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  antennal  joints  are  but  nine  in  number  and  the  movements  comparatively 
sluggish). 

368.  Gloeosoma  velox,  WuU.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  7.) 

G.  rotundato-ovatum  valde  convexum  castaneum  glaberrimum  et  fere  impunctatum,  prothorace  rufes- 

centiore,  antennis  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  vix  ^. 

Habitat  Maderam  rarissime,  semel  tantum  (sub  lapide  ad  Praya  Formoza  prope  Funchal,  d.  8  Mail 
A.D.  1848)  detectum. 

G.  rounded-ovate,  very  convex,  of  a  reddish-chestnut  hue,  shining,  entirely  free  from  pubescence,  most 
minutely  and  closely  granulated,  and  with  exceedingly  shallow  and  most  delicately  impressed 
punctui'es  intermixed  on  the  elytra*,  though  not  apparently  on  the  prothorax  (this  peculiarity  of 
sculpture  being  only  distinguishable  beneath  the  microscope).  Prothorax  nearly  semicircular, 
nevertheless  slightly  notched  or  excavated  in  front,  so  as  to  allovr  the  head  to  be  partially  exposed ; 
convex,  somewhat  rufescent,  being  of  a  paler  and  clearer  colour  than  the  base  of  the  elytra 
(though  not  than  the  apex, — which  is  also  diluted  in  colouring).  Antennm  and  legs  pale  diluted 
testaceous. 

Apparently  of  the  greatest  rarity,  the  unique  example  from  which  the  above 
description  has  been  compiled  having  been  captured  by  myself,  from  beneath  a 
stone,  at  the  Praya  Formoza  near  Fimchal,  on  the  8th  of  May  1848, — where  I 
have  since  often  searched  for  it,  but  in  vain.  It  ran  with  the  most  amazing 
velocity  (a  peculiarity  which  may  perhaps,  in  conjunction  with  its  excessively 
minute  size,  be  one  of  the  principal  reasons  why  all  subsequent  investigations  have 
hitherto  failed  in  detecting  more). 


Sectio  XI.   ATRACHELIA. 
Fam.  44.  ANISOTOMID^. 

Genus  161.  STAGONOMORPHA,  Woll.    (Tab.  X.  fig.  8.) 

Corpus  minutissimuiu,  orbiculato-ovatum,  glaberrimum,  valde  convexum  :  capite  permagno  lato,  ad 
pectus  inter  otium  arete  ap])licato  (quarc  insectum  globulum  seminulumve  simularc  potest) ; 
oculis  magnis  rotundatis :  prothorace  amplo  laio  transverso,  antice  leviter  emarginato,  angulis 


*  When  viewed  beneath  a  high  microscopic  power  this  elytra!  sculpture  is  of  a  very  pecuHar  natm-e, 
each  of  the  small  shallow  "  punctures  "  appearing  to  be  composed  in  reality  of  two  (at  least,  if  not  of 
more)  excessively  minute  impressed  lines,  so  arranged  as  to  form  an  angle  (pointing  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion to  the  prothorax), — whicli,  in  coujuuetiouwith  the  closely-set  and  still  more  delicate  uuder-gramda- 
tions,  has  the  effect  of  roughening  the  entire  surface. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  483 

(sed  prsesertim  posticis)  rotundatis  :  smtello  magno  lato  subtriangulari :  elytris  brevibus,  apice 
fere  integris :  alls  obsoletis.  Antenna  (X.  8  a)  prothoracis  lougitudiue,  clavatre,  ante  oculos 
(sed  ab  illis  siibremotse)  insertse,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  valde  robustis  (illo  paulo  majore), 
inde  ad  octavum  gracilibus  latitudine  subfequalibus,  longitudine  (a  tertio  longiusculo)  paulatim 
decrescentibus,  reliquis  clavam  magnam  abruptam  triarticulatam  efficientibus  (imdecimo  subovato, 
ad  apicem  valde  truncato).  Labrmn  (X.  8i)  membranaceum  subquadratum,  antice  leviter  bilo- 
bum.  MandibulcE  (X.  8  c)  basi  latae,  apice  robustse  comese  acutissimse  incurvse,  infra  apicem  dente 
parvo  obtuso  instructs.  Maxilla  (X.  8  d)  loho  singula  recto  intus  dense  ciliato  instructse,  margine 
exteriore  magis  robusto  et  apice  leviter  producto  acutissimo.  Paljn  maxillares  fusiformes,  articulo 
primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  magnis  crassis  (hoc  illo  paulo  longiore),  ultimo  graciliore  cylin- 
drico :  labiates  (X.  8  e)  subclavati,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  ultimo  magnis  crassis  (hoc 
paulo  majore  et  ad  apicem  suboblique  truncato).  Mentum  subtriangulare,  antice  valde  trun- 
catum  emarginatum.  Ligula  elongata,  antice  tenuissime  membranacea  et  leviter  biloba.  Pedes 
breves  subcontractiles  :  tibiis  anticis  (X.  8/)  subcurvatis,  pone  apicem  externum  dente  minutissimo 
instruetis,  posterioribus  simplicibus  :  tarsis  4-articulatis,  articulo  tertio  profunde  bilobo  (sed,  nisi 
fallor,  alterum  minutissimum  inter  lobos  baud  recipiente),  ultimo  leviter  elongato  subclavato. 
A  (TTCvywv  gutta,  et  fiop(f)7]  figura. 

The  very  interesting  and  anomalous  little  beetles  from  wliicli  the  above  struc- 
tural diagnosis  has  been  drawn  out  would  seem  to  combine  so  many  of  the  elements 
of  the  various  modifications  of  the  Anisotomidre,  that,  even  had  they  not  possessed 
distinctive  peculiarities  of  their  own,  it  would  have  been  impossible  to  have  re- 
ferred them  to  any  of  the  recognised  groups.  Thus,  in  their  11-jointed  antennae 
and  general  aspect  they  partake  a  good  deal  of  AgatJikUnm ;  whilst  in.  their 
diminutive  bulk,  in  the  cylindrical  apes  of  their  maxillary  palpi,  and  in  their 
tetramerous*  feet,  they  assimilate  Calyptomerus.  The  latter  however  has  not  only 
two  lobes  to  its  maxillfe,  and  its  mandibles  constructed  on  a  different  type  from 
those  of  om*  present  insects ;  but  its  antennae  are  only  lO-jointed,  with  a  biarticu- 
lated  clava, — characters  wloich  obtaiu  in  Clambiis  likewise,  and  which  thus  equally 
prevent  us  from  referring  them  to  that  (otherwise  not  dissimilar)  genus.  The 
deeply  cordate  third  tarsal  joint,  however,  of  Stagonomorplia,  and  the  single  lobe 
of  its  masUliB  (the  hinder  edge  of  which  is  thickened  along  its  entu'e  length,  and 
acumiuated  at  its  extremity,  as  though  the  fii'st  indication  of  the  narrow  and 
aciculated  outer  portion  which  is  so  apparent  in  Clamhus  and  Ccdyptomeriis),  in 
conjunction  with  the  minute  tooth  near  to  the  external  angle  of  its  anterior  tibiae, 
its  obsolete  wings,  and  the  triarticulated  club  of  its  antennae  (which  are  iaserted 
at  a  considerable  distance  in  front  of  its  largely-developed  eyes,  and  have  theu* 

*  M.  Eedtenbacher,  in  bis  Fauna  Aiistriaca,  states  the  hinder  tarsi  of  Calyptomerus  to  be  triarticulate  ; 
but,  as  he  had  only  a  single  specimen  to  judge  from,  and  since  it  seems  pretty  evident  that  the  common 
Scapliidium  diMum  of  Blarsham  (the  Clamhus  Unsliamensis,  "Westsvood),  in  which  all  the  feet  (like  those 
of  the  true  Glamhi)  are  tetramerous,  is  a  member  of  the  same  genus  (albeit  perhaps  distinct  specifically 
from  his  alpestris),  there  is  sh-ong  reason  to  suspect,  as  Mr.  Haliday  has  -n-ell  remarked,  that  he  was 
mistaken  as  to  the  number, — an  hvpothesis  which  the  somewhat  obscure  natiu-e  of  the  tarsal  joints  would 
not  tend  to  render  the  less  probable. 

3q2 


484  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

ultimate  joint  greatly  truncated,  or  foreshortened,  at  the  tip),  will  be  at  once 
sufficient,  apart  from  obscurer  features,  to  separate  it  from  its  nearest  allies. 

Regarding  the  affinities  of  the  Anisotomldce  great  diversity  of  opinion  may  be 
said  stUl  to  exist, — some  authors  following  Latreille  and  the  older  naturalists  (as 
I  have  preferred  doing  in  the  present  instance),  and  so  passing,  by  means  of  it, 
from  the  Pseudotrimera  into  the  Heteromerous  Diaperldcs ;  whilst  others  station 
it  amongst  the  Necrophaga,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  SUphidce,  which  in  many 
respects  w^ould  certainly  seem  to  be  its  most  reasonable  position.  Still,  it  appears 
to  me  to  be  impossible  to  se2)arate  it  from  the  CorylopjJiida;  (the  connective  links 
having  been  already  pointed  out  and  discussed) ;  and  hence  it  would  become 
necessary,  I  imagine,  to  remove  that  family  also,  if  we  consider  the  Necvopliaga 
to  be  alone  capable  of  receiving  it, — a  step  which  the  subscribers  to  the  latter 
view  have  not  generally  adopted.  And  if  therefore,  as  I  apprehend  to  be  the  case, 
the  AnisotomidcB  and  CorylophidcB  cannot  in  a  natiu'al  system  be  placed  far  asunder, 
the  question  simply  becomes  whether  it  is  more  important  to  retain  the  former 
amongst  the  Necrophaga  than  the  latter  in  the  vicinitg  of  the  Coccinellldce.  With- 
out attempting  the  solution  of  tliis  difficult  jiroblcm,  I  have  chosen  here  the 
second  of  these  arrangements,  since  the  quacbiarticulate  feet  of  the  Corylophidce, 
in  conjunction  mth  the  other  details  of  theu*  structiu'e,  are  almost  luiiversally 
admitted  to  point  to  the  Pseudotrimera  as  then-  most  plausible  location;  whilst 
the  numerical  instability  in  the  tarsal  jomts  of  the  Anisotomldce,  in  which  the 
majorifij  of  the  species  are  heteromerous,  w^ould  equally  tend  to  constitute  them  a 
not  impracticable  passage  into  the  Atrachelia, — making  that  division  to  com- 
mence with  the  Diaperidce.  Nor  should  we  forget  that  so  completely  is  variable- 
ness the  very  essence  of  a  transition  group,  that,  when  we  find  great  mutability  to 
exist  in  any  series  of  characters,  we  are  even  a  priori  led  to  suspect  that  the 
assemblage  in  which  it  occurs  is  in  all  probability  connective  between  some  two 
others ;  and,  if  moreover  there  should  chance  to  be  a  liability  on  the  part  of  the 
insects  which  it  includes  to  assvime  a  particular  state  w^hich  attains  its  maximum 
in  a  recognised  department,  we  are  further  induced  to  believe  that  it  is  into  that 
section  which  one  of  its  extremes  must  conduct  us ; — a  case  which  is  exactly 
realized  in  the  great  numerical  inconstancy  and  the  heteromerous  tendency  of  the 
feet  of  the  Anisotomida;. 


369.  Stag-ouomoi-pha  sphserula,  vvoll    (Tab.  X.  fig.  8.) 
S.  orbiculato-ovata  uigra  glaberrima  et  fere  impunctata,  capite  prothoraceque  rufo-testaceis,  autenuis 

pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  coq).  lin.  \. 

Habitat  Maderam  borcalein  sylvaticam,  rarissime,   a  iiieipso  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  d.  23  Jul. 
A.D.  1850  capta. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  485 

S.  orbiculate-ovate  (or,  when  the  head  is  applied  to  the  chest,  completely  orbicular),  exceedingly 
convex,  deep  shining  black,  entirely  free  from  pubescence,  and  almost  impuuetate  (though,  under 
a  high  magnifying  power,  appearing  most  delicately  shagreened,  and  with  very  shallow,  minute 
and  distant  punctures  intermixed  on  the  elytra, — though  scarcely  upon  the  prothorax) .  Head 
and  prothorax  rufo-testaceous ;  the  former  large  and  somewhat  the  paler  of  the  two,  with  the  eyes 
black.     AntentKB  and  legs  diluted  testaceous. 

Exceedingly  rare ;  the  only  two  specimens  whicli  I  have  seen  having  been  taken 
by  myself  in  the  remote  region  of  the  Lombo  clos  Pecegueiros,  towards  the  western 
edge  of  the  Ribeu-a  do  Inferno,  on  the  23rd.  of  July  1850. 

370.  Stagonomorpha  unicolor,  TT'oU. 
S,  orbiculato-ovata  nigra  glaberrima  et  fere  impunctata,  antennis  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  ^. 

Habitat  in  iisdem  locis  ac  prsecedens  (cujus  forsan  varietas  est),  semel  tantum  reperta. 

S.  in  every  respect  similar  to  the  last,  only  (instead  of  the  head  and  prothorax  being  pale)  the  entire 
insect  (except  the  antenna  and  legs,  and  the  extreme  edges  of  the  prothorax,  which  are  diluted 
testaceous)  is  of  a  deep  black. 

Also  of  the  greatest  rarity  ;  and  in  fact  hitherto  unique.  Like  the  last,  it  was 
captured  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros, — where  I  brushed  it  from  out  of  the 
thick  vegetation,  beneath  the  trees,  towards  the  dusk  of  the  evening,  near  to  the 
particular  spot  known  as  the  Chao  das  Castanheiras  (where  my  tent  was  pitched). 
It  is  possible  that  it  may  be  merely  a  dark  variety  of  the  /S.  sphcerula  ;  neverthe- 
less, having  no  intermediate  links  of  colouring,  and  since  my  single  specimen  is  a 
trifle  smaller  than  that  species,  and  with  the  antenna?  perhaps  scarcely  so  long,  I 
have  not  ventured  to  amalgamate  them. 


Fam.  45.  DIAPERID^. 

Genus  162.  ELLIPSODES,  Wall.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  2.) 

Corpus  parvum,  ellipticum,  glaberrimum,  politissimum,  convexum :  prothorace  transverso,  postice 
elytrorum  latitudiue  et  illis  arete  applicato;  prostemo  postice  in  lobum  deplanatum  robustum 
inter  pedes  anticos  producto  :  metasterno  postice  anguste  bifido  :  elytris  subconnatis,  apice  acnmi- 
natis  :  abdomine  e  segmentis  ventralibus  quinque  composito  :  alls  obsoletis.  Antenna  (XI.  2  a) 
capite  prothoraceque  paulo  lougiores,  sub  frontis  margiue  laterali  ante  oculos  oblongos  insertfe, 
apicem  versus  (prsesertim  in  maribus)  leviter  incrassatfe,  articuhs  longitudine  subsequalibus, 
ultimo  ovato  apice  oblique  truncato.  Lahrum  (XL  2  b)  subcoriaceum  transversum,  antice  vix 
integrum  ciliatum.  Mandibulce  (XL  2  c  et  2d)  validae  corneae,  infra  apicem  dcnte  obtuso 
instructse,  unS,  in  medio  sinuata  et  membrana  auct^,  alterS.  angustiore  intus  curvata.  Maxilla 
(XL  2  e)  bilobae,  lobis  submembranaceis  pubescentibus ;  externa  majore  obtuso;  interna  incurvo 


486  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

acutiusculo.  Palpi  maxillares  elongati  clavati,  articulo  primo  vix  parvo  flexuoso,  secundo  multo 
longiore  subclavato,  tertio  breviore  primi  longitiulinc,  ultimo  magno  securiformi :  labiales  (XI.  2/) 
subclavati,  e  scapis  ligulse  connatis  surgentes,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  subajqualibus,  ultimo 
majore  elongate  subfusiformi  apice  lenter  truncate.  Mentum  subquadratum  basi  angustatum, 
apice  integrum.  Ligula  robusta  subcoriacea  lata,  antice  rotundata  ciliata.  Pedes  (XI.  2^)  sub- 
graciles  :  tibiis  parce  ct  minute  setosis :  tarsis  (XI.  2g,  2h,  2  i)  heteromeris,  articulis  simplicibus 
usque  ad  penultimum  longitudine  decrescentibus,  primo  (prsescrtim  in  posticis)  longiusculo, 
ultimo  subclavato  unguiculis  in  medio  obscure  denticulatis  munito. 

One  of  the  most  indigenous  genera  of  our  present  fauna ;  and  approaching 
nearer,  I  think,  in  habits  and  aflBjiity,  to  Scaphklema  of  Eedtcnhacher  than  to 
an^-thing  else  \\\i\\  which  I  am  acqu^ainted.  It  is  however  abundantly  distinct 
from  that  group, — receding  from  it  not  only  in  its  convexer  and  apterous  body, 
more  ample  and  posteriorly  broader  prothorax  {that  of  Scapliklema  being  narrower 
at  the  base  than  the  coleoptera,  and  moreover  very  deeply  excavated  in  front,  and 
■with  its  sides  strongly  margined),  and  in  its  imstriated,  subconnate  elytra ;  but 
likewise  in  points  even  more  purely  structiu'al,  since  its  mandibles  are  robustcr 
than  is  there  the  case,  neither  are  they  so  compressed,  nor  bifid  (although  biden- 
tate)  at  their  tips,  the  terminal  joint  of  its  maxillary  palpi  is  much  larger  and 
more  securiform,  its  ligula  is  thicker  and  anteriorly  rounder,  its  metasternum  is 
bipartite  behind  (instead  of  truncated  and  simple),  its  tibiae  are  powerfully  spinu- 
lose  (especially  at  the  extreme  apex, — where  also  the  two  internal  spines  are  much 
longer  than  those  of  that  genus),  and  its  claws  will  be  perceived  under  the 
microscope  to  be  minutely  denticulated  about  the  middle  of  their  inner  edge,  a 
circumstance  of  very  rare  occui'rence  in  the  Diaperidce.  In  its  elliptical  outline 
indeed  and  punctulated  surface,  as  well  as  in  its  obsolete  ^^iugs,  cloven  meta- 
sternum, and  spinulose  tibia?,  it  even  approximates  Zophosis  (in  which  however  the 
elytra,  instead  of  being  s?;6connate,  are  completely  soldered  together) ;  nevertheless 
it  not  only  wants  the  produced  hinder  prothoracic  angles,  and  the  peculiarly 
shaped  eyes,  which  are  there  so  conspicuous,  but  the  modifications  of  its  oral 
organs  (particularly  of  the  mentum,  which  is  comparatively  small,  and  narrowed 
at  the  base,  as  in  the  tj^pical  Dkqieridcc,  and  does  not  conceal  the  lower  parts  of 
the  mouth)  will  altogether  remove  it  from  the  whole  family  of  the  Fimeliadce. 

371.  Ellipsodes  glabratus.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  2.) 
E.  cilipticus  convexus  a^ncus  nitidissimus  glaber,  elytris  evidenter  punctulatis,  antennis  pedibusque 
t'errugineis,  tibiis  sjcpius  subiufuscatis. 
Var.  /3.  vix  major  obscurior  et  minutissimc  granulatus,  elytris  suturam  versus  subseriatim  punctu- 
latis, antennis  pedibusque  ferrugineis.    (Ins.  Deserta  Grandis.) 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1^-1  J. 

Sphceridium  glabratum,  Fab.  Ent.  Si/st.  i.  79  (teste  ]Mus°.  Banks".)  (1792). 
,  Fab.  S^/st.  Eleu.  i.  93  (1801). 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  487 

Habitat  m  montibus  Maderse,  ve!  per  regionem  sylvaticam  (sub  truucis  arboriim  prolapsis)  vel  sub 
lapidibus  iu  aperto,  inter  1800'  et  5000'  s.  m.,  toto  anno  frequens  :  var.  (3.  sola  ad  Desertani 
Grandeni  nisi  fallor  solam  pertinet. 

E.  ellijjtical,  dark  Eeneous,  exceedingly  convex,  highly  polished,  entirely  free  from  pubescence,  and 
minutely  punctulated  all  over  (the  punctui-es  however  being  more  apparent  on  the  elytra  than  on 
the  head  and  prothorax).  Antenna,  palpi,  and  %s  ferruginous  ;  the  first  rather  more  thickened, 
apically,  in  the  males  than  in  the  females ;  and  the  last  with  their  tibice  generally  more  or  less 
infuscated. 
Var.  /3.  a  trifle  longer  and  of  a  rather  darker  hue ;  not  quite  so  shining,  the  entire  surface  being 
most  minutely  granulated,  and  some  of  the  punctures  of  the  elytra  having  an  obscure  tendency 
to  be  disposed  in  rows  (especially  towards  the  suture), — a  peculiarity  which  is  very  rarely  trace- 
able in  the  Madeiran  specimens.  Antenna,  palpi,  and  legs  entirely  ferruginous.  (The  state 
peculiar  to  the  Dezerta  Grande.) 

Universal  throughout   the   mountainous   districts   of  Madeira, — appearing   to 
range  from  ahout  1800  to  5000  feet  above  the  sea,  though  attaiaing  its  maximum 
perhaps  midway  between  those  limits.     In  its  habits,  it  is  of  a  retiring  natm-e, 
and  avoids  the  light,  residing  either  beneath  stones  on  the  exposed  grassy  slopes, 
or  at  the  roots  of  trees  and  ranlc  vegetation  within  the  sylvan  regions.     It  would 
seem  to  exist  at  aU  seasons  of  the  year ;  nevertheless  it  is  more  particularly  abun- 
dant  dm-ing  the  sprmg  and  early  siunmer  months,     I  have  captured  it  on  most  of 
the  uplands  above  Funchal,  and  towards  the  head  of  the  Ribeu-o  de  Santa  Luzia, 
from  January  to  March  ;  at  the  edges  of  the  Curral  das  Ereii'as  in  April ;  in  the 
chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna  in  May ;  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas  ia  June ;  at  the 
Cruziahas  and  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueu-os  in  July ;  and  at  the  Feijaa  de  Corte 
and  the  Ribeii-o  Frio  in  August.     The  var.  (3.  is  the  form  peculiar  to  the  Dezerta 
Grande, — where  I  took  it,  sparingly,  from  under  stones,  during  my  encampment 
on  that  island  with  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  at  the  end  of  ]May  1850.     Although  but 
a  slight  aberration  from  the  normal  state,  it  is  interesting,  when  viewed  geogra- 
phically,— as   affording  an   additional   example   of  the   modifying   influences  of 
isolation  and  local  circumstances,  to  those  which  have  been  ah-eady  enimierated. 
Fabricius,  who  fh-st  characterized  the  species  from  a  Madeu-an  specimen  (still  to  be 
seen  ia  the  Banksian  collection  of  the  linnsean  Society),  evidently  feU  into  some 
confusion  respecting  it, — since  he  not  only  reports  it  as  black,  whereas  it  is  entirely 
and  invariably  seneous,  and  identifies  it  with  the  Si)li(BricUum  fmciini  of  Olivier, 
with  which  it  has  nothing  in  common ;  but  he  even  states  that  it  (or  at  any  rate  an 
insect  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  it)  occurs  likewise  in  Germany  !  (which  is 
almost  too  absurd  to  require  refutation).     Indeed,  had  his  diagnosis  and  reference 
been  alone  extant,  it  would  have  been  perfectly  impossible  to  have  recognised 
Ellipsodes  in  either  of  them ;  but,  siuce  he  expressly  records  it  as  Madeiran,  and 
since  the  original   example  is  in  preservation  (so  as  to  leave  no  doubt  on  the 
subject),  the  name  of  glabratus,  in  spite  of  his  errors  both  in  identification  and 
description,  must,  according  to  the  laws  of  priority,  be  retained. 


488  •  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  163,  PHALERIA. 
Latreille,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Cruet,  et  Ins.  iii.  162  (1802). 

Corpus  parvxim,  elliptico-ovatum,  supra  glabrum,  vel  subconvexum  vel  siibdepressum :  prothorace 
postice  elyti'orum  vix  latitudine,  modo  (ut  in  specie  Maderensi)  antice  acuminato,  modo  ad  latera 
stibparallelo :  metasterno  postice  late  et  minus  profunde  bifido :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna  capite 
prothoraceque  paulo  breviores,  fere  ut  in  genere  prsecedente ;  apicem  versus  raonilifonnes  letter 
incrassatse,  articulo  primo  robusto  longiusculo  flexuosOj  secundo  breviusculo,  tertio  paulo  longiore, 
ultimo  ovato  basi  truncato.  Lahrum  transversum,  antice  vis  integrum  et  dense  ciliatum.  Man- 
dibulce  vaUda;  cornese,  apice  bifidse,  una  in  medio  fisso-sLnuata  et  membrana  aucta,  altera  angus- 
tiore  intus  curvata.  Maxilla  et  palpi  fere  ut  in  Ellipsodes,  sed  horum  articidus  ultimus  in 
maxillaribus  (brevioribus)  minus  robustus,  in  labialibus  ovatior  ad  apicem  oblique  truncatus  et 
minus  acuminatus.  Mentum  subquadrato-transversum,  basi  leviter  angustatum,  apice  integrum. 
Ligula  submembranacea,  antice  leviter  biloba  ciliata.  Pedes  robusti :  tibiis  valdc  spinulosis, 
anficis  compressis  apicem  versus  late  dilatatis :  tarsis  heteromeris ;  posterioribus  elongatis,  arti- 
culis  usque  ad  penultimum  longitudine  decrescentibus  (prime  longiuscido). 

The  PhalericB  may  be  readily  known  by  theii"  pallid  hue  and  sj)inulose  tibiae 
(tlie  anterior  pair  of  which  arc  greatly  dilated  towards  their  apex),  and  by  their 
apterous  and  more  or  less  ovate  bodies.  They  are  insects  which  are  eminently 
constituted  for  Intrrowing  in  the  sand,  and  are  usually  to  be  found  beneath  marine 
rejectamenta,  or  decaying  animal  substances,  on  the  sea-shore.  In  such  situations 
they  are  often,  like  many  of  the  Necrophaga,  exceedingly  gregarious ;  for  I  have 
frequently  remarked  that,  by  digging  just  below  the  surface,  abvmdance  of  speci- 
mens may  be  brought  to  light  in  spots  where  only  single  ones  were  externally  to 
be  seen.  The  species  are  not  very  numerous,  but  are  widely  distributed  over  the 
\\orld.  Two  or  thi-ee  only  are  stated  to  be  European ;  but  others  are  reported  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  North  and  South  America,  and  Kamtschatka. 

372.  Phaleria  ciUata,  Woll. 

P.  elliptico-ovata  testacea  subconvexa  vix  nitida  et  subtilissime  punctulata,  prothorace  glabro  antice 
subangustato,  postice  foveola  longitudinali  abbreviata  utrinque  impresso,  elytris  leviter  striatis, 
vel  omnino  pallidis  vel  macula  obsojetissima  central!  in  singido  ])osita  ornatis,  ad  latera  ciliatis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  2^-2,}. 

Habitat  per  oram  Portus  Sancti  maritimam,  a  meipso  AprUi  exeunte  a.d.  1848  copiosissime  lecta. 

P.  elliptical-ovate,  testaceous,  rather  convex,  very  slightly  shining,  and  most  minutely  punctulated  all 
over.  Prothorax  glabrous,  acuminated  in  fi-ont,  and  slightly  narrower  at  the  base  than  the 
cok'optera;  with  a  small  abbreviated  longitudinal  impression  on  either  side  behind.  Elytra 
rather  paler  and  more  opakc  than  the  prothorax,  and  with  the  sides  rounded  (tlie  broadest  part 
being  a  little  behind  the  base) ;  finely  striated,  and  with  the  lateral  edges  ciliated  with  strong 
hairs;  sometimes  with  a  very  obscure  cloud  on  the  disk  of  each, — but  usually  altogether  pale. 
Antenna  and  legs  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  surface. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  489 

A  species  intermediate,  in  size  and  proportions,  between  the  European  P.  cada- 
verina  and  hemisjjhcerica, — its  elliptical  outHne,  however,  and  anteriorly  acximi- 
nated  prothorax,  in  conjunction  with  its  convexer  and  more  finely  punctulated 
upper  STirface,  at  once  separating  it  from  every  variety  of  the  former ;  whilst  its 
superior  bulk  and  darker  hue,  added  to  its  more  distinctly  sculptured  and  opaker 
body,  the  minute  hinder  fovese  of  its  pronotum,  and  its  submaculated  elytra,  will 
equally  remove  it  from  the  latter.  In  the  strongly  cUiated  edges  of  its  elytra  it 
recedes  alike  from  them  both.  It  is  apparently  exceedingly  local,  and  confined,  so 
far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  the  island  of  Porto  Santo, — where,  in  April  of 
1848,  I  took  it  in  abundance,  from  beneath  the  remains  of  dead  fish,  on  the 
southern  beach,  about  a  mile  to  the  westward  of  the  Ciddde. 


Fam.  46.  TENEBRIONID-ffil. 

Genus  164.  CERANDRIA. 

(Dejean,  Cat.  222)  Lucas,  Col.  Je  VAlgerie,  245  (1849). 

Corpus  parvum,  sublineari-elongatum :  capite  in  maribus  bicorni  necnon  ad  frontis  latera  valde  ex- 
planato-recurvo :  prothorace  antice  dilatato :  metasterno  postice  anguste  bifido :  alls  amplis. 
Antenna  prothorace  vix  longiores,  apicem  versus  mouiliformes  et  leviter  incrassatse,  articulo  primo 
longiusculo  flexuoso,  secmido  breviusculo,  tertio  paulo  longiore,  ultimo  subovato.  Labrum  trans- 
versum,  antice  rotundatum  pilosum.  Mandibula  validae  cornese  ;  in  foemina  ad  apicem  bifidse  et 
in  medio  leviter  sinuatse ;  in  mare  longissimee  robustae  porrectse,  ad  apicem  reflexEe  acutae  integrse 
(margine  interno  crenulato),  ad  basin  dente  magno  transverso  bifido  instructs.  Maxillce  bilobse, 
lobis  pubescentibus,  inferno  parvo  acutiusculo.  Palpi  subclavati;  mawillares  articulo  primo 
parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  crassioribus  (hoc  breviore),  ultimo  elongate  subsecuriformi- 
ovato ;  labiales  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  paulo  majore,  ultimo  elongato  subfusiformi  apice 
oblique  truncato.  Mentum  transversum,  antice  leviter  emarginatum.  Liffula  submembranacea, 
antice  cihata  et  vix  Integra.  Pedes  mediocres:  tibiis  subtilissime  pubescentibus,  ad  apicem 
externum  subtruncatis,  per  marginem  exteriorem  obscurissime  subcrenulatis  :  tarsis  heteromens ; 
anticis  articulis  primo  et  secundo  subtus  productis ;  posterioribus  (sed  prsesertim  posticis)  articulo 
primo  longiuscxilo. 

In  their  habits,  size,  and  colouring,  the  present  genus  and  Tribolhmi  are  nearly 
coincident ;  nevertheless  the  former  may  be  at  once  recognised  from  the  latter  (in 
which,  unlike  Cerandria,  the  sexes  are  similar)  by  its  longer  and  less  clavate 
antennse,  more  convex  and  anteriorly  dUated  prothorax,  by  its  somewhat  more 
shining  surface,  punctate-striated  elytra  and  narrower  fore-tibise,  and  by  the  struc- 
ture of  the  first  two  joints  of  its  fr-ont  feet  (which  are  produced,  or  acuminated, 
beneath), — whilst  the  enormous  development  and  recurvation,  not  only  of  the 
mandibles,  but  also  of  the  lateral  edges  of  the  clypeus,  of  the  males,  in  conjunction 
with  the  corneous  processes  on  the  hinder  portion  of  their  forehead,  will  prevent 
the  possibility  of  confounding  them  at  aU  events  with  anything  else.     Like  so 

3  R 


490  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

many  of  the  Tenebr ionic! ce,  the  single  species  which  represents  it  is  attendant  upon 
civilization, — subsisting  on  grain,  and  other  articles  of  commerce,  and  so  becoming 
constantly  liable  to  transmission  throughout  the  world. 

373.  Cerandria  comuta. 
C.  sublineari-elongata  rufo-ferruginea  subnitida,  prothoracc  subconvexo  antice  lato  subtilissime  punc- 
tulato,  elytris  punctato-striatis  subdepressis. 
Mas,  paulo  major,  mandibulis  magnis  porrectis  recurvis,  fronte  postice  bicorni,  fronteque  ad  latera 
valdc  recurvo-ampliata. 
Long,  coi-p.  lin.  1^-2^. 

Trogosita  cornuta,  Fab.  Snt.  Syst.  Suppl.  51  (1798). 
Phaleria  eormita,  Latr.  Gen.  Crust,  et  Ins.  ii.  175  (1807). 
Uloma  cornuta,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  10  (1832). 
Cerandria  cornuta,  Dej.  Cat.  (3»'°=  edit.)  222  (1837). 
■ ,  Lucas,  Col.  dc  VAlgerie,  315  (1819). 

Habitat  in  domibus  officinisque  pistoriis  Maderse,  et  borealis  et  australis,  non  infrequens :  exemplar 
uniciim  (a  meipso  forsan  illuc  pane  ablatum)  etiam  in  ins.  Deserta  Grandi  Maio  exeuntc 
.\.D.  1850  legi. 

C.  sublinear-elongatc,  bright  rufo-ferruginous,  and  slightly  shining.  Head  and  profkurax  closely 
and  finely  punctulated :  the  fonncr  with  the  forehead  rounded  in  the  females,  a  little  expanded  and 
elevated  before  the  eyes,  and  slightly  depressed  in  front, — but  in  the  males  (whieh  have  also  the 
mandibles  immensely  developed  and  recurved)  with  the  sides  greatly  dilated  and  recurved, 
causing  the  anterior  portion  to  be  bisinuated,  or  produced  into  a  depressed  central  lobe ; 
simple  behind  in  the  females,  but  armed  with  two  large  horn-like  prominences  in  the  males :  the 
latter  convex,  considerably  widened  in  front,  with  the  extreme  posterior  angles  well-defined  and 
a  little  prominent,  and  with  a  vei-y  minute  abbrenated  impression  on  either  side  (near  the 
margin)  behind.  Elytra  subdepressed  and  punctate-striated;  the  interstices  most  minutely 
punctulated  (the  punctures  having  a  shght  tendency  to  be  arranged  in  rows).  Legs,  and 
antenna  at  apex,  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

Unquestionably  an  introduced  insect  from  more  northern  latitudes ;  never- 
theless it  has  been  long  a  resident  in  the  island,  since  Fabricius  says  of  it  in  1801, 
"  Habitat  in  Madera  frumentum  destruens."  His  original  specimens,  described  in 
1798,  were  from  Tangier,  and  it  is  recorded  by  M.  Lucas  as  occiu'ring  beneath  the 
bark  of  trees  in  Algeria ;  so  that  it  is  not  impossible  that  the  southern  Mediterra- 
nean limits  may  have  been  one  of  its  original  centres  of  diffusion,— even  though  it 
be  now  uatm-alizcd  throughout  a  large  portion  of  the  ci\"ilized  world.  In  ^ladeira 
it  would  seem  to  be  confined  to  houses  and  granaries  in  and  around  the  towns, 
where  it  is  at  times  tolerably  abundant.  In  May  of  1850,  however,  I  captiu'ed  a 
single  example  even  on  the  Dezerta  Grande ;  but  since  it  was  found  in  the  imme- 
diate Wcinity  of  my  tent,  I  believe  it  to  have  been  accidentally  imported  thither, 
with  provisions,  from  Funchal. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  491 

Genus  165.  TRIBOLIUM. 

MacLefiy,  Ann.  Javan.  47  (1825). 

Corpus  parvum,  lineari-elongatum  :  capite  in  utroque  sexu  simplice  necnon  ad  frontis  latera  vix  expla- 
nato :  prothorace  antice  vix  latiore :  metasterno  postice  vix  bifido  :  alis  auiplis.  AntenruB  pro- 
thorace  paulo  breviores,  apicem  versus  clavatoe  (clava  triarticulata  parum  laxa),  articulis  primo  et 
secundo  brevibus,  tertio  paulo  longiore,  ultimo  rotundato-ovato  basi  truncato.  Labrum,  maxilla, 
palpi,  mentum  et  ligula  fere  ut  in  Ceraudria,  sed  palporum  maxillarium  articulus  ultimus  minus 
securiformis.  Mandibula  validse  cornese,  apice  leviter  bifidse,  una  in  medio  fisso-sinuata,  altera 
leviter  curvata.  Pedes  breviusculi :  tibiis  subtilissime  pubescentibus,  ad  apicem  externum  baud 
truncatis ;  anticis  apicem  versus  leviter  dilatatis ;  anterioribus  interdum  (ut  in  specie  Madcrensi) 
per  marginem  exteriorem  obscure  crenulatis  :  tarsis  heteromeris ;  posticis  articulo  primo  lon- 
giusculo. 

As  may  be  gathered  from  the  observations  abeady  offered,  Tribolmm  may  be 
distinguished  from  Cerandria  (with  which  in  many  particulars  it  agrees)  by  its 
more  linear  form  (the  prothorax  being  scarcely  at  all  widened  in  front),  by  its 
shorter  and  more  clavated  antennce  (the  basal  articulation  of  which  is  exceedingly 
small),  by  its  more  depressed,  opaker  surface,  somewhat  dilated  anterior  tibia?  (the 
external  angle  not  being  truncated  off,  as  is  the  case  in  that  genus),  by  the 
different  sculptm'e  of  its  elytra,  and,  above  all,  by  the  outward  resemblance  of  its 
sexes  (the  various  male  developments  being  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  featiu*es 
of  Cerandria).  MacLeay,  who  was  the  first  to  characterize  the  group  (in  1825), 
described  it  as  pentamerous  and  placed  it  amongst  the  Necrophaga,  which  was 
clearly  however  an  error, — perhaps  partially  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  of  his 
having  but  a  single  specimen  to  judge  from.  Its  relation  with  the  Cohjdiadce 
indeed  would  seem  to  be  merely  a  superficial  one, — since  it  not  only  embodies  all 
the  peculiarities  of  the  present  section  of  the  Heteromera,  but  entirely  wants  the 
10-jointed  antennae,  bipartite  club  and  quadri-articulate  feet,  the  primary  elements 
of  that  division.  Nevertheless  with  the  kindred  family  of  the  Trogositkl(S  it  may 
perhaps  have  some  distant  affinity,  since  both  in  structvu*e  and  habits  it  possesses  a 
good  deal  in  common  with  it.  That  MacLeay's  insect  is  identical  with  the  Tene- 
brio  ferrugineus  of  Fabricius,  an  examination  of  the  original  type,  still  preserved 
in  the  East  India  Company's  Museimi  in  London,  enables  me  to  decide;  and 
althouijh  the  careless  manner  in  which  it  is  mounted  conceals  the  hinder  tarsi 
altogether  from  view,  yet,  if  there  is  no  question  concerning  it  speclficalli/,  there 
can  certainly,  a  fortiori,  be  none  respecting  the  genus, — so  that  there  is  no  doubt 
that  MacLeay  was  mistaken  in  regarding  it  as  otherwise  than  heteromerous. 

374.  Tribohum  ferrugiaeiun. 

T.  lineari-elongatum  rufo-ferrugineum  subopacum  depressum,  protborace  subtiliter  punctulato,  elytris 

latera  versus  elevato-striatis,  interstitiis  minutissime  sub-biseriatim  punctulatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  Ij-lf . 

3  R  2 


492  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Tenebrio  ferrugineus,  Tab.  Spec.  Ins.  i.  324  (1781). 

Cohjdium  casfaneuvi,  Herbst,  Kdf.  vii.  282.  tab.  112.  fig.  13  E  (1797). 

Ips  testacea,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  Suppl.  179  (1798). 

Triboliwm  castanewm,  MacLeay,  Ann.  Javan.  47  (1825). 

Steneferruginea,  Stcph.  lU.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  9  (1832). 

Margiisferruginem,  Dej.  Cat.  (3'^>°<^  edit.)  222  (1837). 

Habitat  in  domibus  mercatorumque  repositoriis  Maderse  ubique  v'ulgare,  ex  alienis  certe  introductum. 

T.  linear-elongate  (being  of  nearly  the  same  breadth  throughout)  and  narrow,  dull  rufo-ferruginous, 
nearly  opake,  and  depressed.  Head  and  prothorax  veiy  closely  puuctulated  (but  not  quite  so 
finely  as  in  tlie  Cerandria  curnuta) ;  the  former  with  the  forehead  rounded,  a  Uttle  expanded  and 
elevated  before  the  eyes,  and  depressed  in  front ;  the  latter  transverse-quadrate  (being  scarcely 
at  all  widened  anteriorly),  with  the  posterior  angles  less  defined  than  those  of  the  last  insect,  and 
with  a  shallow  longitudinal  fovea  on  either  side  behind.  Elytra  with  slightly  elevated  striae,  very 
apparent  towards  the  sides,  but  evanescent  on  their  common  disk ;  the  interstices  with  a  usually 
double  series  of  minute  punctures  down  each.  Legs,  and  (especially)  the  club  of  the  antenna,  of 
a  rather  paler  colour  than  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

A  universal  insect  throughout  the  ciTilized  world,  being,  like  the  last  one, 
liable  to  dissemination  with  various  articles  of  commerce.  It  is  moreover  less 
exclusively  granivorous  in  its  habits,  feeding  occasionally  on  di'ied  animal  sub- 
stances (like  TroQosita  and  some  of  the  Do'inestkhe),  and  being  at  times  A'ery 
destructive  to  collections  of  insects, — residing  in  the  cre\ices  of  the  boxes,  and 
devouring  not  only  the  cement  by  which  they  are  held  together,  but  even  the 
specimens  themselves.  It  is  abundant  in  Madeu'a,  especially  about  dwellings  and 
warehouses  in  and  near  Funchal ;  and  it  may  be  often  observed  crawHng  up  the 
walls  of  the  buildings,  in  company  with  the  Loimophlceus  pusillus,  Cryptophagus 
(iffinis  and  the  Sifophilus  Or y zee,  in  considerable  nimibers. 


Genus  166.  BOROMORPHUS.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  9.) 

Motschulsky,  in  litt. 

Corpus  parvum,  elongatum,  pubescens :  fronte  ad  latera  leviter  explanato-subrecurv.l,  ad  apicem 
depressa  subtruncata :  prothorace  elongato,  autice  dilatato :  mesosteiiio  cyliudrico,  supcrne 
interdum  conspicuo  :  metastemo  postice  vix  bifido  :  elytris  subconnatis  :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna 
prothoraeis  longitudine,  sub  frontis  margine  laterali  ante  oculos  insertse,  subfiliformes  (apicem 
versus  \-ix  incrassatse),  articulo  primo  leviter  robusto  basi  flexuoso,  secundo  paulo  breviore,  tertio 
longiusculo,  rehquis  longitudine  suba'quahbus  (ultimo  subovato  basi  truncato).  Labrum(^l.2a) 
transversuni  pilosum,  autice  integrum.  Mandibulm  vahdje  comese,  intus  arcuato-sinuatae  et 
membrana  auctic,  extus  ad  basin  fissse,  una  apice  profuudc  bifida  et  infra  apicem  dente  obtuso 
obscuro  instructa,  altera  apice  lenter  bifida  et  infra  apicem  dente  magno  instructs..  Maxilla 
(XI.  9  b)  bilob.ie,  lobis  apice  pubescentibus  ;  externa  magno  lato ;  interna  multo  brenore  angus- 
tiore  minuto.  Palpi  elongati  subclavati ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo  extus  sinuato,  secundo 
et  tertio  majoribus  crassioribus  (hoc  paulo  breviore),  ultimo  elongato  crassiusculo  subsecuriformi- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


493 


ovato ;  laliales  (XI.  9  c)  e  scapis  ligiilre  connatis  surgentes,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  paulo 
majore,  ultimo  elongate  fusiformi-ovato.  Mentum  ampluu:  subquadratum,  basi  leviter  con- 
strictum,  antice  truncatum  et  in  medio  excavatum.  Ligula  membranacea,  antice  valde  pdosa 
truncata.  Pedes  subgraciles  :  tibiis  subtdissime  pubescentibus,  ad  apicem  externum  subtruncatis  : 
tarsis  heteromeris ;  posterioribus  (sed  prfflsertim  posticis)  articulo  primo  longiusculo ;  ultmio  m 
omnibus  elongato  subclavato  infra  (apicem  versus)  producto,  unguiculis  magnis  simplicibus  munito. 
A  Boros  (genus  Coleopterorum),  et  fiopj>r)  figura. 

The  very  interesting  little  beetle  from  wMch  the  above  structural  diagnosis  has 
been  drawn  out  is  somewhat  related  to  Boros  of  Herbst,  though  at  the  same  time 
with  abundant  distinctive  features  of  its  own.     It  may  be  readily  known  from 
that  genus  by  its  comparatively  diminutive  bulk  and  apterous  body,  by  its  pilose, 
almost  opake  surface  and  subconnate  elytra,  by  its  slenderer  and  filiform  antennae 
(those  of  Boros  being  terminated  by  a  weU-deflned  triarticulated  club),  by  its 
entire  (instead  of  centrally-bifid)  upper  lip,  its  more  dentate  mandibles  (which 
have  a  deep  fissure  at  then-  outer  base),  by  its  subclavate  palpi,  the  exceedingly 
minute  size  of  its  inner  maxiUary  lobe,  and  by  the  more  membranous  and  less 
robust  texture  of  its  Ugula.     It  is  one  of  the  most  indigenous  members  of  our 
fauna,  occurring  on  nearly  every  island  of  the  group.     It  is  found  principally 
beneath  stones  on  the  exposed  maritime  slopes  of  rather  low  elevations,  especially 
those  of  a  hot  and  southern  aspect.     It  appears  to  be  a  good  deal  allied  to  the 
Boros  Tagenioides  of  Lucas  {Col.  cle  VAlgerie,  338.  pi.  30.  fig.  9),  although  with 
very  decided  characters  for  specific  separation :  generically  however  the  Algerine 
and  Madeiran  representatives   are   probably  coincident.     Dejean's   unpublished 
genus  Lamus,  proposed  for  the  reception  of  a  small  insect  from  Sicily,  wiU  perhaps 
be  found  to  coincide  with  Boromorphus ;  but,  ha\dng  had  only  a  single  spechnen 
for  examination  (communicated  by  M.  DeyroUe  of  Paris),  I  have  not  been  able  to 
satisfy  myself  of  this  from  actual  dissection. 

375.  Boromorphus  Maderae,  Woll.    (Tab.  XI.  %.  9.) 

B.  angusto-elongatus  ferrugineus  subopacus  falvescenti-pubescens  et  profunde  punctatus,  prothorace 

antice  latiusculo,  capite  basin  versus  elytrisque  picescentibus,  pedibus  vix  pallidioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  I3— l^- 

Habitat  in  locis  subinfcrioribus  apricis  Madera;  Portusque  Sancti,  sub  lapidibus  et  scoriis,  ab  autumno 
usque  ad  ver  novum  vulgaris. 

B.  elongated,  narrow,  ferruginous,  almost  opake,  slightly  convex,  and  sparingly  clothed  with  long 
silken  fulvescent  pubescence.  Head  and  prothorax  very  closely  and  rather  coarsely  punctured : 
the  former  usually  picescent ;  with  the  forehead  a  Uttle  expanded  and  elevated  before  the  eyes,  and 
depressed,  truucated  and  a  little  paler  in  front :  the  latter  widened  anteriorly,  with  an  impunctate 
central  line,  margined  at  the  sides,  and  with  the  extreme  hinder  angles  a  little  prominent.  Elytra 
much  darker  than  the  prothorax,  and  usually  rather  darker  than  the  head,  being  of  a  reddish-  or 


494  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

brownish-piceous,  with  the  sides  shghtly  rounded  (the  broadest  part  being  abowt  the  middle) ; 
the  punctures  large  and  rather  rugose,  and  with  a  slight  tendency  to  be  disposed  in  rows ;  and 
with  the  margin  a  little  prominent  and  roughened  at  the  humeral  angles.  Antenna  and  legs 
(especially  the  latter)  of  a  brighter  colour  than  the  rest  of  the  insect, — being  generally  rufo- 
ferruginous. 

A  common  insect  throughout  Madeira  at  low  elevations ;  especially  towards  the 
southern  coast, — occurring  in  grassy  spots,  beneath  stones,  on  most  of  the  sunny 
slopes  facing  the  sea.  It  appears  to  be  more  particularly  abundant  from  the 
autumn  to  the  following  spring.  I  have  taken  it  in  profusion  along  the  cliffs  to 
the  eastward  of  Funchal,  as  far  as  the  Cabo  Gcrajao,  in  October  and  Xorember ; 
in  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe's  garden,  at  the  Levada,  in  Febru.ary ;  at  the  Praya  For- 
moza,  and  on  the  Pico  do  Cardo,  in  March  and  April ;  as  also  m  Porto  Santo  at 
the  beginning  of  May.  It  delights  in  the  hottest  aspects,  secreting  itself  under 
loose  scoriae, — from  which,  owing  to  the  ramifications  and  hollows  with  which 
they  are  perforated,  and  into  which  it  suddenly  retreats  on  being  exposed  to  the 
light,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  extricate  it. 


Genus  167.  CALCAR. 

(Dcjean,  Cat.  a.d.  1S21)  Latreille,  E'eg.  Animal  (2''"=  edit.),  v.  25  (1829). 

Corpus  mediocre,  lineari-elongatum  :  fronte  ad  latera  vix  elevata,  ad  apicem  depressa  et  plus  minusve 
emarginata :  prothorace  elongato-subquadrato,  posticc  vix  angustato,  ad  angulos  (prjesertim 
posticos)  rotundato  :  metasteriw  postice  vix  bifido :  a/is  amplis.  Antenna  prothorace  paulo  lon- 
giores,  subfiliformcs,  apicem  versus  mouiliformes  vix  incrassatse,  articulo  primo  leviter  robusto 
breviusculo,  secundo  brcvi,  tertio  longiore,  reliquis  longitudine  subaequahbus  (ultimo  subovato 
basi  truncato).  Labrum  sul)quadratuni  postice  angustatum,  apice  truncatum  integrum  cihatum. 
Mandibula  validoe  cornefe,  intus  in  medio  profunde  fisso-sinuatfe  et  membraua  auctsc.  Maxilla 
biloba;,  lobis  pubescentibus ;  externa  lato  apice  setoso ;  interna  paulo  minore,  apicem  versus 
internum  longe  pectinato-setoso.  Palpi  clavati ;  maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo  extus  sinuato, 
secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  crassioribus  (hoc  minore),  ultimo  magno  subsecuriformi  incrassato ; 
labiates  post  ligulam  inscrti,  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  majore  crassiore,  ultimo  subpyriformi 
basi  flexuoso.  Mentum  subquadratum  basi  angustatum,  apice  vix  integrum,  angulis  anticis  veluti 
e  duplici  parte  formatis,  alia  deplanata  ampliato-rotimdata,  alia  elevata  angulata.  Ligula  cornea, 
basi  augustata,  antice  dilatata  truncata.  Pedes  validi  clongati :  femoribus  anticis  leviter  incras- 
satis :  tibiis  ad  apicem  externum  subtruncatis ;  anterioribus  (sed  prccsertim  anticis)  subcurvatis  et 
ad  apicem  internum  leviter  productis  {posticis,  in  maribus,  dente  medio  obtuso  interne  instructis) : 
tai'sis  heteromeris. 

The  genus  Calcar  presents  abundant  points  of  singularity  which  will  serve  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  neighbouring  groups, — its  narrow,  shining  body  and  elon- 
gated prothorax  (which,  unlike  that  of  Tenehrio,  has  the  angles,  especially  the 
basal  ones,  olituse  or  rounded  off),  in  conjimction  with  its  slightly  cm-ved  four 
anterior  tibiye,  and  the  blunt  tooth  in  the  centre  of  the  inner  margin  of  its  hinder 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  495 

male  paii*,  giving  it  a  peciiliar  character  wliich  it  is  not  difficult,  even  at  first 
sight,  to  appreciate.  Its  oral  organs,  moreover,  offer  many  well-marked  featui-es, 
— amongst  which  the  strongly  setose  or  pectinated  internal  lobe  of  its  maxillae, 
the  remarkable  insertion  of  its  labial  palpi,  which  arise  from  behind  the  ligula 
(this  last,  also,  being  unusually  robust  and  corneous),  and,  above  aU,  the  curious 
structm'e  of  the  front  angles  of  its  mentum,  which  are  composed  of  two  parts  (one 
in  the  same  plane  as  the  rest  of  the  surface,  and  rounded,  whilst  the  other  is  more 
acute,  though  lamelliform,  and  raised  above  it),  should  be  particularly  noticed. 

376.  Calcar  elongatus. 

C.  lineari-elongatus  angustus  niger  nitidus  depressus,  capite  prothoraceque  crebre  punctulatis,  hoc 
elongato-subquadrato  postice  vix  angustato,  elytris  crenato-striatis  interstitiis  minutissime  punc- 
tulatis, anteunis  pedibusque  piceis. 
Mas,  tibiis  posticis  intus  in  medio  xmidentatis. 
Variat  (immaturus)  colore  piceo,  vel  etiam  obscure  ferrugineo. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3i— Ij. 

Tenehrio  elongatus,  Herbst,  Eiif.  vii.  259.  pi.  112.  f.  2  (1797). 
Trogosita  calcar.  Fab.  Syst.  Eleu.  i.  153  (ISOl). 
Calcar  elongatus,  Lucas,  Col.  de  VAlgerie,  337  (184!9). 

Habitat  in  Maderse  apricis  maritimis,  tempore  hiberno  et  vernali,  sub  lapidibus  non  infrequens :  in 
planitia  mox  supra  Praya  Formoza  sita  mensibus  Martio  et  Aprili  interdum  abundat,  necnon  ad 
Cabo  Gerajao  Jauuario  ineunte  a.d.  1851  detexit  cl.  Dom.  Heer. 

C.  linear-elongate,  narrow,  black  (when  immatui'e,  piceous  or  almost  ferruginous),  shining  and 
depressed.  Head  and  prothorax  closely  punctured ;  the  former  with  the  forehead  very  slightly 
expanded  and  elevated  before  the  eyes,  depressed  and  emarginated  in  front ;  the  latter  elongate- 
quadrate,  a  little  narrowed  behind,  and  with  all  the  angles  (though  especially  the  posterior  ones) 
rounded  off.  Elytra  parallel,  crenate-striated ;  and  with  the  interstices  most  minutely  punctu- 
lated.  AntemuB  and  legs  bright  piceous ;  the  two  hinder  tibia  of  the  males  with  a  strong  tooth 
in  the  centre  of  the  inner  margin. 


'&'• 


Tolerably  common,  beneath  stones,  on  the  cliffs  both  to  the  east  and  west  of 
Funchal,  during  the  winter  and  spring  months, — and,  like  the  last  insect,  more 
especially  attached  to  warm,  sujiny  situations,  of  a  southern  aspect.  I  have  not 
hitherto  observed  it  in  the  north  of  the  island,  nor  above  the  altitude  of  a  thousand 
feet.  On  the  comparatively  level  ledge  of  ground  immediately  overlooking  the 
Praya  Formoza  I  took  it  plentifully,  in  March  and  April  of  1848 ;  and  Professor 
Heer  of  Zurich,  diu'ing  his  late  residence  in  Madeka,  detected  it,  at  the  beginning 
of  January,  on  the  Cabo  Gerajao  or  Brazen  Head.  It  is  a  species  of  Mediterra- 
nean latitudes,  occurring  both  in  the  south  of  Eiu'ope  and  in  Algeria, — though 
only,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  maritime  districts.  It  was  recorded  as  Madeiran, 
by  Fabricius,  so  early  as  the  year  1801. 


496  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  168.  TENEBRIO. 

Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  edit.  vi.  (1748). 

Corpus  magnum,  lineari-elongatum  :  fronte  ad  latera  leviter  elevate,  ad  apicem  depressa  truncata  (sed 
vix  emarginatil) :  prothorace  subquadrato,  ad  angulos  (praesertim  posticos)  acuto :  metastemo 
postice  bifido :  alis  amplis.  Antenna  et  mandibula  fere  ut  in  Calcari.  Labrum  transversum, 
apice  truncatum  integrum  dense  cdiatum.  Maxilla  bilobae,  lobis  valde  pubescentibus ;  externa 
magno  lato ;  intemu  paulo  minore,  apice  unco  magno  acuto  instracto.  Palpi  subfiliformes ; 
maanllares  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  et  tertio  majoribus  crassioribus  (hoc  minore),  ultimo 
subsecuiiformi  vix  incrassato ;  labiales  articulis  primo  et  secundo  subrequalibus  (boc  paulo  cras- 
siore),  ultimo  subsecuriformi.  Mentum  subquadratum  basi  angustatum,  apice  integrum,  angulis 
anticis  acutis.  Ligula  membranacea,  antice  pilosa  vix  emarginata.  Pedes  validi  elongati :  femo- 
ribus  anticis  incrassatis :  tibiis  anticis  curvatis,  ad  apicem  internum  leviter  productis :  tarsis 
heteromeris. 

The  large,  elongated  and  parallel  bodies  of  the  members  of  the  present  genus, 
in  conjunction  with  thoii-  subquadrate  prothorax  (which,  if  anything,  is  a  little 
wider  at  the  base  than  anteriorly,  and  has  aU  its  angles  well-defined),  and  the 
incrassated  thighs  and  curved  tibise  of  their  two  fi'ont  legs,  A\'ill  be  quite  suffi- 
cient, apart  fi-om  the  modifications  of  their  oral  organs  (which  do  not  however 
display  any  very  remarkable  peculiarities  of  structiu-e),  to  distinguish  them  from 
the  remainder  of  the  family  to  which  they  belong.  The  habits  of  Tenebrio,  Kke 
those  of  Cerandria  and  Alphitobins,  are  essentiaUy  farinaceous,  the  species  being 
particularly  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of  bakehouses  and  mills, — or  even  in  stables, 
and  other  places  where  bran  and  meal  are  accustomed  to  be  kept.  In  the  larva 
state  they  are  at  times  very  injurious,  and  have  obtained  the  name  of  meal-icorms ; 
and  when  the  nature  of  their  food  is  taken  into  account,  the  fact  of  their  having 
become  so  widely  distributed  over  the  world  as  to  be  almost  cosmopolitan,  is  at 
once  intelligible. 

377.  Tenebrio  molitor. 
T.  niger  subnitidus  creberrime  punctulatus,  prothorace  subconvexo  transvcrso-subquadrato,  elytris 

obscure  punctato-striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-piceis,  pedibus  anticis  brevibus  robustis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  7-8. 

Tenebrio  molitor,  LLmi.  Fna  Suec.  815  (17G1). 

,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  Ill  (1792). 

,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  590  (1810). 

,  Steph.  777.  Brit.  Ent.  x.  8  (1832). 

Habitat  in  domibus  pistrinisque  circa  Funchal,  passim :  insectum  fere  totius  orbis  terraruni  civis, 
inter  farinas  dispersum,  atque  hoc  modo  in  insulas  Maderenses  ab  alienis  sine  dubio  invcctum. 

T.  black  or  pitchy-black,  slightly  shining,  and  very  closely  and  finely  punctulated  all  over.  Prothorax 
rather  convex ;  transverse-quadrate,  with  the  sides  rounded ;  and  with  an  obhque  abbreviated 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  497 

fovea  on  either  side  behind.  Scutellum  broader  and  more  transverse  than  in  the  T.  obscurus. 
Elytra  striated,  the  strife  being  obscurely  punctured.  Antenn(e  and  legs  piceous  or  rufo-piceous ; 
the.  former,  and  the  anterior  pair  of  the  latter,  shorter  than  in  the  T.  obscurus,  and  the  anterior 
tibia  broader. 

A  most  abiinclant  insect  througliout  Europe,  but,  apparently,  not  very  common 
in  Madeira.  It  is  found,  however,  occasionally  in  and  around  Fimchal, — either 
about  bakehouses  and  stables,  or  in  other  localities  where  flour  and  bran  are 
usually  stowed  away.  There  are  specimens  in  the  British  Museum  from  nearly 
all  parts  of  the  world ;  and  it  is  recorded  by  Webb  and  Berthelot  in  the  Canary 
Islands. 

378.  Tenebrio  obscurus. 

T.  niger  opacus  creberrime  ruguloso-punctulatus,  prothorace  depresso  subquadrato,  elytris  obsolete 

punctato-striatis,  pedibus  anticis  longioi'ibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  7-8^. 

Tenebrio  obscurus,  Fab.  I^nf.  8i/st.  i.  Ill  (1792). 

,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  591  (1810). 

,  Staph,  m.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  8  (1832). 

,  Lucas,  Col.  de  VAlgerie,  337  (1849). 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  sed  paulo  frequentior. 

T.  black,  opake,  and  exceedingly  closely  punctulated,  and  subrugulose,  throughout.  Prothorax 
depressed  and  subquadrate,  being  more  elongated  than  in  the  T.  molitor,  and  with  the  sides 
straighter ;  with  an  oblique  abbreviated  fovea  on  either  side  behind,  and  with  the  space  between 
them  (along  the  hinder  margin)  distinctly  elevated.  Elytra  striated,  the  striae  being  veiy 
obscurely  pxinctured.  Antenna  and  legs  very  slightly  more  piceous  than  the  rest  of  the  surface ; 
the  former,  and  the  anterior  pair  of  the  latter  more  elongated  than  in  the  last  species,  and  the 
anterior  tibia  not  so  broad. 

Taken  with  the  last  species,  and  under  precisely  similar  circumstances.  It 
would  appear  to  be  the  commoner  of  the  two  in  Madeira  ;  nevertheless,  neither  of 
them  are  very  abundant. 


Genus  169.  ALPHITOBIUS. 

Stephens,  III.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  11  (1832). 

Corpus  sat  parvum,  oblongum :  fronte  ad  latera  leviter  elevata,  ad  apicem  depressa  truncata  (vix  aut 
leviter  emarginata) :  prothorace  transverso,  ad  angulos  (prsesertim  posticos)  acuto :  metasterno 
postice  bifido  :  alis  amplis.  Antenna,  labrum,  maxilla  et  palpi  fere  ut  in  Tenebrione,  sed  articuli 
antennarum  subapicales  intus  leviter  producti,  et  articulus  palporum  labialium  ultimus  minus 
securiformis.  Mandibula  validse  cornese,  apice  (prsesertim  in  una  infra  apicem  unidentata)  bifidse, 
intus  profunde  fisso-sinuatse  coriaceae.  Mentum  subquadratum  basi  leviter  angustatum,  apice  vix 
emarginatum,  angulis  anticis  rotundatis.     Ligula  subcornea,  basi  angustata,  apice  truncata  in- 

3s 


1,98  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

tegra  necnon  ad  angulos  pilosa.  Pedes  validi :  tibiis  parce  spinulosis ;  anticis  compressis  dUatatis; 
posterioribus  ad  apiccni  externum  acutis :  tarsis  heteromeris ;  pusterioribus  (sed  prsesertim  pos- 
ticis)  articulo  prinio  longiusculo. 

Alphitohius  {=IIeterophaya  of  Dejcan's  Catalogue,  a.d.  1837)  may  be  known 
from  its  allies  by  its  proportionaljly  broader  and  more  oblong  form  (in  ■n-hicli 
respect  it  approaclies  the  Opatridce),  by  the  internally-serrated  subapical  joints  of 
its  antennae,  by  its  robust  ligula  (which  however  is  scarcely  so  corneous  as  that  of 
Calcar),  and  by  its  spinulose  tibiae, — the  two  front  ones  of  which  are  slightly 
expanded  and  compressed,  though  both  the  dilatation  and  spines  are  much  less 
distinct  than  is  the  case  in  Phaleria.  Like  those  of  so  many  of  the  Tenebrlonidm, 
its  hal)its  are  of  a  farinaceous  or  meal-infesting  natiu-e ;  and  it  has  consequently 
obtaiaed  a  wide  geographical  range,  almost  exclusively  through  the  agency  of 
man.  Nevertheless  it  is  able  to  adapt  itself  to  other  cii'cumstances  also,  since  it 
is  occasionally  to  be  met  with  even  beneath  the  bark  of  trees. 

379.  Alphitobius  diaperinus. 

A.  niger  vel  nigro-piccus  nitidus  subconvexus,  sat  crebre  punctulatus,  prothorace  brevi  transverso, 

elytris  punctato-striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-piceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3. 

Tenehrio  diaperinus,  Kugelann,  in  Panz.  Fna  Ins.  Germ.  37.  16  (1797). 

,  niig.  Kqf.  Preuss.  i.  115  (1798). 

ovatus,  ilerbst,  Eaf.  viii.  16.  t.  118.  f.  8  (1799). 

diaperinus,  Stui-m,  Deutsch.  Fna,  ii.  232  (1S07). 


Alphitobius  mauritanicus,  Staph,  (nee  Fab.  1792)  III.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  11  (1832). 
Heterophaya  opatroiJes,  Dej.  Cat.  (3'^™  edit.)  220  (1837). 

diaperina,  Kedt.  FnaAmtr.  591  (1819). 

Trogosita  castaneipes,  Sam.  in  litt.  (teste  Mus°.  Brit".). 

Habitat  in  domibus  pistrinisque  Funchalensibus  (ab  alienis  introductus),  sat  frequens. 

A.  oblons:,  black  or  piceous-black,  shining,  and  somewhat  convex.  Head  and  prothorax  rather  closely 
and  very  distinctly  puuctulated;  the  latter  short,  transverse,  slightly  attenuated  in  front,  and 
with  the  sides  nearly  straight ;  sinuated  along  the  hinder  margin,  and  generaDy  rather  pitchy 
about  the  anterior  angles.  Elytra  distinctly  punctate-striated;  and  with  the  interstices  minutely, 
but  not  very  densely,  punctulatcd.  Antenna  and  tegs  rulb-piccous ;  the  former  with  their 
extreme  apex  rather  paler. 

A  widely  tlistributed  insect  throughout  the  world,— Ijciug  subject,  like  so  many 
of  the  present  family,  to  transmission  amongst  civUized  countries  in  articles  of 
coimuerce.  In  :Madeii'a,  where  it  has  \xnquestionably  been  introduced  from  more 
northern  latitudes,  it  is  at  times  sufficiently  common,— being  found  principally  in 
the  vicinity  of  bakehouses,  on  the  floui-  and  meal  of  which  it  would  seem,  both  in 
the  larva  and  imago  states  (though  not  exclusively),  to  subsist.  As  some  con- 
fusion has  arisen  in  its  nomenclatui-c  (at  any  rate  in  om-  owu  country),  on  account 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  499 

of  its  near  resemblance  to  a  closely  allied  species*,  I  have  given  its  synonymy 
somewhat  more  at  length  than  I  should  have  been  otherwise  inclined  to  have 
done.  In  addition  to  Eiu'opean  ones,  I  possess  specimens  from  Egypt  and  Algeria ; 
as  also  an  extensive  series  (recently  communicated  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.,  of  Fun- 
chal)  from  Mazagan,  immediately  opposite  to  Madeira,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Africa. 

Fam.  47.  OPATRID^. 

Genus  170.  OPATRUM.    (Tab,  XI.  fig.  l  et  3.) 

Fabricius,  Si/sf.  Ent.  76  (1775). 

Corpus  mediocre,  oblongum :  fronte  ad  latera  leviter  elevata,  ad  apicem  profunde  biloba :  prothorace 
transverso :  metaslerno  postice  bifido  :  alls  plerumque  (ut  in  speciebus  nostris)  amplis.  Antenna 
capitis  protboracisque  longitudine,  apicem  versus  vix  incrassatoe,  articulo  primo  leviter  robusto 
breviusculo,  secundo  brevi,  tertio  elongate,  reliquis  longitudine  subsequalibus.  Labrum  (XI.  I  a) 
coriaceum  transverso-subquadratum,  apice  leviter  bdobum  ciliatum.  Mandibula  validse  comese 
latse,  intus  in  medio  fisso-sinuatre  coriacese.  Maxilla  (XL  I  b)  bilobae :  lobo  externo  pubescente 
setoso  :  inferno  apice  acuto,  simplice  vel  biuncinato,  intus  plus  minusve  pectinato-setoso.  Paljii 
maxillares  articulo  primo  parvo  extus  sinuato,  secundo  elongate  clavato,  tertio  breviore,  ultimo 
magno  securiformi :  labiales  (XI.  1  c)  articulo  primo  parvo,  secundo  majore  crassiore,  ultimo 
subovato.  Mentum  subquadratum  basi  angustatum,  apice  integrum.  Ligula  robusta,  apice  vix 
emarginata.  Pedes  validiusculi :  tibiis  miuutissime  setulosis ;  anticis  plus  minusve  dilatatis  : 
tarsis  heteromeris ;  posterioribiis  (sed  prsesertim  posiicis)  articulo  primo  longiusculo  {iniermediis 
in  maribus  interdum  articulo  primo  subtus  retrorsum  pectinato-setoso). 

The  Opatra,  though  more  especially  abundant  in  temperate  latitudes,  are  widely 
distributed  over  the  world :  unlike  the  Tenebrionidce,  however,  they  are  almost 
exclusively  inhabitants  of  the  open  country, — occurring  principally  in  maritime 
districts,  and  at  low  elevations.  They  are  particularly  partial  to  sandy  and 
gravelly  spots ;  and  are  usually  to  be  found  either  beneath  stones  and  marine 
rejectamenta,  or  crawling  at  the  roots  of  grass  on  the  hot,  dry  ground.  The 
typical  species  are  generally  nearly  apterous ;  but  the  subgenus  Gonocepliahmi  (into 

*  This  species,  which  in  England  is  the  more  abundant  of  the  Wo,  occurs  for  the  most  part  imder 
similar  circiunstances  as  the  A.  diaperinus.  It  is  the  Tenelrio  maiiritanicus  of  rabricius  {Ent.  Syst. 
A.D.  1792), — though  not  (as  erroneously  supposed  by  him)  of  Lirmseus,  which  is  the  Trogosita  maurita- 
nica  of  modem  collections.  It  is,  likewise,  the  Tenelrio  Fagi  of  Shu-m  (DewfscJi.  Fna,  a.d.  1807)  ;  and, 
more  recently,  the  Alpliifohius picipes  of  Stephens, — who  applied  the  name  of  mauritanicus  to  the  va-ong 
insect,  namely  the  larger  of  the  two  now  imder  consideration.  The  true  mauritatiicus,  which  I  have  not 
hitherto  observed  in  the  Madeira  Islands,  is  uniformly  smaller  than  the  diaperinus ;  its  prothorax  also  is 
proportionably  wider  in  the  middle  (being  roimded  at  the  sides),  its  elytra  are  rather  more  obsciu-ely 
striated,  and  its  tibiae  are  not  quite  so  spinidose.  It  is  perhaps  more  completely  naturalized  throughout 
Europe  than  the  diaperinus,  heiag  found  occasionally  in  the  open  country.  It  is  recorded  by  Stephens  as 
having  been  captured  beneath  turf  iu  the  neighboiu-hood  of  London  ;  and  by  M.  Lucas  as  beiug  common 
under  stones  iu  Algeria, — which  may  perhaps  have  been  onfe  of  its  original  areas  of  diffusion. 

3  s2 


500  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

which  our  present  representatives  fall)  has  the  ^yings  comjiaratively  large,  and 
adapted  for  flight.  I  am  not  aware  whether  the  Gonocephala  are  invariably  so 
constituted,  l)ut  I  have  observed  that  the  males  of  one  at  any  rate  of  the  Madeu'an 
members  of  the  group  (namely  the  common  G.fuscion)  display  a  singular  struc- 
tm'e  in  the  basal  joint  of  theii-  intermediate  feet,  which  is  thickly  pectinated  on  the 
under  side  with  powerful  bristles, — incUiied  backwards  (or  in  an  opposite  direction 
to  the  rest  of  the  tarsal  setae). 


380.  Opatrum  fascum.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  1.) 

O.  nigrum  fusco-  vcl  subfulvescenti-pubescens,  prothorace  punctato,  ad  latera  subrecto  ad  basin  valde 
sinuato,  elytris  vix  parallelis  subpunctato-striatis. 
Mas,  paulo  minor,  tarsis  intermediis  articulo  basilari  subtus  retrorsum  pectinato-setoso. 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  3^-4. 

Opatrum fuscvm,  Herbst,  Kaf.  v.  225.  t.  52.  f.  1  (1793). 

tomentosum,  Dej.  Cat.  (.Si^""'  edit.)  214  (1837). 

septentrionale,  Faldennaim,  in  lift. 

Habitat  in  aridis  maritimis  insularum  Maderensiuni,  sub  lapidibus,  ubique  frequens. 

O.  dull  black,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  rigid,  decumbent,  fuscous,  or  dirty-falvesceut  pubescence. 
Head  and  prothorax  deeply  punctured ;  the  lattei-  short,  with  the  sides  (although  oblique)  nearly 
straight,  or  but  very  slightly  rounded,  and  with  its  basal  margin  greatly  sinuated.  Elytra  more 
or  less  parallel,  but  usually  a  little  wider  behind  the  middle  than  anteriorly ;  rugulose  (especially 
about  the  shoulders),  and  deeply  striated,  the  stria;  being  subpunctate.  Scutellum,  antenna 
(except  theu'  extreme  ajjcx,  which  is  ferruginous),  and  legs,  varying  from  dark  piceous  into  piceo- 
ferniginous. 

An  abundant  insect  in  Mediterranean  latitudes,  and  occm'ring  also  in  the 
Canary  Islands  and  the  Cape  de  Verdes.  It  is  subject  to  considerable  variation, 
not  only  in  bulk,  but  likewise  in  the  colour  and  density  of  its  pubescence ;  and  it  is 
probably  owing  to  this  that  so  many  species,  so  called,  have  been  erected  upon  it. 
It  may  frequently  be  observed  indeed  entirely  denuded  of  pUe,  under  which  cir- 
cumstances it  presents  a  very  different  appearance,  at  first  sight,  from  the  ordinary 
tjq^e.  Its  peculiarities  however  of  sculpture  and  form,  in  conjunction  ^nth  the 
remarkable  recurved  bristles  on  the  under  side  of  the  basal  joint  of  its  interme- 
diate male  foot,  "noil  always  succeed,  on  further  examination,  in  identifying  it.  It 
is  found  throughout  the  greater  portion  of  the  Madeu*an  group,  though  principally 
at  low  elevations  and  in  spots  near  the  coast.  In  the  vicinity  of  Punchal  it  is  at 
times  common  in  vineyards  and  other  cultivated  grounds,  as  well  as  in  hot  exposed 
localities  facing  the  sea.  I  have  also  cajjtm-ed  it  on  the  Dezerta  Grande ;  and,  in 
the  utmost  profusion,  on  the  sandy  districts  of  Porto  Santo  (behind  the  beach)  to 
the  westward  of  the  Ciddde, — dm-ing  April  and  May. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  501 

381.  Opatrmn  errans,  Woll.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  3.) 

O.  nigrum  vix  pubescens,  prothorace  tuberculis  crebre  obsito,  ad  latera  rotundato  ad  basin  leviter 

sinuato,  elytris  parallelis  punctato-striatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3i-4^. 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarior :  exemplar  in  museo  Loweano  (a  Dom.  Heinecken  olim  captum)  conservatur, 
alterum  in  moutibus  prope  Curral  das  Freiras  vere  novo  a.d.  1848  egomet  deprehensi,  et  duo 
speeimina  nuperrime  communicavit  Dom.  Rousset. 

O.  black,  and  almost  free  from  pubescence.  Head  punctui-ed.  Prothorax  uniformly  beset  with 
tubercles,  or  large  elevated  granules ;  not  quite  so  short  as  in  the  0.  fuscum,  and  with  the  sides 
more  rounded  (the  broadest  part  being  about  the  middle) ;  and,  also,  less  sinuated  at  its  base. 
Elytra  more  parallel  than  in  that  species,  rugulose  (especially  towards  the  shoulders, — where  it 
is  thickly  studded  with  minute  tubercles,  which  are  somewhat  smaller  and  acuter  than  those  on 
the  prothorax),  and  deeply  punctate-striated.  Antennee  (except  their  extreme  apex,  which  is 
ferruginous),  and  leffs,  dark  piceous. 

Apparently  very  scarce,  four  specimens  only  having  hitherto  come  beneath  my 
notice.  One  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe ;  another  was  captm-ed  by 
myself  in  the  interior  of  the  island,  near  the  edges  of  the  Cm-ral  das  Freiras  (about 
3500  feet  above  the  sea),  during  the  spring  of  184.8 ;  and  two  more  have  been 
recently  communicated  by  M.  Rousset, — whose  researches  have  made  so  many 
additions  to  the  Entomological  fauna  of  the  Madekan  group*.  Judging  from  the 
small  data  which  I  possess  concerning  its  habits,  it  would  seem  to  be  more  espe- 
cially confined  to  the  higher  altitudes  ;  and  it  may  perhaps  therefore  be  regarded 
as  the  mountain  representative  of  the  O.  fuseimi. 

*  The  following  description  of  a  new  Opatrum  from  the  Salvages,  somewhat  allied  to  the  O.  errans, 
may  be  inserted  here.  A  single  specimen  has  been  communicated  to  me  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.,  of 
Funchal, — by  whom  it  was  discovered  on  the  conical  island  known  as  the  "  Great  Piton,"  dui-ing  his  late 
expedition  to  those  remote  rocks  : 

Opatrum  dilatatiun,  Woll. 
0.  nigrum  vix  pubescens,  prothorace  tuberculis  minutissimis  crebre  obsito,  ad  latera  valde  rotundato- 

ampliato  ad  basin  leviter  undidato,  elytris  subovatis  crenato-striatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3f . 

Habitat  in  insulis  "  Salvages  "  dictis,  a  Dom.  Leacock  benigne  communicatum. 

0.  black,  and  almost  free  from  pubescence.  Head  and  prothorax  beset  with  exceedingly  minute  elevated 
points,  or  granules  ;  the  latter  large  aud  wide,  the  sides  being  much  roimded  and  greatly  dilated 
about  the  middle,  and  undulated  along  its  basal  margin.  Elytra  less  parallel  than  in  either  of  the 
Madeiran  species,  being  almost  ovate  ;  rather  rugidose,  and  deeply  crenate-sti-iated.  Antenncs 
(except  at  their  base  and  apex,  which  are  paler),  and  legs,  dark  jjiceous. 

A-n  exceedingly  distinct  species,  differing  from  both  of  the  Madeiran  ones  in  the  minute  granules  of  its 
head  and  prothorax  (the  latter  of  which  is  greatly  expanded  in  the  middle,  and  has  the  sides  consequently 
much  roimded),  aud  by  its  more  ovate  aud  crenaie-striated  el}i;ra. 


502  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  171.  HADRUS.     (Tad.  XI.  fig  4,  5  et  C.) 
Dejean,  Cat.  (3'^"'  edit.)  214  (1837). 

Corpus  mediocre,  plus  minusve  ovale  :  fronte  (XI.  5  a,  6  a)  ad  latera  Icviter  elevata,  ad  apicem  piofunde 
biloba :  prothorace  ad  latera  complanato  :  metastemo  (XI.  5  h)  postice  vix  bifido  :  ehjtris  sub- 
c-onnatis  :  alis  obsoletis.  Instrumenta  cibaria  (XI.  5  a,  5  c,  5  <f,  5  e,  6  a,  6  6,  6  c)  fere  ut  in 
Opatro,  sed  mentum  (XI.  5  e,  6  c)  quasi  e  laminis  duabus  (una  ad  alteram  arete  applicata)  forma- 
tum,  supcra  subrotundata  basi  truncate.,  infera  ad  angulos  anticos  porrecta  acuta  (superne  con- 
spicu&)  ante  angulos  sinuate.  Pedes  graciles :  tibtis  niinutissime  setulosis,  ad  apicem  externum 
(prajsertim  in  anticis)  oblique  excavatis ;  anticis  vLx  dilatatis  :  tarsis  heteromeris  ;  posteriuribm 
(sed  prsesertim  posticis)  articulo  primo  longiusculo ;  ultimo  in  omnibus  elougato,  unguiculis  sim- 
plicibus  munito. 

Ab  a^poii  robustus. 

There  is  no  Heteromerous  gcuus  so  universally  distributed  throughout  the 
]\[;xdeiran  group,  or  at  the  same  time  so  truly  indigenous,  as  Rach'us, — there  being 
scarcely  a  siagle  rock,  large  or  small,  on  which  one  or  the  other  of  the  three  repre- 
sentatives described  below  does  not  abound.  The  oral  organs  of  the  whole  of  this 
section  of  the  Colcoptera  are  so  exceedingly  similar,  that  we  can  scarcely  expect  to 
find  any  great  distiactive  featiu'es  there ;  nevertheless  the  mentum  of  Hadriis  is 
very  remarkable, — the  projecting  angles  (so  apparent  from  above,  and  which 
perhaps  should  be  more  strictly  regarded  as  lateral  prominences  of  the  basalhj 
corneous  ligula)  of  its  vmder  portion  gi^dng  it  a  peculiar  character,  which  does  not 
exist,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  the  allied  forms.  The  species  have  all  the  habits  of 
the  typical  Melasomes, — secreting  themselves  beneath  stones  in  exposed  places  on 
the  coast,  or  between  the  rough  basaltic  blocks  of  higher  altitudes.  They  are 
usually  to  be  found  in  company  with  the  Ilelopidce,  Scarltes  ahbreciatus,  and  the 
Laparocerus  morio  ;  and  are  of  an  eminently  gregarious  natiire. 

382.  Hadras  alpinus,  Woll.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  5.) 

H.  oblongus  niger  subtilissime  et  creberrime  granulatus,  elytris  vix  substriatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  0-7. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus,  foliisque  arborum  dejectis,  per  partem  Maderse  sylvaticam,  toto  anno  frequens. 

H.  oljlong  (being  larger  and  more  parallel  than  the  other  species),  black,  almost  free  from  scales,  and 
most  delicately  and  closely  granulated  all  over.  Elytra  with  the  faintest  possible  indication  of 
stria;.     Antenna  and  tarsi  slightly  piceous,  or  fuscescent. 

Known  at  once  from  the  followiag  two  species  by  its  larger  size,  more  parallel 
outline,  and  by  its  most  closely  and  delicately  granvQated  and  less  scaly  surface. 
In  its  habits  moreover  it  recedes  from  them  altogether,  being  strictly  a  mountain 
insect, — whereas  they  are  confined  to  comparatively  low  elevations  and  sub- 
maritime  spots.     The  II.  alpuiKs  is,  also,  more  especially  peculiar  to  the  sylvan 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  503 

districts,  occurring  beneath  dead  leaves,  stones,  and  logs  of  wood  at  lofty  and  inter- 
mediate altitudes.  It  is  the  least  common  of  the  three,  nevertheless  svifficiently 
abundant  iii  certain  localities.  In  most  of  the  ravines  opening  to  the  south  of  the 
island,  and  on  the  Serra  de  Santo  Antonio,  it  is  tolerably  plentiful ;  and  it  was 
captured  by  Professor  Hear  on  the  Pico  Grande,  in  January  of  1851. 

383.  Hadrus  cinerascens.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  4.) 

H.  ovalis  niger  granulatus  et  plus  minusve  lutosus,  elytvis  substriatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  4^-6. 

Hadrus  cinerascens,  Dejeau,  Cat.  (3'^"«  edit.)  214  (1837). 
Asida  acuminata,  Kollar,  in  litt. 
Hegeter  ffranulosus,  Faldermami,  in  litt. 

Habitat  iu  aridis  subinferioribus  maritimis  Maderse  insularumque  Desertarum,  sub  lapidibus  vel  in 
rupium  fissiu-is,  vulgatissimus, — odorem  ingratum  spirans. 

H,  oval  (being  rather  shorter  and  less  parallel  than  the  last  species),  also  more  coarsely  and  less  closely 
granulated,  and  more  or  less  densely  clothed  with  duty  mud-like  scales.  Elytra  more  distinctly 
striated  than  in  that  insect, — though  the  striae,  especially  on  the  disk,  are  sometimes  very  faint. 
Antenna  and  tarsi  somewhat  obscurely  piceous. 

The  S.  cinerascens  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  the  last  species  by  its 
smaller  size,  shorter  and  more  oval  form,  by  its  more  coarsely  and  less  densely 
granulated  surface,  and  by  the  somewhat  distincter  striae  of  its  elytra.  It  is 
usually  also  more  or  less  clothed  with  a  scaly  substance,  which  imparts  to  it  a 
dirty  or  rusty  appearance ;  and  which  on  the  Dezerta  Grande  takes  an  almost 
ferruginous  hue,  — at  times  even  approximating  the  colom'  of  the  red  volcanic  mud 
of  which  the  higher  portions  of  that  island  are  in  a  great  measure  composed.  It 
is  most  abimdant  throughout  the  maritime  districts  of  Madeira,  as  also  on  the 
adjacent  rocks  and  the  three  Dezertas ;  but  in  Porto  Santo  it  is  represented  by  the 
H.  illotus,  which  may  perhaps  be  in  reality  only  a  local  variety  of  it.  On  the  Ilheo 
de  Pora  (the  detached  extremity  of  the  Ponta  Sao  Lom-engo)  it  exists  in  the  utmost 
profusion,  and  attaius  nearly  as  large  a  bulk  as  on  the  Ilheo  Chao, — where  the 
specimens  are  decidedly  above  the  average  in  poiut  of  development.  It  is  confined 
more  peculiarly  to  low  elevations,— congregatiag  beneath  stones,  in  company  with 
Helopida;,  in  the  driest  and  most  barren  spots  (its  loftiest  altitudes  seeming 
scarcely  to  reach  the  loioest  limits  of  the  H.  alpinus). 

384.  Hadrus  illotus,  WoU.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  6.) 

H.  ovalis  subdepressus  niger  granulatus  et  plerumque  dense  lutosus,  elytris  striatis. 

Long.  Corp.  Un.  5-6. 

Habitat  in  Portu  Sancto  insulisque  parvis  adjacentibus,  sub  lapidibus  vulgaris ;  prsecedentis  forsan 
varietas. 


504  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

H.  oval  (being  of  almost  the  same  size  and  outline  as  the  H.  cinerascens,  but  more  depressed),  usually 
very  densely  clothed  with  dirty  brownish  mud-like  scales,  and  with  the  elytra  more  distinctly 
striated  than  in  cither  of  the  other  species. 

As  already  mentioned,  the  S.  illotus  may  possibly  be  but  a  local  state  of  the 
n.  cinerascens ;  nevertheless,  since  the  Madeiran  members  of  the  latter  do  not 
appear  to  differ  in  any  respect  (except  now  and  then  in  size)  from  those  of  the 
neighbom^ing  rocks,  it  is  the  less  easy  to  assume  isolation  in  the  present  case  to 
have  had  sufficient  influence  to  have  brought  about  modifications  so  perceptible  as 
those  which,  even  at  first  sight,  characterize  the  former :  and  yet,  on  the  other 
hand,  it  is  almost  equally  unnatural  to  imagine  that  an  insect  so  common  as  the 
H.  cinerascens  should  not  have  extended  itself  to  Porto  Santo  before  the  separation 
took  place,  but  should  have  been  represented  by  a  closely-allied  form  which  in  its 
own  sphere  was  no  less  abundant.  Without  venturing  therefore  on  the  solution 
of  this  difficult  problem,  I  would  register  the  H.  illotus  as  distinct,  deeming  it 
enough  to  have  recorded  my  doubts  thus  far  as  to  its  true  specific  claims.  It 
occurs  in  profusion  throughout  all  the  lower  region  of  Porto  Santo  and  on  the 
adjacent  islands,  residing  in  spots  precisely  similar  to  those  selected  by  its 
Madeiran  analogue. 


Fam.  48.  BLAPSID^. 

Genus  172.  MACROSTETHUS,  Wall.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  8.) 

Corpus  magnum,  elongatum,  subcylindrico-ovatum,  tuberculatum  :  fronte  ad  latera  leviter  elevata,  ad 
apicem  truncata :  prothorace  ovato  basi  truncate,  fere  immarginato  :  metastemo  postice  baud 
Ijifido :  chjtris  connatis,  apice  baud  acuminatis  :  alis  obsoletis.  AntenruB  prothorace  vix  lon- 
giores,  apicem  versus  seusim  iucrassatae,  articulo  prime  leviter  robusto  breviusculo,  secundo  bre\'i, 
tertio  longiusculo,  reliquis  longitudine  subsequalibus  (articulis  apicalibus  quatuor,  ultimo  elongato- 
subquadrato  excepto,  subquadratis).  Labrum  (XI.  8  a)  transverso-subquadi-atum,  antice  valde 
ciliatum  vix  emarginatum.  Mandihula  validse  crassse  corneae,  apice  bifidse,  intus  in  medio  pro- 
fundc  fisso-sinuat?e.  Maxillce  (XI.  8  b)  bilobse :  lobo  externa  pubescente  setoso  :  interiw  apice 
acutissimo  biuncinato,  intus  valde  setoso.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo  vLx  parvo  cxtus 
sinuato,  sCcundo  elongato  subclavato,  tertio  primo  vix  longiore,  ultimo  magno  sccuriformi : 
lubiales  (XI.  8  c)  e  scapis  ligula;  connatis  surgentes,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  longitudine  sub- 
ajqualibus  (illo  graciliore,  extus  sinuato),  ultimo  crassiusculo  pyriformi  basi  subflexuoso.  Mcntum 
robustissimuui  rotundato-subovatum,  summo  apice  vix  emarginato.  Ligula  antice  lata,  recte 
truncata  et  dense  ciliata.  Pedes  longiusculi :  tibiis  fere  glabris,  versus  apicem  internum  tenuitcr 
piibesccntibus  (calcariis  spinulisque  apicalibus  obsoletis):  tarsis  heteromeris;  posticis  articulo 
primo  longiusculo ;  ultimo  in  omnibus  elongato,  unguiculis  simplicibus  munito. 

A  /juaKpo'i  longus,  et  aTrjOo'i  pectus. 

A  most  distinct  and  interesting  genus,  differing  from  BJaps  in  many  important 
particulars,  as,  for  instance,  in  its  tubercidose  upper  surface,  convexer  body,  ovate 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  505 

and  almost  immarginate  prothorax,  unacuminated  elytra,  and  in  the  structure  of 
its  antennae  and  tibiae, — the  former  of  which  (instead  of  being  moniliform  at  their 
extremity)  are  distinctly  clavate,  with  the  last  four  joints  almost  quadrangular 
(the  terminal  one  being  large  and  comparatively  elongated) ;  whilst  the  latter  are 
nearly  glabrous,  and  without  any  indication  of  the  two  sp\u*s,  and  scarcely  any  of 
the  series  of  minute  spines,  which  are  so  universal  in  the  present  groups.  In 
minor  details  moreover,  there  are  a  few  peculiarities  which  will  serve,  additionally, 
to  remove  it  from  Blaps, — amongst  which  the  outwardly-excavated  and  somewhat 
longer  basal  articulation  of  its  palpi,  the  more  dilated  and  securiform  apex  of  its 
maxillary  pair,  in  conjunction  with  its  rounder  and  less  transverse  mentum,  and 
its  straightly -truncated  ligula,  should  be  especially  noticed. 

385.  Macrostethus  tuberculatus,  Woll.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  8.) 

M.  ater  minutissime  et  crebre  jjuiictulatus,  prothorace  ovato  basi  truncato,  tuberculis  sublsevibus  vix 

elevatis  adsperso,  elytris  nitidis  leviter  striato-punctatis,  interstitiis  valde  seriatim  tuberculatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  10. 

Habitat  in  ins.  Desertse  Borealis,  a  Rev''"  Dom.  Lowe  Junio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  repertus. 

M.  elongated  and  somewbat  cylindrical-ovate  (being  ratber  acuminated  anteriorly),  deep  black,  closely 
and  most  minutely  punetulated  all  over.  Head  and  prothorax  nearly  opake  ;  the  latter  ovate,  but 
truncated  at  the  base  (the  widest  part  being  a  little  behind  the  middle),  and  uniformly  studded 
with  slightly  shining,  though  very  obscurely  elevated,  tubercles.  Elytra  a  good  deal  more  shining 
than  the  head  and  prothorax,  and  subrugulose  ;  and,  in  addition  to  the  smaller  punctures  (which 
however  are  somewhat  more  distinct  than  the  prothoracic  ones),  finely  striate-punctate, — the 
interstices  having  a  series  of  large  and  considerably  raised  tubercles  down  each.  Antenna  and 
tarsi  somewhat  piceous  ;  the  former  (which  have  their  apex  ferruginous)  the  paler  of  the  two. 

Apparently  of  the  greatest  rarity,  the  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  having 
been  presented  to  me  by  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe,  by  wliom  it  was  discovered  on  the 
Flat  Dezerta,  or  Illieo  Chao,  during  our  encampment  in  that  singular  little  island 
at  the  beginning  of  Jime  1850.  It  was  captured  in  his  tent  and  under  rather 
curious  circumstances, — namely  in  the  act  of  emerging  from  beneath  his  bed, 
which  had  been  made  on  the  cUy  ground.  It  is  unquestionably  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  of  the  Coleopterous  members  of  our  fauna, — rendered  doubly  in- 
teresting perhaps  from  the  remote  rock  on  which  it  was  taken,  and  to  which  it 
would  consequently  appear  (so  far  at  least  as  our  observations  have  hitherto  gone) 
to  be  peculiar.  Though  I  searched  diligently  in  the  un mediate  vicinity  of  the  spot 
where  it  occurred,  I  did  not  succeed  in  procuring  more.  It  approximates  a  good 
deal,  in  general  affinity,  the  Blaps  chjpeata  of  Germar,  from  Spain  and  Portugal, 
— the  genus  Ccelometopus  (subsequently)  of  Solier,  to  which  it  is  not  impossible 
indeed  that  it  m.'^y  be  found  to  belong ;  and  especially  so,  since  the  tibise  there  are 
not  only  (as  here)  subglabrous,  but  have  their  apical  calcarise  and  spines  so 
diminished  in  size  as  to  be  nearly  obsolete,  whilst  the  antennEe  are,  at  the  same 

3  T 


506  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

time,  distinctly  thickened  at  their  extremities,  the  elytra  are  unacuminated  poste- 
riorly, and  the  aspect  (as  in  Macrostethus)  is  somewhat  cylindrical  and  obtuse. 
Specifically,  however,  the  two  are  widely  different, — the  Eui-opean  representative 
(for  an  opportunity  of  examining  which  I  am  indebted  to  M.  Deyrolle  of  Paris) 
beiag  not  only  smaller  than  its  Madcu-an  ally,  and  without  any  indication  of  the 
peculiar  tubercidose  sculptm-e  which  is  there  so  conspicuous ;  but  possessing  like- 
Avise  a  very  oppositely  shaped  prothorax  (which,  as  in  the  more  typical  Blapes,  is 
strongly  margined,  broadest  before  the  middle,  and  slightly  excavated  beliiud). 

Genus  173.  BLAPS. 

Fabriciua,  &yst.  Ent.  254  (1775). 

Corpus  magnum,  elongatum,  plus  miuusve  ovato-subellipticum,  depressiusculum :  fronte  ad  latera 
leviter  elevata,  ad  apicem  recte  truiicata :  prothorace  angustc  niargiuato  :  metasterno  postice  haud 
bifido  :  ehjti-is  connatis,  apice  (proesertim  in  foeminis)  acuminatis :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna  fere 
ut  in  jMacrostetho,  sed  apicem  versus  moniliformes  et  minus  incrassatte  (articulis  quatuor  apica- 
libus,  ultimo  acuminato-ovato  excepto,  subglobosis) .  Instrumenta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  ilacrostetbo, 
sed  labrum  interdum  ]irofundius  bilobum ;  articulus  pa/jwrum  hasilaris  paulo  brevior  extus  haud 
excavatus,  et  ultimus  in  maxilluribus  minus  sccuriformi-inflatus ;  ct  ligula  antice  biloba.  Pedes 
elongati :  tibiis  minutissime  ruguloso-spinulosis :  tarsis  heteromeris ;  posticis  articulo  prinio 
louKiusculo. 


■'O' 


The  genus  Blajis,  so  widely  distributed  throughout  the  Old  World,  is  almost 
too  familiar  to  render  observations  concerning  it  necessary, — the  large  and  elon- 
gated, though  somewhat  thickened,  bodies  of  the  various  insects  which  compose  it, 
their  uniformly  black  hue  and  very  faintly  striated,  or  almost  imsculptm-cd  (though 
occasionally  Avrinklcd),  upper  surfaces,  ia  conjunction  with  the  unusual  length  of 
then-  legs,  and  the  acuminated  extremities  both  of  then*  elytra  (especially  in  the 
female  sex)  and  of  the  terminal  joint  of  their  (sub-apically  moniliform)  antennse, 
being  at  once  sufficient  to  separate  it  from  the  allied  groups.  The  species,  like 
the  rest  of  the  Melasomes,  are  of  a  darkling  nature,  residing  either  in  cellars  and 
stables  (and  other  damp  spots  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  dwelling-houses)  or 
else  in  caves  and  beneath  stones  in  the  ojicn  country, — wliich  last  however  is 
more  particvilarly  the  case  in  southern  latitudes  and  in  maritime  districts.  They  are 
for  the  most  part  very  gregarious,  and  emit  more  or  less  of  an  unpleasant  odom*. 

386.  Blaps  gages. 
B.  atra  minute  et  obsolete  punctulata,  labro  profunde  bilobo,  prothorace  convexo  antice  leviter  dilatato, 
elytris  subellipticis  basi  truneatis,  antcnnis  pedibusque  longioribus. 
Fcem.,  elytri  singuli  apice  valde  acuminate,  et  abdominis  segmcnto  secundo  in  pai'te  media  fasciculo 

pilorum  ferrugineo  instructo. 
Var.  p.  paulo  minor,  prothorace  antice  vix  dilatato. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  12-17. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  507 

Tenehrio gages,  Linu.  (test.Mus" Lin°)  Syst.Nat.n.  676  (script.,  per  errorem  ty\^og\\,gigas)  (1767) 
Bhqjs  gages,  Fab.  Eiit.  Sgst.  i.  lOG  (1792). 

gigas,  Lat.  Hist.  Nat.  des  Crust,  et  Ins.  x.  278  (1804). 

gages,  Brulle,  in  Well  et  Berth.  Hist.  Nat.  des  lies  Canar.  68  (1839). 

Habitat  per  oram  maritimam    Maderae  Portusque   Sancti,  in   cavernis  tufa;  vel  sub  lapidibus,  sat 
frequens. 

B.  large,  and  somewhat  narrow  in  proportion  to  its  length,  deep  black,  slightly  shining,  and  most 
minutely  (but  not  very  closely)  punctulated  all  over  (the  punctures  occasionally  being  almost 
imperceptible).  Lahrum  deeply  bilobed  in  front.  Prothorax  rather  convex,  and  distinctly  wider 
anteriorly  than  behind.  Elytra  most  obsoletely  striated  (the  strife  sometimes  hardly  perceptible) ; 
and  each  produced  into  an  acute  mucro  at  its  apex,  the  two  together  forming  a  bifid  projection. 
Antenna  and  legs  elongated ;  the  apex  of  the  former  more  or  less  fuscescent. 
Female,  with  the  extremity  of  the  elytra  more  produced  ;  and  with  a  tuft  of  ferruginous  hairs  at  the 

base  of  the  second  segment  of  the  abdomen  beneath. 
Var.  /3.  slightly  smaller,  and  with  the  prothorax  not  quite  so  distinctly  widened  in  front. 

The  largest,  in  bulk,  of  all  the  Coleopterous  members  of  our  fauna ;  and  readily 
distinguished  from  the  B.fatadica  by  its  more  lengthened  and  elliptical  body 
(wliich  is  in  proportion  narrower  than  is  there  the  case),  by  its  convexer  and  sub- 
cordate  prothorax,  less  sculptured  surface,  and  by  its  longer  limbs.  It  is  abundant 
thi-oughout  the  Mediterranean  districts  of  Europe  and  Africa,  though  rarer  as  we 
proceed  northwards  ;  and  it  occm-s  likewise  in  the  Canarian  group.  In  the  Madeira 
Islands  it  is  confined  principally  to  caverns  on  the  sea-shore,— in  which  positions, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal,  it  is  at  times  tolerably  common.  It  has  been  captm-ed 
in  profusion  by  Professor  Heer  and  M.  Rousset  in  basaltic  caves  at  the  Gorgidho, 
as  also  in  the  Ribeiro  Secco ;  and  I  have  myself  met  with  it,  sparingly,  in  Porto 
Santo,— where  it  would  appear  to  be  somewhat  scarce.  Regarding  its  synonymy, 
great  confusion  seems  to  have  arisen  through  an  inaccuracy  of  the  press  in  the 
Sijstema  Naturce,  where  the  word  gigas  was  accidentally  iaserted  instead  of  gages. 
That  this  lapsus  tijpograpUcB  however  ought  not  to  be  taken  advantage  of,  in 
regulating  the  title  of  the  species,  is  clear  from  two  considerations  :  namely,  first, 
that  Linnceus  had  abeady  described  as"  Tenehrio  gigas''  an  insect  totally difi'erent 
(from  the  Brazils), — which  should,  alone,  have  been  svifacient  to  prove  the  second 
application  to  have  been  a  mere  misprint  (more  especially  in  so  comparatively 
small  a  genus  as  his  Tenehrio) ;  and,  secondly,  because  the  original  specunens  are 
stiU  in  existence,  in  London,  Avith  ''gages"  distinctly  attached  to  them,— and  it  is 
a  universally  admitted  law  that  the  types  of  any  pixblished  collection  should  take 
the  precedence  over,  and  be  allowed  to  correct  the  errors  of,  the  work  itself. 
Indeed,  were  this  principle  once  to  be  abandoned,  it  would  open  the  way  to  innu- 
merable difficulties,  and  necessitate  changes  throughout  a  very  large  proportion  of 
the  entire  Coleoptera.  And  if,  further,  Linnaeus' s  oion  admission  of  the  mistake 
were  necessary  (which  however,  in  an  instance  like  the  present,  could  be  scarcely 
required),  it  may  be  supplied  by  a  reference  to  his  copies  of  the  Sy sterna  NaturcB, 


508  IXSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

in  whicli  the  word  gigas  is  erased  and  gages  substituted  in  its  place.  This 
appears  to  have  been  understood  and  recognized  by  Fabricius,  who  quotes  the 
name  of  " gages^''  as  Linna;an  (which  both  the  museum  and  maiutscv'qit  do  in  fact 
show  it,  in  reality,  to  have  been), — thus,  very  properly,  making  allowances  for  the 
blunder ;  and  even  identifying  the  insect  with  that  of  the  Systema  Naturce,  though 
it  be  there  wiintentionally  called  "gigas." 

387.  Blaps  fatadica. 

B.  atra  crebre  punctulata,  labro  fere  integi-o,  prothorace  depresso  subquadrato,  elytris  rugulosis  sub- 

ovatis  basi  truncatis,  antennis  pedibusque  brevioribus. 

Fam.  ut  in  prsecedente,  sed  elytrorum  apice  minus  producto. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  9-12. 

Blaps  fatadica,  (Creutzer)  Sturm,  Beutsch.  Fna,  ii.  205.  tab.  45.  fig.  a,  h  (1807). 

,  Dufts.  Fna  Austr.  ii.  282  (1812). 

oUusa,  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  23  (1832). 

fatadica,  BruUe,  in  Webb  et  Berth.  Rist.  JVat.  des  Ties  Canar.  68  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam  et  Portum  Sanctum,  in  domibus,  cellis,  vel  etiam  in  cavernis  tufe  (cum  prjecedente) 
per  Oram  maritimam,  vulgaris. 

B.  smaller,  broader  in  proportion,  and  more  ovate  than  the  last  species,  deep  black,  and  more  coarsely 
and  closely  punctulated.  Lahrum  almost  entire  in  front.  Prothorax  more  depressed  than  in  the 
B.  gages,  and  nearly  quadrate.  Elytra  somewhat  more  shining  than  the  head  and  prothorax 
(which  are  almost  opake),  rugulose,  and  with  the  faintest  possible  indications  of  strice ;  the  apex 
of  each  scarcely  at  all  produced  in  the  males,  but  in  the  females  (which,  as  in  the  B.  gages,  have 
also  a  tuft  of  ferruginous  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  second  segment  of  the  abdomen  beneath)  very 
distinctly  so, — the  points  however  not  diverging  as  in  the  last  species.  Antenna  and  legs  much 
shorter  than  those  of  the  B.  gages  ;  the  apex  of  the  former  vei-y  obscurely  fuscesceut. 

The  commoner  of  the  two  species  in  the  Madeu-a  Islands ;  and  extremely 
abundant  throughout  the  whole  of  Europe,  the  north  of  ^yrica,  and  in  the  Cana- 
rian  group.  It  is  very  plentiful  in  damp  outhouses,  cellars,  and  staldes  near 
Funchal ;  nevertheless  it  is  occasionally  to  be  found  (like  the  B.  gages)  in  basaltic 
caverns,  or  beneath  stones,  on  the  sea-shore.  I  have  observed  it  Hkewise,  plenti- 
fully, in  Porto  Santo. 


Fam.  49.  TENTYRIAL^. 

Genus  174.  HEGETER.    (Tab.  XI.  fig.  7.) 

LatreiUe,  His/.  Xat.  des  Crust,  et  Ins.  iii.  172  (1802.) 

Corpus  magnum,   plus  minusve  elongato-subovatum  : /ron/e   (XI.  7  a)   ad  latera  leviter  elevate,  ad 
apiccm  producta  rotundata :  jugulo  subtus  in  parte  media  inipresso :  prothorace  plus  minusve 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  509 

quadratOj  ad  angiilos  anticos  soepius  porrccto  :  metasterno  postice  vix  bifido  :  ehjtris  connatis  :  alls 
obsoletis.  Antenna  (XI.  7  b)  et  instrumenta  cibaria  (XI.  7  a,  7  c,  7  d)  fere  ut  in  genere  prsece- 
dente,  sed  ilhs  apicem  versus  minus  incrassatee  et  articulo  ultimo  brevi  oblique  truncate ;  maxil- 
larum  lobus  internus  simplex  (nee  biuncinatus)  ;  palpoinim  ■maxillarium  art.iculus  ultimus  minor  et 
vix  secm'iformis ;  palpi  labiales  longiores  graciliores ;  et  mentum  multo  amplius,  ligulam  fere 
tegens.  Pedes  plerumque  elongati  graciles  :  tibiis  fere  glabris^  aut  minutissime  setulosis  :  tarsis 
heteromeris ;  posterioribus  (sed  prsesertim  posticis)  articulo  primo  elongato. 

The  present  genus,  apparently  the  only  Madeii'an  representative  of  the  Ten- 
tynad<v,  may  he  known  hy  its  more  or  less  quadrangular  prothorax,  by  its  anteriorly 
rounded  and  porrected  clj'peus,  and  hythe  minute,  ohliquely  truncated  apical  joint 
of  its  antennse.  As  in  the  rest  of  the  department  to  which  it  belongs,  its  mentum 
is  largely  developed  (almost  entirely  concealing  the  ligula),  and  the  terminal 
articulation  of  its  maxillary  palpi  is  hut  slightly  dilated  (being  far  less  securiform 
moreover  than  is  the  case  in  the  previous  families  of  the  AtracheJki).  The  under 
side  of  its  head  has  usually  more  or  less  of  a  grooA'e  and  rounded  impression  in  the 
centre  of  the  jugulum  (behind  the  mentum) ;  and  its  internal  maxillary  lobe  is 
simple,  being  never  armed  (as  in  Blaps)  with  an  additional  claw.  Although  but  a 
single  Hegeter*  would  seem  to  enter  our  fauna,  the  genus  may  be  said,  nevertheless, 
to  be  eminently  characteristic  of  the  whole  of  these  Atlantic  islands  :  for,  whilst 
endemic  species  are  being  gradually  brought  to  light  in  each  of  them,  and  whilst 
one  or  two  have  not  only  overspread  all,  but  have  even  been  reported  from  the 
nearest  European  and  African  shores  (as,  for  instance,  the  H.  elongatus  from 
Senegal,  and  the  S.  Amaroides  from  Spain),  the  existence  of  a  collective  mass,  as 
it  were,  in  the  Canarian  group  points  to  that  particular  region  as  the  probable 
area  from  whence  the  greater  number  of  them  were  originally  diffused.  On  the 
Salvages  we  find  a  modification  peculiar  to  those  rocks  t ;  but,  as  just  stated,  it  is  in 

*  lu  the  fourth  vohune  of  the  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  Enf.  de  France,  there  are  two  recorded  by  Solier, — 
namely  the  H.  sfriatus,  Lat.  (/.  e.  the  elongatus,  Oliv.),  and  the  H.  Amaroides, — as  Madeiran,  though  only 
on  the  evidence  of  Dupont'a  collection.  It  is  possible  indeed  that  the  latter  may  be  foimd  in  these 
islands,  for  it  is  abimdant  in  the  Canaries ;  yet,  as  I  have  not  myself  succeeded  in  detecting  it,  and  since 
it  has  equally  evaded  the  researches  of  the  Eev.  E.  T.  Lowe,  Professor  Heer,  Dr.  Albers,  iM]M.  Hartimg, 
Eousset  and  others,  I  have  preferred  not  admitting  it  into  our  fauna, — inasmuch  as  it  is  far  from  imlikely 
that  some  mistake  may  have  arisen  respecting  the  locality ;  and  more  especially  so,  since  such-like  errors 
are  of  constant  experience  in  general  collections,  formed  of  necessity  through  various  (and  not  always 
particidarly  correct)  media.  It  is  the  same  authority  which  pronounces  it  to  occur  in  the  south  of  Spain  ; 
and  although  I  have  not  the  means  of  testing  (and  woidd  not  therefore  wish  to  doubt)  the  accuracy  of  this 
statement,  j'et  I  cannot  but  regard  the  Madeiran  habitat  as  at  any  rate  uncertain.  I  woidd  on  no 
account  however  aiiirm  that  it  actually  does  not  exist  in  oiu-  present  group,  since,  next  to  the  common 
H.  elongatus,  it  woidd  seem  to  have  the  greatest  diftusive  powers  (and  therefore  there  is  no  reason, 
ct  priori,  why  it  shoidd  not  be  Madeiran  as  well  as  Canarian)  :  nevertheless,  if  such  be  the  case,  it  is 
exceedingly  remarkable  that  it  should  have  hitherto  completely  escaped  the  combined  investigations  of  so 
many  working  naturalists. 

t  This  species  evidently  approaches  one  or  frvvo  from  Teneriife, — of  which  indeed  it  may  be  perhaps 
but  an  altered  state  from  long  seclusion  on  these  barren  and  exposed  rocks  :  nevertheless,  since  it  does 
not  exactly  accord  with  the  description  of  any  of  those  given  byBrulle  in  Webb  and  Berthelot's  work  on 


510  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  Canaries  that  they  attain  their  maximum, — where  no  fewer  than  twelve  have 
been  already  recorded  l^y  "Wel^b  and  Berthelot,  and  where  it  is  far  from  unlikely 
that  many  more  still  remain  to  be  detected.  Thcv  are  insects  of  a  verv  sresarious 
nature,  and  of  sedentary  modes  of  life, — congregating  in  caverns  and  beneath  stones, 
especially  near  the  sea-shore,  and  avoiding  the  light.  The  common  H.  elongatus 
indeed  is  occasionally  to  be  met  with  (in  the  same  manner  as  the  Blapsidce)  in  and 
about  houses ;  but  their  normal  range  is  decidedly  at  a  distance  from  habitations, 
— in  which  respect  they  partake  a  good  deal  of  the  character  of  Helops. 

388.  Hegeter  elongatus.    (Tab.  XI.  fi^.  7.) 
H.  ater  subopacus  impunctatus  subdepressus,  capite  subtus  sulco  brevi  longitucHnali  profunde  im- 

presso,  prothorace  subquadi-ato  ad  angulos  acuto,  elytris  striatis,  antennis  pedibusque  longioribus, 

tibiis  subglabris. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  7-9. 

Blaps  elmujata,  Oliv.  Ent.  iii.  60.  pi.  1.  fig.  7  (1795). 

Hegeter  striatus,  Lat.  Hist.  Nat.  des  Crust,  et  Ins.  x.  276  (1804). 

,  Solier,  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  Unt.  de  France,  iv.  377  (1835). 

,  Brulle,  in  Wehh  et  Berth.  Hist.  Nat.  des  lies  Canar.  64  (1839). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  et  in  cavcrnis  Maderae  Portusque  Sancti,  prjesertim  per  oram  maritimam,  toto 
anno  frequens  :  in  cavcrna  quadani  basaltica  mox  infra  summum  montem  Portosanctanum  Pico 
d'Anna  Ferreira  dictum  sitii  mense  Aprili  a.d.  1849  copiosissime  collegi. 

H.  elongate-ovate  (being  widest  behind  the  middle),  deep  black,  almost  opake  (especially  the  head 
and  prothorax),  impunctate  and  somewhat  depressed.  Head  underneath  with  a  very  deep  longi- 
tudinal (though  abbreviated)  impression  in  the  centre,  at  the  base  of  the  mentum.     Prothorax 


the  Canaries,  and  since  its  remote  locality  renders  it  desirable  that  it  should  be  distmguished,  I  subjoin 
the  folloiiving  diagnosis  which  may  serve  to  separate  it  from  its  allies : 

Hegeter  latebricola,  TVoU. 
H.  ater  subnitidus  minute  punctulatus  subconvexus,  capite  subtus  vix  impresso,  prothorace  transverse  ad 
angulos  minus  acute,  elytris  vix  substriatis,  antennis  pedibusque  brevioribus,  tibiis  le^^te^  setulosis. 
Long.  Corp.  Ha.  5^-7. 

Habitat  in  insulis  "  Salvages,"  a  Dom.  Leacock  nuper  conunuuicatus. 

H.  oblong-ovate  (being  widest  about  the  middle),  deep  shining  black,  closely  and  minutely  punctulated 
aU  over,  and  somewhat  convex.  Head  beneath  with  scarcely  any  indication  of  the  impression  which 
is  so  deep  and  apparent  in  the  INIadeiran  H.  elongatus.  Prothorax  transverse,  being  much  shorter 
than  in  that  species ;  also  with  the  sides  slightly  more  roimded  and  the  angles  not  quite  so  acute. 
Elytra  with  the  faintest  possible  indications  of  stria;  (which  are  sometimes  however  altogether 
obsolete).  Antennm  and  legs  shorter  than  in  the  //.  elongatus;  the  latter  ^vith  tlieir  tibia-  minutely 
setulose. 

It  was  discovered  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.,  of  Funchal  (on  the  "  Great  Piton  "),  during  his  late  expedition 
to  the  Salvages ;  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  a  fine  series  of  specimens,  in  a  very  perfect  state. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  511 

subqiiach-ate,  with  the  sides  nearly  straight  and  all  the  angles  acute, — the  anterior  ones  being 
considerably  porrected.  Elytra  distinctly  sulcated,  or  striated,  but  without  any  indications  of 
punctui-es.     Antenna  and  legs  long ;  the  latter  with  their  tibice  almost  glabrous. 

Exceedingly  common  throngliout  tlie  islands  of  the  Madeiran  group,  occui-ring 
in  basaltic  caves,  or  beneath  stones,  in  spots  near  to  the  coast, — though  usually  at 
low  elevations.  In  Porto  Santo  however  I  have  captured  it,  in  the  utmost  profvi- 
sion,  near  the  summit  of  the  Pico  d'Anna  Ferreira,  in  a  large  cavern  opening  to 
the  south.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Fmichal  it  is  at  times  equally  plentiful,^ 
especially  in  excavations  of  the  tufa  along  the  sea-beach ;  and  it  is  occasionally  to 
be  met  wiih.  even  in  and  around  dwelling-houses  (like  many  of  the  Blapskhe) : 
nevertheless  the  vicinity  of  the  shore  is  clearly  its  normal  range.  It  is  abundant 
in  the  Canaries ;  and  I  am  informed  by  M,  Deyrolle  of  Paris  that  he  has  received 
it  from  Senegal,  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  Regarding  the  habitat  of  the  Blaps  elon- 
gata  of  01i\der  (viz.  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope),  I  am  inclined  to  suspect  that  there 
must  have  been  some  error  connected  with  it ;  for,  if  the  insect  be  really  the  same 
as  the  Madeiran  and  Canarian  one  (as  is  universally  admitted),  it  is  extremely 
unlikely  that  it  should  occur  at  so  vast  a  distance  from  its  (evidently)  legitimate 
sphere.  And  so,  apparently,  thought  Dejean  also  (unless  indeed,  which  is  not 
improbable,  he  had  certain  information  on  the  subject), — for,  although  Olivier 
gives  the  Cape  of  Good  Hoj)e  as  the  locality  of  his  species,  Dejean  subsequently  (in 
his  Catalogue)  corrects  the  mistake,  citing  Teneriffe  instead. 


Fam.  50.  HELOPID^. 

Genus  175.  HELOPS.    (Tab.  XII.) 
Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  257  (1775). 

Corpus  magnum,  plus  minusve  (in  speciebus  Maderensibus  saltern)  oblongo-ovatum,  convexum  :  fronte 
(XII.  2  a)  ad  latera  leviter  elevata,  ad  apicem  truncata  :  metastemo  postice  vl\  bifido :  elytris 
modo  liberis,  modo  (ut  in  speciebus  nostris)  subconnatis :  alis  obsoletis.  Antenna  capita  pro- 
thoraceque  paulo  (in  maribus  interdum  multo)  longiores,  filiformes,  apicem  versus  vix  sensim 
incrassatse  et  baud  moniliformes,  articulo  prime  leviter  robusto  breviusculo,  secundo  brevissimo, 
tertio  elongato,  reliquis  longitudine  subrequaUbus  (idtimo  extus  oblique  subtruncato).  Instru- 
menta  cibaria  (XII.  2  a-2  d,  4  a-4  d,  6  a-6  c,  8  a-8  c)  fere  ut  in  Macrostetho,  sed  maxillarum  lobus 
intemus  simplex  latior  apice  obtusus,  et  nientum  subquadratum  antice  mtegrum.  Pedes  elongati, 
plerumque  subgraciles :  tibiis  subtiliter  pubescentibus;  anticis  ad  apicem  externum  (in  maribus 
prsecipue)  interdum  acutis :  tarsis  heteromeris,  subtus  dense  pubescentibus  [anterioribits  articulis, 
ultimo  excepto,  interdum  subcordatis  et  in  maribus  plus  minusve  dilatatis) ;  posticis  articulo 
primo  longiusculo. 

The  representatives  of  the  present  very  extensive  genus  may  be  known  (so  far 
at  least  as  the  European  ones  are  concerned)  by  their  convex,  rather  thickened  and 


512  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

more  or  less  oblong-ovate  bodies  (tlieu*  protliorax  being  usually  almost  as  broad 
Iiehind  as  the  base  of  their  elji;ra),  by  their  comparatively  elongated,  filiform 
antenna3  and  by  their  subpubescent  (unspinulose)  legs, — which  have  the  joints  of 
the  four  anterior  tarsi  slightly  cordate,  and  often  a  little  dilated  in  the  male  sex. 
Although  for  the  most  part  of  a  sombre  hue,  they  are  insects  which  are  not 
universally  (like  those  of  the  three  preceding  families)  dark, — assuming  occa- 
sionally more  pleasing  tints  or  even  a  metallic  lustre.  Still,  black  is  their 
prevailing  shade;  as  is  especially  implied  in  the  Madeira  Islands,  where  a  dull 
rusty-brown  is  the  most  lively  colour  indicated, — and  even  that  by  two  or  three 
members  .only  of  a  somewhat  aberrant  mould.  In  their  propensities  they  would 
appear  to  combine  those  of  the  previous  groups  with  the  subcortical  ones  of  the 
DlaperidcB ;  being  found  not  merely  beneath  stones  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast, 
and  in  the  open  country,  but  likewise  under  the  moss  and  loose  bark  of  trees  in 
damp  wooded  spots.  In  so  large  an  assemblage  it  is  not  sui'prising  that  we  should 
discover  several  types  of  form ;  nevertheless,  though  such  is  the  case,  it  is  scarcely 
])0ssible  to  make  use  of  any  of  them  for  so  much  as  even  sectional  purposes,  since 
they  all  exhibit  so  great  a  congruity  in  the  details  of  then-  trophi  as  to  be  nearly 
coincident,  whilst  externally  they  are  merged  inter  se  by  imperceptible  gradations. 
Although  not  available  however  in  analysis,  they  may  be  advantageously  studied 
in  a  general  way,  inasmuch  as  the  habits  and  outward  featiu-es  of  the  various 
species  are  in  some  measure  reciprocal, — or  at  any  rate  so  far  consistent  with  each 
other  as  to  render  the  investigation  of  them  interesting.  This  indeed  we  should 
a  priori  expect,  for  it  is  hardly  to  be  supposed  that  creatures  normally  subcortical 
sliould  offer  no  points  of  dissimilarity  from  those  whose  range  is  beneath  stones 
along  the  sea-shore  or  in  the  rocky  crevices  of  weather-beaten  peaks.  Did  not  in 
fact  intermediate  modes  of  life  occui",  between  the  extremes,  disclosing  corre- 
sponding links  of  structui'e,  there  might  be  some  hope  of  resolving  this  immense 
race  into  natiu'al  divisions ;  but,  since  such  are  traceable,  we  can  only  contemplate 
the  adjustments  in  question  as  a  mere  matter  of  local  and  specific  interest,  Avithout 
any  reference  to  generic  simplification. 

In  the  Madeira  Islands  the  Selopidce  may  be  said  to  play  an  important  part 
amongst  the  indigenous  Coleoptera,  and  would  seem  to  include  but  few  modifica- 
tions (if  any)  of  a  purely  sylvan  nature.  On  the  contrary,  they  are  all  more  or 
less  residents  hi  aperto,  and  most  of  them  exclusively  so.  One  or  two  are  at  times 
to  be  met  with,  it  is  true,  under  bark ;  but  even  these  harbour  more  abimdantly 
beneath  stones,  and  attain  in  such  situations  a  more  perfect  development.  In 
reality,  the  entire  number  may  be  pronounced  as  not  only  extra-sylvan,  but  as 
t\']3ically  natives  of  the  most  barren  and  exposed  regions.  And  if  avc  turn  to  theu* 
external  contour,  we  shall  perceive  them  all  to  be  fashioned  after  a  certain  pattern 
which  obtains  throughout  the  whole  of  these  Atkmtic  groups.  Thus,  for  instance, 
anything  approaching  to  gay  colours  does  not  so  much  as  exist  (theu-  ordinary  hue 
being  deep  black) ;  then,  they  are,  in  every  instance,  apterous  (their  retii'ing  habits 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  513 

rendering  wings  unnecessary) ;  their  elytra  are  almost  invariably  joined  together ; 
theii-  bodies  are  especially  thick  and  subovate  (or  at  least  it  is  their  tendency  to 
become  so,  their  prothoraces  being  wider  posteriorly  than  is  usually  the  case  in 
the  flower-infesting  or  metallic  forms) ;  and  their  four  anterior  feet  are  always 
expanded  in  the  males, — in  which  sex  also  the  legs  are  peculiarly  robust,  and  the 
antennae  are  much  elongated.  Like  the  Sadri,  they  are  excessively  gregarious, — 
clustering  beneath  slabs  of  stone  (often  in  the  utmost  profusion),  or  secreting 
themselves  in  the  chinks  and  fissm-es  of  the  mountain-summits.  They  most  of 
them  emit,  when  captured,  an  impleasant  odour  (like  a  large  proportion  of  the 
Melasomes) ;  and  so  pungent  is  this  scent  in  one  or  two  of  the  species,  that  their 
presence  may  be  frequently  detected  even  before  actually  observed. 

389.  Helops  Vulcanus,  TT'oll.    (Tab.  XII.  fig.  1.) 
H.  subovatus  ater  subnitidus  confertim  punctulatus,  prothorace  amplo  convexo  ad  latera  basin  versus 
siuuato  (angulis  posticis  plus  minusve  subrectis),  elytris  rugosis  profunde  crenato-striatis,  inter- 
stitiis  apicem  versus  seriatim  tuberculatis,  antennis  pedibusque  robustis. 
Var. «.  latus,  protborace  ad  angulos  posticos  subrecto.     (Ins*.  Deserta  Borealis  et  Grandis.) 
Var.  /3.  vix  angustior  convexior,  protborace  ad  latera  valde  sinuato  angulis  posticis  rectis.    (Ins.  Ilheu 

de  Fora.) 
Var.  y.  angustior  minor  oblongior  et  profundius  punctatus,  prothorace  paulo  longiore  ad  angulos 

posticos  subrecto.     {Ilheo  de  Fora ;  status  aberrans.) 
Var.  8.  protborace  ad  latera  minus  sinuato  angulis  posticis  subobtusis.     {Madera  ;  per  oram  mari- 
timam.) 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  6i-I0. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  et  in  rupium  fissuris  Maderse,  insularum  adjacentium  necnon  Desertarum,  prae- 
sertim  mox  supra  oram  maritimam,  uon  infrequens :  in  summo  Desertee  Grandis  atque  in  insula 
Ilheo  de  Fora  dicta  prsedominat. 

H.  subovate,  deep  black,  slightly  shining,  closely  and  rather  coarsely  punctulated.     Prothorax  large 

and  convex ;  widest  a  little  before  the  middle,  and  with  the  sides  sinuated  behind, — causing  the 

posterior  angles  to  be  more  or  less  of  right  angles.     Elytra  rugose,  or  transversely  wrinkled ; 

deeply  crenate-striated ;  the  interstices  having  each  a  row  of  tubercles,  apparent  behind  but 

obsolete  in  front.     Legs  and  antennae  exceedingly  robust,  especially  in  the  males. 
Var.  a.  slightly  wider  and  larger  than  the  other  varieties.     Prothorax  with  the  posterior  angles 

almost  right  angles,  but  with  the  anterior  portion  scarcely  so  much  expanded  as  in  the  var.  /3. 

(The  state  peculiar  to  the  Northern  and  Central  Dezertas.) 
Var.  |3.  a  trifle  narrower  and  more  convex  than  the  Dezertan  specimens.     Prothorax  with  the  sides 

greatly  sinuated  behind,  and  with  the  posterior  angles  right  angles.     (Typical  on  the  Ilheo  de 

Fora.) 
Var.  y.  the  narrowest  in  proportion  of  the  whole,  being  more  oblong  (or  subcylindi-ical),  also  smaller 

and  rather  more  deeply  punctured ;  with  the  prothorax  comparatively  elongated,  and  its  posterior 

angles  almost  right  angles.     (Ilheo  de  Fora ;  abnormal  state.) 

3u 


514  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Far.  B.  prothorax  with  the  sides  rather  less  sinuated  than  in  any  of  the  previous  varieties,  and  with 
its  posterior  angles  somewhat  obtuse.     [Madeira  ;  in  fissures  of  the  rocks  near  the  coast.) 

It  must  be  admitted  that  the  H.  Vulcamis  and  confertus  approach  each  other 
very  closely  in  most  respects  except  in  magnitude.  Nevertheless  they  have  small 
peculiarities  of  theu-  own,  which,  when  pointed  out,  will  be  usually  at  once  appre- 
ciated even  in  those  examples  where  theii"  aberrations  of  size  (ia  contrary  direc- 
tions) would  seem  almost  to  meet :  and,  although  I  was  originally  iuclLued  to 
consider  them  as  phases  of  one  and  the  same  species,  yet  a  more  accurate  analysis 
(of  an  extensive  series,  collected  in  different  islands  and  at  many  altitudes),  and, 
above  all,  a  careful  observation  of  their  habits  in  situ,  has  subsequently  conviuced 
me  that  they  are  trvdy  distinct.  In  then"  normal  states  there  could  never  be  any 
hesitation,  even  at  fii'st  sight,  in  passing  judgment  upon  them ;  since  the  gigantic 
dimensions  of  the  H.  Vulcaims  (more  than  doubling  the  other),  in  conjimction 
with  its  singularly  rol)ust  legs  and  antenna?,  would  of  themselves  suffice  to  charac- 
terize it.  But  since  both  are  of  variable  stature,  it  becomes  necessary  to  be  able 
to  recognise  not  the  extremes  only,  but  likewise  the  means.  Howbeit  we  may 
here  premise  that,  even  were  occasional  individuals  to  occur,  out  of  a  very  large 
number  (which,  so  far  as  my  own  experience  is  concerned,  has  not  hitherto 
happened),  in  which  real  difficulty  of  identification  would  appear  to  exist,  the 
prolilem  still  remains  unsolved,  whether  an  exceptional  link  is  to  be  regarded  as 
of  sufficient  importance  to  cause  the  amalgamation  of  otherwise  well-defined  forms ; 
and  whether  a  lusus  NatiircB  may  not  sometimes  be  the  real  explanation  of  what 
might  seem  to  us,  when  contemplated  from  an  opposite  point  of  view,  to  be  con- 
nective. I  would  merely  mention  tliis  as  a  safeguard  against  a  too  hasty  conclu- 
sion in  an  instance  like  the  present  one,  and  not  that  the  case  (so  far  at  least  as  I 
have  reason  to  believe)  actually  requires  it, — since  I  have  scarcely  ever  failed  to 
separate,  and  that  too  with  j)erfect  ease,  every  specimen  of  the  insects  in  question 
which  has  yet  come  beneath  my  notice. 

Under  all  cu-cumstances,  I  apprehend  that  the  species  which  we  are  discussing 
may  be  determined  by  then*  limbs  and  prothorax, — the  former  of  which  are  much 
thicker  in  the  II.  Vnlcaniis  than  in  the  coufcrtns,  whilst  the  latter  is  more  excavated 
behind  (thus  not  only  causing  the  edges  to  be  more  sinuated,  but  likewise  the  pos- 
terior angles  to  be  either  subacute  or  right  angles  ;  whereas  in  the  more  regularly 
rounded  and  somewhat  smaller  and  less  convex  prothorax  of  the  H.  confertus, 
they  are  comparatively  obtuse).  This,  I  think,  will  generally  enable  us  to  discri- 
minate even  the  intermediate,  or  outwardly  approximating,  examples ;  but,  where 
the  inquiry  simply  lies  between  the  two  in  thcu-  typical  conditions,  the  immensely 
greater  bulk  of  the  U.  J'ulcanus  (apart  from  the  minor  features  enmncrated  in  the 
diagnosis)  wQl  prevent  any  doubt  from  being  entertained,  Qxcn.  lirimd  facie,  on  the 
subject.  Their  modes  of  life  moreover  are  in  a  high  degree  dissimilar, — the  con- 
fertus being  the  only  Madeiran  Ilelops  (unless  I  am  mistaken)  of  subcortical  pro- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  515 

pensities  (it  being  found  almost  as  often  under  bark  as  stones,  accommodating  itself 
to  the  sylvan  districts)  ;  wliilst  the  Vulcanus  is  confined  to  the  most  exposed  spots 
near  the  coast,  harbouring  either  beneath  basaltic  slabs  on  the  barren  cliffs,  or  else 
(which  is  more  especially  the  case)  in  the  fissiu*es  of  the  weather-beaten  peaks  of 
the  adjacent  islands.  On  the  extreme  summit  of  the  Dezerta  Grande  I  have  cap- 
tured it  in  profusion,  during  the  winter  and  spring  (in  company  with  the  E.  con- 
gregatm,  Kadrus  cinerascens,  and  the  Scarites  ahbreviatus), — by  splitting  open 
the  masses  of  rock  and  tufa  which  had  become  loosened  by  the  action  of  the 
atmosphere  :  and  on  the  Flat  Dezerta,  or  Ilheo  Chao,  it  is  equally  abundant.  On 
the  Ilheo  de  Fora  (the  small,  pyramidal,  detached  extremity  of  the  Ponta  Sao 
Louren9o)  it  is  exceedingly  plentifiil,— where,  on  the  19th  of  March  1849,  I  took 
a  vast  quantity  of  specimens,  a  little  differing  from  those  of  the  Dezertas  (though 
coincident  with  them  in  everything  essential),  and  constituting  two  varieties, 
which  1  have  endeavoured  to  indicate  in  the  above  description. 

390.  Helops  confertus,  WoU.    (Tab.  XII.  fig.  2.) 
H.   subovatus   ater    (vel  niger)    subnitidus    confertim  punctulatus,  prothorace  ad  latera  rotundato 
(angulis  posticis  obtusis),  elytris  crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  apicem  versus  seriatim  tuberculatis, 
antennis  pedibusque  fuscescentibus. 
Var.  a.   elytris  rugosis  et  profunda  crenato-striatis.     (In  Madera  status  typicus,    sub  lapidibus 

corticeve  arborum  ubique  vulgaris.) 
Var.  /3.   svibpicescens    (artubus    dilutioribus),    elytris   vix  rugosis  et  leviter  crenato-striatis.     (In 
Maderd  status  aberrans,  per  regionem  alpinam  prsesertim  occurrens.) 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  5-6^. 

Habitat  Maderam  propriam,  sub  lapidibus  vel  cortice  arborum  laxo,  ab  ord  maritima  usque  ad  cacu- 
mina  montium  copiosissime  ascendens;  var.  f3.  regionem  alpinam  prsesertim  colit. 

H.  resembling  the  last  species,  but,  on  the  average,  very  much  smaller ;  the  prothorax  a  little  shorter 
in  proportion  and  not  quite  so  convex ;  and  with  the  sides  almost  uniformly  rounded, — being 
scarcely  at  all  sinuated  or  scooped  out  behind,  so  that  the  posterior  angles  are  more  obtuse.  The 
legs  and  antenna,  also,  are  much  less  robust  than  those  of  the  H.  Vulcanus,  and  more  or  less 
piceous  or  fuscescent. 
Var.  a.  with  the  elytra  much  roughened  (as  in  the  H.  Vulcanus)  and  deeply  crenate-striated.    (The 

typical  state  throughout  Madeira,  except  in  the  highest  altitudes.) 
Var.  fi.  with  more  or  less  of  an  obscure  picescent  tinge, — especially  on  the  legs  and  antennae,  which 
are  sometimes  almost  ferruginous.     Elytra  less  roughened  and  with  the  striae  not  so  deep, — but 
with  the  tubercles  on  the  interstices  behind,  nevertheless,  always  apparent.     (The  aberrant  state, 
occurring  principally  in  the  loftiest  altitudes  of  Madeira.) 

The  distinctions  between  the  present  insect  and  the  last  one  have  been  akeady 
pointed  out.  It  is  by  far  the  most  abtindant  of  the  Helopiclce  here  described,  and 
with  the  most  extended  range, — nevertheless  confined  exclusively,  so  far  as  I  have 

3tj  2 


516  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

hitherto  observed,  to  Madeu-a  proper;  where  it  occui's  at  nearly  all  elevations, 
though  more  particiilarly  below  the  altitude  of  2000  feet.  It  is  the  only  member 
of  the  genus  included  in  our  fauna  in  which  a  subcortical  tendency  wovild  appear 
to  be  indicated :  yet,  nor  mall y,  I  believe  that  even  it  is  extra-sylvan,  since  it  is 
imquestionably  cormnoncr  beneath  stones  than  bark.  It  varies  a  little  according 
to  the  altitude  at  which  it  is  found,  being  usually  deeply  striated  and  rugose  on 
its  lower,  but  sulipicescent  and  much  more  lightly  sculptiu'cd  on  its  upper  limits. 
I  have  taken  specimens  indeed  on  the  Pico  lluivo  and  on  the  mountaia-plain  of 
tlie  Fateu'as  which  are  so  far  diminished  in  roughness  as  almost  to  resemble,  at 
first  sight,  the  H.  Pluto ;  nevertheless  the  more  roimded  edges  of  their  (less 
anteriorly-acuminated)  prothorax,  in  conjimction  with  the  tubercles  (Avhich  are 
never  absent)  on  the  hinder  region  of  their  elytral  interstices,  will  always  succeed 
in  distinguishing  even  such  examples  as  these,  on  fiu'ther  examination,  fi-om  that 
species. 

391.  Helops  Pluto,  WoU.    (Tab.  XII.  fig.  3.) 

H.  elliptico-ovatus  ater  (vel  niger)  nitidissimus  confertini  punctulatus,  prothorace  antice  acuminato  ad 
latera  oblique-subrecto,  elytris  leviter  crenato-striatis,  antennis  jjedibusque  paulo  brevioribus 
fuscescentibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3^-5. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  Maderse  (a  3000'  s.  m.  usque  ad  summos  montes  ascendens),  tempore  hiberno 
et  veniali  vulgaris. 

H.  elliptical-ovate  (being  about  equally  acuminated  before  and  behind),  deep  black,  exceedingly 
shining,  and  closely  but  rather  finely  punctulated.  Prothorax  narrowed  in  tront,  the  widest  part 
being  at  the  extreme  hinder  margin ;  and  with  the  sides  nearly  straight  (though  obhque),  and 
the  posterior  angles  rather  acute.  Elytra  scarcely  at  all  roughened,  and  hghtly  crenate-striated ; 
the  interstices  having  no  appearance  of  the  hinder  tubercles  which  are  more  or  less  evident  on  so 
many  of  the  other  species.  Leys  and  antenna  somewhat  shorter  comparatively  than  those  of  the 
H.  confertus,  and  more  or  less  brownish-piceous  or  fuscescent. 

An  exceedingly  distinct  Helops ;  and  readily  known  from  the  remainder  of  the 
genus  here  described  l)y  its  elliptical  outline  and  by  its  brightly  shining  and  com- 
paratively smooth  surface, — which  has  no  ap2:)earance  of  the  hinder  elj-tral 
tubercles  which  are  so  perceptible  in  most  of  its  allies.  Its  j)rothorax  also  is  more 
attenuated  in  front,  and  has  the  sides  (although  oblique)  straighter,  than  is  the 
case  in  any  of  the  other  species.  It  is  peculiar  to  lofty  altitudes,  where  however 
throughout  the  winter  months  it  is  remarkably  abundant, — occm-ring  beneath 
stones  on  the  exposed  grassy  slopes,  from  about  3000  feet  above  the  sea  to  the 
extreme  summits  of  the  peaks.  In  the  elevated  district  between  the  Pico  da  Lagoa 
and  the  Pico  dos  Aricros  I  have  observed  it  in  the  utmost  profusion  during  the 
early  spring ;  and  I  have  likewise  captui-ed  it  on  the  upland  plain  of  the  Paul  da 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  517 

Serra,  and  on  most  of  the  mountain  ridges  in  the  interior  of  the  island.     It  has 
been  also  taken  by  Professor  Heer  on  the  Pico  Grande. 

392.  Helops  infernus,  Woll.    (Tab.  XII.  fig.  4.) 
H.  oblongo-ovatus  niger  (vel  ater)  subopacus  coufertissime  punctulatus,  prothorace  ad  latera  rotundato, 

elytris  dense  rugulosis   subcrenato-striatis,   interstitiis  apicem  versus  vix  seriatim  tuberculatis, 

antennis  pedibusque  fuscescentibus. 
Long.  corp.  liu.  4-6i. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  campis  aridis  Portus  Sancti,  tempore  vernali,  vulgaris. 

H.  oblong-ovate  (or  somewhat  semicylindrical),  dull  black  (occasionally  with  a  very  obscure  piceous 
or  rusty  tinge),  nearly  opake,  and  most  closely  and  rather  roughly  punctulated.  Prothorax 
nearly  as  broad  before  as  behind,  the  widest  part  being  about  the  middle ;  and  with  the  sides 
slightly  but  uniformly  rounded.  Elytra  most  densely  rugulose  (having  almost  the  appearance 
at  first  sight  of  being  closely  granuled),  and  crenate-striated  (though  not  very  deeply  so) ;  the 
interstices  with  the  hinder  tubercles  small,  and,  on  account  of  the  roughness  of  the  surface, 
exceedingly  indistinct.     Legs  and  antenna  more  or  less  brownish-piceous  or  fuscescent. 

A  species  peculiar  to  Porto  Santo,  and  with  exceedingly  well-marked  characters, 
— which  (judging  from  many  hundred  specimens  which  have  come  beneath  my 
notice)  would  appear  in  every  instance  to  remain  constant ;  its  somewhat  oblong 
or  semicylindrical  form,  in  conjunction  with  its  nearly  opake  and  very  closely 
punctiu-ed  surface  (the  elytral  portion  of  which  would  almost  seem,  at  first  sight, 
to  be  granulated),  being  at  once  sufficient  to  separate  it  from  the  rest  of  the 
Madeiran  Helopkla;  here  described*.     It  is  extremely  abundant  in  the  low  sandy 

*  In  its  opacity  and  somewhat  cylindrical  contour,  it  slightly  resembles  a  species  from  the  Salvages : 
nevertheless  the  almost  impimctate  surface  of  that  insect,  added  to  its  more  posteriorly-narrowed  pro- 
thorax,  will  readily  separate  it  from  the  H.  infernus.  As  it  is  certainly  imdescribed,  I  subjoin  the  fol- 
lowing diagnosis,  which  will  serve  to  distuiguish  it  from  its  Madeiran  and  Porto  Santan  aUies : 

» 
Helops  Leacocianus,  Woll. 

H.  oblongo-ovatus  ater  subopacus  minutissime  et  vix  coul'ertim  punctulatus,  prothorace  ad  latera  valde 
rotundato,  elytris  crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  apicem  versus  seriatim  tubereidatis,  antennis  pedibusque 
breviuscuHs  picescentibus. 

Long.  Corp.  liu.  5. 

Habitat  in  insulis  "  Salvages,"  a  Dom.  Leacock  nuper  communicatus,  cujus  iu  honorem  speciem  stabiHvi. 

H.  oblong-ovate,  deep  black,  nearly  opake,  and  most  minutely,  but  not  very  densely  punctidated.  Pro- 
thorax  with  the  sides  considerably  rounded,  beiug  a  good  deal  (and  abuost  equally)  narrowed  before 
and  behind.  Elytra  very  obscurely  rugulose,  but  distinctly  erenate-striated  (the  stris  having  almost 
the  appearance  of  being  punctate)  ;  the  interstices  with  the  hinder  tubercles  large  and  distinct. 
Legs  and  antennce  somewhat  piceous. 

A  single  specimen  of  this  very  distinct  and  interesting  Helojjs  has  been  lately  communicated  to  me  by 
T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.,  of  Funchal,  by  whom  it  was  captured  on  the  "  Great  Piton"  (during  his  late  expedi- 
tion to  the  Salvages),  and  to  whom  I  have  dedicated  the  species. 


518  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

districts  of  Porto  Santo,  diu-ing  tlie  winter  and  spring, — especially  on  the  Campo 
de  Baxo,  and  the  fiat  ciiltivated  ground  behind  the  sea-beach. 

393.  Helops  lucifugiis,  WoU.     (Tab.  XII.  fig.  5.) 

H.  ovatus  latiusculus  subdepressus  ater  nitidus  confertim  punctulatus,   prothorace   amplo   antice 
convexo  ad  latera  vix  rotundato,  elytris  subrugulosis  profunde  crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  apicem 
versus  minute  seriatim  tuljerculatis,  antennis  pedibusque  fuscescentibus. 
Var.  /3.  minor  convexior,  punctis  striisque  paulo  profundioribus,  prothorace  vix  ampliore  quadratiore. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  4r-6'~. 

Habitat  in  Portu  Sancto,  una  cum  prrecedente  degens,  sed  paulo  rarior ;  var.  /3.  ad  regionem  supe- 
riorem  nisi  fallor  solam  pertinet,  qua  in  ascensu  montis  illius  Pico  de  Facho  dicti  Aprili  exeunte 
A.D.  1848  pauca  specimina  sub  lapidibus  collegi. 

H.  short-ovate,  rather  wide  and  depressed,  deep  shining  black,  neither  so  closely  nor  so  deeply  punc- 
tulated  as  the  H.  infenius.  Prothorax  somewhat  large  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  insect, 
rather  convexer  in  front  than  at  the  hinder  margin  (a  peculiarity  which  is  especially  apparent  in 
the  male  sex),  more  narrowed  anteriorly  than  in  the  last  species ;  and  with  the  sides  consequently 
not  quite  so  itniformhj  rounded.  Elytra  rather  short,  very  slightly  rugulose  and  deeply  crenate- 
striatcd,  the  strife  having  almo.st  the  appearance  sometimes  of  being  punctate ;  the  interstices 
with  the  hinder  tubercles  small  and  rather  more  distinct  than  in  the  last  species.  Legs  and 
antenna  more  or  less  brownish-piceous  or  fuscescent. 
Var.  /3.  smaller  and  more  convex ;  with  the  prothorax  somewhat  larger  iu  proportion  and  more 
quadi-ate,  being  moreover  as  convex  behind  as  in  front ;  and  with  the  punctures  and  elytral  strise 
altogether  a  httle  deeper  than  in  the  ordinary  type.  (The  state  peculiar,  apparently,  to  the 
higher  elevations  of  Porto  Santo.) 

Also  a  weU-niarkcd  species,  and,  like  the  last,  peculiar  to  Porto  Santo.  It  may 
be  knovm  by  its  shortened  ovate  form,  comparatively  broad  outline,  and  by  its 
deep  black,  shining,  rather  depressed,  and  somewhat  lightly  punctured  surface. 
It  is  found  in  company  with  the  H.  infer  nits  on  the  sandy  plains  of  a  low  elevation, 
but  is  apparently  the  scarcer  of  the  two.  There  is  a  state  (correctly  referred  I 
believe  to  the  present  insect)  which  I  would  regard  as  the  moimtain  variety,  in 
which  the  body  is  slightly  smaller  and  more  convex,  the  scvJpture  deeper,  and  the 
prothorax  a  little  larger  in  proportion  and  more  quadrate,  than  in  the  ordinary 
type.  The  only  specimens  which  I  possess  of  this  particular  modification  were 
captured  by  myself,  in  April  1818,  on  the  ascent  (so  far  as  I  can  recollect)  of  the 
Pico  de  Facho, — about  midway  between  the  town  and  summit. 

394.  Helops  congi'egatus,  WoU.    (Tab.  XII.  fig.  6.) 

H.  subovatus  piceus  nitidus  coufertim  punctulatus,  prothorace  ad  latera  subrotundato,  elytris  rugu- 
losis  profunde  crenato-striatis,  interstitiis  apicem  versus  seriatim  tuberculatis,  antennis  pedibusque 
plus  minusve  ferrugineis. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  519 

Var.  a.  paiilo  obscurior,  prothorace  vix  angustiorCj  antennis  pedibusque  infuscato-ferrugineis.   (Ins. 

Deserta  Grandis.) 
Var.  (3.  paulo  clarior,  prothorace  vix  latiore  densius  et  subprofundius  punctulato,  antennis  pedi- 
busque ferrugineis.     (In  Madera  status  typiciis.) 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3^-4|.  ' 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  montibus  Maderse,  minus  frequens ;  in  summo  Besertse  Grandis  (tempore 
hiberno)  prredominat,  in  rupium  fissuris  una  cum  H,  Vulcano  latitans. 

H.  subovate,  piceous,  shining,  and  closely  and  deeply  punctulated.  Prothorax  with  the  sides  slightly 
rounded ;  less  emarginated  in  front  (and  therefore  with  the  anterior  angles  less  porrected)  than 
in  any  of  the  foregoing  species.  Elytra  deeply  crenate-striated ;  the  interstices  with  the  hinder 
tubercles  rather  large  and  distinct,  and  occasionally  extending  almost  into  the  anterior  portion. 
Legs  and  antenna  more  or  less  ferruginous. 

Var.  a.,  of  a  slightly  obscurer  hue.  Prothorax  a  trifle  narrower  (especially  in  front),  and  a  little 
less  deeply  punctured  than  in  the  Madeiran  specimens.  Legs  and  antenna:  dull  ferruginous, 
being  more  or  less  infuscated  in  parts.     (The  state  peculiar  to  the  Dezerta  Grande.) 

Var.  /3.  of  a  clearer  colour.  Prothorax  just  perceptibly  wider  and  more  quadrate,  and  also  somewhat 
more  closely  and  deeply  punctured.  Legs  and  antenna  almost  invariably  pale  ferruginous.  (The 
typical  state  in  Madeira.) 

The  present  Selops  may  be  known  from  the  rest  of  the  genus  here  described  by 
its  dark  piceous  hue,  shining  surface  and  ovate  form.  It  is  found  sparingly 
throughout  most  of  the  mountain  districts  of  Madeira,  but  wouhl  appear  to  be 
more  especially  attached  to  the  east  of  the  island, — and  indeed  to  attain  its 
maximum  on  the  Dezerta  Grande,  where  I  have  taken  it  in  the  greatest  profusion 
from  out  of  the  fissures  of  the  highest  central  peaks.  In  Madeira  proper  I  have 
observed  it  more  plentifully  on  the  hiU-tops  above  Machico  than  elsewhere; 
nevertheless  on  the  upland  plain  of  the  Eateh'as,  and  other  spots  towards  the 
eastern  coast,  it  may  be  occasionally  met  with  in  comparative  abundance*. 

*  Somewhat  akin  to  this  species  is  a  small  Helops  (recently  communicated  by  M.  Eousset)  from 
Teneriffe.  Prom  its  Madeiran  allies  it  may  be  at  once  distiaguished  by  the  peculiarity  of  its  form  and 
sculpture, — amongst  which  the  almost  impimctate  interstices  of  its  elji;ra  and  its  total  freedom  from 
hinder  tubercles  should  be  especially  noticed.     It  may  be  defined  as  follows : — 

Helops  carbunculus,  Wall. 

H.  brevis  ovatus  nigro-piceus  nitidus,  prothorace  profimde  et  confertim  pmictato  subcordato-quadrato  ad 
latera  leviter  rotundato,  elytris  leviter  striato-pimctatis,  interstitiis  obsoletissime  punctulatis,  an- 
tennis pedibusque  infuscato-ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3|. 

Habitat  in  ins.  Teneriffse  Canariensi,  a  Dom.  Eousset  nuper  missus. 

H.  short,  ovate,  dark  piceous,  and  shining.  Prothorax  deeply  and  closely  punctured  (especially  towards 
the  edges),  subcordate-quadrate,  being  widest  in  front;  convex  anteriorly,  and  with  the  sides 
slightly  rounded.    Elytra  not  at  all  rugidose,  and  lightly  striate-punctate ;  the  interstices  with  most 


520  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

395.  Helops  futilis,  JFoII.     (Tab.  XII.  fig.  7.) 

H.  oblongo-subovatus  ferrugineus  subopacus,   prothorace  confertissime  punctulato  latiusculo  sub- 
quadi-ato,  elytris  subcrenato-striatis,  interstitiis  obsoletissime  punctulatis,  autennis  pedibusque 
testaceis. 
Vai:  a.  paulo  obscurior,  elytrorum  interstitiis  apicem  versus  leviter  seriatim  tuberculatis.     (In 

Maderd  status  typicus.) 
Var.  ^.  paulo  elarior,  elytrorum  tuberculis  obsoletis.     (Ins.  Deserta  Grandis.) 
Long.  coqi.  lin.  2|-3|. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  Maderse  et  Desertse  Grandis,  rarior. 

H.  somewhat  oblong-ovate  (or  nearly  oblong),  ferruginoiis,  and  almost  opake.  P?"o/Aora<r  rather  wide, 
convex,  and  subquadrate ;  deeply  and  exceedingly  closely  punctulated.  Elytra  finely  striated 
(the  striiE  obscurely  crenatcd) ;  the  interstices  with  most  minutely  impressed  points  (sometimes 
scarcely  perceptible).     Legs  and  antennae  testaceous. 

Var.  a.,  of  a  slightly  obscurer  hue  (the  edges  of  the  prothorax  and  the  extreme  base  of  the  elytra 
however  being  usually  more  rufescent,  or  chestnut) ;  the  clytral  interstices  with  the  hinder 
tubercles  tolerably  apparent ;  and  the  apex  of  the  antcnnnp  distinctly  infuscated.      [Madeira.) 

Var.  /3.  of  a  clearer,  or  more  rufescent  hue;  the  elytral  interstices  with  the  tubercles  obsolete;  and 
the  apex  of  the  antennae  less  distinctly  infuscated.     (The  state  peculiar  to  the  Dezerta  Grande.) 

Apparently  the  rarest  of  the  Helopidce  here  described ;  and,  like  the  following 
two,  of  a  paler  coloui*  than  the  generality  of  them.  Eroni  both  of  those,  hoAvever, 
it  may  be  known  by  its  smaller  bulk,  and  by  the  punctures  of  its  prothorax  being 
extremely  dense,  whilst  those  on  the  interstices  of  its  elytra  are  scarcely  per- 
ceptible. The  only  locality  in  Madeira  proper  in  which  I  have  myself  observed  it 
is  at  Camacha, — where,  on  the  2nd  of  March  1848,  I  captured  it  sparingly  fi-om 
beneath  stones  on  the  level  grassy  plain  close  to  the  Quinta  of  ]Mr.  Bean.  It  has 
however  been  subsequently  taken  by  M.  Rousset  near  Funchal,  and  by  Professor 
Heer  at  the  Mount  Church.  It  would  seem  to  exist  likewise  on  the  Dezerta 
Grande, — from  whence  I  obtained  a  pair  (of  a  slightly  brighter  hue,  and  with  the 
hinder  tubercles  hardly  distinguishable)  during  my  sojourn  on  that  island,  with 
the  Rev.  W.  J.  Armitagc,  in  January  1849. 

396.  Helops  cinnamomeus,  WoU.    (Tab.  XII.  fig.  8.) 
H.   elongato-ovatus  ferrugineus    subnitidus,  prothorace  confertim    punctulato   subquadrato,    elytris 


minutely  impressed  points  (so  small  as  to  be  scarcely  perceptible  without  the  aid  of  a  powerful 
glass),  and  without  any  appearance  of  tubercles  citlier  before  or  behind.  Legs  and  antenna  didl 
ferruginous,  being  more  or  less  infuscated  in  parts. 

It  may  be  regarded  as  the  Canariau  representative  of  the  H.  congregatus,  from  wliich  however  »peci- 
Jically  it  is  abundantly  distuict. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  521 

leviter  subcrenato-sti-iatis,  interstitiis  minute  punctulatis  apicem  versus  leviter  seriatim  tubercu- 
latis,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3^-5. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem  sub  lapidibus,  prsesertim  per  oram  maritimam  et  in  locis  minus  elevatis, 
ab  autumno  usque  ad  ver  novum  vulgaris. 

H.  elongate-ovate,  ferruginous  (either  obscure  or  rufescent,  occasionally  of  a  somewhat  reddish-cin- 
namon hue),  and  slightly  shining.  Prothorax  scarcely  so  wide  or  convex  (in  proportion)  as  that  of 
the  last  species,  and  not  quite  so  densely  punctulated ;  subquadratc.  Elytra  lightly  subcrenate- 
striated  (the  strise  being  sometimes  very  faint) ;  the  interstices  more  finely  punctulated  than  the 
prothorax  (though  very  much  more  coarsely  than  in  the  H.  futilis),  and  with  the  hinder  tubercles 
tolerably  distinct.     Legs  and  antenna  testaceous. 

The  palest  of  the  Madeiran  nelopicl(V  ;  and  an  exceedingly  distinct  species,  both 
in  habits  and  form.  Unlike  any  of  the  previous  ones,  it  is  apparently  peculiar  to 
low  elevations,  occurring  either  on  the  sea-shore  or  within  the  altitude  of  about 
900  feet.  On  the  flat  ledge  of  ground  overlooking  the  Praya  Fornioza  I  have 
captured  it  in  the  utmost  abundance,  from  beneath  stones ;  as  also  in  dry  spots  on 
the  cliffs  to  the  eastward  of  the  town,  immediately  beyond  the  Ribeiro  de  Sao 
Goncalvo, — the  highest  position  in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it. 

397.  Helops  Portosanctanus,  Woll.    (Tab.  XII.  fig.  9.) 
H.  angusto-oblongus  piceo-ferrugineus  nitidus  vel  opacus  leviter  et  minus  confertim  punctulatus, 
prothorace  subquadrato,  elytris  plus  minusvc  obsoletissime  crenato-substriatis,  antennis  pedi- 
busque testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^\-4^. 

Habitat  Portum  Sanctum,  prope  maris  litus  atque  in  aridis  subinferioribus,  tempore  hiberno  et 
vernali  vulgatissimus. 

H.  oblong,  comparatively  narrow  and  subcylindiical,  usually  of  a  dark  piceo-ferruginous  (though 
sometimes  a  little  paler),  either  shining  or  opake  (and  with  all  the  intermediate  states), — which 
however  appears  to  be  in  no  way  a  sexual  character.  Head  coarsely  punctured.  Prothorax  and 
elytra  much  more  finely  punctulated  than  the  head,  and  less  closely  so  than  in  any  of  the  previous 
species :  the  former  rather  convex,  subquadratc,  and  with  the  sides  more  or  less  rounded :  the 
latter  very  obsoletely  crenate-striated  (the  strife  being  always  far  less  perceptible  than  those  of  the 
H.  cinnamomeus,  and  sometimes  altogether  obsolete) ;  the  interstices  with  their  punctures  (though 
very  variable  in  size)  always  rather  smaller  than  those  on  the  prothorax,  and  without  any  appear- 
ance of  tubercles.     Legs  and  antenna  pale  diluted  testaceous. 

A  very  remarkable  species ;  and,  although  more  changeable  in  surface  than  any 
here  described,  retaining  nevertheless  many  peculiarities  which  will  readUy  distin- 
guish it,  in  aU  its  states,  from  the  remainder  of  the  Selopidce  with  which  we  have 
to  do.     Its  narrower  and  more  oblong  outline,  in  conjunction  with  its  less  thickly 

3x 


622  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

pimctulated  prothorax  and  almost  unstriated  elytra,  give  it  a  character  which  it  is 
impossible  to  mistake ;  whilst  its  extraordinary  variableness  in  the  depth  of  its 
punctiu-es  and  its  liability  to  intermutation  between  opacity  and  brightness  (and 
which  moreover  is  in  no  way  dependent  on  the  sex)  a^tU  serve  additionally  to 
discriminate  it.  It  occiu's  only  (so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed)  in  Porto  Santo, 
— where  however  it  is  extremely  abundant,  diu'ing  the  winter  and  early  sj^ring 
(beneath  stones),  on  the  Campo  de  Baxo,  and  on  the  dry  barren  slopes  and  enclo- 
sures in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Cidade.  It  is  essentially  of  low  range ;  and 
in  liabits  would  seem  to  be  analogous  to  the  Madeu-an  H.  cinnamomeus,  although 
ainmdantly  distinct  from  it  specifically. 


SectioXIL    TRACHELIA. 
Fam.  51.  (EDEMERID^. 

Genus  176.  STENAXIS.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  2.) 

Schmidt,  in  Linn  Entom.  i.  87  (1846). 

Corpus  mediocre,  angusto-elongatum,  pubescens,  mollc  ct  plus  miiiusve  Ifcte  coloratum  :  capite  pro- 
dueto  ;  oculis  oblongis  :  prothorace  parvo  subcyliudrico,  elytris  angustiore,  postice  subcoarctato  : 
elytris  apicem  versus  leviter  attenuatis :  alts  amplissimis.  Antenna  in  fronte  prope  oculos  insertse, 
filiformes,  articulo  primo  vis  robusto,  secundo  brevissimo,  reliquis  (e  tcrtio  elongate)  lougitudine 
paulatim  vix  decrescentibus.  Labrum  coriaceum  subquadrato-transversum,  antice  vix  emargi- 
natum.  Mandibulce  longiuscula;  subrectte,  apice  acutissima;  bifidse,  margiue  interno  membranfi. 
angusta  ciliata  aucto,  basi  minutissime  crenulato  et  ante  basin  fisso-sinuato.  Maxilla  bilobae, 
lobis  membranaceis,  apice  longe  pencillato-pubescentibus  obtusis.  Palpi  maxillares  elongati, 
articulo  ultimo  (in  typica,  sc.  S.  annulato,  subsecui'iformi-cylindrico,  sed  in  specie  iladerensi) 
subfusiformi-cylindi'ico :  labiales  e  scapis  ligulse  connatis  surgentes,  articulo  ultimo  (in  typic& 
subsecuriformi-obconico,  sed  in  nostr4)  subfusiformi  apice  acuminate.  Mentuni  fere  ut  in  Pec- 
teropo  vel  Malachio,  clongatum  lateribus  rotuudatis,  antice  et  postice  mcmbranaceum,  in  parte 
media  transversa  coriaceum.  Lit/ula  tenuissimc  membranacea,  profuude  biloba,  lobis  di\ergen- 
tibus,  apice  inter  lobos  setis  duabus  mediis  brevibus  robustissimis  instructo.  Pedes  elongati, 
gracUes  :  tibiis  ad  apicem  internum  leviter  bicalcaratis  :  (arsis  heteromeris,  articulo  primo  (prae- 
sertim  in  posticis)  elongate,  pcuultimo  bilobo  subtus  longe  pubesccntc,  ultimo  lougiusculo  ungui- 
culis  simplicibus  munito. 

Although  the  insect  from  which  the  above  diagnosis  has  been  dra^vn  out  recedes 
a  little  in  the  configm-ation  of  the  ultimate  joint  of  its  palpi  fi'om  the  Em-opean 
S.annidata  (the  type,  and  hitherto  sole  exponent,  of  the  group),  stUl  I  have  no 
hesitation  in  referring  it  to  Sienaxis,  since  in  aU  other  essential  particulars  (as,  for 
instance,  its  produced  head,  ol)long  eyes,  the  insertion  of  its  antennae,  its  simple 
femora,  and  the  equality  of  its  tibial  spurs)  it  entirely  coincides  with  it.    Its  only 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


523 


structural  difference  indeed  would  seem  to  reside  in  the  terminal  articulation  of  its 
palpi, — which  in  the  maxillary  pair  is  somewhat  narrower  and  more  fusiform,  and 
in  the  labial  ones  considerably  more  acuminated,  than  is  there  the  case ;  neither 
of  which  however  can  be  deemed  of  sufiicient  importance  to  cause  its  isolation*. 
Widely  separated  as  they  usually  are  in  every  system  of  arrangement,  I  cannot  but 
believe  that  our  present  genus  (together  with  several  of  its  allies,  which  do  not  con- 
cern us  here)  possesses  a  slight  (though  decided)  aifinity  with  the  MehjridcB, — an 
hvpothesis  which  the  flower-infesting  habits  of  the  two  families,  and  many  of  their 
external  features,  in  conjunction  with  the  almost  identical  formation  of  their  very 
peculiar  menta,  would  go  far  to  support.  Fecteropns  in  fact,  especially  as  regards 
one  of  the  species  (the  P.  rostratus),  in  the  elongation  of  its  head  and  mandibles, 
as  well  as  in  the  shape  of  its  eyes,  the  implantation  of  its  antennse,  and  ia  the 
details  of  its  maxUlse  and  palpi,  displays  much  in  common  with  Stenaxis : — and 
hence  the  views  of  Lamarck,  who  placed  the  Trachelia  ia  juxtaposition  with 
Dasytes,  may  not  have  been  altogether  erroneous,  I  have  not  succeeded  in 
detecting  more  than  a  single  representative  of  the  (Eclemericlce  in  the  Madeira 
Islands!,  which  in  a  country  where  flowers  are  so  numeroixs  and  sunshine  pre- 
dominant is  rather  extraordinary. 

*  It  may  be  useful  to  state  that  Stenaxis  is  distinguished  from  (Edemera  proper,  priiicipally,  by  the 
femora  of  its  males  not  being  clarate,  and  by  its  eyes  being  obloug  aud  of  moderate  size  (instead  of 
rounded  and  large).  In  its  simple  thighs  and  general  contour  it  approaches  Anoncodes  ;  but  that  group 
has  the  antenua;  of  its  male  sex  12-articidate,  its  eyes  Idduey-shaped,  the  apex  of  its  labial  palpi  seciu-i- 
form  (whereas  in  our  insect  they  are  acuminated),  and  the  spurs  of  its  front  tibise  unequal, — one  being 
robust,  and  the  other  either  nearly  or  altogether  obsolete  (whilst  in  Stenaxis  the  two  are  not  only  inva- 
riably present,  but  are  of  the  same  magnitude).  In  colouring  and  some  other  respects  it  even  assimilates 
Asclera ;  but  the  Asclerw,  apart  from  minor  differences,  have  their  head  unproduced,  and  the  terminal 
joint  of  their  maxillary  palpi  greatly  developed  and  seciu-iform, — a  character  which  obtains  also  in 
Chrysantliia,  where  moreover  (as  in  Prohosca,  CJiitona  and  Stenostoma)  the  antenuas  spring  comparatively 
at  a  distance  from  the  eyes,  and  the  head  (at  any  rate  as  regards  the  last  two  of  them)  is  even  stiU  more 
elongated  tlian  in  Stenaxis. 

t  Although  the  Stenaxis  Lowei  is  apparently  the  only  member  of  the  GEdemeridce  in  the  Madeiran 
group,  a  new  and  very  beautiful  Diti/his  has  been  lately  conununicated  to  me  (by  T.  S.  Leacoek,  Esq.  of 
Funehal)  from  the  distant  rocks  of  the  Salvages,— the  description  of  which  will  not  be  considered  here 
out  of  place. 

Ditylus  fulvus,  Woll. 

D.  elongatus  cylindricus  fulvo-testaceus  (oculis  tibiariunque  calcariis  soils  nigris)  imdique  crebre  pimctatus 
et  densissitne  pubescens,  prothorace  subcordato  leviter  canaUculato  in  disco  utriuque  bifoveolato, 
antennis  apicem  versus  tarsisque  ferrugineis. 

Long.  Corp.  liu.  6. 

Habitat  in  insulis  remotis  "  Salvages  "  dictis,  a  Dom.  Leacoek  repertus. 

D.  elongated,  narrow  and  cylindrical,  pale  fulvo-testaceous  (the  eyes,  which  are  large  and  oblong,  and  the 
tibial  spurs,  being  alone  black),  closely  pimctiu-ed  all  over,  and  most  densely  clothed  with  a  decum- 
bent folvous  pubescence.  Prothorax  subcordate  (being  narrowed  posteriorly,  and  vridest  just  behind 
its  front  margin)  ;  with  a  Ughtly-impressed  central  channel,  and  with  two  large  rounded  fovese 
(placed  longitudinally)  on  either  side  of  its  disk.  Elytra  rather  shorter  than  the  abdomen.  An- 
tennm  (except  at  their  base),  and  the  tarsi,  of  a  slightly  obscurer  colour, — being  somewhat  fei-ni- 

3x2 


524  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

398.  Stenaxis  Lowei,  Wall.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  2.) 

S.  angusto-elongata  senescenti-viridis  pubescens,  prothorace  supra,  antennis,  palpis  pedibusque  plus 
minusve  rufo-testaceis,  elytris  subpunctato-rugxilosis,  singulo  costa  una  longitudinali  subobliqua 
notato. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3|. 

Habitat  in  floribus  Jladerse,  inde  a  lOOCy  s.  m.,  restate  non  infrequens :  iu  Madera  boreali  prsedo- 
minat,  qua  inter  flores  Dahlia  ad  Sanctam  Annam  mense  Junio  a.d.  1850  copiosissime  depre- 
hensi. 

Insectum  pulchritudine  egregium,  et  Rev''"  Dom"  Lowe  ob  gratias  amicissime  oblatas  a  me  dedl- 
catum. 

S.  elongated  and  narrow,  slightly  acuminated  posteriorly,  and  (except  on  the  prothorax,  which  is 
nearly  glabrous)  very  pubescent.  Head  green  with  a  brassy  tinge,  very  lightly  punctured,  and 
a  little  elevated  between  the  antennfp.  Prothorax  above  bright  rufo-testaceous,  the  sides  and 
under  portion,  and  an  obscure  (usually  more  or  less  obsolete,  and  always  centrally-interrupted) 
transverse  band,  a  little  behind  the  front  margin,  dark  brassy-green  ;  almost  impunctate.  Elytra 
shining  brassy-green,  and  densely  rugulose  (but  scarcely  punctured)  ;  somewhat  gaping  behind, 
and  with  a  veiy  elevated  oblique  costa,  or  nerve,  extending  from  either  shoulder  towards  (though 
hardly  reaching)  the  apex.  Antenna,  palpi,  mandibles  and  legs  more  or  less  testaceous, — all  of 
them  being  generally  a  little  dusky  towards  their  extremities. 

Found  in  considerable  profusion  throughout  certain  districts  of  Madeu*a  during 
the  summer  months,  making  its  appearance  about  the  beginning  or  middle  of 
June.  It  is  more  general  in  the  north  and  centre  of  the  island  than  in  the  south, 
and  seldom  ranges  below  the  altitude  of  1000  feet.  In  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly's 
garden  at  Santa  Anna  I  captiu-ed  it  in  the  greatest  abundance,  in  1850,  from  out 
of  the  flowers  of  the  common  yellow  Dahlia,  which  it  seemed  to  prefer  to  those 
of  every  other  plant, — secreting  itself  at  the  bottom  of  the  long,  ciu'led  jietals, 
each  one  of  wliich  (during  the  period  of  the  insect's  existence)  might  l)e  usually 
observed,  on  examination,  to  harbour  a  specimen.  In  this  manner  I  have  frequently 
collected  fi'om  a  single  Dahlia  almost  as  many  examples  of  the  S.  Loicel  as  there 
were  petals, — and  in  positions  moreover  where  a  week  before  not  the  vestige  of 


ginous.     The  terminal  joint  of  the  antenncs  narrowed,  or  subulated,  immediately  beyond  the  middle, 
— having  the  appearance,  at  first  sight,  of  being  composed  of  two  articulations. 

It  is  apparently  closely  allied  to  the  D.  concohr  of  Brulle,  from  the  Canary  Islands, — with  typical 
specimens  of  which,  in  the  Koyal  iluseuju  of  Berlin,  it  lias  been  compared  by  my  friend  Dr.  H.  Scbauin. 
Apart  from  minor  dificrences,  however,  it  is  very  much  smaller  than  that  insect ;  nevertlieless  it  is  suffi- 
ciently akin  to  it  to  be  of  the  greatest  interest  geograpliically, — supplying  as  it  does  another  connecting 
link  between  the  Canarian  faima  and  that  of  the  Salvages  (which  it  has  been  already  shown  is  but  just 
removed,  in  general  character,  from  the  iladeiran  one).  It  was  discovered  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.  on  tlie 
"  Great  Pitou";  and  is  liitherto  unique. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  525 

one  was  to  be  seen.  They  are  very  active  on  the  wing, — flying  rapidly  in  the  hot 
sunshine  from  flower  to  flower,  though  within  somewhat  prescribed  limits.  Along 
the  sheltered  ledges  at  the  sides  of  the  Ciu*ral  das  Freiras  it  is  tolerably  plentifvil ; 
and  on  the  2nd  of  August  1850j  I  detected  it  in  great  numbers  (diu'ing  my  ascent 
of  the  Pico  Ruivo  from  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte)  on  the  lofty  mountain-buttress  which 
forms  the  upper  barrier  of  the  Ribeiro  da  Quebrada  :  and  in  July  of  the  same  year 
it  occurred  to  me  sparingly  (towards  the  western  extremity  of  the  Ribeiro  do 
Inferno)  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueii'os. 


Fam.  52.  MELOID-ffi. 

Genus  177.  MELOE.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  l ) 

Linnseiis,  Si/st.  Nat.  edit.  i.  (1735). 

Corpm  magnum,  grossum,  moUe,  obscurum :  capite  deflexo,  postice  lato  truncate ;  oculis  subreni- 
formibus :  prothorace  parvo,  plus  minusve  subquadrato,  su])ra  deplanato  :  elytris  abbreviatis,  basi 
plus  minusve  complicantibus  et  apice  singulatim  rotundatis  (debiscentibus)  :  alis  obsoletis. 
Antenna  ante  oculos  iusertfe,  vel  filiformes  vel  medio  iucrassatfe  (in  maribus  interdum  contortfe), 
articulo  primo  vix  robusto,  secundo  brevissimo,  reliquis  ultimo  plerumque  acuminato  excepto 
longitudine  subsequalibus.  Labrum  subcordato-quadratum,  antice  profunde  bilobum,  lobis  valde 
eiliatis.  MandihultB  robustissimae  cornese,  basi  crassje,  apice  plerumque  bifidse  vel  etiam  trifidae, 
infra  apicem  necnon  ad  basin  fissse.  Maxilla  bilobae,  lobis  subcorueis  brevibus  pubesceutibus 
obtusis  valde  inflexis,  externo  geniculato.  Palpi  maxillares  subfiliformes,  articulo  ultimo  vix 
securiformi-obconico  :  labiales  elavati,  articulo  ultimo  magno  securiformi.  Mentum  coriaceum 
transversum,  antice  fere  integrum,  lateribus  rotundatis.  Ligula  magna  robusta  biloba,  lobis 
valde  eiliatis.  Pedes  elongati,  crassiusculi  (oleum  per  geniculos,  insecto  terrefacto,  emittentes)  : 
tibiis  ad  apicem  internum  calcariis  duobus  (in  anterioribus  sequalibus,  sed  exteriore  in  posticis 
amplissimo  compresso  subcultriformi  ad  apicem  plus  minusve  dilatato  et  oblique  truncate)  arti- 
culatis  instructis  {calcariis  ad  basin  articuli  tarsorum  primi  per  membranam  affixis)  :  tarsis  betero- 
meris,  articulis  simplicibus  primo  (prsesertim  in  posticis)  longiusculo,  ultimo  elongato  unguiculis 
valde  bifidis  (aut  potius  quatuor  simplicibus)  munito. 

The  remarkable  creatures  which  compose  the  genus  Meloe,  and  which  are  so 
widely  distributed  over  the  world,  are  perhaj)s,  whether  we  view  them  in  their 
imago  or  their  (much-disputed)  larva  states,  amongst  the  most  anomalous  within 
the  whole  range  of  the  Coleoptera.  They  may  be  readily  known  by  their  dark  and 
more  or  less  wrinkled  (or  crumpled)  sru-faces,  and  by  their  soft,  swollen  (or 
bloated)  bodies, — their  elytra,  in  addition  to  overlapping  at  the  base,  being  con- 
siderably abbre^dated  and  separately  rounded  off  behind,  so  as  to  expose  their 
greatly  enlarged  abdomen  (which  in  the  female  sex  is  often  so  unnatm^ally 
distended  as  to  render  the  insect  nearly  incapable  of  progression).  Their  deflexed 
and  posteriorly  dilated  heads,  and  the  comparatively  minute  size  of  their  (flattened) 
prothoraces,   in  conjunction  with   their   total   freedom   from   wings,    oftentimes 


526  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

centrally-thickened  antennae,  and  invarialjly  sluggish  movements,  give  them  a 
character  moreover  essentially  their  own ;  whilst  the  curious  power  which  they 
possess  of  emitting  an  oily  fluid  from  their  limbs,  when  alarmed,  and  which  has 
gained  for  them  the  popular  name  of  "  oil-beetles,"  will  not  tend  to  diminish  their 
general  singularity.  The  structm-c  of  theii*  tarsi,  also,  is  exceedingly  strange, — 
since  not  only  are  the  claws  so  completely  bifid  throughout  their  entire  length  as 
in  fact  to  constitute  fom%  but  what  appear  to  be  the  ordinary  tibial  spurs  are,  in 
reality,  of  an  organization  altogether  distinct,  being  articulated  on,  by  means  of  a 
strong  membrane,  to  the  basal  joint  of  the  foot.  I  have  not  seen  this  peculiarity 
elsewhere  alluded  to ;  but  that  it  truly  exists  I  have  satisfied  myself  by  the 
destruction  of  a  vast  number  of  specimens, — observing,  in  every  instance,  that  on 
pulling  off  the  tarsi  (of  each  of  the  legs)  the  calcaria  came  away  with  them.  I 
conclude  therefore  that  all  the  spines  are  capable  of  motion,  since  they  are  un- 
questionably separate  from  the  tibiae,  and  in  fact  (as  my  experiment  proves)  far 
less  firmly  attached  to  it  than  to  the  foot.  In  every  case  indeed  they  required  to 
1)0  actually  cut  from  the  tarsus  (even  after  the  force  necessarily  exerted  in  tearing 
it  off)  before  the  latter  was  unencumbered  for  examination.  As  regards  the 
processes  themselves,  the  four  anterior  pair  are  of  sunilar  length,  whilst  the  two 
hinder  ones  (as  in  many  of  the  kindred  genera  of  the  present  family)  are  unequal, 
— one  of  them  being  small,  and  the  other  greatly  developed  and  flattened  out  (in 
shape  more  or  less  hastate,  or  cultriform,  being  obliquely  truncated  at  its  tip).  In 
ZuiiU/s  the  same  relative  proportions  obtain,  but  there  the  spurs  would  seem  to  be 
fixed*, — or,  at  any  rate,  to  be  so  intimately  connected  with  the  tibiae  (although 

*  Perhaps  indeed  the  larger  of  these  two  hinder  spurs  iu  the  whole  of  these  immediate  genera  (where 
the  struetiiro  exists)  can  never  be  said  to  be  positively  fixed,  siuee  its  unusual  magnitude  and  peculiar  form 
would  seem  to  imply  tliat  it  was  appropriated  to  some  special  purpose,  wliere  a  certain  amoiuit  of  play  is 
ill  aU  probability  indispensable.  Analogy  moreover  with  the  single  immensely-developed  process  at  the 
apex  of  the  male  ybre-tibia;  of  Cantharis  (which  almost  exactly  resembles  those  in  question,  and  the 
uses  of  which  are  sufficiently  obvious)  woidd  have  led  us  even  a  priori  to  imagine  that  these  now  under 
discussion  woidd  be  found,  in  like  mauuer,  to  be  capable  of  motion  :  and  hence,  when  wo  speak  of  the 
calcaria  as  (on  the  whole)  "steadfast"  or  "moveable,"  I  am  inclined  to  suspect  that  these  expanded 
posterior  ones  (as  belonging  ahcm/s  to  the  latter  class)  should  be  considered  as  excluded  from  our  defini- 
tion. Meanwhile,  in  eases  where  lotJi  at  any  rate  are  not  free,  it  is  far  from  uulikelj'  (since  they  appear 
to  be  connected,  and  must  needs  therefore,  if  at  all,  come  away  together)  that  the  stationary  one  may  tend 
to  increase  the  attachment  (to  the  tibia)  of  the  other,  and  that  so  (though  requiring  a  proportionably 
greater  force  to  efieot  their  removal)  it  may  be  possible  to  pull  the  tarsus  out  of  its  socket  icitliouf 
ca\ising  the  dislocation  of  tlie  spines  as  in  Meloi'', — where  the  whole  of  them  seem  (as  I  assiune  from  the 
very  fact  of  their  universal  annexation  to  the  foot,  and  from  the  elasticity  of  the  joining  medium)  to  be 
moveable.  How  far  this  cultriform  appendage  (for  we  can  scarcely  call  it  a  spur,  at  least  in  the  sense 
connnoiily  understood  by  that  term)  may  be  tlie  exponent  of  the  missing  joint  in  tlie  liiuder  feet  of  these 
rieteromerous  groups,  I  do  not  venture  to  speculate,  nor  would  I  attempt  to  throw  light  on  a  fact  thus 
physiologically  important  from  small  and  imperfect  data,  gleaned  from  the  observation  of  a  single  circum- 
stance :  yet  its  structiu-e  is  imquestionably  suggestive  of  more  than  a  mere  modijication  of  the  ordinary 
calcaria  of  the  Coleoptera  ;  and,  however  luilikely  we  may  be  to  extract  an  iota  of  truth  from  the 
inquiry,  yet  I  believe  it  to  be  one  which  is  not  altogether  so  absurd  as  at  first  sight  it  might  perchance 
appear. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  527 

not  absolutely  portions  of  them),  that  they  are  neither  displaced  with  the  foot  nor 
appear  to  he  at  all  alfected  by  its  removal. 

The  Meloiis  are  principally  vernal  insects,  and  occur  amongst  low  herbage, — 
especially  the  Ranunculacem,  on  which  they  feed  most  greedily.  The  apterous 
nature  indeed  of  theu*  fat  unwieldy  frames,  combined  with  their  slow  and  heavy 
gait,  would  effectually  preclude  them  from  inhabiting  the  trees  and  flowers  which 
are  so  much  sought  after  l3y  most  of  the  (brilliantly  coloui-ed)  kindred  forms 
(whose  ample  wdngs  and  superior  activity  are  eminently  adapted  to  their  modes  of 
life) ;  and  hence  it  is  that  they  are  usually  to  be  found  either  on  the  ground  itself, 
or  else  on  plants  but  slightly  elevated  above  it, — and  from  whence  they  are 
accustomed  to  fall,  on  the  approach  of  danger,  and  so  to  become  concealed 
amongst  the  grass  beneath.  The  Madeiran  species,  like  the  European  ones,  are 
generally  to  be  met  with  on  warm  sunny  banks  with  a  southern  aspect,  particularly 
in  positions  where  the  vegetation  is  but  just  commencing  to  sprout. 


399.  Meloe  austrinus,  Woll. 

M.  subcyanescenti-niger  subnitidus,  capite  prothoraceque  profunde  punctatis,  illo  fere  integi'o,  hoc 

postice  vix  latiore  supra  minus  insequali,  elytris  rugosis,  antennis  pedibusque  robustis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  7-11. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  in  locis  subinferioribus,  tempore  vernali  nou  iufrequens. 

M.  large  and  robust,  black  with  an  obscure  bluish  tinge  (tolerably  apparent  on  the  elytra),  and  slightly 
shining.  Head  and  prothorax  very  deeply  and  regularly  punctured  ;  the  former  large,  and  with 
very  faint  indications  of  a  central  channel  (which  is  usually  altogether  obsolete  posteriorly) ;  the 
latter  just  perceptibly  wider  behind  than  in  front,  and  with  its  upper  surface  less  uneven  than  in 
the  following  two  species.     Elytra  closely  pitted  or  rugulose.     Legs  and  antenna  robust. 

The  largest,  and  apparently  the  scarcest,  of  the  Madeiran  Meloes.  It  may  be 
readily  know^n  from  the  following  two  by  its  obscure  Iduisli  tinge,  by  its  more 
deeply  and  regularly  punctm-ed  head  and  prothorax  (the  former  of  which  has  the 
central  channel  almost  obsolete,  whilst  the  latter  is  a  little  wider  behind  than  in 
front),  and  by  its  robuster  limbs.  It  seems  to  be  confined  to  rather  low  elevations 
in  the  vicinity  of  Eunchal, — the  Cabo  Gerajao,  or  Brazen  Head,  being  the  highest 
altitude,  I  beUeve,  at  which  it  has  been  hitherto  observed ;  nor  am  I  aware  that 
it  has  been  detected  on  any  of  the  other  islands  of  the  group. 


400.  Meloe  rugosus. 
M.  niger  opacus,  capite  prothoraceque  punctatis,  illo  leviter  canaliculato,  hoc  postice  vix  angustato 

supra  insequali,  elytris  undulato-rugosis,  antennis  pedibusque  gracilioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  5i-9. 


528  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Mehe  rugosus,  Marsham,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  483  (1802). 

autumnalis,  Leach  {nee  Oliv.  1795),  Linn.  Trans,  xi.  40.  pi.  n.  f.  7,  8  (1817). 

-punctatus,  Steph.  ///.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  68  (1832). 

rugulosa,  BruUe,  in  Well  et  Berth.  Hist.  Nat.  des  Hes  Canar.  70  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  in  locis  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  sed  illo  frequentior  :  in  graminosis  prope 
Cabo  Gerajao  ab  autuiiiiio  usque  ad  ver  novum  prsedominat,  necnon  ad  Praya  Formoza  depre- 
hensit  el.  Dom.  Heer. 

M.  smaller  and  slenderer  than  the  last  species,  deep  black,  and  almost  opake.  Head  and  prothorax 
roughly  and  unequally  punctured  (the  punctures  however  smaller  than  those  of  the  M.  austrinus, 
and  mixed  up  with  a  short  and  dark  rigid  ])ubcscence) ;  the  former  not  quite  so  large,  propor- 
tioiiably,  as  in  the  last  species,  but  more  deeply  channeled  (the  channel  being  nevertheless 
usually  more  or  less  evanescent  posteriorly) ;  the  latter  a  little  narrower  behind  than  in  front, 
and  very  uneven.  Elytra  less  closely  pitted  than  in  the  M.  austrinus, — the  irregularities  taking 
an  undulatory,  or  wavy  appearance.     Lei/s  and  antennce  slenderer  than  those  of  the  last  species. 

Found  eithei'  in  company  with  or  else  in  similar  positions  as  the  last  species, 
but  more  commonly.  Nevertheless  it  does  not  appear  to  be  very  abimdant,  nor  to 
occur  beyond  Madeii-a  proper.  I  have  taken  it  more  frequently  to  the  eastward  of 
Fiuichal  than  elsewhere,  from  the  autumn  to  the  early  spring, — especially  in 
g-rassy  sjoots  on  the  cliifs  towards  the  Brazen  Head ;  and  it  has  been  captured  at 
the  Praya  Formoza  by  Professor  Heer.  It  is  an  insect  of  wide  geographical  range, 
existing  throughout  the  greater  portion  of  Eiu-ope,  the  north  of  Africa,  and  in  the 
Canary  Islands. 

401.  Meloe  flavicomus,  Woll.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  i.) 

M.  nigcr  opacus  et  pube  brc\i  fulvescenti  vestitus,  capite  prothoraceque  leviter  punctatis,  illo  pro- 
funde  canaliculato,  hoc  postice  vix  angustato  supra  inaquali,  elytris  leviter  undulato-rugosis, 
antennis  pedibusque  gracilibus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  4-7. 

Habitat  insulas  Maderenses,  in  Portu  Sancto  prsedomiuans :  in  Madera  propria  mihi  nou  ob\'ius,  at 
exemplar  unicum  nuper  communicavit  Dom.  Rousset :  in  Deserta  Grandi  Maio  exeuntCA.D.  1850 
parce,  sed  in  Portu  Sancto  mense  Aprili  a.d.  1849  (sub  lapidibus  circa  oppidum)  copiosissime, 
collegi. 


"o" 


M.  the  smallest  of  the  three  species,  and  altogether  the  most  slender,  black,  moi-e  or  less  densely 
clothed  with  a  fine,  short,  silken,  decumbent,  fulvcscent,  or  dirty-yellowish  iiile,  and  nearly  ojjakc. 
Head  and  prothoraa:  rather  more  finely  and  regularly  punctured  than  in  the  M.  rut/usus ;  the 
former  a  little  smaller,  proportionably,  than  in  either  of  the  other  species,  and  more  deeply 
channeled  (the  channel  nearly  always  extending  over  the  forehead  posteriorly) ;  the  latter  a  little 
narrower  behind  than  in  front,  and  very  uneven.  Elytra  as  in  the  last  species,  but  generally  not 
quite  so  deeply  waved.     Legs  and  antenna  slender. 

The  present  Meloe  approaches  nearer  to  the  M.  murinus  (of  Brandt  and  Erich- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  529 

son)  than  to  any  other  species  hitherto  descrihed;  nevertheless  it  is  certainly 
distinct  from  it.  It  may  be  at  once  known  from  its  Madeu'an  allies  by  its  some- 
what smaller  bulk,  slenderer  limbs,  and  by  the  fine  fulvescent  or  yellowish  pile 
with  which  it  is  more  or  less  densely  clothed.  Its  head  and  prothorax,  also,  are 
less  coarsely  punctm-ed  than  is  the  case  in  either  of  the  previous  members  of  the 
group ;  and  its  forehead  is  usually  more  evidently  channeled  behind.  It  would 
aj)pear  to  be  very  rare  in  Madeira  proper,  from  whence  indeed  I  have  seen  but  a 
single  example  (recently  communicated  by  M.  Rousset).  On  the  Dezerta  Grande, 
however,  I  captui'ed  it,  sparingly,  in  May  of  1850 ;  and  in  Porto  Santo,  in  the 
utmost  profusion,  diu'ing  Aj)ril  of  1849, — from  beneath  stones  in  sandy  spots  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Cidade.  The  pubescence  on  the  Dezertan  specimens 
is  not  quite  so  pale  as  that  which  characterizes  the  Porto  Santan  ones. 

Genus  178.  ZONITIS. 

Fabricius,  S^st.  Eiit.  126  (1775). 

Corpus  maguum,  subcylindricum,  minus  durum  et  Isete  pictum :  capite  inflexo  (ad  pectus  subarcte 
applicando),  postice  latiusculo  truncato;  oculis  oblongis  utrinque  subemarginatis :  protlwrace 
parvo  semicirculari-quadrato,  supra  convexiusculo  :  ehjtris  integris :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  ad 
marginem  oculorum  internum  insertse,  filiformes,  elongatpe,  artieulo  primo  vix  robusto,  secundo 
brevi,  reliquis  longitudine  subsequalibus.  Labrum  mcmbranaceo-coriacemu,  ovatum,  basi  trunca- 
tum,  antice  productum,  summo  apice  ioterdum  (ut  iu  specie  Maderensi)  Icviter  emarginato. 
Mandibula  apice  acutse  integrse,  basin  versus  plerumque  fissse,  margine  iuterno  membrana  ciliata 
aucto.  Maxilla  bilobee  rectse,  lobis  membranaceis  valde  pubescentibus  obtusis;  externa  apice 
longe  pencillato ;  interno  brevissimo.  Palpi  longiusculi  filiformes,  artieulo  ultimo  subfusiformi 
apice  truncato.  Mentuvi  subovatum  apice  recte  truncatum,  mode  omuino  membranaceum,  modo 
in  parte  media  transversa  subcoriaceum.  Ligula  tenuissime  membranacea,  profunde  bifida, 
pilosa.  Pedes  elongati,  graciles :  tibiis  ad  apicem  internum  bicalcaratis  (calcariis  ut  in  genere 
prpecedente,  sed  nisi  fallor  baud  mobilibus  aut  saltem  ad  tibias  affixis)  :  tarsis  heteromeris, 
articulis  simplicibus,  primo  elongate,  ultimo  longiusculo  unguiculis  valde  bifidis  (parte  superb 
latiuscula  subgaleiformi  utrinque  seriatim  pectinata,  et  infer^  acutissima  aciculari  recepta) 
munito. 

Zonitis,  which  is  almost  peculiar  (so  far  as  Europe  is  concerned)  to  Mediterra- 
nean latitudes,  is,  in  its  subvesicatory  properties  and  general  organization,  a  good 
deal  allied  to  3£eloe ;  nevertheless  its  active  movements  and  largely  developed 
wings,  in  conjunction  Avith  its  gaily  maculated  surface,  indicate  a  closer  aifinity 
with  other  members  of  the  present  family  of  which  Lytta  and  Ilylahris  may  be 
regarded  as  the  types.  Lilve  most  of  the  Meloidce,  it  is  reported  to  be  more  or  less 
parasitic  (in  its  larva  state)  within  the  nests  of  certain  aculeate  Hymenoptera, — 
especially  of  bees  belonging  to  the  groups  Osmia  and  Antliopliora  ;  but,  althoagh 
the  Antliopliora  nidularis  and  the  Osmia  hirta  and  Latreillei  are  abundant  in  the 
Madeira  Islands,  I  have  not  myself  observed  this  tendency  in  its  habits.  The 
perfect  insects  usually  frequent  flowers,  particularly  those  of  the  UmbelUferce, — 

3  Y 


530  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

flying  rapidly  in  the  hot  sunshine ;  and,  like  Ileloe,  counterfeiting  death,  when 
captured,  by  contracting  theii*  limbs  (under  which  circumstances,  the  head  more- 
over being  inflexed  against  the  chest,  they  hare  a  somewhat  cylindi'ical  appear- 
ance). In  the  niinutitc  of  their  oral  organs,  we  may  remark  that  the  membranous 
nature  of  their  (subovate)  mentum,  added  to  theu'  nearly  filiform  ]:)alpi  and  deeply- 
cleft  ligula,  should  be  principally  noticed ;  and  it  wiR  also  be  perceived  that  the 
singularly  geniculated  maxUlse  of  Ileloe  (the  terminal  halves  of  which  are  so 
greatly  and  suddenly  bent  inwards,  as  well  nigh  to  form  a  right  angle  with  the 
basal  portion)  are  entirely  wanting.  Their  claws  are  of  a  very  beautiful  structiu'e, 
and  constitute  one  of  the  most  pleasing  objects  for  the  microscope  that  can 
possibly  be  selected, — each  being  divided  into  two  of  equal  length  (as  in  Meloe), 
the  upper  one  of  which  is  not  only  large  and  galeated  (so  as  to  receive  the  slender 
aciculated  lower  one),  but  is  powerfully  pectinated  on  either  side  (merely  one  of  the 
rows  of  teeth  however  reaching  to  the  extreme  apex),  as  though  to  afford  additional 
defence  for  the  inner  lobe.  I  believe  this  to  be  universally  the  case  in  Zonitis  :  at 
any  rate  it  is  so  in  the  Madeu-an  species,  and  in  another,  which  I  have  recently 
dissected,  from  Greece. 

402.  Zonitis  quadripxmctata. 

Z.  niger  pubescens,  capite  prothoraceque  profunde  punctatis,  elytris  pallido- rufis,  aingulo  maculis 

duabus   (antica  minore  et  iutcrdum  obsoleta)    nigrescentibus   ornato,    unguiculis  tibiarumque 

calcariis  piceo-ferrugineis. 

Var.  (3.  elytris  vix  pallidioribus  immaculatis. 

Long.  Corp.  liii.  5-7. 

Mylabris  i-piinetata,  Pab.  Ent.  Si/st.  i.  ii.  89  (1702). 

,  Fab.  Syst.  Eleu.  ii.  8i  (1801). 

Zonitis  i-punctata,  Lucas,  Col.  de  l' Alger ie,  395  (1849). 

Habitat  in  floribus  ]\Iadcrse  australis  et  Portus  Sancti,  hinc  inde  non  infrequeus  :  prope  urbem  Pun- 
chalenscm  olim  detexit  Rev'*'"  Dom.  Chawner,  necnon  in  horto  Loweano  ad  Levada  egomet  parce 
depreliensi ;  in  Portu  Sancto  tamen  abundat,  qua  mensibus  Decembri  a.d.  1848  et  Aprili  1849 
inter  tiorcs  umbellifcros  plurinia  specimina  collcgi. 

Z.  large  and  somewhat  cylindrical,  densely  clothed  with  short  pubescence,  black.  Head  and  prothurax 
deeply  punctured,  and  with  the  pubescence  black;  the  former  flattened  between  the  eyes;  the 
latter  with  an  ai)breviated  clianncl  behind.  Elytra  (but  not  the  scutellum,  which  is  black)  pale 
rufous ;  each  ornamented  with  two  large  blackish  spots  on  its  hinder  disk, — the  anterior  one  of 
which  is  the  smallest,  and  occasionally  obsolete.  Tibial  spurs  and  tarsal  clans  jjiceo-ferrugiuous. 
Var.  /3.  elytra  entirely  immaculate,  and  generally  of  a  slightly  paler  hue. 

Apparently  a  scarce  insect  in  IMadeii'a  proper,  though  much  more  common  in 
Porto  Santo.  In  the  former  I  have  observed  it  only  towards  the  south  of  the 
island,  and  principally  in  the  Rev.  R.  T.  Lowe's  garden  at  the  Levada ;  but  in  the 
latter  I  have  twice  captured  it  abundantly  (namely,  in  December  1818  and  April 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  531 

1849),  both  in  the  -vdcinity  of  the  Cidade  and  in  the  valleys  terminating  on  the 
eastern  shore, — especially  the  Serra  d'Entro,  and  about  the  edges  of  the  Pico  de 
Conselho ;  and  I  have  likewise  seen  specimens  which  were  taken  several  years 
ago  by  the  Rev.  C.  Fox  Chawner  near  Funehal.  It  is  found  almost  exclusively 
on  flowers,  and  is  particularly  attached  to  the  TJmhelliferce.  It  occurs  in  the 
Mediterranean  districts  of  Europe  and  Africa,  but  appears  to  be  somewhat  rare. 
I  possess  an  example  from  Lombardy  differing  in  no  respect  from  the  Madeiran 
ones,  except  that  it  is  a  little  smaller  and  has  the  extreme  apex  of  its  elytra 
slightly  darkened. 


Pam.  53.  MORDELLID-ffil. 

Genus  179.  ANASPIS. 

G-eoffroy,  Hist.  Ahr.  des  Ins.  i.  315  (1762). 

Corpus  parvum,  lineari-ellipticum,  plus  minusve  Isete  pictum,  supra  arcuatum,  infra  subcarinatum  : 
capite  valde  inflexo  (ad  prosternum  applicando)  rotundato ;  oculis  oblongis  intus  eniarginatis  ; 
prothorace  subsemicirculari  (postice  lato,  elytris  arete  applicato) :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  inter  oculos 
insertse,  filiformes  vel  apicem  versus  vix  incrassatse,  capite  prothoraceque  vix  longiores,  articulo 
primo  haud  robusto  breviuseulo,  reliquis  ultimo  ovato  excepto  lougitudine  subsequalibus.  Labrum 
membranaceo-coriaceum,  transversum,  apice  integrum.  Mandibula  basi  latse,  apicem  versus 
incurvse  angustse  acutse  bifidse,  margine  interno  fisso-sinuato  et  membrana  tenuissima  aucto. 
Maxilla  bilobse  rectse,  lobis  membrauaceis  angustiusculis,  apice  valde  pencillatis.  Palpi  maxillares 
elongati,  articulo  penultimo  brevi,  ultimo  magno  securiformi :  labiales  breviores,  articulo  ultimo 
plus  minusve  obtriangulari.  Mentum  breve  transversum.  Ligula  membranacea  elongata,  apice 
leviter  dilatata.  Pedes  elongati,  subretractiles :  tibiis  ad  apicem  ipsum  seriatim  spinulosis  et 
intus  longe  bicalcaratis :  tarsis  heteromeris  ;  intermediis  elongatis ;  posticis  longissimis  setaceis ; 
articulis  ultimo  excepto  in  omnibus  longitudine  decrescentibus  (primo  in  posterioribus  elongato), 
duobus  baseos  in  anterioribus  et  tribus  baseos  in  posticis  apice  spinulosis  ;  anterioribus  articulo 
antepenultimo  latiusculo  subemargiuato  subtus  longe  piloso,  penultimo  minutissimo  simplici; 
ultimo  in  omnibus  vix  elongato,  unguiculis  minutissimis  simplicibus  munito. 

The  representatives  of  the  common  European  genus  Anaspis,  which  are  subject 
to  great  variations  in  colour,  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  their  small  size, 
narrow,  elliptical  bodies  (which  are  arched  above,  and  somewhat  keeled  and  largely 
developed  beneath),  and  by  their  semicircular  prothoraces  and  rounded  heads, — 
the  latter  of  which  are  much  inflected,  and  capable  of  being  closely  applied  against 
the  prosternum  (a  peculiarity  which  gives  the  insects  when  terrified  a  remarkable 
appearance ;  under  which  circumstances,  their  legs  being  partially  retracted  also, 
they  are  nearly  boat-shaped).  The  species  occur  exclusively  on  flowers,  and  are 
for  the  most  part  very  gregarious.  They  are  exceedingly  active  (but  nevertheless 
awkward)  in  then*  movements,  shuffling  along  with  a  skipping  or  quick  jerking 
motion, — a  habit  which  their  elongated,  spinulose  posterior  feet  and  the  ample 

3t2 


532  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

spurs  of  all  their  tibiae  must  tend  materially  to  favoui-.  The  structure  of  their 
tarsi  indeed  is  rather  singular, — the  hinder  pair  being  unusually  produced  and 
setiform,  ^ith  the  articulations  gradually  diminishing  in  length ;  wliilst  the  four 
anterior  ones  have  the  penultimate  joint  minute,  and  the  antepenultimate  broadish 
and  sulicordate,  and  with  its  under  sm-face  densely  pubescent.  The  claws  are 
diminutive  and  simple, — in  which  last  respect  (as  well  as  in  its  freedom  from  an 
abdominal  style)  the  group  recedes  from  Mordella. 

403.  Anaspis  Proteus,  WoU. 
A.  rufo-testaceus,  capitis  parte  postica,  interduin  prothoracis  disco,  elytrorum  sutur^,  macula  basali 
triaugulari  commuui  fasciaque  media  (saepe  in  medio  interrupta),  et  antennarum  articulo  ultimo 
plus  minusve  nigrescentibus,  antennis  brevibus  compactis, 
Var.  /3.  fere  niger  (i.  e.  maculis  fasciisque  maximis  confluentibus),  ore,  antennis  (articulo  apicali 
excepto),  pedibus  anticis,  et  tibiis  tarsisque  posterioribus  solum  pallidis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1-li. 

Habitat  in  floribus,  prsesertim  Umbelliferis,  omnium  insularum  IMaderensium  a  verno  tempore  usque 
ad  jestatem  vulgaris,  in  Portu  Sancto  prfedominans. 

A.  elliptical,  and  minutely  pubescent.  Head  and  prothorax  more  or  less  rufo-testaceous ;  the  former 
with  the  hinder  half  usually  darker  (rarely  altogether  pale)  ;  the  latter  with  the  disk  sometimes 
infuscatcd  or  blackish,  or  with  an  indistinct  transverse  cloud, — nevertheless,  in  the  normal  state, 
usually  pale.  Elytra  (typically)  of  a  paler  testaceous  than  the  liead  and  prothorax,  with  the 
suture,  a  large  basal  triangular  patch  (common  to  both)  about  the  scutellum,  and  a  more  or  less 
developed  transverse  medial  fascia  or  cloud  (usually  ill-dcfiued,  and  interrupted  in  the  centre) 
blackish.  Antcnnce  short  and  compact ;  their  terminal  articulation,  and  the  spines  at  the  apices 
of  the  tibicE  and  of  the  tarsal  joints  (especially  in  the  posterior  legs),  black. 
Var.  /3.  almost  entirely  black  (the  patches  and  fascise  being  so  largely  developed  as  to  be  confluent 
and  to  cover  the  greater  portion  of  the  surface),  the  mouth,  antenna  (except  the  dark  apical  joint, 
and  sometimes  the  subapical  ones  also),  the  two  front  legs,  and  the  tibia  and  tarsi  (except  the 
black  spines  at  the  extremity  of  the  former  and  at  the  apices  of  the  joints  of  the  latter, — which 
is  the  case,  though  in  a  less  degree,  in  the  anterior  pair  like^^•ise)  of  the  four  hinder  ones,  being 
alone  pale.  (Even  in  the  darkest  varieties,  however,  very  obscure  indications  may  generally  be 
detected  of  four  rufesccnt  dashes  on  the  elytra,  the  black  portions  being  seldom  so  greatly 
increased  as  to  obliterate  all  traces  of  the  usual  law  of  colouring.) 

A  most  unstable  insect,  in  point  of  coloiuiug  (as  will  be  perceived  by  a  glance 
at  the  diagnosis),  and  apparently  tlistinct  from  any  European  species  hitherto 
described.  Its  small  bulk,  added  to  its  short  and  exceedingly  compact  antennae 
(which,  throughout  all  the  phases,  retain  their  apical  joint  dark),  should  be  espe- 
cially noticed,  as  serving,  amongst  other  characters,  to  separate  it  from  its  more 
northern  allies.  So  great  are  the  changes  of  hue  through  which  it  passes,  that  at 
first  sight  it  would  seem  to  vary  from  a  imiform  testaceous  into  a  deep  black. 
Such  however  is  not  in  reality  the  case  (as  a  closer  examination  will  prove),  seeing 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  533 

that  in  the  palest  specimens  an  ohscurer  portion  along  the  suture,  an  ill-defined 
triangular  cloud  at  the  base,  and  a  sublateral  dash  towards  either  side  (repre- 
senting the  transverse  medial  band),  are  more  or  less  present  on  the  elytra,  and 
there  are  often  the  rudiments  of  a  patch  on  the  prothoracic  disk  ; — whilst  even  in 
the  extreme  varieties,  where  the  whole  of  these  are  so  increased  in  size  as  to 
occupy  nearly  the  entu-e  surface,  there  are  generally  faint  indications  of  foiu- 
rufescent  elytral  blotches,  which  at  once  enable  us  to  identify  them  with  the  rest. 
It  is  abundant  in  flowers  throughout  most  of  the  islands  of  the  group,  during  the 
spring  and  early  summer  months, — esj^ecially  in  sunny  spots  of  low  and  inter- 
mediate altitudes.  I  have  taken  it  on  the  Illieo  de  Fora  in  March ;  in  Porto 
Santo,  in  the  utmost  profusion,  in  April, — particularly  in  sheltered  clefts  issuing 
from  the  southern  edges  of  the  Campo  de  Baxo ;  on  the  two  northern  Dezertas  in 
May  and  June ;  and  in  Madeira  proper  (at  the  Ribeiro  Frio)  in  July.  Upon  the 
whole,  the  paler  states  would  appear  to  preponderate  in  Madeka,  the  darker  ones 
in  Porto  Santo,  and  the  brightly-coloured  ones  on  the  smaller  rocks ;  nevertheless, 
though  I  believe  this  to  be  true  on  a  large  scale,  they  are  all  occasionally  to  be 
found  intermixed. 

Fam.  54.  ANTHICID^. 

Genus  180.  ANTHICUS. 

PajkuU,  Fm  Suec.  i.  253  (1798). 

Corpus  parvum,  plus  minusve  elongatum,  sfepe  pictum  :  capite  subquadrato-rotundato,  pedunculato ; 
oculis  plerumque  subovatis  :  prothorace  elytris  angustiore,  postice  constiicto  :  alis  amplis.  An- 
tenrue,  labrum,  mandihulce  et  palpi  fere  ut  in  genera  prsecedente.  Maxilla  bilobse,  lobis  valde 
pubescentibus ;  interno  brevi.  Mentum  transverso-subquadratum,  antice  vix  emarginatuni. 
Ligula  membranacea  parva,  apice  leviter  acuminata.  Pedes  lougiusculi,  graciles  :  tibiis  ad  apicem 
internum  bicalcaratis  [posticis  \exs,\xs,  apicem  externum  in  maribus  intcrdum  compresso-dilatatis): 
tarsis  heteromeris ;  posterioribus  (sed  prsesertim  posticis)  articulo  primo  elongate ;  penultimo  in 
omnibus  profunde  bilobo,  ultimo  longiusculo  unguicuUs  simplicibus  munito. 

The  Anthici  are  \ridely  distributed  over  the  world, — nearly  seventy  species 
moreover  being  recorded  as  European.  They  may  be  known  by  their  small  size 
and  pedunculated  heads,  by  their  narrow  prothoraces,  Avhich  are  always  more  or 
less  constricted  behind,  by  the  deeply  bUobed  penultimate  point  of  their  tarsi,  and 
by  theii'  simple  claws.  They  are  found  principally  under  stones,  or  at  the  roots  of 
grass  on  the  dry  ground.  In  the  Madeira  Islands  they  are  more  particularly 
attached  to  the  exposed  mountain-slopes,  where  they  may  frequently  be  observed 
congregating  in  vast  numbers  l^eneath  the  large  basaltic  blocks  (to  which  they 
seem  to  have  the  power  of  adhering  very  tenaciously)  in  lofty  altitudes.  In  such 
situations  I  have  detected  the  minute  A.  tristis  by  multitudes,  which  on  being 
exposed  to  the  air  were  but  seldom  detached  from  theh*  positions  by  the  violence 


534  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

of  the  ^\lnd.  The  same  peculiarity  is  perceptible  in  the  A.  instabilis,  which  is  able 
to  retain  its  hold  during  the  most  boisterous  weather ; — an  apparent  proA^ision  for 
tliese  insects,  ^\-it]iout  which  they  would  be  scarcely  fitted  to  inhabit  the  localities 
assigned  to  them. 

404.  Anthicus  instabilis*. 
A.  nitb-ferrugineus  subnitidus  sat  profunde  et  confertim  punctulatus,  elytrorum  margine  lateral!, 
sutur^  fasci&que  postmedia  plus  minusve  obscmnoribus,  antennis  pedibusque    paruiii  robustis 
pallido-ferrugineis,  femoribus  interdum  subpicescentibus. 
Mas,  tibiis  posticis  versus  apicem  externum  subtriangulariter  compresso-dilatatis. 
Long.  coi"]).  lin.  1|— 1|. 

AntUcus  instabilis,  (Hoffm.)  Dej.  Cat.  217  (1836). 

tibialis,  Ciu^is  (nee  Waltl,  1835),  Brit.  Ent.  711  (1838). 

mauritaniciis,  Lucas,  JRev  Zool.  116  (1811). 

— instabilis,  Schmidt,  in  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.  iii.  181  (1812). 

tibialis,  La  Ferte  (sed  vid.  p.  303),  Mon.  des  Antli.  165  (1818). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  coUinis  apricis  Maderse  Portusque  Sancti,  ab  autumno  usque  ad  ver  primum, 
frcquens. 

A.  nifo-ferruginous,  slightly  shining,  closely  and  rather  deeply  punctulated,  and  pubescent.  Head 
small  ;  and  with  the  eyes  large  and  prominent.  Prothurax  rather  long,  and  much  constricted 
posteriorly.  Elytra  with  the  lateral  margin,  the  suture,  and  an  ill-defined  fascia  behind  the 
middle,  more  or  less  obscurely  fuscescent.  Legs  and  antenna  a  little  paler,  being  pale  ferruginous 
(though  with  the  femora  sometimes  picescent) . 

Male,  with  the  two  hinder  tibise  flattened  and  dilated  towards  their  outer  apex  into  a  broad  and 
somewhat  triangular  plate. 

[Obs.  Exceedingly  variable  in  colour:  sometimes  with  the  apical  portion  of  the  elytra,  likewise, 
infuscated ;  at  others  with  the  sutural  cloud  evanescent, — the  indistinct  postmedial  fascia  being 
alone  dark ;  and  occasionally  even  altogether  ferruginous.) 

Common  both  in  the  south  of  Madeira  and  in  Porto  Santo,  particularly  during 
the  autvtmnal  months.  I  have  not  detected  it  above  the  altitude  of  1500  feet, — 
its  principal  range  (in  the  former)  being  at  low  elevations  in  the  vicinity  of 
Funclial,  Avhcro  it  is  found  cither  beneath  stones  or  crawUng  amongst  the  short 

*  Some  slight  confusion  seems  to  have  arisen  in  the  synonymy  of  this  insect.  It  appears  that  the 
name  oi' instabilis  was  first  proposed  for  it  by  lloft'manscgg,  and  that  as  such  it  was  registered  in  Dejean's 
Catalogue  in  183G.  In  1838  it  was  characterized  (for  the  tirst  time)  by  Curtis,  who,  supposing  it  to  be 
new,  published  it  under  the  title  of  A.  tibialis, — \v\\mh  however  had  been  preoccupied  by  Waltl,  for 
another  species,  in  1835.  Hence  it  became  necessary  tliat  Curtis's  name  should  be  cancelled  ;  and  it  is 
now,  accordingly,  universally  recognised  as  the  A.  instabilis  of  Hofl'mauscgg, — and  was  thus  quoted  by 
Schmidt  in  1842.  It  was  indeed  briefly  described  by  M.  Lucas  in  1811 ;  and  therefore,  in  right  of 
priority,  his  name  of  mauritaniciis  should  certainly  be  accepted.  Nevertheless,  since  it  is  everj'where 
known  as  the  A.  instabilis,  I  have  preferred  retaining  it  as  such,  rather  than  rim  the  risk  of  creating  con- 
fusion by  the  adoption  of  a  fresh  title. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  535 

grass  in  exposed  sunny  spots  towards  the  sea.  At  the  Praya  Formoza,  and  on  the 
small  rou.nded  hills  of  the  Pico  da  Cruz  and  Pico  do  Cardo,  it  is  at  times  abundant ; 
nevertheless  it  is  on  the  high  cliffs  to  the  eastward  of  the  town,  especially  on  the 
lofty  one  immediately  before  reaching  the  Cabo  Gerajao,  or  Brazen  Head,  that  I 
have  observed  it  in  the  greatest  profusion.  It  is  widely  distributed  thi"oughout 
Europe,  though  occurring  more  freqviently  in  Mediterranean  latitudes  than  else- 
where,— its  principal  recorded  districts  being  France,  Spain,  Sardinia,  Sicily  and 
Greece  :  and  it  has  been  taken  in  Algeria  and  Syria.  It  is  reported  also  from  the 
Critnea ;  and  it  exists  even  in  our  own  country, — which  however  would  appear  to 
be  one  of  its  most  northern  stations,  since  it  only  just  makes  its  appearance  in 
sheltered  positions  along  the  southern  coast. 

405.  Anthicus  UtoraUs. 
A.  rufo-ferrugineus  subnitidus  minus  profunde  sed  confertim  punctulatus,  elytris  versus  latera  plus 

minusve  obscurioribus,  antennis  pedibusque  gracilibus  pallido-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Anthicus  UtoraUs,  Heer,  in  Utt. 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  ac  A.  instabilis  (una  cum  Ulo  degens),  sed  rarissime :  tria  specimina  (duo  sc. 
a  meipso  prope  Cabo  Gerajao  autumno  exeunte  a.d.  1847,  et  unum  a  cl.  Dom.  Heer  ad  oram 
Funchalensem  maritimam  a.d.  1850,  detecta)  sola  vidi. 

A.  similar  to  the  A.  instabilis,  but  smaller,  less  deeply  punctulated,  and  usually  of  a  rather  clearer 
hue ;  the  eyes  not  quite  so  prominent ;  the  elytra  with  only  an  abbreviated  dash  towards  eithei' 
side  fuscescent ;  and  the  antenna  and  legs  somewhat  slenderer,  and  (if  anything)  a  little  paler  ; 
— the  latter  being  apparently  simple  in  both  sexes. 

Exceedingly  rare,  three  examples  only  having  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice, 
— ^two  of  which  were  captured  by  myself,  dui'ing  the  autumn  of  1847,  in  company 
with  the  A.  instabilis,  on  the  lofty  maritime  hiU  to  the  right  of  the  Caniso  road, 
before  arriving  at  the  Cabo  Gerajao ;  and  the  other  by  Professor  Heer  (whose 
manuscript  name,  lately  proposed  for  the  species,  I  have  retaiaed)  on  the  sea-shore 
near  Eunchal,  in  1850.  Unless  the  whole  of  these  specimens  be  females,  it  would 
seem  to  recede  from  the  A.  instabilis  (apart  from  its  much  smaller  size  and  less 
deeply  punctulated,  and  somewhat  differently  coloured,  sui'face)  in  not  having  its 
hinder  tibiae  dilated  in  the  male  sex. 


406.  Anthicus  hispidus. 

A.  niger  nitidus  profunde  sed  minus  confertim  punctatus  et  longe  villosus,  prothorace  subrufescente 

convexo,  elytrorum  fascia  sub-basali  transversa,  antennis,  tibiis  tarsisque  testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1^. 


53G  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Notoxus  hispidus,  Eossi,  Mant.  i.  46  (1792). 

licohr,  Oliv.  Ent.  m.  51.  3  (1795). 

hirteUiis,  Fab.  Unf.  Si/st.  %;/)/.  67  (1798). 

Anthicus  hiipidus,  Schmidt,  in  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.  iii.  132  (1842). 
,  La  Ferte,  Mon.  des  Anth.  209  (1848). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  niontibus  Madera;,  rarissimus. 

A.  black,  shining,  deeply  but  not  very  closely  punctured,  and  clothed  with  exceedingly  long  and  erect 
paler  flexible  hairs.  Head  rather  larger  in  proportion  than  that  of  the  A.  imtabilis,  and  a  little 
more  truncated  (or  suddenly  shortened)  behind ;  but  with  the  eyes  not  quite  so  prominent.  Pro- 
thorax  short  and  convex  ;  and  more  or  less  rufescent,  especially  posteriorly.  Elytra  with  a  broad 
well-defined  transverse  fascia  (common  to  both),  just  behind  their  extreme  base,  testaceous;  and 
occasionally  with  their  apex  obscurely  rufescent.  Antenna,  tibia  and  tarsi  testaceous,  or  pale 
diluted  ferruginous ;  femora  at  base  ferruginous,  at  apex  piceous. 

Also  very  scarce.  I  have  seen  but  two  Madeiran  specimens, — both  of  which 
were  captured  by  myself  frorii  under  stones  on  the  mountains  above  Funchal, 
immediately  below  the  base  of  the  Pico  da  Silva  (at  an  altitude  of  about  3000  feet 
above  the  sea).  It  is  found  throughout  central  and  southern  Europe  ;  and,  like 
tlie  J.  instobiUs,  is  more  especially  abundant  in  Mediterranean  latitudes, — Greece, 
Asia  Minor,  Syria  and  Georgia  being  amongst  its  recorded  couutries.  In  England 
it  does  not  appear  to  exist ;  and  is  rare  in  northern  Em-ope,  although  reported  to 
have  occurred  both  in  Sweden  and  Germany. 

407.  Anthicus  tristis. 
A.  niger  subopacus  leviter  sed  confertissime  punctulatus  et  cinereo-pubescens,  capite  magno,  antennis, 
tibiis  tarsisque  infuscato-ferrugineis. 
Var.  /3.  elytro  singulo  macula  humerali  obscurissima  fuscescente  ornato,  antennis,  tibiis  tarsistpie 
srepius  infuscato-testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  Ij-lf. 

Anthicus  fenesfratus,  Dej.  Cat.  (nee  Schmidt)  238  (1837). 

tristis  (var.),  Schmidt,  in  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.  iii.  172  (1842). 

(vars.  /3.  et  y.),  La  Fert^,  Mon.  d^s  Anth.  196,  197  (1848). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  niontibus  superioribus  Madera;,  a  3000'  s.  m.  usque  ad  cacumina  ascendens, 
autumno  copiosissimus. 

A.  t)lack,  less  shining  than  any  of  the  other  species,  exceedingly  closely  and  very  finely  punctulated, 
and  more  or  less  densely  clothed  (especially  on  the  elytra)  with  a  fine,  decumbent,  silken, 
cinereous  pubescence.  Head  larger  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing  species,  and  round,  with  a 
glabrous  longitudinal  line  down  the  centre;  and  with  the  eyes  small  and  very  slightly  prominent. 
Prothora.r  rather  longer,  proportionably,  than  in  the  A.  hispidus,  and  not  so  convex.  Antenna, 
tibice  and  tarsi  ferruginous,  and  more  or  less  infuscated  in  parts ;  femora  at  base  ferruginous,  at 
apex  piceous. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  537 

Vw.  /3.  with  the  humeral  angles  of  the  elytra  most  obscurely  fuscescent, — rarely  sufficiently  so 
however  as  to  be  considered  maculated.     Aniemia  and  let/s  altogether  a  little  paler. 

I  believe  that  the  present  species  is  correctly  referred  to  the  A.  tristis  of 
Schmidt ;  though  it  is  remarkable  that  the  typical  state  for  these  islands  coincides 
with  the  extreme  dark  variety  of  Europe  (the  A.  fenestratus  of  Dejean's  Catalogue, 
and  the  tristis,  var.  y.  of  La  Ferte's  Monograph), — which  obtains  principally 
throughout  northern  France,  in  England,  and  in  some  parts  of  Spain.  Very  faint 
indications  of  a  humeral  patch  are  occasionally  however  to  be  traced, — the  var.  /3. 
of  La  Fert^  (though  more  obscure  in  colour)  and  of  the  above  diagnosis ;  but  the 
normal  Eiu'opean  form,  in  which  a  postmedial  fascia  is  likewise  develojoed,  would 
seem  in  Madeira  to  be  enthely  unknown.  It  is  an  insect  of  very  wide  geogra- 
phical range,  being  recorded  in  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Mesopotamia,  Georgia,  Sicily, 
France,  England,  Spain  and  Algeria.  It  is  abimdant  in  the  alpine  regions  of 
Madeira,  occurring  beneath  stones  on  the  grassy  mountain-slopes,  from  about  an 
altitude  of  3000  feet  to  the  summits  of  the  loftiest  peaks.  In  most  of  the  central 
districts  I  have  taken  it  in  profusion,  during  the  autumnal  and  winter  months, — 
especially  on  the  Paul  da  Serra,  the  Fateiras,  the  Lombo  Grande,  and  on  all  the 
upland  ridges  from  the  Potiso  and  the  Fonte  das  Moyas  to  the  Pico  da  Lagoa  and 
the  Pico  dos  Arieros.  In  our  own  country  it  is  attached  exclusively,  so  far  as  I 
am  aware,  to  low  sandy  spots  along  the  southern  shores, — under  which  cu-cum- 
stances  I  have  captxu'ed  it  near  the  Isle  of  Portland,  in  May  and  June. 


Genus  181.  XYLOPHILUS.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  3.) 
(Bonelli)  LatreiUe,  Fam.  Nat.  383  (1825). 

Corpm  parvTim,  ovatum :  capite  subtriangulari ;  oculis  subovatis :  prothorace  elytris  angustiore,  (in 
specie  nostra)  subquadrato-transverso  :  alls  amplis.  Antenna  robustse,  apicem  versus  sensim 
incrassatse  (in  typicis,  articulo  primo  brevi  baud  robusto,  secundo  brevissimo,  ultimo  elongato- 
ovato ;  sed  in  specie  Maderensi),  articulo  primo  robusto,  secundo  vix  minore  breviore,  ultimo 
robusto  oblique  truncato.  Instrunienta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  Anthico.  Pedes  longiusculi,  graciles  : 
femoribus  posticis  plerumque  incrassatis,  sed  in  nostra  simplicibus  :  tibiis  ad  apicem,  nisi  fallor, 
baud  calcaratis :  iarsis  heteromeris,  subtus  breviter  pubescentibus ;  articulo  primo  in  miticis 
longiusculo  crasso,  in  intermediis  elongato,  in  jiosticis  longissimo  eylindrico;  antepenultimo  in 
omnibus  subtus  producto,  penultimo  minutissimo  simplici,  ultimo  longiusculo  unguiculis  parvis 
simplicibus  munito. 

Of  the  present  genus  we  have,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  but  a  single  representative 
in  the  Madeira  Islands  ;  and  even  that  one  is  anything  but  typical,  since  it  differs 
very  decidedly  from  the  normal  species,  not  only  in  the  structure  of  its  antennal 
and  tarsal  joints,  but  likewise  in  the  form  of  its  head  and  prothorax.  In 
Xylophilus  proper  the  basal  articulation  of  the  antennae  is  usually  short  and 
Render,  the  following,  or  following  two,  extremely  abbreviated,  and  the  apical  one 

3z 


538  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

considerably  developed  and  elongate;  whereas  in  the  X.  pallescens  the  first  is 
large  and  robust,  the  second  scarcely  smaller,  the  thii'd  narrower  (and  a  little  longer) 
than  either  the  second  or  the  fourth,  the  fifth  to  the  tenth  decrease  gradually  in 
Icno-th  but  increase  in  breadth,  and  the  terminal  one  is  stout  and  obliquely 
truncated  at  its  extremity. 

408.  Xylophilus  pallescens,  WoU.  (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  3.) 
X.  testaceus  subtiliter  puhescens  et  minutissime  punctulatus,  oculis  solis  nigris. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  JMaderam,  rarissime;  semel  tautuiu  (a  meipso  iu  doiiio  quadam  Fuiichalensi)  Novembri 
exeunte  a.d.  18-17  repertus. 

X.  elongate-ovate,  very  minutely  pubescent,  and  entirely  testaceous, — the  eyes  (which  are  large  and 
prominent)  being  alone  black.  Head  most  minutely  (and  almost  imperceptibly)  punctulated, 
and  broadest  behind  the  eyes.  Prothorax  and  elytra  with  the  punctures  rather  more  distinct : 
the  former  short,  transverse-subquadrate,  though  a  little  wider  in  front  than  behind ;  the  anterior 
margin  somewhat  rounded  and  produced ;  and  the  posterior  angles  obliquely  truncated :  the 
latter  rounded  at  the  sides,  being  widest  about  the  middle, — nevertheless  broader  at  the  base 
than  the  prothora.v.  Antenna  and  leffs  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  surface ;  the  former 
distinctly  incrassated  towards  their  apex. 

The  only  example  of  tliis  insect  which  has  come  beneath  my  notice  was  captured 
by  myself,  during  the  winter  of  1847,  crawling  on  the  inner  wall  of  a  house  in 
Eunchal.  It  would  appear  to  be  a  nocturnal  species,  my  specimen  having  been 
found  late  at  night  and  in  a  very  active  state. 


Sectio  xiil  brachelytra. 

Fam.  55.  SCYDM^NID-Sl. 

Genus  182.  SCYDMiENUS. 

Latreille,  Oen.  Crust,  et  Ins.  i.  232  (1806). 

Corpus  minutum,  ovatum :  capite  plerumque  exserto  subrotundato  et  interdum  jiedunculato ;  vculis 
rotundatis :  prothorace  elytris  angustiore,  postice  constricto :  elytris  ellipticis,  abdomen  totum 
tegentibus :  alis  sat  amplis.  Antenna  capite  prothoraceque  paulo  longiores,  apicem  versus  sensini 
clavata',  articulo  priuio  robusto,  sccundo  paulo  longiorc  graciliorc,  tcrtio  ad  sext.wm  vel  .^cptimuui 
leviter  gracilioribus  longitudine  subsequalibus,  reliquis  clavam  elongatam  laxam  pcrfoliatam  baud 
abruptam  efficientibus  (octavo  interdum  minusculo,  ct  ultimo  plerumque  ovato-acuminato). 
Labrum    transverso-subquadratum,    antice    integrum.       Mandibula   basi   latjp,    apice   angustje 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  539 

acutissinife  incurve,  infra  apicem  dente  minuto  iiistractae.  Maxilla  bilobfe ;  lobo  inferno  brevi, 
intus  valde  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillarcs  elongati,  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  gracili  elongato 
subflexuoso,  tertio  maximo  crasso  ovato  apice  truncate,  ultimo  vel  minuto  aciculari  vel  obsoleto  : 
labiales  breves,  articulo  primo  obsoleto,  secundo  magno  crasso  subcylindrico,  ultimo  minutissimo 
aciculari.  Mentum  svibquadvatum,  antice  trilobum.  Ligula  apice  emarginata.  Pedes  lon- 
giusculi,  graciles  :  fcmoribus  basi  pedunculatis,  apicem  versus  subito  clavatis  :  tibiis  baud  cal- 
caratis  :  tarsis  simplicibus,  articulo  primo  vix  longiusculo,  ultimo  longiore  unguiculis  simplicibus 
munito. 

The  singular  little  insects  which  constitute  the  family  Scijdmcenidce  possess  so 
many  characters  peculiarly  their  own,  that  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  point  out 
their  distinctions  from  the  members  of  the  neighbouring  groups ;  suffice  it  there- 
fore to  observe,  that,  wliilst  in  then-  minute  size,  entire  elytra,  subclavated  antennae, 
more  or  less  pedunculated  heads,  narrow,  posteriorly-constricted  jn-othoraces,  and 
general  habits  (especially  apparent  in  the  Ant-associating  propensities  of  some  of 
them),  they  display  much  in  common  with  the  Anthicidce ;  they  are  nevertheless, 
in  their  subulated  palpi  and  the  obsolete  basal  joint  of  the  labial  pair,  in  theii- 
simple  tarsi,  and  other  details  of  their  structure,  too  nearly  related  to  many  of  the 
early  representatives  of  the  Bmchelytra  (even  though  then-  abdomen  be  not 
exposed)  to  warrant  their  removal  to  any  great  distance  from  that  department. 
And  that  this  is  the  case,  their  close  connection,  as  is  now  universally  admitted, 
Avith  the  Fselaphidce*,  in  which  the  elytra  are  abbreviated,  would  tend  materially 
to  confii-m.  The  species  occm-  principally,  like  many  of  the  Anthici,  either 
amongst  grass  and  vegetable  refuse  on  the  dry  ground,  or  else  under  moss  on  the 
trimks  of  trees, — where  in  northern  latitudes  they  would  appear  more  especially  to 
hybernate.  In  our  own  country  they  are  often  very  abundant  in  gardens  and 
other  cultivated  spots,  particularly  iu  and  aloout  melon-  and  cucumber-frames,  and 
beneath  planks  on  hot-beds,  in  company  with  Monotoma,  Anthicus,  and  several  of 
the  smaller  Staphylinidm.  The  only  Madeiran  Scydmanus  which  I  have  hitherto 
succeeded  in  detecting  is  generally  to  be  met  with,  under  stones,  on  warm  grassy 
slopes  facing  the  sea.  It  is  found  for  the  most  part  at  rather  low  elevations  and 
in  the  vicinity  of  Ants'  nests ;  but  whether  this  is  merely  the  result  of  accident  I 
am  not  able  to  say,— though,  judging  from  the  analogy  of  kindred  forms,  it  seems 
probable  that  the  two  may  be  in  some  way  dependent  on  each  other, 

409.  Scydmaenus  Helferl, 

S.  piceus  nitidus  et  longe  cinereo-pubescens,  elytris  parce  punctatis,  antennis  pedibusque  pallido- 

ferrugineis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  |. 


*  I  have  not  been  able  to  detect  a  single  member  of  this  family  in  the  Madeira  Islands  ;  though  it  is 
possible,  that,  were  the  Ants'  nests  more  carefully  examined,  it  would  be  fomid  to  exist. 

3z2 


540  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Scydmanvs Helferi,  Schaiun  (" var.  minor, ^ '  test.  Dom.  Sehaum) ,  Anal.  Ent.  (^Dissert,  inaug.)  7  (1841) . 
,  Lucas,  Col.  de  VAIgerie,  131  (1849). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  Maderje  australis,  prsesertim  iu  graminosis  maritimis  prope  Cabo  Gerajao, 
autunino  non  infrcquens  ;  necnon  ad  Rib.  de  Joao  Gomez  mense  Februario  nuper  deprehensit 
cl.  Doiu.  Hear. 

S.  ovate,  piccous,  exceedingly  sbining,  and  rather  sparingly  clothed  with  long  cinereous,  or  somewhat 
yellowish,  pubescence.  Head  and  prothorax  almost  impunctate ;  the  latter  constricted  and 
foveolatcd  behind.  Elytra  with  rather  large,  but  remote,  punctures.  Antenna  and  leys  pale 
ferruginous. 

Not  very  common ;  occurring  principally  in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal,  and  dm-ing 
the  autumnal  months.  I  have  taken  it  more  abundantlv  to  the  eastward  of  the 
town  than  elsewhere,  especially  in  exposed  grassy  spots  to  the  right  of  the  Caniso 
road  towards  the  Calio  Gerajao,  or  Brazen  Head, — where  it  is  found,  in  company 
with  the  AnthicHs  instahiUs  and  Holoparamecus  n'lger,  beneath  stones,  generally 
in  the  neighbom-hood  of  Ants'  nests.  It  is  peculiar  to  Mediterranean  latitudes, 
being  recorded  in  the  north  of  Africa  and  in  Sicily.  I  have  not  been  able  to  pro- 
cure typical  specimens  of  the  S.  Helferi  for  comparison,  but  I  am  informed  by 
Dr.  Sehaum  of  Berlin  that  the  Madeu-an  species  (my  o^\ti  examples  of  which  he 
has  carefully  examined)  diifers  in  no  respect  from  the  Sicilian  one,  except  that  it 
is  a  little  smaller :  I  have  therefore  without  hesitation  referred  it  to  that  insect. 


Fain.  56.  STAPHYLINID^. 

(Subf.  1.  ALEOCHARIDES.) 
Genus  183.  FALAGRIA. 

(Leach)  Mannerheim,  Bracliel.  86  (1831). 

Corpus  minutum,  subconvexum  :  capite  exserto  subrotundato,  basi  truucato  pedunculate  :  prothorace 
subcordato,  postice  attcnuato :  alis  amplis  :  ahdumine  marginato  lincari.  Antenna  ad  oculorum 
marginem  internum  insertse,  capitis  prothoracisque  longitudine,  apieem  versus  sensim  incrassatae, 
articulis  tribus  baseos  reliquis  paulo  longioribus.  Labi'um  transversum,  antice  va.  emarginatum. 
Mandihulce  par\a;  acutaj  muticaj.  MaxilUe  bilobaj :  lobu  cxtcrno  apice  pubescente :  interna  huic 
paulo  breviore,  ad  apieem  internum  oblique  emarginato,  per  sinum  spinulis  brevibus  ciliato. 
Palpi  maxillares  elongati,  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  et  tertio  elongatis  longitudine  sub- 
sequalibus  (hoc  apice  valde  clavato),  ultimo  parvo  subulato  :  labiates  articulo  primo  magno  sub- 
cylindrico,  secundo  breviore,  ultimo  huic  paulo  longiore  apice  subclavato.  Mentum  ampluin 
transversum,  apice  leviter  emarginatum.  Liyula  augustata,  apice  profunde  bifida ;  paraglossis 
])arvis  acuminatis,  intus  ciliatis.  Pedes  longiusculi,  graciles :  tarsis  anticis  4-,  pusterioribus 
5-articulatis ;  posticis  articulo  primo  elongato. 

The  minute  genus  J'rtZw^/ria  maybe  easily  distinguished  by  its  convex  subcordate 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  541 

protliorax  (which,  on  account  of  the  narrow  exposed  neck,  is  somewhat  remote 
from  the  head),  by  its  acuminated  paraglossse,  and  hj  its  two  anterior  tarsi  being 
quadriarticulate.  The  species  occur  either  in  damp  shady  spots  (amongst  decaying 
leaves  and  fungi),  or  else  beneath  stones  and  shingle  at  the  edges  of  streams.  They 
are  often  very  active  on  the  wing, — under  which  ckcunistances  they  may  fre- 
quently be  captured  during  the  hot  sunshine  after  showers. 

410.  Falagria  obscura. 
F.  nigro-picea  pubescens  nitida,  capite  convexo,  protborace  subcordato  obsolete  canaliculate,  elytns 

rufo-fuscescentibus,  pedibus  pallido-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  Ij. 

Aleochara  obscura,  Grav.  Col.  Micropt.  7i  (1802). 

— ,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  379  (1810). 

Falagria  obscura,  Mann.  Bracliel.  87  (1831). 
,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  54.  (1839). 

Habitat  jMaderam,  per  margines  rivulorum,  sub  foliis  arborum  dejectis  et  in  humidiusculis,  ubique 
vulgaris. 

P.  dark  piceous,  sbining,  finely  pubescent,  and  most  obsoletely  punctulated  (the  punctures  not  per- 
ceptible except  beneath  the  microscope).  Head  orbicular,  but  truncated  behind.  Prothorax 
subcordate  (being  considerably  narrowed  or  rounded  off  posteriorly),  and  with  a  very  indistinct 
dorsal  channel,  which  is  most  apparent  in  front.  Elytra  of  a  pale  reddish  chestnut-brown. 
Abdomen  strongly  margined,  and  with  the  ape.x  more  or  less  fuscescent.  Antenna  fusco-piceous, 
with  the  basal  joints  ferruginous.     Legs  pale  ferruginous,  or  rufo-testaceous. 

A  most  abundant  European  insect,  and  tolerably  common  throughout  Madeira 
below  the  elevation  of  1000  feet, — occurring  at  the  edges  of  the  streams,  and 
beneath  fallen  leaves  in  damp  spots,  especially  towards  the  north  of  the  island. 
At  Santa  Anna  and  Sao  Vincente  I  have  caj)tured  it  at  tunes  in  considerable 
numbers. 


Genus  184.  TACHYUSA. 

Erichson,  Kdf.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  307  (1837). 

Corpus  parvum  vel  minutum,  elongatum,  (in  typicis  lineare  subconvexum,  sed  in  specie  nostra)  postice 
acuminatum,  depressiusculum  :  capite  exserto,  rotundato  basi  truncato :  prothorace  elongatulo, 
postice  subtruncato :  alis  amplis :  abdomine  marginato.  Antenna  ad  oculorum  marginem  in- 
ternum insertse,  capite  prothoraceque  longiores,  graciles,  articulis  et  instrumenta  cibaria  fere  ut 
in  Homalota,  sed  paraglossis  vix  obsoletis.  Pedes  elougati,  graciles  :  tibiis  anticis  in  specie 
Maderensi  apicem  versus  internum  obscurissime  subexcavato-truncatis  necnon  ad  excavationis 
summum  apicem  subtiliter  bispinulosis  (structura  quEe  in  Carabidis  plerisque  fortius  obtinet)  : 
tarsis  anticis  4-,  posterioribus  5-articulatis;  posticis  longis,  articulis  longitudine  decrescentibus 
(prirao  elongato). 


542  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Tachyusa  may  be  known  by  its  narroAv  and  more  or  less  constricted  outline,  by 
its  usually  finely  pubescent  sericeous  siu-face,  its  rudimentary  paraglosste,  and  by 
its  somewhat  slender  and  elongated  limbs, — the  two  front  tarsi  of  which,  as  in 
Ilonialota,  are  quadriarticulate ;  whilst  the  hinder  pair,  as  in  CaJodera  (which 
howev^er  is  altogether  pentamerous),  nearly  equal  the  tibiae  in  length,  and  have 
their  basal  joint  exceedingly  long.  The  sole  Madeiran  representative  is  neverthe- 
less, in  external  contour,  anything  but  typical,  being  attenuated  behind  and 
sliglitly  depressed,  and  partaking  more  of  Homalota  in  general  appearance  than 
of  tlio  ordinary  Tachyusai :  still,  its  lengthened  limbs,  and  the  proportions  of  its 
greatly  produced  posterior  feet  point  to  the  present  genus  as  the  only  one  capable 
of  receiWng  it, — with  which  indeed  in  its  subaquatic  habits  it  likewise  coincides. 
There  is  a  peculiarity  moreover  in  the  fore-tibife  of  the  T.  raptor ia  which  I  do  not 
observe  in  any  of  the  European  species,  namely  that  they  are  obliquely  trun- 
cated towards  their  inner  apex*,  and  have  two  minute  spines  (or  setae)  at  the  upper 
extremity  of  the  notch  (as  in  the  Carahidce), — a  structure  which,  in  conjimction 
with  the  rapid  movements  of  the  insect  and  its  prominent  eyes,  would  seem 
rather  to  betray  a  carnivorous,  or  at  any  rate  a  prehensile  tendency.  The  tibial 
spurs,  also,  appear  to  be  but  imperfectly  (if  indeed  at  all)  developed.;  though, 
having  had  but  a  single  specimen  for  dissection,  I  may,  considering  the  minuteness 
of  the  objects,  be  mistaken  as  regards  this. 

411.  Tachyusa  raptoria,  Wall. 

T.  ni^ra  minutissime  punctulata  pubescens  subnitida,  protliorace  subquadrato  postice  leviter  con- 
sitricto,  elytris  apicem  versus  fuscescentibus,  abdoiuine  postice  attenuate,  femoribus  tibiisque 
infuscatis,  tarsis  pallido-testaccis. 

Lons;.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  inter  lapillos  per  litora  fluviorum,  semel  tantum  reperta. 

T.  minute,  black,  most  delicately  punctulated  and  pubescent,  sligbtly  shining,  and  depressed.  Head 
rather  wider  than  the  prothorax ;  and  with  tlie  eyes  large  and  prominent.  Prothorax  a  little 
elongated,  and  narrowed  behind  (the  sides  being  suddenly  straightened  inwardly  about  the 
middle);  and  with  a  just  perceptibly  ffineous  tinge.  Elytra  obscurely  fuscescent  towards  their 
apex.  Abdomen  strongly  margined,  and  gradually  attenuated  behind.  Antenna  and  legs  much 
elongated ;  the  former  with  their  apical  joints  a  little  diluted  in  colouring ;  the  latter  with  their 
femora  and  tibije  brownish,  but  with  their  tarsi  (the  hinder  ones  of  which  are  exceedingly  long) 
jiale  testaceous. 

Apparently  rare, — or  perhaps  only  local,  since  from  its  minute  size  and  insig- 
nificant general  appearance  it  would  he  very  liable  to  be  overlooked.     The  only 

•  Very  faint  traces  of  this  oblique  emargination  are  to  be  detected  even  in  Calodera  (causing  the  apex 
of  the  tibiae  to  seem  slightly  narrowed),  but  there  is  no  appearance  there  of  the  minute  spines. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  543 

specimen  which  I  have  seen  was  captured  by  myself  at  the  edges  of  the  stream  in 
the  Ribeii-a  de  Santa  Luzia  during,  I  believe,  the  winter  of  18i9. 

Genus  185.  XENOMMA,  Woll    (Ta^u.  XIII.  fig.  4.) 

Corpus  parvum  vel  minutiim,  elongatuni,  lineare  vel  antice  acuminatum  :  capite  exserto  ovato ;  oculis 
minutissimis  demissis,  supra  marginem  lateralem  omnitio  sitis  :  prothorace  subquadrato  ad 
latera  plus  miuusve  rotundato,  antice  et  postice  truncate  :  scutello  vel  magno  scutiformi  vel 
minore  transverso  triangulari :  elijtris  valde  abbreviatis,  latera  corporis  amplectentibus,  postice 
praesertim  ad  angulum  exteriorem  sinuatis :  alls  obsoletis :  abdomine  marginato  elongate,  basin 
versus  plus  minusve  constricto,  segmento  ultimo  retractili  sed  sat  perspicuo  (stylis  analibus  baud 
exsertis).  Antennm  (XIII.  4«)  ante  oculorum  marginem  internum  inserta?,  capite  prothoraceque 
plerumque  paulo  longiores,  robusts,  apicem  versus  sensim  incrassatoe,  articulis  tribus  baseos 
reliquis  longioribus  (primo  leviter  robusto),  ultimo  subacuminato-ovato.  Labrum  (XIII.  4  6) 
amplum  subquadrato-transversum  valde  pilosum,  antice  integrum  et  in  medio  leviter  productum. 
Mandibula  (XIII.  4  c)  magnse  porrectje,  apice  angustse  incurvae  acutse  obscurissime  bifidse,  intus 
dente  medio  obscuro  obtuso  et  membrana  basilari  instructse.  Maxilla  (XIII.  4  rf)  biloba- 
angustfe ;  lobo  externa  apice  pubescente  :  interno  buic  vix  longiore,  intus  prEesertim  ad  apicem 
pube  longa  dense  ciliato  (baud  spinuloso).  Palpi  maxillares  elongati,  articulo  primo  minute, 
secundo  et  tertio  elongatis  subiequalibus  clavatis  (illo  subcurvato,  boe  paulo  erassiore  apice 
truncate),  ultimo  subulate  brevissimo :  labiales  (XIII.  4  e)  e  scapis  ligulse  connatis  surgentes, 
articulo  primo  elongate  subcylindrico  robusto,  secundo  paulo  angustiore  brevi,  ultimo  buic  lon- 
giore subulato  tenuissime.  Mentuin  subtriangulare,  apice  truncate  et  leviter  emarginate.  Ligula 
elengata  linearis  angustissima,  ad  apicem  ipsum  tenuiter  et  recte  bifida ;  paraglossis  obsoletis. 
Pedes  lengiusculi :  tibiis  pubescentibus,  ad  apicem  internum  bicalcaratis :  tarsis  5-articulatis ; 
anticis  articulis  ultimo  et  penultimo  medo  inter  se  arete  cennatis  (sutura  Eegre  observanda), 
mode  (XIII.  4/)  bene  distinctis ;  posticis  articulo  prime  leviter  elongate ;  unguiculis  elongatis. 

A  f  evo?  mirabilis,  et  6iJiiJi.a  fades.     (Typus — Xenomma  planifrons.) 

The  singular  and  truly  indigenous  insects  on  which  the  present  genus  is  founded 
are  in  some  respects  allied  to  3£yrmedonia,  or  even  to  Oxijpoda,  though  at  the 
same  time  differing  from  them  both  in  many  essential  particulars.  In  their 
apterous  bodies,  in  fact,  and  excessively  diminutive,  imperfectly  constructed  eyes, 
which  are  placed  altogether  above  the  lateral  edges  of  the  head  (itself  moreover 
being  unusually  ovate  and  elongated),  as  well  as  in  then-  largely  developed  and 
porrected  mandibles,  and  in  the  insertion  of  their  antennae,  which  are  remote  from 
the  inner  margin  of  the  eyes,  they  recede  from  the  whole  of  the  Aleocharides  with 
which  I  am  acquainted  ;  whilst,  from  Oxypoda  in  particular  (with  which  in  their 
pentamerous  feet*  they  coincide),  their  centrally-subacuminated  upper  lip,  longer 
and  less  spinulose  inner  maxillary  lobe,  in  conjunction  with  their  very  narrow, 

*  In  the  X.  planifrons  the  two  front  tarsi  have  theii-  five  joints  well-defined  ;  but  in  the  formimrum 
and  Jiliforme  the  penultimate  and  terminal  ones  are  very  closely  united  together,  so  that  it  requires  a  high 
microscopic  power  (since  they  are  of  precisely  similar  breadth)  to  discover  the  division  between  them. 
Nevertheless,  tliat  it  is  to  be  detected,  a  very  careful  examination  of  each  of  the  species  has  thoroughly 
comdnced  me. 


544  INSECTA  MADEREN'SIA. 

parallel  ligiila  (which  is  most  minutely,  and  straightly,  bifid  at  its  extreme 
apex  only),  their  greatly  abbre-vdated  elytra*,  and  their  comparatively  depressed 
and  more  or  less  posteriorly-expanded  form,  will  serve  additionally  to  separate 
them.  Their  habits  are,  to  a  certain  extent,  in  keeping  with  their  anomalous 
structure, — the  species  being  attached,  unless  I  am  much  mistaken,  to  Ants'  nests 
(in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  which,  at  any  rate,  the  few  specimens  which  I  have 
hitherto  succeeded  in  detecting  have  always  occurred), 

§  I.  Scutellum  seutiforme  :  pedes  crassi,  tarsorum  anticorwm  articuUs  omnibus  disiinctis. 

412.  Xenomma  planifrons,  WuU.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  4.) 
X.  rufo-feiTugineum  opacuui,  capite  magno  valde  deplanato  et  crebre  punctulato,  prothorace  profuudc 
canaliculato    antice   lato,   abdomine   basi    constricto    ultra   medium  leviter  dilatato,   segmentis 
quatuor  vcl  quinque  baseos  anteunisque  versus  apicem  nigris,  pedibus  rufo-testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  2. 

Habitat  in  Maderte  sylvatieis  editioribus,  rarissimum :  exemplar  unieum,  ad  Cruzinhas  Julio  ineunte 
.\.D.  1850  a  meipso  sub  foliis  arborum  dejectis  lectum,  solum  vidi. 

X.  rufo-ferruginous,  and  ojjake.  Head  large  and  ovate,  exceedingly  depressed,  and  closely  beset  with 
ocellated  punetui-es ;  with  the  eyes  black,  and  very  minute.  Pruthurax  less  distinctly  punctured 
than  the  rest  of  the  surface  (having  almost  the  appearance  under  the  microscope  of  being  deli- 
cately granulated) ;  subquadrate  with  the  sides  rounded,  being  broadest  in  front  and  transversely 
truncated  both  before  and  behind ;  with  the  anterior  angles  deflexcd ;  and  with  a  broad  and  deep 
dorsal  channel  down  the  centre.  Scutellum  large  and  shield-shaped,  the  mesothorax  bemg  partly 
exposed  at  its  edges.  Elytra  more  pubescent  than  the  head  and  prothorax ;  exceedingly  abbre- 
viated, and  enveloping  the  sides  of  the  body ;  rather  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  and 
waved  behind  (especially  at  the  outer  angles).  Abdomen  also  pubescent,  elongated,  strongly 
margined,  constricted  in  front  and  a  little  expanded  beyond  the  middle ;  all  the  segments,  except 
the  ultimate  and  penultimate  ones,  together  with  the  antenna  except  the  first  two  or  three  joints, 
black.     Legs  thick,  and  rufo-testaceous. 


Apparently  of  the  utmost  rarity,  the  only  specimen  wliich  I  have  seen  having 
been  captured  (early  in  July  of  1850)  from  beneath  fallen  leaves  at  the  edges  of  a 
minute  trickling  stream  in  the  lofty  sylvan  district  of  the  Cruzinhas, — upwards  of 
5000  feet  above  the  sea.  Apart  from  its  greater  size  and  thickened  lunlis,  it  may 
be  kuo^\-n  by  its  large  scutellum-  and  head  (the  latter  of  which  is  much  flattened 
and  coarsely  punctured),  opake  surface,  and  by  its  deeply  channeled  and  anteriorly- 
widened  prothorax. 

*  In  their  very  short  elytra,  and  in  the  pubescent  (vuispinulose)  inner  lobe  of  their  maxiUa;,  they  agree 
indeed  with  Myrmedonia.  The  outer  maxillary  lobe  however  of  that  genus  (which  is  so  greatly  produced 
as  to  equal  the  palpus  in  length),  in  conjunction  with  its  differently  constructed  upper  lip  and  ligula,  its 
distinct  paraglossne  and  its  quadriarticiUate  anterior  feet,  will  (apart  from  the  other  characters  enumerated 
above)  readily  remove  it  from  JLenomma. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  545 

§  II.  Scutellum  transverswin  triangidare :  pedes  gracUes,  tarsorum  anticorum  articulis  penultimo  et  ultimo 

inter  se  arete  connatis  (sutiird  mgre  distlngwenda) . 

413.  Xenomma  formicanun,  WoU. 

X.  infuscato-testaceum  fere  impunctatum  nitidum,  capite  angusto  convexo,  prothorace  subquadrato 
iutegro,  abdomiue  basi  constricto  ultra  medium  dilatato,  segmentis  quatuor  vel  quinque  baseos 
nigrescentibus. 

Long.  Corp.  liu.  1^. 

Habitat  in  montibus  Maderse,  sub  lapidibus  tmncisque  arborum  projectis,  rarius  ;  Formicaruni  nidos, 
nisi  fallor,  colens. 

X.  brownish-testaceous,  sbining,  nearly  impunctate,  and  much  acuminated  anteriorly.  Head  narrow, 
ovate  and  convex ;  with  the  eyes  excessively  minute  and  rudimentary  (even  smaller  than  those  of 
the  X.  jjlanifrons),  black,  and  not  at  all  projecting  beyond  the  surface  of  the  head.  Prothorax 
scarcely  broader  than  the  head;  subquadi-ate,  being  of  nearly  equal  breadth  before  and  behind; 
and  without  any  appearance  of  a  dorsal  channel.  Scutellum  transverse  and  triangular,  and  much 
smaller  than  in  the  last  species.  Elytra  extremely  abbreviated  (more  so  than  the  X.  planifrons) ; 
rather  narrowed  at  the  shoulders,  and  waved  behind  (especially  at  the  outer  angles).  Abdomen 
strongly  margined,  constricted  in  front  and  considerably  expanded  beyond  the  middle ;  all  the 
segments  except  the  ultimate  and  penultimate  ones  more  or  less  blackish  or  piceous,  but  occa- 
sionally pale.  Antenna  shorter  than  in  the  X.  planifrons,  but  longer  than  in  the  X.  filiforme 
(being  rather  longer  than  the  head  and  prothorax).  Legs  much  slenderer  than  those  of  the  last 
species. 

Also  exceedingly  scarce;  and,  like  the  last  species,  confined  to  lofty  altitudes. 
I  have  taken  it  sparingly,  during  the  early  spring,  from  beneath  stones  in  the 
neighhom'hood  of  Ants'  nests,  on  the  ascent  of  the  Pico  d'Ai-ribentao  from  Eun- 
chal ;  and  on  the  21st  of  June  1850,  I  captured  a  pair  towards  the  north  of  the 
island, — in  the  almost  inaccessible  region  of  the  Lombo  das  Vacas.  It  may  be 
known  from  the  X.  planifrons  by  its  much  smaller  size,  narrower  and  convexer 
head,  by  its  shining  and  almost  impunctate  surface,  differently  shaped,  unchan- 
neled  prothorax  and  by  its  slenderer  limbs.  The  eyes  also,  both  of  it  and  the 
X.  filiforme,  are  even  more  minute  than  those  of  that  insect, — being  represented 
by  a  mere  black  rounded  point  above  the  lateral  margin  of  the  head. 

414.  Xenomma  filiforme,  Woll. 

X.  angusto-hneare  rufo-testaceum  fere  impunctatum  nitidum,  capite  angusto  convexo,  prothorace 
subquadrato  integro,  abdomine  subparallelo,  segmentis  quatuor  vel  quinque  baseos  nigrescenti- 
bus, antennis  brevioribus. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^1^. 

Habitat  in  locis  Maderae  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  sed  rarius ;  Xenommatos  sola  species,  nisi  fallor,  in 

4  A 


546  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Porta  Sancto  occurrens,  qua  mense  Aprili  a.d.  1848  duo  specimina  in  clivis  graminosis  sub 
lapidibus  collegi. 

X.  similar  to  the  X.  formicarum,  but  much  narrower  and  more  parallel  (being  scarcely  at  all  expanded 
behind,  like  that  species),  and  of  a  rather  clearer  hue;  its  abdomen  with  the  edges  and  apex  of 
even  the  basal  segments  more  or  less  rufo-testaceous  or  ferruginous ;  and  its  antenn<e  distinctly 
shorter  (not  being  at  all  longer  than  the  head  and  prothorax). 

The  only  three  specimens  of  this  very  distinct  species  which  I  have  hitherto  seen 
were  captm-ed  l)y  myself,  from  heueath  stones, — two  on  the  grassy  moimtain-slopes 
of  Porto  Santo,  in  April  18i8,  and  the  other  on  the  ascent  of  the  Pico  d'Arrihentao, 
above  Funchal,  during  the  spring  of  the  same  year. 

Genus  186.  HOMALOTA. 

Mannerheim,  Brachel.  73  (1831). 

Cojyws  parvum,  elongatum,  lineare  (rarius  postice  acuminatum),  depressum :  capite  exserto,  rotundato 
basi  truucato  :  prothurace  antice  truncato,  postice  subrotundato  :  alls  plerumque  aniplis  :  abdo- 
mine  marginato,  srepius  lineari  sed  intei-dum  apicem  versus  attenuato.  Antenna  ad  oculorum 
marginem  internum  insertse,  capite  prothoraceque  (interdum  multo)  longiores,  apicem  versus  plus 
minusve  scnsim  incrassatfe  (in  maribus  sxpe  validiorcs),  articulis  tribus  baseos  rehquis  paulo 
longioribus,  inter  se  a^qualibus.  Labium  apice  rotundatum.  Mundibida  muticEC.  Maxilla 
bilobse :  lobo  externa  apice  pubescente :  interno  huic  paulo  brcviore,  ad  apicem  internum  oblique 
emarginato,  per  sinum  spinulis  brevibus  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares  elongati,  articulo  primo  minuto, 
secundo  et  tertio  clongatis  subicqualibus  (hoc  apice  incrassato),  ultimo  parvo  subulato :  labiales 
articulo  primo  magno  subcylludrico,  secundo  brcviore,  ultimo  huic  longiore  tenuiore  subulato. 
Mentum  transversum,  apice  vix  emarginatum.  Ligula  brevis,  apice  bifida  lobis  divergentibus ; 
paraglossis  obsoletis.  Pedes  longiusculi,  graciles :  tarsis  anticis  4-,  posterioribus  5-articulatis ; 
posticis  articulis  quatuor  baseos  subrequalibus. 

The  immense  genus  Homcdota,  134  members  of  which  are  described  in  Erich- 
son's  Genera  et  Species  Staphijl'morum,  contains  a  quantity  of  small  and  closely 
allied  insects  of  very  difficult  determination,  and  principally  abiuidant  in  European 
latitudes.  They  may  be  kno'\\-n  from  the  kiniU-ed  forms  by  then-  short  and  bifid 
ligula  (the  lobes  of  which,  as  in  nearly  all  the  genera  of  the  Aleocharides  except 
Xenomma,  diverge  at  their  extremity),  and  by  theu'  quacU-iarticulate  anterior  feet, 
— which  have  all  the  joints  except  the  ultimate  one,  in  each  pair  respectively,  sub- 
equal.  The  first  of  the  representatives  characterized  below  would  appear  to  be  of 
a  rather  aberrant  structure,  having  its  elytra  unusually  abbreviated  and  its  body 
apterous :  nevertheless  in  all  other  respects  it  retains  the  elements  of  Uomalota 
proper.  Amongst  so  large  an  assemblage  it  is  not  surprising  that  several  modes 
of  life  should  be  indicated ;  some  of  the  species  occui-ring  amongst  damp  vegetable 
refuse  and  in  the  excrement  of  cattle,  others  in  grassy  spots  of  exposed  mountain 
districts,  whilst  a  few  are  of  a  strictly  subaquatic  natui-e,  and  reside,  like  Calo- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  547 

dera,  Ocalea  and  Tachyusa,  along  tlie  margins  of  rivers  and  streams,— secreting 
themselves  between  the  loose  stones  and  shingle  at  the  water's  edge.  The  mem- 
bers of  this  last  division  (three  or  four  of  which  enter  our  present  fauna)  in  many 
instances  assmne  the  outward  aspect  of  Calodera,  their  antennte  being  com- 
paratively elongated,  their  movements  marvellously  rapid,  and  their  whole  surface 
clothed  (though  in  a  less  degree)  with  a  short  and  silken  pubescence, — a  provision 
which  the  species  of  that  group  would  seem,  from  their  semi-aquatic  habits,  so 
eminently  to  requii-e,  since  theh  constant  liability  to  immersion  renders  it  neces- 
sary that  they  should  be  provided  with  some  means  for  retaining  a  sufficient 
amount  of  air  to  buoy  them  up,  in  case  of  accidents,  and  to  enable  them  to  float 
safely  to  shore.  Ilence  it  is  not  always  easy,  prima  facie,  to  separate  certain  of 
these  riparial  modifications  from  the  Caloderce ;  nevertheless  an  inspection  of  the 
tarsi  will  generally  succeed  in  distinguishing  them, — those  of  the  latter  not  only 
being  altogether  pentamerous,  but  having  the  hinder  pair  almost  as  long  as  the 
entu-e  tibise  and  with  the  basal  joint  considerably  produced*. 

§  I.  Corpus  apterum ;  eJj/fris  valde  abbreviatis. 

415.  Homalota  sangrdnolenta,  WoU. 

H.  rufo-testacea  et  plus  minusve  infuscata  subnitida,  capite  piceo,  prothorace  lato  ad  latera  rotundato, 
abdomine  ultra  medium  subdilatato,  segmeutis  quatuor  vel  quinque  baseos,  antennisque  versus 
apicem  nigrescentibus,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Var.  |3.  omnino  pallidior,  abdomine  iu  medio  solo  nigrescente. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  Ij. 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis  per  partem  Madera  sylvaticam,  pra;sertim  in 
humidis  editioribus,  toto  anno  frequens. 

H.  rufo-testaeeous  (and  more  or  less  obscured  in  parts),  slightly  shining,  and  apterous.  Head  more 
or  less  brownish-piceous ;  and  with  the  eijes  smaller  than  in  the  Homalota  generally  (nevertheless 
considerably  larger  than  those  of  Xenomma).  Prothorax  large  and  wide  (with  the  sides  rounded), 
—being  broader  than  either  the  head  or  elytra,  which  last  are  much  abbreviated  (although  not  so 


*  Of  these  characters  I  am  iucUned  to  believe  that  the  structxire  of  the  Under  feet  is  iu  reality  the 
most  to  be  relied  upon,  seeing  that  the  highest  magnifying  power  will  sometimes  scarcely  succeed  in 
satisfactorily  detecting  more  than  four  joints  iu  the  front  tarsi  of  Calodera  ;  whilst,  on  the  other  hand, 
undoubted  Homalota  do  occasionally  show  traces,  as  it  appears  to  me,  of  five.  So  decidedly  have  I 
observed  this  to  be  the  case,  that  I  think  it  far  from  unlikely  that  lotli  may,  in  point  of  fact,  be  penta- 
merous,—the  penultimate  articulation  being  usually  so  closely  soldered  to  the  terminal  one  La  Homalota 
as  to  be  altogether  inseparable  from  it  except  under  the  deepest  powers  of  the  microscope.  But  the 
supposed  missmg  joint  does  unquestionably  seem  to  be  indicated  in  some  of  the  Homalotm  which  I  have 
recently  examined,  since  I  have  not  only  been  able  to  distinguish  a  transverse  line  across  the  lower  por- 
tion of  the  ^Masi-ultimate  articulation,  but,  in  some  instances,  even  a  slight  projecting  angle  at  the  side, 
— as  though  still  further  as  it  were  to  mark  the  junction. 

4  a2 


548  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

short  as  in  the  preceding  genus).     Abdomen  a  little  expanded  beyond  the  middle,  with  the  first 
four  or  five  segments  more  or  less  black.     Antenme  at  apex  brownish-black ;  at  base,  together 
with  the  legs,  testaceous. 
V^ar.  /3.  altogether  paler,  the  intermediate  abdominal  segments  being  alone  darkened. 

A  most  indigenous  insect,  and  exceedingly  distinct  from  every  Homalota  with 
which  I  am  acquainted.  From  the  remainder  of  the  species  here  described  it  may 
be  known,  at  first  sight,  by  its  combining  the  rufo-testaceous  colouring,  apterous 
body,  exceedingly  abbreviated  elytra,  and  the  posteriorly-subexpanded  abdomen  of 
Xenomma  with  the  oral  and  tarsal  characteristics  of  the  present  genus.  In  its 
somewhat  diminished  eyes  indeed  it  would  make  a  still  fiu-ther  approach  towards 
the  former  group ;  nevertheless  the  shape  of  its  head  is  essentially  that  of  Homa- 
lota, nor  do  its  habits  appear  to  be  in  any  way  dependent  on  those  of  Ants.  Its 
freedom  from  ^Wngs  however  is  worthy  of  remark,  since  it  is  a  structiu-e  of  rare 
occiu'rence  in  the  Komalotce,  and  one  which  is  especially  indicative  of  Madeii-an 
forms, — the  apterous  tendency  of  the  endemic  insects  of  these  islands  having  been 
more  than  once  dilated  upon.  It  is  found  only  at  lofty  elevations ;  and,  although 
it  occm's  not  unfrequently  in  spots  from  whence  the  wood  has  disappeared,  it  may 
be  defined  as  normally  srjhan, — ranging  from  about  2500  to  5000  feet  above  the 
sea,  and  attaining  its  maximum  rather  towards  the  upper  than  the  lower  extre- 
mity of  those  limits.  It  resides  beneath  moist  logs  of  wood,  stones  and  dead 
leaves  in  damp  and  cloudy  districts, — where  it  is  occasionally  very  abundant. 
During  my  encampment  in  the  uplands  of  the  Cruzinhas  and  the  Fanal,  in  July 
1850,  I  captm-ed  it  in  profusion  at  the  edges  of  the  trickling  streams  and  from 
under  felled  timber :  and  I  have  likewise  taken  it  on  the  Lombo  das  Vacas,  in 
June ;  at  the  Feijaa  de  Corte,  in  August ;  and  at  the  llibeiro  Trio,  at  nearly  aU 
seasons  of  the  year. 


§  II.  Corpus  plerumque  alatum ;  elytris  minus  ahhreviatis. 

416.  Homalota  granidosa,  Wolh 

H.  linearis  piceo-uigra  subtiliter  et  dense  granuhita  opaca  et  valde  depressa,  prothorace  posticc 
angustato  et  fovea  media  abbreviate  impresso,  antennis  pedibusque  elongatis,  illis  basi  dilution- 
bus,  his  pallido-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatica  excelsa,  a  meipso  ad  Cruzinhas  Julio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  (sub  foliis  arbo- 
rum  dejectis)  lecta. 

H.  linear,  piceous-  or  brownish-black ;  head,  prothorax  and  elytra  finely  and  very  closely  granulated, 
but  without  any  appearance  of  punctures  intermixed  ;  opake,  and  exceedingly  depressed.  Pro- 
thorax  rather  elongated,  and  a  little  narrowed  behind  ;  and  with  an  obscure  central  depression, 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  549 

or  shallow  fovea,  posteriorly.     Ahdumen  sliining,  and  sparingly  punctured.     Antmnce  and  legs 
elongated ;  the  former  slender,  and  diluted  at  their  base ;  the  latter  pale  dOuted-testaceous, 

The  largest  of  the  Macleiran  SomalotcB,  and  readily  kuown  by  its  flattened  body, 
by  its  opake  and  granulated  upper  surface  (there  being  no  appearance  whatsoever, 
except  on  the  abdomen,  of  punctures  intermixed),  and  by  its  elongated  antennse  and 
legs, — the  former  of  which  are  scarcely  at  all  thickened  at  their  extremity.  It  is 
subaquatic  in  its  habits  and  apparently  peculiar  to  very  lofty  altitudes, — the  only 
specimen  which  I  have  seen  having  been  captured,  in  company  with  Xenomma 
planifrons,  fi'om  beneath  moist  leaves  at  the  edges  of  a  small  stream  in  the 
elevated  sylvan  district  of  the  Cruzinhas  (about  5000  feet  above  the  sea),  during 
my  encam]iment  there  in  July  1850. 

417.  Homalota  obUquepunctata,  Woll. 

H.  linearis  nigra  subtilissime  punetulata  nitida  depressa,  prothorace  postice  angustato  et  obsolete 
canaliculate,  elytris  fuscescentibus,  singulo  foveolis  duabus  vel  tribus  in  serie  obliqu^  positis 
impresso,  antennis  pedibusque  longiusculis,  illis  basi  dilutioribus,  his  testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l^-lf. 

Habitat  Maderam,  inter  lapillos  per  margines  rivulorum,  hinc  inde  sat  vulgaris. 

H.  linear,  black,  most  delicately  but  not  very  closely  punctulated,  shining,  and  depressed.  Prothorax 
rather  shorter  and  convexer  than  in  the  last  species  (but,  likewise,  slightly  narrowed  behind) ; 
and  with  an  exceedingly  obscure  dorsal  channel,  more  particularly  apparent  posteriorly.  Elytra 
more  or  less  fuseescent,  or  brownish-piceous,  especially  towards  the  suture ;  each  with  two  or 
three  shallow  rounded  impressions,  placed  obliquely,  on  its  hinder  disk.  Antenna  and  legs  elon- 
gated;  the  former  more  thickened  at  the  extremity  (and  with  the  subapical  joints  more  trans- 
verse) than  in  the  H.  granulosa,  diluted  at  their  base ;  the  latter  testaceous. 

Also  a  very  distinct  species, — differing  from  the  rest  in  the  two  or  three  impressed 
points,  or  rounded  fovese,  which  are  placed  obliquely  across  the  hinder  disk  of  each 
of  its  elytra.  Like  the  last,  it  is  subaqviatic  in  its  habits  ;  and  it  may  be  further 
known  from  that  insect  by  its  more  shining  sui-face,  Avhich  is  most  delicately  punc- 
tulated tlu-oughout  (there  being  scarcely  any  indications  of  granules,  except  under 
the  highest  microscopic  powers),  by  its  more  or  less  fuseescent  (or  brownish- 
piceous)  elytra,  and  by  its  apically-robuster  antennae.  It  occurs  in  most  parts  of 
the  island,  from  about  500  to  3000  feet  above  the  sea, — beneath  stones  and 
shingle  along  the  margins  of  the  streams,  amongst  which  it  secretes  itself  at  the 
water's  edge.  In  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia  (in  the  south),  and  at  Sao  Vincente 
and  Santa  Anna  (in  the  north),  I  have  captm-ed  it  in  tolerable  abundance. 

418.  Homalota  luticola,  Woll. 
H.  linearis  nigra   (vel   fusco-nigra)   subtilissime  granulato-punctulata  subopaca  subdepressa,  capite 


550  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

lato  depresso,  prothorace  trans verso-subquadrato  obsolete   canaliculate,   elytris  fusco-testaceis, 
antennis  pedibusque  sat  robustis,  illis  basi  dilutioribus,  his  testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem,  inter  muscos  uvidos  et  lutum  juxta  aquas  desilientes  fodiens,  rarior  :  ad 
Sanctum  Vincentium  mense  Junio  a.d.  1850  pauca  specimina  inveni. 

H.  rather  broad  and  linear,  black  or  browTiish-black,  head,  prothorax  and  elytra  most  delicately  and 
closely  granulated,  and  with  small  punctures  intermked  ;  nearly  opake,  and  subdepressed.  Head 
wide,  and  with  the  forehead  somewhat  flattened.  Prothorax  also  rather  wide,  transverse-sub- 
quadi'ate  (being  of  nearly  equal  breadth  before  and  behind) ;  and  with  an  obscure  dorsal  channel. 
Elytra  more  or  less  brownish-testaceous,  being  generally  palest  towards  the  suture.  Abdomen 
with  the  apical  segment  and  the  extremity  of  the  basal  ones  obscurely  fuscescent.  Antenna  and 
kffs  not  quite  so  long  as  in  the  H.  uhliquepunctata,  but  altogether  a  little  robuster ;  the  former 
rather  less  slender  at  their  base,  wliere  they  are  diluted  in  colouring  ;  the  latter  testaceous. 

Distinguished  by  its  comparatively  wide  head  and  prothorax  (the  former  of 
which  is  more  depressed  than  in  any  of  the  other  species),  by  its  brownish-testa- 
ceous eh-tra,  rather  robust  limbs,  and  by  its  serai-opake  and  very  minutely  granu- 
lated surface  (on  \^hich  there  arc  most  delicate  punctures  intermixed).  In  its 
habits  it  is  intermediate  between  the  strictly  subaquatic  and  terrestrial  forms, 
residing  in  damp  spots  (generally  amongst  mud  or  moss)  on  the  ledges  of  the 
dripping  rocks  or  in  the  vicinity  of  cascades, — but  not,  like  the  S.  obUqueimnctata 
and  the  Taclnjusa  r(q)tor'u(,  beneath  stones  and  shingle  at  the  margins  of  streams. 
I  have  captured  it  sparingly  towards  the  northern  coast, — especially  at  the  edges 
of  the  first  waterfall,  along  the  Sao  Viucente  beach,  in  the  direction  of  Seisal. 

419.  Homalota  gregaria. 

H.  angusto-lincaris  nigra  (vel  fusco-nigra)  obsoletissime  granulato-punctulata  nitida  depressa,  pro- 
thorace postice  vLx  angustato  et  fove&  media  abbreviate  impresso,  elytris  subtestaceo-fuscescen- 
tibus,  antennis  pedibusque  longiusculis,  ilUs  fuscis,  his  testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lui.  l^-lj. 

Homalota  gregaria,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Si)ec.  Staph.  87  (1839). 

Tachyitsa  immunita.  Id.  916. 

Homalota  gregaria,  Eedt.  Fna  Aiistr.  659  (1849). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  vix  supra  oram  maritimam  Portus  Sancti  jacentibus,  uon  infrequens. 

H.  narrow  and  linear,  black  (or  brownish-black),  head,  prothorax  and  elytra  most  obsoletely  granu- 
lated, and  with  scarcely  appreciable  punctures  intermixed ;  shining,  and  depressed.  Prothorax 
rather  small,  and  very  slightly  narrowed  behind ;  and  \nth  a  central  depression,  or  shallow  fovea, 
posteriorly.  Elytra  more  or  less  fuscescent,  being  palest  (and  generally  somewhat  testaceous) 
towai'ds  the  suture.  Antenna  and  legs  about  as  long  as  in  the  previous  species,  but  rather 
slenderer ;  the  former  entirely  of  a  dull  reddish -brown,  or  fuscous ;  the  latter  testaceous. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  551 

The  present  Homalota  may  be  known  by  its  narrow  and  elongated  outline,  by 
the  obscure  central  fovea  on  the  hinder  portion  of  its  prothorax,  Ijy  its  reddish- 
brown  antennae,  and  by  its  distinctly  fuscescent  elytra.  Although  occvu-ring  in 
comparatively  dry  spots  (in  Porto  Santo),  I  am  inclined  to  suspect,  from  its  some- 
what lengthened  posterior  tarsi  and  general  contour,  that  it  is  normally  a  sub- 
aquatic  insect, — the  destruction  of  the  wood  on  that  island  having  so  far  diminished 
the  supply  of  water  (which  is  mainly  dependent,  in  these  latitudes,  on  distillation 
from  the  atmosphere  by  the  large  and  brightly-polished  leaves  of  evergreen  trees 
and  shrubs)  as  to  have  rendered  localities  which  must  have  been  formerly  moist 
now  completely  barren,  and  to  have  necessitated  the  adaptation  of  the  animal  and 
vegetable  life  (which  was  able  to  endure  the  change)  to  considerably  altered  con- 
ditions. It  appears  to  differ  in  no  respect  from  the  H.  gregaria  of  Erichson  (the 
Tachyusa  imminiita  of  the  same  author),  a  species  very  abundant  in  central  and 
southern  Eui-oj^e,  except  that  it  is  a  little  narrower  and  has  its  elytra  rather  paler 
than  is  generally  the  case  in  more  northern  specimens.  Such  slight  modifications 
as  these,  however,  I  believe  that  even  latitude  alone  would  be  sufficient  to  account 
for, — and  therefore,  a  Jbriiorl,  the  circumstances  to  which  we  have  just  alluded. 
It  is  recorded  by  Erichson  in  Egypt,  Sardinia  and  Austria ;  and  it  likev\-ise  occurs 
in  England,  Germany  and  France.  In  Madeira  proper  I  have  not  hitherto 
observed  it ;  but  in  Porto  Santo  I  captiu-ed  it  not  uncommonly,  from  beneath 
stones,  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  island,  in  positions  Ijut  scarcely  elevated 
above  the  sea-shore, — diu'ing  AprU  1848. 

420.  Homalota  Philonthoides,  TVoll. 

H.  angusto-sublinearis  fusco-nigra  subtilissime  grauulata  subopaca  valdius  pubescens  depressa,  pro- 
thorace  postice  vix  angustato,  elytris  vis  fuscescentioribus,  antennis  pedibusque  longiusculis,  illis 
basi  dilutioribus,  his  pallido-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^-1|. 

Habitat  in  stercore  bovino  per  Maderse  regionem  sylvaticam,  hiuc  inde  nou  infrequens :  ad  Cruzinhas 
mense  Julio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  sat  copiose  observavi. 

H.  rather  narrow  and  linear,  brownish-  or  piceous-black,  head  and  prothorax  most  delicately  and 
closely  granulated,  and  without  punctures  intermixed ;  nearly  opake,  more  pubescent  than  any  of 
the  other  species,  and  depressed.  Prothorax  slightly  narrowed  behind ;  and  usually  altogether 
unchanneled  (though  sometimes  with  indications  of  a  small  rounded  forea  in  the  centre  of  its 
extreme  base).  Elytra  scarcely  more  fuscescent  than  the  rest  of  the  surface;  and  slightly  punc- 
tured. Abdomen  shining.  Antennce  and  legs  rather  long;  the  former  robust,  and  gradually 
thickened  to  the  extremity,  diluted  at  their  base ;  the  latter  pale  testaceous. 

The  present  insect  and  the  H.  currens  are  at  first  sight  a  good  deal  allied,  since 
their  characters  are  not  always  apparent  without  the  aid  of  a  powerful  glass. 
Nevertheless  they  are  unquestionably  distinct,  their  differences  not  being  the  less 
real  because  difficult  of  observation.    TThen  viewed  beneath  the  microscope  indeed 


552  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

they  are  most  easily  identified,  both  being  remarkably  constant.  The  JS.  Philon- 
tlwides  may  be  recognized  1iy  its  universally  larger  size  and  somewhat  longer 
limbs,  by  its  smaller  scutellum,  and  by  its  more  pubescent  and  less  shining  sur- 
face. Its  head  and  prothorax,  also,  are  sculptiu'cd  in  a  rather  peculiar  manner, — 
being  most  closely  and  delicately  granulated,  T^dthout  any  appearance  of  punctvires 
intermixed :  and  the  latter  is  less  quach-ate  than  that  of  the  H.  ciirrens,  being  very 
perceptibly  narrowed  ])ehLnd.  The  habits  moreover  of  the  S.  Fhilonthoides  are 
essentially  stercoraceous,  whereas  the  H.  ciirrens  is  foimd  almost  exclusively 
beneath  stones  and  the  bark  of  trees  in  elevated  grassy  spots  within  the  sylvan 
districts.  My  specimens  of  the  former  were  captm'cd  in  the  dung  of  cattle,  and 
principally  during  my  encampment  at  the  Cruzinhas  in  Jidy  1850. 

421.  Homalota  currens,  Wull. 

H.  angusto-linearis   nigra  subtilissime  punctulata  nitida  depressa,  prothorace  subquadrato,  elytris 

fuscescentibus,  antennis  pedibusque  breviusculis,  illis  basi  vix  dilutioribus,  his  pallido-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1}. 

Habitat  in  graminosis  cditioribus  Maderae,  prjesertim  per  partem  sylvaticam,  aestate  vulgaris  :  ad 
Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  abundat,  quS,  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  copiosissime  deprehensi. 

H.  smaller  than  the  H.  Philonthoides,  narrow,  and  rather  more  linear,  black  (sometimes  with  a 
brownish  tinge),  head,  prothorax  and  elytra  finely  punctulated;  shining,  and  depressed.  Pro- 
thorax  subquadrate  (being  of  nearly  equal  breadth  before  and  behind) ;  and  usually  altogether 
unchannelcd.  Scutellum  very  large,  punctured,  and  scutiform.  Elytra  more  or  less  distinctly 
fuscescent,  especially  towards  the  suture  (where  it  is  sometimes  slightly  testaceous).  AntenncB 
and  legs  shorter  than  in  the  last  species;  the  former  robust,  scarcely  diluted  in  colouring  at  their 
base ;  the  latter  pale  testaceous. 

As  already  stated,  the  present  insect  bears  a  certain  prima  facie  resemblance  to 
the  last  one ;  nevertheless  its  smaller  bulk,  less  pubescent  and  more  shining  siu"- 
face,  in  conjunction  with  its  shorter  limbs,  browner  el\i;ra,  more  quadi-ate  pro- 
thorax, and  its  large  shield-shaped  scutellu^m,  will  usually  at  once  distinguish  it 
from  that  species.  Its  sculptui'c  also,  when  viewed  beneath  the  microscope,  is  of 
a  very  different  nature,  the  head  and  prothorax  being  finely  punctulated, — whereas 
those  of  the  H.  Fhilonthoides  have  no  indications  of  pimctui"es  intermixed  with 
the  granules  (which  are  there,  moreover,  comparatively  coarse).  Its  normal  range 
is,  apparently,  within  the  sylvan  districts ;  and,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed, 
it  is  never  foixnd  in  dung,  liut  beneath  bark  and  stones  in  grassy  'nooded  spots  of 
lofty  elevations, — being  especially  active  in  the  dusk  of  the  evening  and  after 
showers,  when  it  is  oftentimes  exceedingly  abimdant.  During  my  encampment  at 
the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  in  July  of  1850, 1  captured  it  in  the  utmost  profusion, 
— running  rapidly  up  the  outer  canvass  of  my  tent  after  simset ;  and  I  have  like- 
wise taken  it  at  Santa  Anna  and  the  Ribcii-o  Frio. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  553 

422.  Homalota  tantilla,  WolL 

H.  angusto-linearis  fusco-nigra  obsoletissime  granulata  subnitida  et  minus  depressa,  capite  postice 
valde  truncato,  prothorace  brevi,  elytris  abbi'eviatis  picescentibus,  antennis  pedibusque  brevibus, 
illis  fuscis  basi  ferrugineis  (articulo  ultimo  bre\'i  crassiusculo),  his  pallido-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  ^-1. 

Habitat  per  regionem  Madei'te  sylvaticam  excelsam,  praesertim  inter  arbusculas  in  iiipibus  crescentes, 
sestate  rarior. 

H.  narrow  and  linear,  brownish-  or  piceous-black,  head  and  prothorax  most  obsoletely  granulated, 
and  with  the  faintest  indications  of  a  few  punctures  towards  the  sides  (neither  the  granules  nor 
punctures  being  at  all  appreciable  except  under  a  high  microscopic  power) ;  slightly  sliiuing,  and 
not  mucli  depressed.  Head  very  straightly  and  abruptly  truncated  behind.  Prothorox  short, 
with  the  sides  rounded,  and  of  nearly  equal  breadth  before  and  behind ;  unchanneled  (though 
with  indications  of  a  small  fovea  in  the  centre  of  its  extreme  base).  Elytra  much  abbreviated,  a 
little  more  distinctly  punctulated  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  and  more  or  less  picescent. 
Abdomen  at  its  apex  usually  diluted  in  colouring.  Antenna  and  legs,  especially  the  former  (which 
are  reddish-brown  towards  their  apex  and  ferruginous  at  their  base,  and  with  their  terminal  joint 
short  and  ovate,  being  a  good  deal  more  robust  than  the  preceding  ones),  abbreviated ;  the  latter 
pale  diluted-testaceous. 

An  insignificant  (but  nevertheless  distinct)  little  species,  and  tlie  smallest  of  the 
Madeii'an  Somalotce.  It  may  be  known  by  its  narrow  and  subcylindrical  body, 
greatly  (and  suddenly)  posteriorly-truncated  head,  by  its  comparatively  abbre- 
viated elytra  and  limbs,  and  by  the  short  and  somewhat  thickened  ultimate  joint 
of  its  antennae.  The  sculpture  of  its  head  and  prothorax,  moreover,  is  different 
from  that  of  its  allies, — both  the  granules  and  pimctures  being  almost  obsolete, 
and  only  just  perceptible  under  a  high  power  of  the  microscope ;  and  the  apex  of 
its  abdomen  is  usually  fuscescent.  Like  the  H.  currens,  it  is  confined  principally 
to  lofty  elevations,  and  would  seem  to  be  peculiar,  or  nearly  so,  to  the  sylvan 
districts, — occurring  in  grassy  spots,  and  amongst  vegetation  on  rocks.  I  have 
captured  it  at  the  head  of  the  Ribeii'o  de  Joao  Delgada,  at  the  Cruzinhas  and  the 
Fanal,  and  (more  sparingly)  at  Santa  Anna  and  Sao  Vincente, — during  the  summer 
months. 

423.  Homalota  plebeia,  Wall. 

H.  linearis  fusco-nigi-a  sat  profunde  punctulata  nitida  subconvexa,  prothorace  postice  latiusculo,  elytris 
vix  fuscescentioribus,  antennis  pedibusque  mediocribus,  ilhs  robustis  basi  dilutioribus,  ilhs  pallido- 
testaceis  subinfuscatis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  l-lj. 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  rarissime. 

H.  not  quite  so  linear  as  the  H.  tantilla,  brownish-  or  piceous-black,  head  and  prothorax  rather 
coarsely  punctulated  (the  latter  with  the  under  granules  also  tolerably  distinct) ;  shining,  rather 

4  B 


554  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

more  pubescent  than  the  previous  two  species,  and  somewhat  convex.  Prothorax  subquadrate, 
but  a  little  wider  behind  than  in  front ;  and  unchanneled.  Elijtra  scarcely  more  fuscescent  than 
the  rest  of  the  surface.  Abdomen  a  little  attenuated  behiud,  and  diluted  in  colouring  at  its  apex. 
Antenna  and  legs  of  moderate  length  ;  the  former  rather  robust,  diluted  at  their  base ;  the  latter 
pale  testaceous,  and  more  or  less  infuscated  in  parts. 

Easily  clistinguished,  under  the  microscope,  by  the  comparatively  coarse  punc- 
tures of  its  head  and  protliorax, — the  latter  of  which  is  also  minutely  granidated, 
and  broad  behind.  Its  antennae  are  somewhat  robust,  and  its  body  is  altogether 
more  convex  than  in  the  allied  forms.  It  is  foimd  (like  the  H.  tantilla)  in  elevated 
grassy  spots  within  the  sylvan  districts,  Init  is  apparently  rare.  The  only  localities 
in  which  I  have  hitherto  observed  it  are  the  Fcijua  de  Corte  and  the  llibeiro  Prio. 

424.  Homalota  sodaUs. 

H.  latiuscula  sublincaris  nigra  subtilissime  punctulata  nitida  et  minus  depressa,  prothorace  breviusculo 
postice  fovea  media  abbreviativ  sat  profunda  impresso,  elytris  plus  minusve  subtestacco-fuscis, 
antennis  pedibusque  breviusculis,  illis  basi  dilutioribus,  his  palhdo-testaceis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  Ig-l^^- 

Homalota  sodaUs,  Erich.  Kdf.  der  Mark.  Brand,  i.  328  (1837). 
■ ,  Erich.  Gen.  el  Spec.  Staph.  104  (1839). 

Habitat  in  graminosis  Madcrae,  ct  borealis  et  australis,  prsBsertim  inter  lignum  ])utridum  vel  fungos, 
toto  anno  non  infrequens. 

H,  sublinear  and  rather  broad,  black,  head  and  prothorax  veiy  finely  but  rather  remotely  punctulated ; 
shining,  and  slightly  convex.  Prothorax  rather  short ;  and  with  a  broad,  abbreviated,  central  fovea 
behind.  Elytra  more  or  less  brownish-testaceous,  but  a  little  obscured  towards  eithei-  outer 
angle.  Antenna  and  legs  rather  short ;  the  former  robust,  diluted  at  their  base  ;  the  latter  pale 
diluted-testaccous. 

Known  by  its  rather  Ijroad  outline,  slightly  convex  and  very  shining  siu'i'ace,  by 
its  finely  punctulated  head  and  prothorax  (about  as  perceptibly  so  as  in  the 
H.  currens),  brownish-testaceous  elytra,  and  by  the  somewhat  deep  central  fovea 
on  the  hinder  region  of  its  pronotum.  It  is  a  common  Em-opean  insect,  and 
widely  distributed  over  Madeira, — occurring  beneath  moist  logs  of  wood,  and 
amongst  fungi,  in  grassy  spots.  I  have  captured  it  in  the  Rev.  E.  T.  Lowe's 
garden  near  Eunchal;  and  also  in  the  north  of  the  island,  at  the  Lombo  dos 
Pecegucu-os,  in  July. 

425.  Homalota  imibratihs,  Wolh 

H.  linearis  fusco-picea  fere  impuuttata  subuitida  subdcpicssa,  prothorace  elytrisque  plus  minusve 
infuscato-testaceis,  abdomine  testaceo  ultra  medium  iufuscato,  antennis  brevibus  (articulo  ultimo 
brevi  subgloboso),  ad  basin  pedibusque  pallido-testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  .  555 

Habitat  in  Maderse  sylvaticis,  scniel  tantum  (ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  Julio  ineunte  a.d.  1850) 
capta. 

H.  linear,  brov/nish-piceous,  head  and  protborax  almost  impunctate;  slightly  shining,  and  sub- 
depressed.  ProtJwrax  and  elytra  paler  than  the  head,  being  more  or  less  brownish-testaceous 
(though  apparently  iufuscated  in  parts).  Abdomen  pale  at  the  base  and  apex,  but  obscured 
behind  the  middle.  Antenna  very  short  and  robust,  with  their  base  testaceous  ;  the  apical  joint 
short,  subglobose  and  truncated  at  its  base.     Legs  pale  testaceous. 

From  a  single,  immature  specimen  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  pronounce  for  cer- 
tain as  to  the  normal  condition  of  the  present  insect.  Nevertheless,  since  it  is 
sufficiently  developed  to  show  its  general  colouring  and  sculptvu'e,  and  since  it 
clearly  cannot  be  identified  with  any  other  Madeiran  Homalota,  I  have  preferred 
describing  it  to  passing  it  by  unnoticed.  In  its  comparatively  variegated  surface, 
indeed,  and  extremely  short  and  robust  antennae  (which  have  then-  apical  joint 
subglobose),  it  seems  to  belong  to  a  type  altogether  different  from  the  remainder ; 
and,  judging  from  its  outward  contour,  its  habits  are  probably  fungivorous.  My 
unique  example  was  captured  by  myself  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  during 
July  1850. 

426.  Homalota  insignis,  WoU. 

H.  linearis  nigra  subtiliter  granulato-punctulata  subnitida  et  minus  depressa,  prothorace  anteuna- 
rumque  basi  rufo-testaceis,  elytris  infuscato-testaceis,  abdominis  apice  dilutiore,  pedibus  pallido- 
testaceis. 

Long,  Corp.  lin.  l|-lf. 

Habitat  in  fungis  per  Maderae  partem  sylvaticam,  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  a  meipso  detecta. 

H.  linear,  black,  most  minutely  and  closely  granulated,  and  with  more  or  less  obscure  punctures 
intermixed  ,  slightly  shining,  and  subdepressed.  Pruthorax  subquadrate,  clear  rufo-testaceous ; 
with  a  very  obscure  channel,  or  fovea,  behind.  Elytra  testaceous,  but  slightly  clouded  (or 
infuscated)  in  parts,  particularly  towards  the  lateral  edges  and  on  their  outer  disks.  Abdomen 
at  apex  more  or  less  ferruginous.     Antenna  at  base  rufo-testaceous.     Legs  pale  testaceous. 

A  large,  distinct  and  prettily-variegated  species ;  and  known  from  the  rest  of 
the  genus  here  described,  except  the  H.  smiguinolenta  (which  however  belongs  to 
a  totally  different  type  of  form),  by  its  pale  prothorax  and  elytra,  and  by  its  fungi- 
vorous habits.  It  is,  apparently,  scarce,  or  at  any  rate  local, — the  only  district  in 
which  I  have  detected  it  being  that  of  the  Eibeiro  Frio,  where  I  once  captm^ed  it 
(during  the  winter  time)  in  considerable  abundance. 


427.  Homalota  atramentaria. 

H.  linearis  subaenescenti-atra  subtiliter  granulato-punctulata  subnitida  et  minus  depressa,  capite  pro- 

4  B  2 


556  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

thoraceque  obscurissime  canaliculatis,  abdomine  atro  nitido,  pedibus  piceis,  tibiis  ad  basin  et 
apicem  tarsisque  testaceis. 
Long.  coip.  lin.  Ij-IA- 

Staphylinus  atramentarius,  Kirby,  in  lift. 

AleocJiara  atramentaria,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  408  (1810). 

Homalota  ,  Erieb.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  Ill  (1830). 

AJeochara  ,  Zett.  Ins.  Lapp.  77  (1840). 

Habitat  in  stercorc  bovino  Maderse  et  Portus  Sancti,  \ulgaris. 

H.  linear,  deep  black  with  a  just  perceptibly  seneous  tinge,  head  and  prothorax  most  minutely  and 
closely  granulated,  and  with  rather  distinct  punctures  intermixed ;  slightly  shining,  and  sub- 
depressed.  Head  and  prothorax  most  obsoletely  channeled.  Scutellum  very  large  and  scutiform. 
Elytra  occasionally  a  little  diluted  in  colouring,  especially  towards  the  suture.  Abdomen  shining. 
Antennie  and  legs  slender;  i\\e.  former  generally  not  at  all  diluted  in  colouring  at  their  base  ;  the 
latter  piceous, — with  their  tibise  at  the  extreme  base  and  apex,  together  with  the  tarsi,  testaceous. 

Easily  distingmslied  by  its  dark,  subreneous  siu'face  (tlie  elytra  being  scarcely  at 
all  diluted  in  bue),  by  its  somewbat  slender  Ihubs,  and  by  its  large  sbield-sbaped 
sciitcllnm  (as  in  tbc  II.  citrrens).  It  is  a  common  Madeiran  insect,  especially  in 
tbc  soutb  of  tbe  island, — occui-ring  generally,  in  tbc  dung  of  cattle,  at  low  and 
intermediate  altitudes.  I  have  taken  it  abundantly  in  the  vicinity  of  Funcbal 
and  at  tbe  Ribeiro  Frio ;  and  I  have  likewise  observed  it  in  Porto  Santo.  It  is 
found  throughout  the  greater  portion  of  Europe ;  and  is  recorded  by  Erichson  from 
Sweden,  Germany,  England  and  Sardinia. 

428.  Homalota  longicomis. 
H.  fusilbrmis  nigra  sat  rugose  punctulata  nitida  et  minus  depressa,  clytris  infuscato-testacescentibus, 

antennis  pedibusque  elongatis  robustis,  his  diluto-testaceis,    femoribus  posticis  plus  minusve 

picescentibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  li-^- 

AJeochara  longicomis,  Grav.  Col.  Micropt.  87  (1802). 
Bolitochara  longicomis.  Maun.  Bracliel.  8.3  (1831). 
Homalota  longicomis,  Erich.  Qen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  129  (1839). 
,  E«dt.  FnaAmtr.  664  (1849). 

Habitat  in  stercorc  bovino    Maderse,    et   borealis   et    australis,    prsesertim   in   locis  subinferioribus, 
vulsatissima. 


"O" 


H.  fusiform  (being  acuminated  both  before  and  behind),  black,  coarsely  punctulated,  shining,  and 
subdepressed.  Scutellum  large.  Elytra  brownish-testaceous,  being  palest  about  either  inner 
angle,  and  more  or  less  cloudy  about  the  base,  suture  and  lateral  margins.  Antenna  and  legs 
elongated  and  robust;  i\\c  former  hwi  very  slightly  diluted  at  their  base;  the  latter  pale  diluted- 
testaceous  (the  two  hinder  femora  being  frequently  piccscent),  and  beset  with  a  few  very  long 
and  erect  sette. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  557 

A  most  abundant  Eurojiean  insect,  occurring  almost  everywhere.  In  Madeira 
it  is  likewise  exceedingly  common,  at  low  and  intermediate  elevations,  in  the 
dung  of  cattle.  I  have  captured  it  both  in  the  north  and  south  of  the  island, 
especially  in  the  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna, — where  during  the  summer  of 
1850  I  observed  it  in  the  utmost  profusion.  It  may  be  knowTi  by  its  fusiform  out- 
line, elongated  and  robust  limbs,  by  its  shining  surface,  brownish-testaceous  elytra, 
and  by  its  exclusively  stercoraceous  haljits. 

429.  Homalota  lividipennis. 
H.  fusiformis  nigra  confertissime  punctulata  subopaca  sericeo-pubescens  et  minus  depressa,  jn'otlioract- 

amplo  postice  lato,  elytris  pedibusque  testaceis,  antennis  robustis  piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  li-lf  • 

Oxypocla  lividqjennis,  Mann.  Brachel.  70  (1831). 

Homalota  livida,  Erich.  Kdf.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  3.37  (1837). 

•  lividipennis,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Stapli.  129  (1839). 

— ,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  GGl  (184^9). 

Habitat  in  iisdem  locis  ac  prsecedens,  sed  paulo  rarior. 

H.  fusiform  (being  acuminated  both  before  and  behind,  though  especially  the  latter),  black,  most 
densely  punctulated,  almost  opake,  slightly  convex,  clothed  with  a  fine,  sericeous,  brownish 
pubescence,  and  subdepressed.  Prothorax  large,  wide  behind.  Elytra  testaceous,  but  more  or 
less  obscured  about  the  region  of  the  scutellum  and  at  the  lateral  margins.  Abdomen  ferruginous 
at  its  apex.  Antenna  and  legs  not  quite  so  long  as  in  the  last  species ;  the  former  very  robust, 
piceous  (or  fusco-piceous),  with  their  base  a  little  diluted  in  colouring  ;  the  latter  pale  testaceous. 

Likewise  of  exclusively  stercoraceous  habits,  and  of  very  wide  geographical 
range, — occurring  throughout  the  whole  of  Em-ope,  and  being  reported  even  from 
America.  It  is  a  species  of  rather  peculiar  aspect,  somewhat  resembling  au 
Oxypocla, — its  large,  posteriorly-dilated  prothorax  and  apically-acnminated  ab- 
domen giving  it  an  aspect  different  from  the  generality  of  the  Komalotce ;  never- 
theless the  structure  of  its  tarsi  shows  it  to  belong  to  the  present  genus.  Amongst 
other  .characters,  its  most  densely  punctulated  and  sericeous  surface,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  its  very  robust  antennae,  and  its  testaceous  elytra  (which  are  usually 
only  infuscated  about  the  region  of  the  scutellum,  and  at  the  extreme  lateral 
edges),  will  serve  additionally  to  distinguish  it.  It  is  found  principally  in  com- 
pany with  the  n.  loncj'icornis,  though  not  quite  so  abundantly ;  albeit  it  ascends 
to  a  higher  elevation,  since  I  have  captured  it  both  at  the  head  of  the  Ribeiro  de 
Joao  Delgada  and  at  the  Cruzinhas  (upwards  of  5000  feet  above  the  sea).  In  the 
vicinity  of  Funchal  and  at  Santa  Anna  it  is  tolerably  common, — especially  the 
former,  where,  during  the  autumnal  months,  I  have  observed  it  in  the  utmost 
profusion  (in  the  dung  of  cattle)  on  the  grassy  slopes  to  the  eastward  of  the  town, 
])efore  arriving  at  the  Cabo  Gerajao  or  Brazen  Head. 


558  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

Genus  187.  OXYPODA. 
Mannerheim,  Brachel.  69  (1831). 

Corpus  parvum,  oblongo-fusiforme  et  miuus  deprcssum  :  capite  exserto,  iuterdum  deflexo  :  prothorace 
convexo,  antice  truncate,  posticc  latiusculo  rotiindato :  alis  amplis :  abdoinine  marginato,  plcrumque 
apicem  versus  attenuate.  Antenna  ad  oculorum  marginem  internum  insertee,  breviusculse,  apicem 
versus  plus  minusve  incrassat;e  (in  maribus  srepe  validiores),  articulis  secundo  et  tertio  reliquis 
magis  elongatis,  inter  so  fequalibus.  Instrumenta  cibariu  omuino  ut  in  Homalota.  Pedes  longi- 
usculi,  graciles  :  tarsis  omnibus  5-articulatis ;  posticis  articulo  primo  elongato. 

The  genus  Oxiipoda  is  distinguished  from  Uoinalota  by  all  its  feet  being  com- 
])Oscd  of  five  articidations,  and  by  its  hinder  pair  having  theii*  basal  joint  elongated. 
AMiatever  value,  however,  these  two  characters  may  possess  (and,  being  structural 
ones,  they  are  very  important),  their  convenience  is  practically  much  diminished 
on  account  of  their  microscopic  nature, — the  difficulty  of  observing  them  being 
often  very  considerable.  There  are  few  ordinary  external  members  indeed  (in 
constant  use,  for  primary  purposes,  in  the  investigation  of  the  Coleoptera)  less  easy 
of  inspection  than  the  tarsal  joints  of  some  of  the  smaller  Bnichelytra, — which 
are  frequently  so  closely  attached  to  each  other,  and  differ  so  slightly  in  breadth, 
that  it  requu-es  a  practised  eye,  even  with  the  aid  of  a  powerful  glass,  to  define 
them.  The  Oxijpodce  are  principally  a  little  convexer,  and  more  attenuated  behind, 
than  the  Homalotce,  approaching  somewhat  in  general  contour  to  Aleochara, — a 
resemblance  which  the  deflexed  heads  and  posteriorly-mdened  (though  rounded) 
prothoraces  of  some  of  the  species  would  not  tend  to  decrease. 

430.  Oxypoda  Utigiosa. 
O.  fusiformis  fusco-nigra  confertiin  punctulata  subopaca  sei'iceo-pubescens  et  minus  deprcssa,  pro- 
thorace postice  lato,  pedibus  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1^. 

Oxypoda  Utigiosa,  Ileer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  i.  321  (1S41). 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  stercore  bovine,  non  infrcquens. 

O.  fusiform  (being  almost  equally  acuminated  before  and  behind),  brownish-black,  densely  pimctu- 
lated,  almost  opake,  slightly  convex,  and  clothed  with  a  fine,  somewhat  sericeous,  decumbent 
pubescence.  Prothorax  rather  narrowed  in  front,  and  wide  behind.  Abdomen  a  little  darker 
than  the  prothorax  and  elytra,  and  obscurely  ferruginous  at  its  apex.  Legs  diluted-testaccous. 
Antenna  short,  and  concolorous  with  the  head  and  prothorax  (being  scarcely  at  all  diluted  at 
their  base). 

The  present  obscm-e  and  insignificant  little  Oxijpoda,  wliich,  so  far  as  I  have 
hitherto  observed,  is  the  sole  exponent  of  the  genus  in  these  islands,  is  I  believe 
correctly  referred  to  the  O,  Utigiosa  of  Hear,  —of  which  I  jiossess  tj'pical  specimens 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  559 

from  the  collection  of  M.  Clievrier  of  Geneva,  differing  in  no  respect  from  the 
Madeiran  ones.  It  occnrs  sparingly,  in  the  dung  of  cattle,  near  Funchal ;  but 
does  not  appear  to  be  very  generally  distributed  throughout  the  loftier  districts. 

Genus  188.  ALEOCHARA. 

Gravenhorst,  Col.  Microjjt.  67  (1802). 

Corpus  mediocre  vel  parvum,  plerumqiie  fusiforme  antice  incrassatiim,  pamm  convexum,  pubescens  : 
capite  exserto,  deflexo  :  prothorace  convexo,  postice  lato  rotundato  :  alls  amplis  :  abdomine  margi- 
nato,  jam  parallelo,  jam  apicem  versus  attenuate.  Antennce  ad  oculorum  marginem  iuternum 
inserts,  breves,  apicem  versus  incrassatse,  articulis  tribus  baseos  reliquis  paulo  longioribus  (primo 
crassiusculo,  secundo  et  tertio  obconicis).  Labrum,  mandibula  et  inaxilla  fere  ut  in  Homalota. 
Pnlpi  labiaJes  4-articulati,  articulo  primo  magno  cylindrico,  reliquis  decresccntibus  (quarto  minu- 
tissimo).  Mentum  breve  transversum,  antice  emargiuatum.  Ligula  brevis  lata,  apice  bifida; 
paraglossis  brevissimis  latis.  Pedes  breviores  :  tarsis  omnibus  5-articulatis ;  posticis  articulo 
primo  elongato. 

Aleocliara  may  be  distinguished  by  its  anteriorly-incrassated  body  and  defiexed 
head,  by  its  pentamerous  feet,  and  by  its  four-jointed  labial  palpi,— a  peculiarity, 
in  which,  according  to  Erichson,  it  differs  from  every  Coleopterous  genus  hitherto 
described.  In  other  respects  the  parts  of  the  mouth  do  not  materially  recede 
from  those  of  the  neighbouring  groups.  The  species  are  found  principally  in  dung 
and  beneath  decaying  vegetal:)le  substances  ;  nevertheless  some  few  of  them  would 
appear  to  be  carnivorous,  residing  amongst  putrifying  animal  matter  and  in  bones. 

431.  Aleochara  Armitagei,  WoU. 
A.  fusiformis  fusco-nigra  dense  fulvo-pubescens  subnitida,  prothorace  crebre  fequaliter  punctulato, 

elytro  singulo  plaga  magna  obliqua  suflPusa  rubescente  ornato,  pedibus,  antennarumque  basi  et 

apice  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-2|. 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  stercore  bovino,  testate  non  infrequens. 

Species  ut  opinor  insulis  Madercnsibus  revera  indigena,  et  in  bonorem  amici  Rev"^  W.  J.  Armitage  a 
me  ob  gratias  oblatas  denominata. 

A.  fusiform,  brownish-black,  very  slightly  shining,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  long,  decumbent,  ful- 
vescent  pubescence.  Prothorax  and  elytra  most  densely  and  uniformly  punctulated  all  over ;  the 
latter  with  a  large,  oblique,  more  or  less  suffused  dash  on  each,  extending  almost  from  either 
sutural  angle  to  the  shoulder,  reddish,  or  rufescent.  Antenrue  at  base  and  apex,  and  the  legs, 
testaceous. 

The  present  Aleochara,  which  I  have  dedicated  to  my  friend,  and  companion  in 
travel,  the  Rev.  "VV.  J.  Armitage  (whose  valuable  assistance  during  two  sojourns  in 
Madeira  I  have  already  had  occasion   to   record),  may  be  easily  known  by  its 


560  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

fusiform  outline,  by  the  fulvous  pile  with  which  it  is  densely  clothed,  by  the 
usually  suffused  reddish  dash  on  each  of  its  elytra,  and  by  the  paleness  not  only 
of  the  legs,  but  also  of  the  base  and  apex  of  its  antennae.  It  is  more  akin  to  the 
European  A.  pulla  than  to  any  other  species  ^vith  which  I  am  acqviainted ;  never- 
theless, its  much  larger  size,  in  conjunction  Avith  its  distinctly  maculated  elytra, 
and  the  different  coloiu-  of  its  pubescence,  will  at  once  separate  it  from  that  insect. 
It  is  by  no  means  common,  though  occm-ring  (in  the  dimg  of  cattle)  both  in  the 
north  and  south  of  the  island.  I  have  taken  it,  during  the  autimm,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Fimchal ;  and  in  the  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  Anna,  in  June. 

432.  Aleochara  tristis. 
A.  siiblinearis  nigra  subnitida,  prothorace  sequaliter  punctulato,  elytro  singulo  plaga  magna  obliqua 

suffusA.  testacea  ornato,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  (tarsis  pallidioribus  exceptis)  fusco-piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Aleochara  tristis,  Grav.  Mon.  170  (1806). 

,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  430  (1810). 

,  Maun.  Brachel.  CG  (1831). 

,  Erich.  Qen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  162  (1839). 

Habitat  in  iisdem  locis  ac  pra;cedens,  sed  niulto  frequentior. 

A.  more  linear  than  the  last  species,  and  of  a  deeper  black  (though  sometimes  with  a  just  percejjtiblc 
reneous  tinge),  slightly  shining,  and  with  the  pubescence  less  dense.  Prothorax  and  elytra  uni- 
formly punctulated  all  over  (but  not  so  closely  or  distinctly  as  in  the  A.  Armitagei) ;  the  latter 
with  a  large,  broad,  oblique  dash  on  each,  extending  from  either  sutural  angle  in  the  direction  of 
the  shoulder,  testaceous.  Antenna  at  base,  and  the  legs,  more  or  less  brownish-piceous ;  the 
tarsi  paler. 

A  common  European  and  Algerine  insect ;  and  perhaps,  with  the  follo-ning  two, 
imported  into  the  Madeira  Islands.  It  may  be  knoAvu  fi"om  the  A.  Armitagei  by 
its  more  parallel  ovitline  and  blacker  hue,  by  its  less  pubescent  surface,  the  dark 
apex  of  its  antenntc,  and  by  its  more  testaceous  elytra!  patch.  It  is  tolerably 
abundant  (in  the  excrement  of  cattle)  throughout  the  neighboui-hood  of  Eun- 
chal, — where  I  have  observed  it  at  times  in  considerable  numbers,  especially 
during  the  autimmal  months. 

433.  Aleochara  nitida. 
A.  sublinearis  subsenescenti-atra  nitidissinia,  prothorace  in  medio  biseriatim  punctato,  elytris  pro- 
funda et  parce  punctatis,   singulo   macula  rufo-testaccii   (ad  angulum   internum   sita   ct   jilus 
minusve  distincta)  ornato,  pedibus  (tarsis  vLx  pallidioribus  exceptis)  nigro-piceis. 
Fflr.  /3.  paulo  major,  elytris  immaculatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  lJ-2. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  •         561 

Aleochara  nitida,  Grav.  Col.  Micropt.  97  (1802). 

,  GyU.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  435  (1810). 

,  Mami.  Braclel.  68  (1831). 

,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  168  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam  et  Portum  Sanctum,  in  stercore  bovino  necnon  in  humidiusculis,  vulgatissima,  ab 
oi'ii  maritima  usque  ad  5000'  s.m.  ascendens :  var.  /3.  ad  Maderse  regionem  sylvaticam,  aut  saltern 
ad  locos  editiores,  plerumque  pertinet. 

A.  sublinear,  deep  black,  with  more  or  less  of  an  obscure  seneous  tinge,  exceedingly  shining,  and  with 
the  pubescence  not  very  dense.  Protliorax  very  highly  polished,  and  with  a  double  row  of  punc- 
tui-es  down  the  disk.  Elytra  uniformly,  but  coarsely  and  rather  distantly,  punctured;  with  a 
usually  small,  more  or  less  distinct  patch  on  each  at  the  hinder  sutural  angle,  rufo-testaceous. 
Legs  dark  piceous,  with  the  tarsi  generally  paler. 
Var.  /3.  rather  larger,  and  with  the  clytral  patches  obsolete. 

A  species  of  very  wide  geographical  range, — being  found  in  most  parts  of 
Europe,  and  in  the  Levant.  It  is  subject  to  considerable  variation,  both  in  size 
and  in  the  absence  or  presence  of  its  two  elytral  spots.  It  may  be  known,  ho'R'- 
ever,  from  the  rest  of  the  Aleoclun^ce  here  described  by  its  darker  and  more  shining- 
surface,  and  by  the  double  row  of  punctures  down  the  disk  of  its  prothorax.  It  is 
extremely  abundant  throughout  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo,  occurring  in  the  dung 
of  cattle  at  nearly  all  elevations.  In  the  neighbovu'hood  of  Punchal,  and  at  Sao 
Vincente  (in  the  north  of  the  island),  it  may  at  times  be  met  with  in  profusion; 
and  I  have  likewise  captured  it,  during  the  summer  months,  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio, 
as  also  in  the  lofty  uplands  of  the  Cruzinhas  and  the  Fanal. 

434.  Aleochara  morion. 
A.  fusiformis  nigra  subnitida,  prothorace  crebre  sequaliter  punctulato,  elytris  concoloribus,  pedibus 

(tarsis  pallidioribus  exceptis)  fusco-piceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  f-lj. 

Aleochara  morion,  Grav.  Col.  Micropt.  97  (1802). 

,  LatreiUe,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust,  et  Ins.  vs..  370  (1804).    ■ 

et  exigua,  Mann.  Brachel.  68  (1831). 

,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  175  (1839). 

Habitat  in  stercore  bovino  Maderae,  et  borealis  et  australis,  toto  anno  vulgaris. 

A.  fusiform,  black,  very  slightly  shining,  and  beset  with  a  short  and  rather  close  pubescence.  Pro- 
thorax  and  elytra  densely  and  uniformly  punctulated  all  over ;  the  latter  without  any  indication 
of  paler  patches.     Legs  brownish-piceous,  with  the  tarsi  paler. 

The  smallest  of  the  Aleocharcs  here  described ;  and  easily  known  by  its  minute 
bulk,  short,  fusiform  outline,  and  by  its  dark,  concolorous  elytra.  Like  the  pre- 
vious species,  it  is  of  wide  geographical  range,  being  recorded  in  aU  parts  of 

4  c 


562  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Eui'ope  and  even  from  Central  America.  It  is  found  principally  (in  Madeira)  in 
company  with  the  A.  nitkla,  though  less  commonly :  in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal, 
however,  and  at  Santa  Anna,  I  have  at  times  observed  it  somewhat  abundantly. 

Genus  189.  OLIGOTA. 
Mannerheim,  Brachel.  72  (1831). 

Corpus  minutissimum,  (in  nostra)  lineare  :  capite  deflexo  latiusculo :  prothorace  brevi,  postice  lato  :  alis 
ainplis :  abdomine  marginato.  Antenna  ad  oculorum  marginem  internum  inserta;,  breviusculse, 
10-;irtifulat:i>,  apicem  versus  sensim  clavataj  (clava,  oblouga  tri-  vcl  quadri-articulata),  articulis 
duobus  baseos  elongatis  crassiusculis.  Instrumenta  cibaria  fere  ut  iu  Ilomalota,  sed  palporum 
maxillarium  articulus  ultimus  paulo  longior,  ct  labialium  magis  aeicularis.  Pedes  breviusculi 
graciles  :  tarsis  omnibus  4-articulatis  ;  posticis  articulo  prime  subelongato. 

The  extremely  minute  size  of  the  Oligotce,  in  coujimction  with  their  clavate, 
10-articulated  antennse  and  theu*  tetramerous  feet,  are  of  themselves  sufficient  to 
separate  the  genus  from  the  remainder  of  the  Aleocharides ;  whilst  from  Soma- 
tiitm  (its  nearest  Madekan  ally)  its  distinguishing  characters,  apart  from  the 
sectional  ones,  may  be  gathered  by  a  reference  to  the  observations  imder  that 
group. 

435.  OUgota  inflata. 
O.  linearis  fusco-picea  pubescens  subnitida,  prothorace  convexo,  antennarum  basi  pedibusque  diluto- 

testaceis,  abdomiue  ad  apiceui  dilutiore. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  i-i. 

Microcera  inflata,  Mann.  Brachel.  72  (1831). 

Oliyota  subtiUs,  Erich.  Kiif.  Jer  Mark  Brand,  i.  364  (1837). 

,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  180  (1839). 

Habitat  in  cbvis  graminosis  maritimis  Maderee  Portusque  Sancti,  sub  lapidibus  et  scoriis  (in  quarum 
celluhs  soli  exposita  subito  recedit),  ab  autumno  usque  ad  ver  novum,  rarior. 

O.  very  minute,  linear,  brownish-piceous  (or,  occasionally,  piceous-black),  pubescent,  slightly  shining, 
and  finely  punctulated.  Head  rather  wide.  Prothorax  short,  transverse,  and  convex.  Abdomen 
rather  darker  at  the  base  than  the  rest  of  the  insect,  but  diluted  iu  colouring  at  its  apex. 
Antenna  at  base,  and  the  legs,  diluted-testaceous. 

It  is  possible  that  the  present  minute  insect  may  be  more  correctly  referred  to 
the  O.  pusiUima,  Grav. ;  nevertheless,  since  it  seems  to  agree  better,  both  in  size 
and  antenna?,  with  the  description  of  Erichson's  O.  sttbtllis,  I  have  assigned  it  to 
that  species.  It  is  somewhat  rare  in  Madeira,  or  at  any  rate  local,  the  only  spot 
in  which  I  have  hitherto  captured  it  being  (beneath  stones  and  scoria;)  on  the 
exposed  grassy  eminence  to  the  right  of  the  Caniso  road  (from  Funchal),  just 
before  arriving  at  the  Brazen  Head, — in  whicli  position  dm*Lng  the  autmnn  of 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  563 

1847  I  observed  it  in  tolerable  numbers.  In  the  spring  of  the  foUoAving  year  it 
occurred  to  me,  sparingly,  also  in  Porto  Santo.  Omng  to  its  diminutive  bulk, 
and  its  habit,  when  exposed  to  the  light,  of  suddenly  retreating  into  the  cells  and 
ramifications  of  the  scoriae,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  secure ;  and  hence,  in  reality, 
it  may  perhaps  be  more  abundant  than  would  appear  to  be  the  case. 


(Subf.  2.  TACHYPORIDES.) 
Genus  190.  SOMATIUM,  Woll.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  5.) 

Corpus  niinutum,  convexiusculum,  elli])tlco-ovatum  :  cnpife  protborace  angustiore,  deflexo :  prothorace 
brevi,  postice  lato  elytris  (pectore  lougioribus)  arete  applicato  :  sctitellu  distincto :  alls  amplis : 
abdomine  margiuato  breviusculo,  postice  attenuato  (stybs  analibus  exsertis  divergentibus) .  An- 
tenna (XIII.  5  a)  sub  frontis  margine  inserta?,  capite  protboraceque  paulo  longiores,  lO-articulatse, 
articulis  primo  et  secundo  elongatis  crassiusculis,  tertio  ad  quintum  angustioribus  sensim  brevi- 
oribus,  reliquis  paulatim  incrassatis  clavam  oblongam  perfoliatam  3-  vel  4-articulatam  efficientibus. 
Lahrum  (XIII.  5  h)  transversum  pilosum,  apice  tenuissime  membranaceum  et  vix  emarginatum. 
Mandibnlce  (XIII.  5  c)  ad  apieem  acutse  incurvse  muticee,  extrorsum  in  medio  fissse.  Maxilkv 
(XIII.  5  d)  bilobfe  elongatse  angustse  rectse :  lobo  externa  apice  pubescente  :  interno  buic  vix 
breviore,  intus  apieem  versus  pube  cibato.  Palpi  maxillares  longissimi,  articulo  primo  minuto, 
secundo  et  tertio  elongatis  subsequalibus  clavatis,  ultimo  vix  breviore,  tenuissime  subulato : 
labiales  (XIII.  5  e)  articulis  omnibus  longitudine  subrequalibus  (primo  crasso,  secundo  crassi- 
usculo,  ultimo  paulo  breviore  subulato).  Mentum  amplum,  transversum.  Ligula  semicircularis, 
processu  medio  minuto  umbonata  ;  paraglossis  obsoletis.  Pedes  (XIII.  5/)  longiusculi,  graciles  : 
tibiis  pubescentibus  :  tarsis  simplicibus,  omnibus  4-articulatis  ;  posticis  (XIII.  5y)  articulo  primo 
elongato. 

A  amfidTiov,  corpusculum. 

The  very  interesting  little  insect  from  which  the  above  generic  diagnosis  has 
been  compiled  is  correctly  referred,  I  believe,  to  the  present  subfamily;  and  is 
perhaps  more  related  to  Sypocyptus  than  to  anything  else  hitherto  described.  It 
is  true  that  ia  some  few  respects,  as  in  the  number  of  its  tarsal  and  antennal  joints, 
it  likewise  assimilates  OUgota  (amongst  the  Aleoeharkles) ;  nevertheless  its  an- 
tennae, which  are  inserted  beneath  the  lateral  margin  of  the  forehead,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  its  short  and  broad  ligula,  and  its  thickly-pubescent  maxillae  (with  the 
exceedingly  elongated  terminal  articrdation  of  then'  palpi),  will  all  tend  to  remove 
it  from  that  division  :  and  I  have  no  doubt  therefore  that  Somatiiim  when  placed 
at  the  commencement  of  the  Tachyporkles  will  be  found  nearest  to  those  forms 
■ndth  which,  both  in  structure  and  habits,  it  has  the  greatest  affinity.  It  may 
possibly  indeed  be  regarded  as  connective  between  OUgota  (in  the  one  section) 
and  Hypocyptus  (in  the  other), — groups  which  certainly  possess  much  in  common, 
and  the  only  ones  (in  the  two  departments  combined)  which,  like  Somatimn,  have 
ten-jointed  antennae  and  tetramerous  feet.     From  the  first  of  these,  however,  the 

4c  2 


564  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

sectional  characters  above  enumerated,  together  with  its  larger  Inilk,  totally  dif- 
ferent contom-,  and  the  much  greater  length  of  its  limbs,  ^vill,  of  themselves,  at 
once  remove  it ;  whilst  from  the  second  (with  wliich,  in  addition  to  its  antennae 
and  tarsi,  it  agrees  in  its  anteriorly-tapering  ligula),  it  is  equally  separated  by  its 
comparatively  developed  abdomen,  by  the  straight  external  lobe  of  its  maxillae, 
the  produced  ultimate  joint  of  its  palpi,  and  by  the  distinctness  of  its  scutellum. 


436.  Somatium  anale,  WoU.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  5.) 
S.  flliptico-ovatum  nigro-piccuni  pubesceus  subuitidum,   ore,  antennis,  pedibus  anoque  vel  paUido- 

furrugineis  vel  rufo-testaceis. 
Ijoug.  Corp.  lin.  j. 

Habitat  in  Madera-  sylvaticis,  inter  fungos  plantasve  humidas  (inde  a  2000'  s.  m.),  rarissime :  ad 
Ribeiro  Frio  necuon  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  (in  JIadera  boreali)  sestate  collegi. 

S.  elliptical-ovate,  piceous-black,  pubescent,  and  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prothoraoc  very  minutely 
and  obscurely  punctulated  ;  the  latter  short,  convex,  as  wide  behind  as  the  base  of  the  chtra,  and 
without  any  api)carancc  of  a  dorsal  channel.  Elytra  ample  (being  longer  than  the  breast),  more 
distinctly  punctulated,  and  \ery  pubescent.  Anteniue  (especially  at  their  base),  legs,  and  the  last 
two  segments  of  the  abdumen,  either  pale  ferruginous  or  rufo-testaceous. 

Exceedingly  rare ;  inhabiting  the  moist  sylvan  districts  above  the  elevation  of 
2000  feet.  I  have  taken  it  from  out  of  fungi  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio ;  and  l)y  brush- 
ing the  rank  wet  fern  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueu-os  (on  the  edges  of  the  cliff- 
road  leading  from  Sao  Vincente  to  Seisal),  in  July. 


Genus  191.  CONURUS. 

Stephens,  III  Brit.  Ent.  v.  188  (1832). 

Corpus  parvum,  convexum,  obconicum  (antice  obtuse  rotundatum,  postice  valde  atteuuatuni),  pubes- 
ceus :  capite  detlexo  :  pruthorace  postice  lato,  elytris  arete  applicato  :  mesusternu  carinato  :  alis 
amplis  :  aMomwie  immarginato,  apicem  versus  fortiter  attenuato  (vivis  sat  elongate).  Antenna  svh 
frontis  margine  inserta:,  capite  ])rothoraccque  sitpius  paulo  longiores,  apicem  vei'sus  plus  minusve 
leviter  iucrassatse,  articulo  ultimo  plerumque  sub-oblique  truncato.  Labrum  brcvissimum,  in- 
tegrum. Mandibul<e  breves,  intus  membraua  angusta  auctJE.  Maxilhe  bilobie :  lobo  externa 
apice  pubescente :  interuu  huic  jiaulo  breviore,  pubescente.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo 
miuuto,  sccundo  et  tertio  clongatis  subsqiuilibus  (hoc  leviter  incrassato),  ultimo  minuto  subulato  : 
labiates  articulis  primo  et  ultimo  longitudine  aiqualibus  (illo  robusto,  hoc  tenuiorc  acuminato), 
sccundo  brevi.  Mentuin  transversum.  Ligula  lata,  antice  pilis  paucis  instructa  biloba,  incisione 
iterum  profundius  biloba ;  paraglossia  ligulse  connatis  eique  sequalibus.  Pedes  longiusculi :  tibiis 
plus  minusve  spinulosis;  anticis  per  raarginem  externum  spinulis  minutissimis  ciliatis:  tarsis 
omnibus  5-articulatis,  articulo  quarto  reliquis  minore  ;  anticis  articulis  primo,  secundo  et  tertio 
subcordatis,  in  maribus  leviter  dilatatis ;  posterioribus  elongatis,  articulo  primo  longiusculo. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  565 

Comirus  is  still  regarded  by  some  entomologists  as  a  subdivision  of  TacTiyporus ; 
but  its  dissimilar  general  habit,  in  conjunction  with  its  immarginate  and  exceed- 
ingly acuminated  abdomen,  its  more  convex,  pubescent  sm-face,  keeled  mesoster- 
num,  its  longer  and  slenderer  legs,  and,  above  all,  the  structure  of  its  ligula 
(which  is  not  only  bilobed  anteriorly,  as  in  that  genus,  but  has  the  excavation 
itself  bilobed  also),  seem  to  be  amply  sufficient  to  render  its  isolation  both  natural 
and  convenient.  The  species  are  found  prmcipally  beneath  fallen  leaves,  under  the 
moist  decaying  bark  of  trees,  or  amongst  moss.  They  rim  Tvith  the  utmost 
velocity, — a  peculiarity  which,  in  connection  with  their  obconical  and  sericeous 
Ijodies,  gives  them  a  certain  resemblance,  at  first  sight,  to  a  Fotlura. 

437.  Conurus  pubescens. 
C.  nigro-fuscus  dense  griseo-pubescens  subopacus,  elytris  prothorace  longioribus,  antennis  pedibusque 

testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2— 24. 

Staphylinus  pubescens  {var.  /3.),  Payk.  Mori.  Carah.  App.  138  (1790). 

cellaris  (var.  ft.),  Payk.  Fiia  Siiec.  iii.  421  (1800). 

Tachyporus  puhesceiis,  Grav.  Col.  Micropf.  130  (1802). 
Conurus  pubescens,  Steph.  HI.  Brit.  JEnt.  v.  189  (1832). 
,  Erich.  Qen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  221  (1839). 

Habitat  in  Maderse  sylvaticis,  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis  necnon  inter  muscos,  inde 
ad  3000'  s.m.  sat  frequens. 

C.  dark  brown  (or  brownish-piceous),  densely  clothed  with  a  fine  griseous  or  lurid  pubescence,  and 
subopake  (or,  when  the  pubescence  is  rubbed  off,  slightly  shining).  Prothorax  with  its  extreme 
hinder  margin  generally  a  little  diluted  in  colouring.  Elytra  distinctly  longer  than  the  pro- 
thorax,  and  usually  rather  more  picesceut.  Abdomen  fuscescent,  its  apex,  and  the  margins  of  its 
basal  segments,  being  more  or  less  ferruginous.     Antenna  and  legs  rather  long,  and  testaceous. 

The  largest  of  the  Madeii-an  Comrri,  and  easily  recognised  by  its  densely  pubes- 
cent sm-face,  and  by  its  brownish  or  lurid  hue.  It  is  an  insect  of  very  mde  geo- 
graphical range,  occm-riag  throughout  the  whole  of  Europe  and  Algeria,  and  being 
recorded  by  Erichson  even  from  the  south  of  China.  In  Madeira  it  is  somewhat 
scarce,  existing  beneath  moss  and  logs  of  wood  in  damp  sylvan  spots,  from  about 
800  to  3000  feet  above  tlie  sea.  I  have  captured  it  in  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia, 
during  the  winter  and  early  spring ;  and  at  the  Eeijaa  de  Corte,  in  August. 


438.  Conurus  pedicularius. 
C.  nigro-piceus  griseo-pubescens  subnitidus,  elytris  prothorace  vix  brevioribus,  antennis  pedibusque 

gracilibus  infuscato-testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  l|-lj. 


560  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Tachi/porus  iJediculariics,  Grav.  Col.  Micropt.  133  (1802) 

,  Gyll.  Ins.  Siiec.  iii.  246  (ISIO). 

,  Mann.  Brackel.  60  (1831). 

Conurm pedicularius,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  230  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam  et  Portum  Sanctum,  in  locis  similibus  ac  praecedens,  sed  rarior. 

C.  dark  piccous  (or  piceous-black),  smaller  and  narrower  than  the  C.  pubescens,  also  somewhat  more 
shining  and  less  densely  clothed  with  griseous  pile.  Prothorax  and  elytra^  each  with  their 
extreme  hinder  margins  more  or  less  diluted  in  colouring ;  the  latter  about  the  same  length  as, 
or  perhaps  a  little  shorter  than,  the  former.  Abdomen  with  its  apical  segment,  and  the  margins 
of  its  basal  ones,  more  or  less  feiTuginous.  Antenna  and  leffs  rather  shorter  and  slenderer  than 
in  either  of  the  other  species,  and  testaceous;  with  the  tibia  (especially  in  the  Madeiran  speci- 
mens, those  from  Porto  Santo  being  usually  rather  paler)  more  or  less  dusky. 

Its  narrower  outline,  atlded  to  its  comparatively  shorter  and  slenderer  limbs, 
will  at  once  distinguish  the  present  insect  from  either  of  its  allies  here  described. 
It  is  exceedingly  rare,  and  apparently  coniined  to  low  and  intermediate  altitudes, 
— occurring  in  grassy  places,  principally  beneath  stones  and  leaves.  I  have  taken 
it  sparingly  in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal,  and  also  in  Porto  Santo.  It  is  found 
throughout  the  greater  portion  of  Europe ;  and  the  Madeii'an  specimens  are  a  little 
longer  than  the  average  of  theu"  more  northern  representatives. 

439.  Conmiis  monticola,  TVoU. 

C.  nigro-piceus  (vel  piceus)  parce  griseo-pubescens  nitidus,  clytris  prothorace  vix  longioribus,  antennis 
pedibusque  longiusculis  robustis  testaceis. 
Far.  j3.  omnino  pallidior,  capite  prothoraceque  rufo-tcstaccis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1-1^. 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatica  excels;!,  sub  foliis  arborum  dejectis  ad  Cruzinhas  (circa  5000*  s.  m.)  Julio 
incunte  a.d.  1850  a  meipso  delectus. 

C.  dark  piceous  (or  piceous),  more  shining  and  less  pubescent  than  either  of  the  other  species;  also, 
proportionably,  somewhat  broader.  Prothorax  and  elytra  each  with  their  extreme  hinder 
margins  sometimes  (but  not  always)  diluted  in  colouring;  the  latter  a  little  longer  than  the 
former.  Abdomen  with  its  apical  segments,  and  the  margins  of  its  basal  ones,  more  or  less  ferru- 
ginous. Antenna  and  legs  rather  longer  and  much  robuster  than  those  of  the  C.  pedicularius 
(the  former  being  more  distinctly  incrassated,  likewise,  at  their  extremities),  and  bright 
testaceous. 
Var.  ^.  altogether  paler,  with  the  head  and  prothorax  entirely  i-ufo-testaceous. 

By  far  the  scarcest  of  the  Comiri  hitherto  detected  in  these  islands,  and  a  truly 
indigenous  insect, — occurring  only,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  at  lofty  elevations 
and  in  remote  sylvan  spots.  It  may  be  known  from  the  C.  pedicularius  by  its 
more  piceous  and  shining  siuface,  broader  outline,  somewhat  less  abbreviated 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  567 

elytra,  and  by  its  longer,  robuster,  and  paler  limbs.  I  bave  seen  but  three  speci- 
mens ;  all  of  wliicb  were  captiu'ed  by  myself,  fi'om  beneatb  decaying  leaves,  at 
about  5000  feet  above  tbe  sea,  in  the  wooded  region  of  the  Cruzinhas, — during 
my  encampment  there  in  Jvily  1850. 

Genus  192.  TACHYPORUS. 

Gravenhorst,  Col.  Micropf.  12J.  (1802). 

Corpus  parvum,  subfusiforme  (antice  obtusiusculum,  postice  attenuatum) :  capite  prothoraceqwe  gla- 
berrimis  politissimis ;  illo  subdeflexo ;  hoc  postice  lato,  elytris  arete  applicato :  alts  amplis  :  abdo- 
mine  marginato,  apieem  versus  attenuato.  Antenna  et  instrumenta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  Conuro,  sed 
ligula  incisio  iutegra.  Pedes  modice  elongati :  tibiis,  prsesertim  posterioribus,  plus  minusve 
spinulosis  :  tar'sis  omnibus  5-articulatis,  articulo  quarto  minuto ;  anticis  articulis  primo,  secundo 
et  tertio  subcordatis,  in  maribus  leviter  dilatatis ;  posterioribus  subelongatis,  articulo  prime 
longiusculo. 

The  distinctions  between  Tachyporus  and  Conurus  have  been  already  pointed 
out, — the  exceedingly  glabrous  and  highly  polished  head  and  prothorax  of  the 
former,  in  conjunction  with  its  margined  abdomen,  being  sufficient  (apart  from 
smaller  differences  both  of  outline  and  structure)  to  separate  \i  prhnd  facie  from 
the  latter.  Both  genera  are  in  habits  nearly  similar ;  though  perhaps  the 
Tachypori  are  (if  anything)  somewhat  less  attached  to  decaying  wood  and  bark 
than  the  Conuri, — occurring  more  particularly  amongst  moss,  and  in  grassy  spots 
beneath  trees,  where  during  the  summer  and  autimmal  months  they  are  often- 
times excessively  abundant. 

440.  Tachyporus  celer,  Wall. 
T.  nigro-piceus  (vel  piceus)  subconvexus,  antennis,  protboracis  limbo,  ano  pedibusque  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  per  Maderse  regionem  sylvaticam,  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  projectis,  inter  2000'  et 
5000'  s.m.,  rarior. 

T.  somewhat  convex  and  broad,  dark  piceous  or  piceous.  Head  and  prothorax  very  highly  polished ; 
the  latter  with  the  sides  broadly,  and  the  anterior  and  posterior  margins  narrowly  testaceous. 
Elytra  closely  and  perceptibly  punctulated,  sparingly  pubescent,  usually  more  piceous  than  the 
prothorax,  and  with  their  extreme  apex  (especially  towards  the  outer  angle),  and  a  very  obscurt- 
dash  about  the  shoulder  (occasionally  obsolete),  indistinctly  diluted  in  colouring.  Abdomen  with 
the  extreme  hinder  margins  of  the  basal  segments  (and  sometimes  with  the  apical  ones)  dull 
ferruginous  or  diluted-testaceous.  Antenna  and  legs  diluted-testaceous ;  the  former  a  little  dusky 
towards  their  extremities. 

A  large  and  interesting  Tacliypoi^us, — inhabiting  the  forest  regions  of  Madeira, 
between  the  limits  of  from  2000  to  about  5000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  decidedly 
scarce,  or  more  strictly  perhaps  (from  the  remote  spots  to  which  it  is  confined) 


5.68  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

local ;  occui-ring  beneath  logs  of  wood,  during  the  summer  months,  in  the  damp 
ravines  and  on  the  densely  clothed  mountain-slopes.  Although  found  through- 
out most  of  the  central  districts,  I  have  taken  it  more  abundantly  at  the  Feijaa 
de  C6rte  than  in  any  other  position, — where  in  August  of  1850  it  was  compara- 
tively common.  In  the  M-iuter  it  would  appear  to  be  far  rarer ;  nevertheless  I 
have  observed  it  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio,  occasionally,  in  the  early  spring. 

441.  Tachyponis  bnmneus. 

T,  nifo-testaceus  subdepressus,  capite,  prothoracis  disco,  pectore  abdomineque  plus  minusve  pices- 
centibus,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis. 
Variat  (forsan  immaturus)  colore  omnino  testaceo. 
Lonp:.  Corp.  lin.  l{-li. 

Oxyporus  hrunneus,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  ii.  533  (1792). 
Staphylinus  nitidulus,  Oliv.  Ent.  42.  34  (1795). 
Tacliyporus  nitidulus,  Grrav.  Col.  Micropt.  12G  (1802). 
hrunneus,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  241  (1839). 

Haltilat  hinc  inde  iu  graminosis  Madera;  Portusque  Sancti,  sat  vulgaris. 

T.  smaller,  more  depressed,  and  narrower  than  the  last  species,  rufo-testaceous.  Head  and  prothorax 
veiy  highly  pobshed  ;  the  former,  and  the  disk  of  the  latter,  more  or  less  darkly  picescent. 
Elytra  closely  and  perceptibly  puuctulatcd,  pubescent,  and  more  or  less  dusky  about  the  region 
of  the  scutellum.  Abdomen  generally  piceous,  with  the  hinder  margins  of  the  segments  diluted 
in  colouring.  Antenna  and  leys  testaceous. 
OA.s.  occasionally  altogether  testaceous  (perhaps  the  result  of  immaturity). 

Widely  distributed  over  Madeu-a  (though  nowhere  very  abundant)  below  the 
altitude  of  about  5000  feet.  My  specimens  are  principally  from  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Funchal,  Santa  Anna,  and  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte ;  but  there  is  scarcely  a 
locality,  in  Avhich  I  have  collected,  where  I  have  not  observed  it  to  exist.  It 
occurs  likewise  in  Porto  Santo.  It  is  an  insect  of  extensive  geographical  range, — 
not  only  inhabiting  nearly  every  country  of  Eui-ope,  but  having  been  taken  by 
Professor  Ehrenberg  in  Egyi^t,  and  by  Zimmerman  in  North  America. 


Geniis  193.  HABROCERUS. 
Eriehson,  Kdf.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  400  (1839). 

Corpus  fere  ut  in  Tachyporo  ;  capite  prot/wraceqnc  glaberrimis  poiitissimis  (hoc  amplo,  posticc  lato 
clytris  arete  applicato)  :  elytris  glabris,  ad  angulum  exteriorem  posticum  oblique  truncatis  :  alts 
amplis:  abdomine  marginato,  apicem  versus  attenuato.  Antennte  valde  anomahx,  fere  ut  in 
Trichoi)hya,  capillarcs,  articulis  primo  et  sccundo  robustis,  rcliquis  tenuissiniis  nodosis  verticillato- 
pilosciiis  (ultimo  elliptico  leviter  iuflato).  Instrumenta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  Tachyporo,  sed  pat- 
porum  maMillarium  articulus  ultimus  multo  longior  conicus  acuminatus  (nee  subulatus),  et  ligula 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  569 

apice  recte  truncata  in  medio  fissa.     Pedes  breviusculi  fragiles :    tibiis  omnibus   plus  minusve 
parce  et  leviter  spinulosis  :  tarsis  5-articulatis  simplicibus;  posterioribus  articulo  primo  elongate. 

Habrocerus  is  so  easily  recognised  by  its  anomalous  antennge,  that  it  is  needless 
to  point  out  its  distinctions  from  any  genus  except  Tricliophi/a  (in  which  the  same 
structiu'e  obtains).  In  general  contour  and  habits  it  possesses  nearly  all  the  cha- 
racters of  Tachijporus,  but  the  singularity  of  its  antennae  (the  form  of  which  may 
be  best  understood  by  a  reference  to  that  of  Trichophya,  in  Plate  XIII.  fig.  6  a), 
in  conjunction  with  the  obliquely-truncated  external  angle  of  its  elytra,  will  at 
once  suffice  to  separate  it  from  the  species  of  that  group.  According  to  Erichson, 
it  constitutes  a  connecting  liulc  between  Tachijporus  and  Tachimis  :  the  terminal 
joint  of  its  maxillary  palpi  partaking,  he  remarks,  of  the  peculiarities  of  both 
genera, — being  acuminated  at  the  apex  as  in  Tachi/poriis ;  though  not  small  and 
subulated,  but  of  equal  breadth  at  its  base  (as  in  Tachimis)  to  the  previous  one. 
The  only  representative  known  occurs  sparingly  in  many  parts  of  Europe,  being 
recorded  in  England,  Germany,  Erance  and  Sarduiia ;  so  that,  with  the  addition 
of  Madeira,  it  would  seem  to  possess  a  rather  "siide  geographical  range. 


442.  Habrocerus  capUlaricomis. 
H.  nigro-piceus  convexus  nitidus,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis,  illis  paulo  obscurioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1\. 

Tachyporus  capUlaricomis,  G-rav.  Mon.  10  (1806). 

nodicornis  (Kby),  Stepli.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  186  (1832). 

Habrocerus  capillaricornis,  Erich.  Kdf.  der  Marie  Brand,  i.  401  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvaticam,  sub  lapidibus  bumidis  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis,  prsesertim  inter 
2500'  et  4000'  s.  m.,  sestate  sat  frequens. 

H.  rather  broad  and  convex,  attenuated  both  before  and  behind  (especially  the  latter),  shining,  and 
piceous-black  (though  sometimes  altogether  piceous,  and  occasionally,  when  not  quite  matm-e, 
almost  ferruginous).  Head  and  prothorax  very  highly  polished.  Elytra  not  quite  so  bright. 
Abdomen  sparingly  clothed  with  long  setae,  and  with  the  hinder  margin  of  each  of  the  segments 
more  or  less  perceptibly  diluted  in  colouring.  Antenna  and  legs  testaceous  ;  the  former  more  or 
less  infuscated,  or  obscured. 

By  no  means  uncommon  within  the  sylvan  districts  of  Madeira, — though  from 
2500  to  4000  feet  above  the  sea  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as  its  normal  range. 
Occurring  almost  exclusively  during  the  stimmer  months,  and  yet  deHghting  as  it 
does  in  positions  where  the  moisture  is  excessive,  it  would  seem  (as  we  shoidd 
naturally  have  expected)  to  attain  its  maximum  in  the  dense  ravines  of  inter- 
mediate altitudes  (around  which  the  clouds,  at  that  season,  more  especially  cling). 
It  runs  with  the  utmost  velocity,  and  is  found  principally  beneath  stones  and 
decaying  logs  of  wood  in  the  vicinity  of  the  water-coiu'ses  and  streams.     I  have 

4  D 


570  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

taken  it  plentifully  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio  (along  tlic  edges  of  the  Levada)  in  July  ;  as 
also  in  the  lofty  region  of  the  Lombo  das  Vacas  in  June,  and  even,  occasionally,  in 
the  chestnut-woods  of  Santa  ibina, — the  lowest  elevation  at  which  I  have  liitherto 
observed  it.  As  already  stated,  it  is  mdely  distributed  thi-oughout  Europe ;  never- 
theless it  does  not  appear  to  be  any^vhere  very  abundant*. 

Genus  194.  TACHINUS. 
Gravenhorst,  Col.  Micropt.  135  (1802). 

Corpus  fere  ut  lu  Tachyporo,  scd  plcramque  majus,  convexius  et  latius :  capite,  prothorace  eli/trisqm- 
glaberrimis  :  mesosterno  modo  (ut  in  specie  Maderensi)  carinato,  modo  simplici ;  scutello  magno  : 
alls  SEepius  amplis.  Antenna  sub  frontis  margine  inserts,  capite  prothoraceque  paulo  lon- 
giores,  filiforuics  vcl  apicem  versus  leviter  subiiicrassatpe.  Instrumenta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  Tachy- 
poro, scd  maxillarum  lobus  externus  rotundatior ;  et  palpi  maxillares  filiformes,  articulo  ultimo 
majore  (baud  subulate),  penultimo  ssepius  breviusculo.  Pedes  breviusculi  validi :  tibiis  omnibus 
spinulosis:  (arsis  5-articulatis,  articulis  quatuor  bascos  longitudine  paulatim  dccresccntibus ; 
anticis  modo  in  utroquc  scxu  (ut  in  specie  nostra)  simplicibus,  modo  in  mare  dilatatis  ;  pusteri- 
oribus  articulo  primo  longiusculo. 

The  genus  Tachinus  approaches  very  closely  to  Taclujporus,  and  it  must  be 
admitted  that  the  essential  characters  of  the  two  are  not  in  every  instance  suffi- 
ciently distinct.  Still,  there  are  slight  differences  of  contour  and  structure  which 
a  practised  eye  will  seldom  fail  to  detect.  Thus,  the  generally  larger,  broader, 
and  proportionably  shorter  bodies  of  the  TacUni,  in  conjimction  vnih  their  fre- 
(^uently  keeled  mesosternum,  their  somewhat  less  elongated  feet  (the  anterior  pair 
of  which  are  occasionally,  as  in  the  Madeu-an  representative,  simple  in  both  sexes), 
the  rounded  outer  lobe  of  then-  masillaj,  and,  above  all,  thcu-  filiform  palpi, — the 
maxillary  paii-  ha\-ing  the  terminal  joint  not  subulate  (and,  moreover,  the  penul- 
timate one  comparatively  abbreviated), — are  the  principal  points  which  serve, 
when  combined,  to  separate  them  from  the  latter. 

443.  Tachinus  Silplioides. 

T.  niger  convexus,  protboracis  limbo,  elytrorum  sutura,  apice  et  vitta  submarginali  ni  siugulo  positii, 

antennarum  basi  pedibusque  testaceis. 

Long.  Corp.  lin.  \\. 

Staphylinus  Silphoides,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  ii.  684  (1767). 

Tachinus  suturalis  et  marginalls,  Grav.  Col.  Micropt.  144  et  192  (1802). 

Silplioides,  Steph.  ///.  Brif.  Ent.  v.  194  (1832). 

,  Erich.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  245  (1839). 


*  In  England  it  is  of  the  greatest  rarity, — where  it  was  fii-st  discovered  by  the  Eev.  W.  Kirby,  at 
Holme,  on  the  coast  of  Norfolk,  in  1807.  Since  that  period,  the  only  recorded  instance  of  its  captm-e  is 
in  LincolushLre, — where  a  single  specimen  was  taken,  during  the  siunmer  of  1853,  by  F.  W.  Hutton,  Esq., 
at  Spridlington  near  Market  Kaisin. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  571 

Habitat  ad  vias  atque  in  vinetis  circa  urbem  Funchalensem,  passim,  ex  Europa  australi  forsan  intro- 
ductus  :  tempore  sereno  per  aerem  volitans  srepissime  legatm-. 

T.  short,  convex,  sliiuing,  and  black.  Prothorax  rather  wider  than  the  base  of  the  elytra ;  its  sides 
broadly,  and  the  anterior  and  posterior  margins  narrowly  testaceous.  Elytra  glabrous,  with  an 
elongated  submargiual  streak  (very  often  almost,  and  occasionally  entirely,  obsolete),  the  suture, 
and  extremity,  testaceous.  Abdomen  sparingly  clothed  with  very  long  setee,  and  with  its  apex 
slightly  diluted  in  colouring.  Antenme  at  base,  and  the  legs,  testaceous ;  the  former  at  apex 
brownish. 

An  abiindant  insect  throughout  Europe  and  in  Algeria ;  and  recorded,  by  Erich- 
son,  even  from  North  America.  It  is  by  no  means  common  in  Madeira,  where 
it  has  very  probably  been  accidentally  introduced, — occurring,  in  the  dung  of 
cattle,  prmcipally  about  vineyards  and  by  the  road-sides  near  Funchal.  On  warm, 
still  evenings  it  may  very  often  be  captm-ed  on  the  wing, — under  which  circum- 
stances I  have  frequently  observed  it,  during  the  winter  months,  in  the  garden  of 
the  Quinta  d'Ambrosio. 


Genus  195.  TRICHOPHYA.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  6.) 

Mannerheim,  Brachel.  73  (1831). 

Corpus  parvum,  lineare,  depressiusculum,  valde  pubescens,  subopacum,  (a  Tachyporinis  notis  plurimis 
recedens  et  genera  Aleocharorum  prima,  ut  bene  observavit  cl.  Erichson,  potius  revocans) :  capite 
subporrecto  triaugulari;  oculis  prominulis :  prothorace  brevi  transverso  marginato,  antice  et 
postice  seque  angustato :  elytris  ad  angulum  exteriorem  posticum  integris  (baud  truncatis  ut  in 
Habrocero)  :  alls  amplis :  abdomine  marginato  subparallelo.  Antenna  (XIII.  6  a)  ut  in  Habro- 
cero,  sed  articulus  ultimus  longior  elongato-oblongus  et  vix  inflatus.  Labrum  (XIII.  6  b)  et 
mandibulce  (XIII.  6  c)  fere  ut  in  Habrocero.  Maxilla  (XIII.  6  d)  bilobfe,  lobis  hnearibus  elon- 
gatis  angustis;  externa  apice  barbate;  interna  huic  vix  breviore,  intus  pube  ciliato.  Palpi 
maxillares  elongati  filiformes,  articulo  primo  minuto,  reliquis  longitudine  subaequalibus  (ultimo 
elongato-ovato  apice  acuminato) :  labiates  (XIII.  6  e)  breves  et  (nisi  fallor)  triarticulati*,  articulis 
primo  et  secundo  sat  validis,  ultimo  graeillimo  subulate.  Mentum  trans versum.  Ligula  brevis 
angusta ;  paraglossis  distinctis  obtusis,  ligula  brevioribus.  Pedes  mediocres,  sat  robusti :  tibiis 
pubescentibus  (baud  spinulosis) ;  anticis  apicem  versus  leviter  dilatatis :  tarsis  5-articulatis ; 
anticis  (XIII.  6/),  prsesertim  in  maribus,  dilatatis ;  posterioribus,  sed  praesertim  posticis  (XIII.  6  g), 
articulo  primo  longiusculo. 

It  is  with  great  pleasure  that  I  am  enabled  to  add  a  second,  and  very  distinct, 
species  to  the  present  genus, — which,  like  Sahrocerns,  has  hitherto  possessed  but 
a  single  representative.  A  glance  at  the  above  diagnosis  will  show  in  how  many 
particulars  Tricho])hy(t  recedes  from  the  subfamily  into  which  it  is  admitted, — its 

*  According  to  Erichson,  the  labiaJ  palpi  of  the  present  genus  are  composed  of  but  two  articulations. 
This  may  possibly  be  the  case  with  the  European  T.  pilicornis ;  but  the  Madeiran  representative  (which 
is,  nevertheless,  an  vmdoubted  TrichopTiyd)  does  certainly  appear  to  have  three. 

Id  2 


572  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

comparatively  opake,  parallel,  flattened  and  pubescent  body,  in  conjunction  mth 
its  short  and  margined  prothorax  (whicb  is  not  narrowed  in  front,  as  in  the  neigh- 
boui-ing  forms),  its  subporrected  head,  and  its  unspined  legs,  far  rather  calling  to 
mind,  at  fii-st  sight,  some  of  the  early  modifications  of  the  Aleocho rides.  Never- 
theless, as  remarked  by  Erichson,  it  cannot  be  located  amongst  those  groups,  since 
its  antennae  are  inserted  beneath  the  margin  of  its  forehead,  the  terminal  joint  of 
its  maxillary  palpi  is  large  (and  not  subulate),  and  its  anterior  feet  are  dilated, — 
in  all  of  which  it  retains  the  primary  characteristics  of  the  Tochyporkles.  The  fact 
is,  it  would  seem  in  certain  respects  to  be  in  either  of  these  departments  equally 
misplaced ;  but  if  we  look,  however,  at  its  points  of  agreement  with  each  of  them, 
Ave  shall  perceive  that  its  most  important  featiu-es  are  those  which  it  exhibits  in 
common  with  the  Tachyporides, — a  position  which  is  rendered  the  more  plausible 
from  its  antennae  being  of  similar  structure  with  those  of  Hahrocerus  (a  typical 
member  of  that  division) .  In  its  mode  of  life  it  is  almost  coincident  -with  Habro- 
cerus, — occurring  imder  logs  of  wood,  and  putrescent  vegetable  substances,  in 
damp  sylvan  spots. 

444.  Trichophya  Huttoni,  MW.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  6.) 
T.  atra  subdepressa  pubescens  vix  nitida  punctulata,  prothorace  transverso  insequali,  antcnnis  podi- 

busque  (tarsis  pallidioribus  exceptis)  fusco-piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  IJ. 

Habitat  in  Madera  boreali  sylvatica,  rarissime ;  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850, 

scmel  tantum  detecta. 
Insectum  valde  indigenum,  et  in  bonorcm  iiepotis  mei  Frederici  W.  Huttoni,   Coleopterorum  Lin- 

colniensium  scrutatoris  oculatissimi,  citatum. 

T.  lincar-clougatc  and  somewhat  depressed,  deep  black,  distinctly  and  rather  closely  punctulated,  very 
slightly  shining,  and  exceedingly  pubescent.  Prothorax  short  and  transverse;  a  little  raised 
and  uneven  on  the  disk ;  and  regularly  rounded  at  the  sides, — being  widest  about  the  middle, 
where  it  is  of  the  same  breadth  as  the  base  of  the  elytra.  Abdomen  linear,  though  suddenly 
acuminated  at  its  apex,  where  it  is  somewhat  diluted  in  colouring.  Anteiinee  and  leffs  (except  the 
tarsi,  which  are  paler)  more  or  less  fuscescent,  or  pale  brownish-piceous. 

Apparently  of  the  greatest  rarity, — the  only  specimen  which  has  hitherto  come 
beneath  my  notice  having  been  captured  by  myself,  adhering  to  the  under  side  of 
a  moist  log  of  wood,  in  the  remote  forest  district  of  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros 
(during  my  encampment  there  in  July  1850).  It  may  be  known  from  the  Euro- 
pean T.  pilicornis  (apart  from  minor  differences)  by  being  larger,  more  parallel,  of 
a  much  deeper  black,  and  by  its  pubescence  being  altogether  free  from  the 
yellowish  tinge  which  is  there  so  conspicuous.  I  have  dedicated  the  species  to  my 
nephew,  E.  AV.  Hutton,  Esq.,  whose  unusual  success  in  the  captm'c  of  British 
insects  has  recently  added  many  novelties  to  my  collection. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  573 

Genus  196.  MYCETOPORUS. 

Mamierlieim,  Brachel.  62  (1831). 

Corpus  parvum,  angusto-fusiforme,  antice  et  postice  deorsum  cui-vatum  :  capite  prothoraceqae  politis- 
simis ;  illo  subacuminato  detlexo ;  hoc  postice  lato,  elytris  arete  applicato,  punctis  quatiior  (mar- 
gine  anteriori  magis  minusve  approximatis)  transversim  impresso :  elytris  punctorum  seriebus 
tribus  (una  sc.  suturali,  secunda  dorsali,  et  tertia  marginali)  longitudinaliter  impressis,  ad 
angulum  exteriorem  posticum  oblique  subtruncatis  :  alis  amplis  :  ahdomine  marginato,  apicem 
versus  plerumque  valde  attenuate,  deorsum  curvato.  Antenna  sub  frontis  margine  insertse,  capite 
prothoraceque  modo  vix  longiores,  modo  (ut  in  specie  nostr^)  lis  longitudine  vix  sequales ;  apiceui 
versus,  priesertim  in  maribus,  plus  minusve  incrassatae.  Instrumenta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  Tacbino, 
sed  maxillarum  lobus  exterrius  curvatus,  minus  obtusus ;  palporum  articulus  uttimus  minutus  tenuis 
subulatus  {maxillarium  tertius  clavatus) ;  et  liffu/a  multo  angustior,  apice  rotundata  Integra. 
Pedes  robusti;  coxis  intermediis  valde  approximatis:  tibiis  omnibus  spinulosis:  tarsis  5-articu- 
latis  simplicibus ;  anticis  crassiusculis ;  posterioribm  elongatis,  articulo  primo  longiusculo. 

MtjcetopovKS  {= Ischnosoma  of  Stephens,  a.d.  1832)  may  be  readily  known  by 
its  narrow  fusiform  body,  which  has  not  only  its  head  but  even  the  abdomen  con- 
siderably curved  downwards,  and  by  the  imjoressed  points  on  its  prothorax  and 
elytra, — the  former  of  which  has  always  four,  arranged  transversely,  behind  the 
anterior  edge  (in  addition  to  others,  elsewhere  distrilDuted,  characteristic  of  the 
several  species) ;  whilst  on  the  latter  there  are  usually  three  longitudinal  series 
(sutural,  discal,  and  lateral),  more  or  less  developed.  It  is  a  good  deal  allied,  in 
general  structure,  to  the  genus  Bolltohius  (which,  apparently,  however  does  not 
occvu-  in  the  Madeira  Islands) ;  but  the  entire  front  margin  of  its  ligula,  in  con- 
junction with  the  slender,  subulated  terminal  joint  of  its  palpi,  wiU,  of  themselves, 
at  once  distinguish  it  from  that  group. 

445.  Mycetoporus  pronus. 
M,  rufo-testaceus  nitidus,  pectore  abdomineque  (ano  plus  minusve  ferrugineo  excepto)  nigricantibus, 
protborace  punctis  lateralibus  nullis  impresso  et  serie  apicali  a  margine  anteriore  remota,  antennis 
apicem  versus  infuscatis,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Var.  /3.  minor,  antennis  plerumque  pallidioribus. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  If  [status  tyjncus) ;  et  1-1|  [var.  /3). 

Mycetoporus  pronus,  Erich.  Kiif.  der  Marie  Brand,  i.  41-1  (1839). 
_ ,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  285  (1839). 

Habitat  per  jMaderse  partem  sylvaticam,  sub  cortice  arborum  laxo  foliisque  dejectis,  sestate  rarior. 

M.  slender  and  fusiform,  being  much  acuminated  both  before  and  behind  (though  especially  the 
latter),  shining,  and  clear  rufo-testaceous.  Head  and  joroMoraa^  very  highly  polished ;  the  former 
small,  narrow,  and  rather  acuminated ;  the  latter  as  broad  behind  as  the  base  of  the  elytra,  and 
attenuated  in  front,  without  any  punctures  on  the  disk  and  sides,  and  with  the  four  transverse 
ones  remote  from  the  anterior  margin.  Elytra  rather  less  shining  than  the  head  and  prothora.x, 
and  with  the  three  longitudinal  rows  of  punctures  (especially  the  discal  one)  distinct ;  sometimes 


574  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

a  little  dusky  about  the  region  of  the  scutellum,  and  posteriorly.  Abdomen  punctured  and 
pubescent,  black  at  the  base ;  its  apex,  and  generally  (though  not  always)  the  hinder  margins  of 
the  other  segments,  more  or  less  ferruginous.  Antenna  short  and  robust,  very  much  thickened 
towards  their  extremities  (where,  in  the  larger  specimens,  they  are  infuscated).  Legs  testaceous. 
Var.  /3.  smaller,  and  with  the  antennae  usually  a  little  paler. 

There  are,  apparently,  two  distinct  states  of  the  present  Ilycetoporus, — one  large 
(which  I  assume  to  be  typical),  and  the  other  small.  This  disparity  of  iRilk,  more- 
over, does  not  seem  to  be  in  any  way  a  sexiial  character  :  nevertheless,  even  though 
I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  intermediate  links  to  connect  the  extremes,  I  am 
persuaded  that  the  two  arc  specifically  identical, — since,  vnih.  the  exception  of  the 
size,  and  the  slightly  paler  antenna?  of  the  smaller  variety,  there  does  not  appear 
to  be  any  difference  between  them.  I  have  no  hesitation  also  in  referring  them  to 
the  M.  promts  of  Erichson,  since  they  possess  the  exact  peculiarities  of  the  pro- 
thoracic  punctures,  and  the  short  incrassated  antenna?,  so  characteristic  of  that 
insect,  and  agree  likewise  fldth  a  typical  example  lately  communicated  by  M.  Dohrn 
from  Germany, — the  somewhat  more  pallid  hue  of  the  Madeiran  specimens  being 
of  tri^■ial  importance,  and  in  all  prol)ability  the  mere  residt  of  local  circumstances 
or  of  latitude.  It  occm-s  in  several  parts  of  central  and  sub-boreal  Eiu'ope  ;  but 
in  Madeira  is  exceedingly  rare,  where  it  is  confined  to  sylvan  spots  of  a  lofty 
elevation.  I  have  captured  it  from  l^eneath  moist  decaying  bark  at  the  Feijaa  de 
Corte,  the  Cruzinhas,  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  and  the  Fanal. 


(Subf.  3.  STAPHYLINIDES.) 

Genus  197.  OTHIUS. 
(Leach)  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  253  (1832). 

Corpus  sat  magnum,  elongato-lineare :  capite  magno  elongato-subovato,   ad  basin  facile  trancato ; 

oculis  rotundatis   parvis   (in   spccicbus  Maderensibus  minutissimis)  :  prothorace   oblongo,    basi 

leviter  rotundato,  apice  subtruncato,  sa;pius  utrinque  (inter  dorsum  et  latus)  punctis  pei-paucis 

(plus  minusve  remotis)   longitudinaliter  impresso :    elytris  punctulatis  sutura  integerrima,  (in 

nostris)  brevissimis  conjuiictim  subcmarginato-truncatis :  alis  (in  speciebus  typicis  amplis,  scd  in 

JIadereusibus)    omniiio   obsolctis :    abdomine  hncari    marginato.     Antenna   in  frontis  margine 

anteriore  (ab  oculis  totidem  atque   inter  se  distantes)  insertfe,  breviusculfe,  rectK,  fihformes, 

articulo  primo  elongato,  secundo  tertioque  obconicis  (illo  breviorc),  ultimo  subacuminato-ovato. 

Labrum  profunde  bilobum  et  }>ilis  longissimis   munitum.     Mandibula  validre,  iutus  in  medio 

ol)tuse  dentata;  et  basin  versus   lacinia  menibranacca  liberri  dense  ciliatil  instructae.     Maxilla 

bilobae :    lobo  externa  brevi    corneo   subcylindrico,   apice    inflexo   membranacco   valde  barbato : 

interna  ampliore  sed  multo  breviore,  membranacco,  intus  dense  pubescente.     Palpi  maxillares 

aiticulo  primo  minuto,  sccundo  et  tertio  longitudinc  suba?qualibus,  ultimo  minore  fere  subulato : 

labiates  articulis  longitudinc  subfcqualibus,  ultimo  apice  subacuminato.     Mentum  transvcrsuui, 

apice  late  emarginatum.     Liyula  elongate,  apice  rotundata  integra  tenuissimc  membranacea; 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  575 

paragJnssis  elongatis  linearibus  divergentibuSj  interne  ciliatis.  Pedes  breviusculi  robusti ;  coxis 
intermediis  contiguis  :  tibiis  spinulosis :  tarsis  5-articulatis  [anticis  dilatatis,  subtus  spongioso- 
tomentosis) ;  posterioribus  subelongatis,  articulo  primo  vix  longiusculo. 

Othiiis  and  XanthoUniis  are,  in  many  respects,  closely  allied;  nevertheless  the 
greater  bulk  and  broader  outline  of  the  former,  in  conjunction  with  its  larger 
head  (which  is  not  so  suddenly  truncated  behind,  and  is  destitute  of  frontal 
grooves),  its  straightened  antennce,  unimbricated  elytral  suture,  and  its  dilated 
anterior  feet,  will  at  once  serve  to  distinguish  it  from  the  latter.  In  the  details  of 
theu'trophi  the  two  genera  are  almost  coincident,  except  that  the  terminal  joint  of 
the  maxillary  palpi  of  Otliius  is  somewhat  shorter  and  more  subulated  than  is  the 
case  in  XcmtholiHus.  The  Madeiran  Othii,  however,  are  not  altogether  normal 
representatives  of  their  group, — their  eyes  being  excessively  small,  theii"  elytra 
rather  more  abbreviated  than  in  the  ordinary  species,  and  their  wings  being 
entirely  obsolete.  Nevertheless,  since  they  retain  every  essential  character  of 
Othiiis,  it  is  impossible  to  regard  the  above  peciiliarities  as  of  more  than  sectional 
importance, — though  at  the  same  time,  when  viewed  geographically,  they  are 
extremely  interesting.  The  insects  occur,  for  the  most  part,  beneath  the  loose 
decaying  bark  of  trees,  or  under  stones  and  fallen  leaves,  in  damp  spots. 


446.  Otliius  strigulosus,  Woll 
O.  niger  subnitidus,  capite  prothoraceque  subtilissime  trausversim  strigulosis  (illo  magno),  elytris 

piceis,  antenuis  pedibusque  ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  5|— 6|. 

Habitat  IMaderam  sylvaticam,  sub  lapidibus  foliisque  arborum  dejectis,  praesertim  ad  basin  rupiuni 
abruptorum,  toto  anno  non  infrequeus. 

O.  black,  and  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prothoraa;  (the  former  of  which  is  large)  minutely  punctu- 
lated,  and  most  delicately  and  closely  transversely-strigulose,  all  over ;  both  of  them  with  larger 
punctures  towards  the  sides  (those  on  the  foroier  being  much  the  most  numerous).  Elytra  very 
short,  and  conjointly  arched  out  behind;  most  delicately  shagreened  (or  subgranulate),  and  with 
distant  (though  distinct,  and  somewhat  obliquely-impinged)  punctures  intermixed ;  piceous,  or 
rufo-piceous.  Abdomen  parallel  at  the  base;  and  with  its  apex,  and  occasionally  the  lateral 
margins,  slightly  diluted  in  colouring.  Antennae  ferruginous, — all  the  joints  except  the  lii-st  two 
having  a  dusky  ring  (more  or  less  apparent)  round  their  centre.  Legs  ferruginous ;  with  the 
tibia,  especially  at  their  apex,  slightly  infuscated. 

A  large  and  well-marked  Oth'ms,  its  greatly  developed  head,  in  conjunction  with 
its  finely  punctulated  and  minutely  strigixlose  surface,  giving  it  a  character  which 
it  is  impossible,  even  prima  facie,  to  mistake.  It  is  apparently  rare,  being  confined 
to  damp  sylvan  spots  of  intermediate  elevations, — occiu-ring  principally  at  the 
roots  of  grass,  and  amongst  fallen  leaves,  at  the  base  of  the  perpendicular  rocks  in 


576  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

the  deep  and  moist  ravines.  In  sueli  positions  I  have  captured  it,  during  the 
winter  and  eaidy  spring  months,  towards  the  head  of  the  Eibeii'O  de  Santa  Luzia ; 
as  also  at  the  Ribeiro  Frio,  in  August. 

447.  Othius  Jansoni,  iT'oU. 

O,  niger  nitidus,  capite  prothoraceque  politissimis,  elytris  plus  minusve  rufo-picescentibus,  antennis 

pedibusque  pallido-ferrugineis. 
Long,  coi-p.  lin.  4-4|. 

Habitat  in  locis  similibus  ac  praecedens,  byeme  nisi  fallor  pi-fcdominans. 

Uom".  E.  W.  Jansono,  Soc.  Ent.  Londinensis  curatori  necnon  Staphylinorum  investigatori  felicissimo, 
hunc  Othium  certe  novum  tribui. 

O.  smaller  and  rather  narrower  than  the  O.  strigulosus,  black,  and  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  very 
highly  polished,  and  without  any  appearance  (except  under  a  high  microscopic  power)  of  the 
minute  punctures  and  the  transversely-strigulose  sculpture  which  are  so  evident  in  that  species ; 
but  with  about  the  same  arrangement  of  larger  impressions  towards  their  sides  (those,  however,  on 
the  head  being  perhaps  rather  less  numerous).  Elytra  as  in  that  insect,  but  more  coarsely  punc- 
tured, and  with  no  appearance  of  under-granules ;  also  usually  somewhat  more  rufescent, — 
especially  at  the  lateral  edges  (which  are  more  evidently  pilose)  and  apex.  Abdomen  a  little 
constricted  at  the  base ;  and  with  its  apex,  and  occasionally  the  lateral  margins,  slightly  diluted 
in  colouring.     Anteiin<e  and  legs  pale  ferruginous ;  with  the  tibia  more  or  less  infuscated. 

Found,  usually,  under  the  same  circumstances  as  the  last  species,  and  possessing 
about  an  equal  range.  I  have  captured  it  more  abundantly  in  the  Eibeu-o  de 
Santa  Luzia  than  elsewhere,  and  i^rincipally  diu-ing  the  Avinter  months.  It  has 
been  also  communicated  to  me  by  M.  Rousset  from  the  Pico  d'Arribentao,  above 
Funchal.  I  have  dedicated  the  species  to  E.  W.  Janson,  Esq.,  Cm-ator  to  the 
Entomological  Society  of  London,  whose  well-known  attention  to  Brachelytrous 
insects  has  aided  so  much  in  the  elucidation  of  British  forms. 

Genus  198.  XANTHOLINUS. 

(Dalil)  Enci/chp.  Method,  x.  475  (1825). 

Cm-piis  mediocre,  elongato-lineare,  angustatum,  depressiusculum  :  capite  oblongo  ad  basin  subito 
truncato,  antice  sulculis  quatuor  abbreviatis  imprcsso ;  nculis  rotundatis  parvis  :  prothorace  ut  in 
Othio,  sed  punctorum  seriubus  quatuor  plerumque  notato,  et  basin  versus  subangustiorc  :  elytris 
ssepius  subseriatim  punctatis,  suturfi  imbricata  :  alis  amplis  :  abdomine  lineari  marginato.  An- 
tenna in  frontis  margine  anteriore  (plerumque  ab  oculis  magis  quam  inter  se  distantcs)  inserta;, 
breves,  geniculata;,  apicem  versus  vis  scnsim  incrassatsc,  articulo  \mmo  elongato,  secundo  tertioque 
leviter  obconicis  (illo  vl\  breviore),  rcliquis  brevibus  (ultimo  subovato  basi  truncato).  Instru- 
menta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  Othio,  sed  palporum  maxillarium  articultis  ultimns  paulo  longior  conicus. 
Pedes  breves  robusti ;  coxis  intcrmcdiis  distantibus ;  pnstici  anterioribus  debiliorcs  :  tibiis  spinu- 
losis :  tarsis  5-articulatis  simplicibus ;  intermediis  paulo  longioribus ;  omnibus  articulis  primo  et 
secundo  subaqualibus. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  577 

As  already  stated,  the  XanthoUni  may  be  known  from  the  Othii  by  their  dimi- 
nished bulk  and  narrower  bodies  (which  have  the  head  much  smaller,  more 
straightly  truncated  at  its  base,  and  with  fom'  al^breviated  grooves  in  front),  by 
then-  less  elongated  and  elbowed  antennae,  their  imbricated  elytral  suture,  and  by 
their  imdilated  anterior  feet.  They  are,  also,  for  the  most  part,  somewhat  flatter 
than  the  Othii,  theii-  prothorax  has  usually  two  series  of  impressed  points  (more  or 
less  evident  in  the  different  species)  on  either  side  of  its  disk,  the  punctures  of 
their  elytra  are  generally  subseriate,  their  antennge  are  more  approximated  at  their 
insertion,  and  theii-  two  hinder  legs  are  shorter  and  less  robust.  They  are  found 
principally  either  beneath  stones  and  leaves  in  moist  grassy  spots,  or  amongst  mud 
and  wet  moss  at  the  margins  of  streams. 

448.  Xantholinus  punctnlatus. 
X.  niger  nitidus,  capite  utrinque  dense  rugoso-punctato,  ad  basin  recte  truneato,  prothorace  puuc- 

torum  serie  lateral!  curvata  impresso,  elj-tris  subsenescentibus  versus  latera  seriatim  punctatis, 

antennis  brevibus  nigricantibus,  pedibus  rufo-piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3 1. 

Staphylinus punctulatus,  Payk.  Mon.  Staph.  Suec.  30  (1789). 

,  Fab.  Mtt.  Syst.  i.  ii.  528  (1792). 

,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  ii.  353  (1801). 

Xantholinus  punctulatus,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  328  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam  sylvatieam  sub  lapidibus,  rarior ;  in  castanetis  Sanctae  Annffi  a.d.  1850  a  meipso 
repertus. 

X.  black,  and  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  highly  polished  ;  the  former  straightly  truncated  behind, 
very  roughly  and  closely  punctured  at  the  sides  (the  punctures  being  large  and  almost  con- 
fluent), and  with  the  two  inner  frontal  sulci  deep  and  distinct ;  the  latter  vi\i]i  a  longitudinal  row 
of  (in  the  Madeiran  specimens)  about  five  or  six  punctures  on  either  side  of  its  disk,  and  with  a 
rather  larger  number  arranged  in  a  curve  towards  either  edge.  Elytra  with  a  brassy  tinge,  and 
rather  coarsely  punctured, — the  punctm-es  being  disposed  in  well-defined  rows  towards  the  lateral 
margins.  Antenna  short,  and  more  or  less  black  (especially  at  their  base).  Legs  (except  the 
tarsi,  which  are  paler)  piceous,  or  rufo-piceous. 

Both  the  present  insect  and  the  following  one  are  extremely  al)undant  tlu'ough- 
out  the  whole  of  Em'ope,  and  are  recorded  also  in  Algeria.  In  Madeu'a  the 
X.  punctnlatus  is  both  scarce  and  local ;  whilst  the  X.  linearis  is  comparatively 
common,  and  would  appear  to  occupy  a  wider  range.  The  only  spot  in  which  I 
have  hitherto  observed  the  former  is  in  the  north  of  the  island, — where,  in  the 
summer  of  1850,  I  took  it  sparingly  in  the  chestnut -woods  of  Santa  Anna. 

449.  Xantholinus  linearis. 

X.  subaenescenti-niger  nitidus,   capite   magno    subtiliter  punctato,  ad  basin  facilius  truneato,  pro- 

4  E 


578  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

thorace  punctis  latcralibus  confusis  impresso,  elytris  dilutioribus  subtiliter  puactatis,  antenuis 
pedibusque  ferrugineo-piceis. 
Variat  (immaturus)  colore  oiiuiiuo  pallidiorc,  interduin  fere  ferrugineo. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3|. 

Staphylinus  linearis,  OKv.  Ent.  iii.  42.  19  (1795). 

; — ,  Fab.  Ent.  Si/st.  Siijjpl.  180  (1798). 

,  Mshm,  Ent.  Brit.  i.  516  (1802). 

Xantholinvs  linearis,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  332  (1839). 

Habitat  in  graminosis  IVladeriE,  sub  lapidibus  truucisque  arborum  prolapsis,  vulgaris. 

X.  brassy-black  (when  immature  paler,  occasionally  almost  ferruginous),  and  shining.  Head  and 
prothorax  highly  polished;  the  former  large  and  subovate  (being  more  gradually  truncated 
behind  than  in  the  last  species),  much  more  finely  and  less  densely  punctui'ed  than  in  the 
X.pundulatus,  and  with  the  inner  frontal  sulci  shorter  and  less  dee])ly  impressed;  the  latter 
with  a  longitudinal  row  of  about  twelve  punctures  on  either  side  of  its  disk,  but  with  the  lateral 
ones  disposed  irregularly  (and  not  arranged  in  a  curve).  Elytra  diluted  in  coloui'ing,  rather 
more  finely  punctured  than  in  the  last  species, — the  punctures  moreover  having  scarcely  any 
tendency  to  be  dis])oscd  in  rows.  Antenna'  a  trifle  longer  than  those  of  that  insect ;  piceous  at 
their  base,  but  fuscescent  or  ferruginous  towards  their  apex.    Leys  more  or  less  piceo-ferruginous. 

Common  throughout  the  whole  of  Madeii'a,  though  princijially  at  intermediate 
altitudes.  In  the  Riheiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  the  Curval  das  Romeu'as,  and  in  most  of 
the  ravines  about  Punchal,  it  may  be  found  (beneath  stones  in  grassy  spots)  during 
the  winter  months  :  and  I  have  likewise  captiu-ed  it,  dui'ing  the  summer,  at  the 
llibeii'o  Frio  and  in  the  lofty  uplands  of  the  Fanal. 

Genus  199.  STAPHYLINUS. 
Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  (edit,  s.)  421  (1758). 

Corpus  magnum,  elongato-lineare  :  capite  nonnuuquam  (in  maribus  |)ra;sertim)  magno  suborbiculato- 
quadrato,  ad  basin  plerumque  subito  truncato ;  oculis  oblongis :  prothorace  basi  rotundato,  apice 
truncate  :  alis  amplis :  abdomine  lineari  marginato.  Antenna  in  frontis  margine  anteriore  (pone 
mandibularum  basin)  inscrta;,  breviuscuhe,  reetpe,  apieem  vci-sus  plus  minusve  (in  specie  nostrA 
distinctc)  iucrassata;,  articulo  primo  leviter  elongato.  Instrumenta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  Othio,  sed 
mandibulcE  in  medio  sjepissime  fortius  dentatse  necnon  in  maribus  plerumque  elongata; ;  maxillarum 
lobus  extemits  longior  et  rectior;  palpi  maxillares  filiformes;  et  liyula  apice  sinuata.  Pedes 
robusti ;  coxis  intermediis  magis  minusve  distantibus :  tibiis  spinulosis :  tarsis  5-articulatis 
(anticis  pra;sertim  in  maribus  plerumque  dilatatis,  subtus  spougioso-tomeutosis) ;  posterioribits 
subelongatis  filiformibus,  articulo  primo  longiusculo. 

The  present  immense  genus,  103  members  of  which  are  described  iu  Erichson's 
Oenera  et  Species  Staphi/Unornm,  has  apparently  but  a  single  exponent  in  the 
Madcu-a  Islands, — namely  the  common  aS*.  maxillostis  of  Linnaeus,  so  abundant 
throughout  Eui'opc,  Algeria,  and  in  the  Canai'ian  group.     And  hence,  receding  as 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 


579 


it  does,  both  in  general  aspect  and  magnitude,  from  every  otlier  member  of  the 
Bracheh/tra  with  which  we  have  here  to  do,  it  is  needless  to  undertake  the  some- 
what thankless  task  of  detailing  the  points  of  peculiarity  on  which  an  assemblage 
thus  extensive,  and  which  contains  individuals  in  many  respects  so  dissimilar,  is 
made  to  rest.  Suffice  it  therefore  to  remark,  that  the  comparatively  large  bulk  of 
the  insects  which  compose  it,  added  to  their  ungeniculated  antennae,  the  elongated 
outer  lobe  of  their  maxillfe,  the  unflattened,  fiUform  structure  of  their  four  hinder 
feet,  and  then'  more  or  less  Necrophagous  halnts,  are  amongst  the  main  distinctive 
features  which  serve,  when  combined,  to  characterize  it. 


450.  Staphylinus  maxillosus. 
S.  ater  nitidus,  elytris  nigro-tomentosis  fascia  magnS,  communi  transversa  cinereo-pubescenti  ornatis, 
abdomine  pube  nigra  cinereaque  variegato,  subtus  in  segmentis  quatuor  vel  quinque  cinereo- 
pubescenti,  pectore  nigro-tomentoso. 
Mas,  capite  magno  (prothorace  latiore),  mandibulis  elongatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  7-10. 

Staphylinus  maxillosus,  Linn.  Si/st.  Nat.  (edit,  x.)  421  (1758). 

,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  ii.  521  (1792). 

CreopJiilus  maxillosus,  Stepb.  III.  Brit.  Unt.  v.  202  (1832). 
Staphylinus  maxillosus,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  318  (1839). 

Habitat  in  Madera  Portuque  Sancto,  prtesertim  per  Oram  maritimam,  toto  anno  frequens. 

S.  large,  deep  black,  and  slightly  shining.  Head  ani  prothorax  highly  poHshed ;  the  former  minutely 
punctured  before  and  at  the  sides,  especially  in  the  females ;  the  latter  with  the  hinder  angles 
much  rounded  off.  Elytra  variegated  with  black  and  cinereous  pile, — the  former  preponderating 
at  the  base,  and  at  the  four  hinder  angles ;  whilst  the  latter  constitutes  a  broad  postmedial  fascia 
(common  to  both,  and  more  or  less  interrupted  or  distinct)  intersected  on  either  disk  with  a  lon- 
gitudinal series  of  black  punctures  (or  small  rounded  fovese).  Abdomen  variegated  with  black 
and  cinereous  pubescence  above ;  and  below  with  the  four  basal  segments,  and  often  a  part  of  the 
fifth,  densely  clothed  with  cinereous  pile.  Breast  beset  with  long  and  black  pubescence.  Antenna' 
short,  robust,  and  distinctly  subclavated ;  more  or  less  piceous. 
Male,  with  the  head  much  larger,  and  quadrate  (being  perceptibly  broader  than  the  prothorax) ; 
and  with  the  mandibles  greatly  elongated. 

Tolerably  common  iii  the  vicinity  of  Eunchal,  especially  towards  the  sea-beach, 
— where  it  occui's  beneath  animal  and  vegetable  rejectamenta,  at  times  in  con- 
siderable profusion.  In  such  positions  it  has  been  taken  by  M.  Rousset,  in  com- 
pany with  the  Saprimis  nitiduliis.  In  gardens  and  vineyards  also,  of  a  slightly 
higher  elevation,  it  may  be  occasionally  captured,  particularly  upon  the  wing. 
In  Porto  Santo  I  have  likewise  observed  it,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  southern 
shore,  thovigh  less  abundantly  than  in  Madeka  proper.  It  is  universal  throughout 
Europe ;  and  is  recorded  from  the  north  of  Africa  and  the  Canary  Islands. 

4e  2 


580  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Genus  200.  PHILONTHUS. 
(Leach)  Stepb.  77Z.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  226  (1832). 

Corpus  plorumque  mediocre,  clongato-lineare :  capite  plus  minusve  ovato  (in  maribus  stepius  latiore) ; 
uculis  jjlerumque  oblongis :  prothorace  basi  rotunJato,  apice  truncate,  serie  punctorum  dorsali  (e 
punctis  tribus,  quatuor,  quinque,  sex,  vel  etiam  pluribus  composita)  utrinque  impresso,  necnon 
versus  utrumque  latus  (inter  seriem  dorsaleni  et  margineni)  paucis  notato :  alls  ssepius  amplis  : 
abdomine  lineari  margiuato  (stylis  analibus  j)lerumque  exsertis).  Antenna  in  frontis  margine 
anteriore  insertse,  rectse,  iiliformes  aut  apicem  versus  vix  incrassatae,  articulo  primo  elongato, 
secundo  tertioque  obconicis  (illo  vLx  breviore),  ultimo  ad  apicem  truncatulo  (aut  leviter  sub- 
emarginato)  ct  inferne  plus  minusve  acuminato;  Instrummta  ciharia  fere  ut  in  Othio,  sed 
maxillarum  lobus  externus  rectior ;  ct  palporum  articulus  ultimus  fusiformis.  Pedes  breviusculi ; 
coxis  intermediis  modo  approximatis  modo  distantibus  :  tibiis  plerumque  spinulosis  :  tarsis  5-arti- 
culatis  {anticis  aut  in  utroque  sexu  aut  in  masculo  solo  dilatatis,  aut  in  utroque  sexu  simplicibus) ; 
posterioribus  filifonnibus,  articulo  primo  plus  minusve  longiuscvdo. 

The  PhUontki  are  even  more  numerous  tlian  the  Staphylini, — no  less  than  150 
species  being  characterized  by  Erichson,  more  than  90  of  which  are  recorded  as 
European.  They  may  be  knowii  by  their  highly-polished  and  nearly  glabrous 
head  and  prothorax, — the  latter  of  which  has  a  row  of  pimctiu"cs  (composed  usually 
of  from  three  to  six,  though  in  some  instances  of  more)  on  cither  side  of  its  disk, 
and  a  few  irregular  ones  towards  the  sides, — by  their  straightened  antennae  (the 
terminal  joint  of  which  is  obliquely  subemarginated  at  its  apex),  by  their  filiform 
palpi,  and  by  their  entire  ligtila.  They  are  principally  stercoraceous  in  their 
hal)its,  though  found  likeAvise  beneath  the  rotting  loosely-attached  bark  of  trees, 
as  wcU  as  amongst  damp  moss  (and  even  fungi)  in  moist  and  shady  spots. 


§  I.  Prothorax  seriebus  dorsalibus  e  punctis  quatuor  compositis. 

451.  Philonthus  aeneus. 
P.  niger,  capite  prothoraceque  nigi-o-seneis    (illo  rotundato-subquadrato,  hoc  utrinque  obsoletissime 
inipresso  necnon  ad  latera  subsinuato),  elytris  vel  nigro-  vel  subviridescenti-seneis  et  dense  punc- 
tatis,  pedibus  vix  picescentibus. 
Mas,  abdominis  segmento  quinto  subtus  triangulariter  emarginato,  tarsis  anticis  fortiter  dilatatis. 
Loug.  corj).  lin.  4|-5|. 

Staphylinus  teneus,  Eossi,  Fna  Etrus.  i.  2i9  (1790). 

,  Gray.  Col.  Micropt.  17  (1802). 

,  GyU.  Ins.  Succ.  ii.  311  (1810). 

Philonthus  (Btieus,  Erich.  Qen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  437  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  stercore  bovino,  rarior  (ab  ora  Funchalensi  maritima  tamen  usque  ad  summos 
monies  ascendens). 

P.  black.     Head  and  prothorax  highly  polished,  dark  aeneous  (often  with  a  slightly  greenish  tinge). 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  581 

and  nearly  glabrous  ;  the  former  somewhat  roundish-quadrate,  with  some  large  and  coarse  punc- 
tures on  either  side  behind  the  eyes,  and  with  four  others  (arranged  transversely)  between  them ; 
the  latter  with  a  longitudinal  series  of  four  punctures  on  either  side  of  its  disk,  and  with  a  few- 
scattered  ones  between  them  and  the  edges  (which  are  a  little  sinuated), — where  also  it  is  most 
obsoletely  impressed.  Elytra  rather  more  seueous  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  and  usually 
with  a  more  perceptibly  greenish  tinge;  closely  punctulated,  and  densely  pubescent.  Leffs 
sometimes  (especially  the  tibife  and  tarsi)  slightly  piceous. 
Male,  with  the  fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen  beneath  deeply  and  triangularly  notched ;  and  with 
the  two  front  tarsi  greatly  dilated. 

An  insect  of  very  wide  geographical  range,  occurring  in  all  parts  of  Europe,  and 
beinff  recorded  from  the  confines  of  Asia  and  from  South  America.  It  appears 
to  be  rather  scarce  in  Madeh-a,  though  diffused  over  the  island  at  all  elevations. 
I  have  taken  it,  sparingly,  in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal ;  and  during  July  of  1850, 
in  the  upland  region  of  the  Fanal.  It  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  other 
Fhilonthi  with  which  we  have  here  to  do  by  its  large  size  and  more  seneous  sur- 
face, by  its  somewhat  more  quadi-ate  head,  and  by  the  subsinuated  edges  (and  the 
oblique,  though  almost  obsolete,  impression  on  either  side)  of  its  prothorax.  The 
deeply  notched  fourth  segment  moreover  of  the  abdomen  of  the  males  will  addi- 
tionally serve  to  distinguish  that  particular  sex. 

452.  Philonthus  umbratilis. 
P.  niger,  capite  subrotundato,  elytris  nigro-seneis  dense  et  subtiliter  punctulatis,  pedibus  picescenti- 
testaceis. 
Mas,  tarsis  anticis  fortiter  dilatatis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  3-3}. 

Staphylinus  timbratilis,  Grrav.  Col.  Micropt.  170  (1802). 

suhfuscus,  GyU.  Ins.  Siiec.  ii.  326  (1810). 

,  Mann.  Brachel.  29  (1831). 

Pliilontlius  umbratilis,  Erich.  Gen.  et  »^;ec.  Staph.  445  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem,  per  marginem  rivuli  cujusdam  parvi  ad  Sanctam  Annam  (in  lutum 
fodiens)  a  meipso  repertus. 

P.  deep  black.  Head  and  prothorax  highly  polished,  and  nearly  glabrous ;  the  former  roundish,  and 
with  the  same  character  of  punctuation  as  in  the  last  species  (and  which  obtains  throughout  all 
the  following  ones  except  the  P.Jiliformis),  and  with  the  2'('lpi  either  piceous  or  dull  ferruginous ; 
the  latter  with  a  longitudinal  series  of  four  punctures  down  either  side  of  its  disk,  and  with 
about  five  scattered  ones  between  them  and  the  edges  (which  are  perhaps  a  little  straighter  than 
in  any  of  the  other  species  here  described).  Elytra  generally  with  a  distinct  seneous  tinge; 
closely  and  finely  punctulated,  and  densely  pubescent.  Antenna  rather  long,  and  more  or  less 
obscurely  picescent  towards  their  base.  Legs  piceo-testaceous, — being  pale,  but  unequally 
darkened  in  parts. 
Male,  with  the  two  front  tarsi  greatly  dilated. 


582  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Likemse  an  abundant  Pinion  thus  throughout  Eiu'ope,  and  recorded  by  Erichson 
as  having  been  received  from  South  America.  It  is  decidedly  rare  in  !Madeu'a 
(where  however  it  would  appear  to  be  truly  inditjenous),  four  specimens  only 
having  hitherto  come  beneath  my  notice, — captured  by  myself,  from  amongst  wet 
mud,  at  the  edges  of  a  minute  stream  at  Santa  Anna  (in  the  north  of  the  island^, 
Avhich  finds  its  way  across  the  road  leading  from  the  Quinta  of  Senhor  Louiz 
Acciaioly  down  to  the  sea.  It  may  be  recognised  from  the  other  Madeii'an  Phi- 
loiithi  by  its  rather  broad  and  rounded  head,  more  or  less  aeneous  and  finely  punc- 
tulated  el}i:ra,  by  its  somewhat  long  and  basally-picescent  antenniie,  diluted  palpi, 
and  by  its  piceo-tcstaceous  legs. 

453.  Philonthus  sordidus. 
P.  subangustus  niger  vcl  nigro-seneus,  capite  subovato,  elytris  subviridescenti-seneis  parcius  et  pro- 

funde  punctatis,  pedibus  piceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  3. 

Staph ijlinus  sordidus,  Grav.  Col.  Micropt.  176  (1802). 

,  I^ranii.  Brachel.  29  (18.31). 

Philonihus  sordidus,  Ericli.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  456  (1839). 
Sfapht/linus  soi-didus,  Zett.  Ins.  Lapp.  63  (1810). 

Habitat  propc  urbcm  Maderse  Funchaleusem,  in  stercorc  bovino,  sat  vulgaris ;  nccnon  iu  ins.  Deserts; 
Grandis  parce  obscrvavi. 

P.  rather  narrow,  and  black.  Head  and  prothorax  almost  as  in  the  last  species,  except  that  they  are 
perhaps  even  more  highly  polished  still,  and  generally  with  an  obscure  sencous  tinge;  and  that 
the  former  is  less  rounded  (being  subovate),  and  has  the  four  punctures  between  its  eyes  almost 
equally  distant  from  each  other, — instead  of  the  two  inner  ones  being  wide  apart.  Elytra  a  little 
shorter  in  proportion  than  those  of  the  P.  unihratilis,  as  also  rather  more  shining  and  of  a  more 
evidently  greenish-reneous  tinge  ;  more  decj)ly  and  less  closely  punctured  than  in  any  of  the 
other  species  here  described.  Antenna  a  little  shorter  and  less  robust  than  those  of  the  P.  um- 
bratilis,  and  usually  entirely  blaek.     Legs  piceous. 

Rather  common  near  Funchal,  in  the  dung  of  cattle,  during  the  autumnal  and 
winter  months, — princi})ally  below  the  elevation  of  about  2000  feet.  I  have  taken 
it  on  the  grassy  slopes  towards  the  Cabo  Gerajao,  or  Brazen  Head,  more  abimdantly 
than  elsewhere.  Like  the  previous  two  species,  it  is  universal  throughout  Europe, 
and  may  perhaps  have  been  introduced  into  these  islands  from  more  northern 
latitudes.  If  such  be  the  case,  however,  it  has  at  any  rate  completely  established 
itself,  since  in  INIay  of  1850  I  detected  it  even  on  the  Dezerta  Grande.  Apart  from 
other  characters,  the  deep  and  comparatively  remote  punctuation  of  its  elytra,  in 
conjunction  ^\\W\  its  extremely  glossy  sm-face  and  the  nearly  equally  distant 
punctures  across  its  (subovate)  head,  w\\\  readily  distinguish  it  from  its  IVIa- 
deiran  allies. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  583 

§  II.  Prothorax  seriebus  dorsalibus  e  punctis  quinque  compositis. 

454.  Philonthus  bipustulatus. 

P.  niger,  capite  ovato,  elytro  singulo  macula  postica  sanguinea  (interdum  obsoleta)  ornato,  antennis 
pedibusque  vix  picescentibus. 
Mas,  tarsis  anticis  leviter  dilatatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3 1. 

StaphyUnus  bipustulatus,  Panz.  Fna  Germ.  27.  10  (1795). 

■ ,  Grav.  Mon.  63  (1806). 

,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suee.  ii.  339  (1810). 

PhiloutJius  bipustulatus,  Erich.  Oen.  et  Sjiec.  Staph.  468  (1839). 

Habitat  ins.  Maderse  Portusque  Sancti,  in  stercore  bovine,  ubique  vulgaris. 

P.  black.  Head  and  prothorax  highly  polished  (generally  with  a  slightly  seneous  tinge),  and  nearly 
glabrous ;  the  former  ovate ;  the  latter  a  little  narrowed  anteriorly,  and  with  a  longitudinal  series 
of  five  punctures  down  cither  side  of  its  disk,  and  with  a  few  scattered  ones  between  them  and 
the  edges.  Elytra  closely  and  rather  finely  punctulated,  and  densely  pubescent ;  each  of  them 
ornamented  with  a  bright  sanguineous  patch  (sometimes  obscured,  but  rarely  obsolete)  between 
its  centre  and  inner  apical  angle.  Antenna  and  leffs  more  or  less  obscurely  picescent. 
Male,  with  the  two  front  tarsi  slightly  dilated. 

The  five  pimctures  of  whicli  each  of  the  dorsal  prothoracic  series  is  composed 
will  at  once  distinguish  the  present  insect  and  the  folio wirg  one  from  the  other 
PMlonthi  here  described;  whUst  the  P.  hipustulatits  may  be  immediately  known 
by  the  bright  sanguineous  patch  (rarely  obsolete)  towards  the  inner  apical  angle  of 
each  of  its  elytra.  It  is  common  in  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo,  from  the  level  of 
the  shore  to  the  mountain- su m m i ts, — or  at  any  rate  to  the  highest  elevations 
accessible  to  cattle,  in  the  dung  of  which  it  occurs.  During  July  of  1850  it  was 
abundant  in  the  upland  district  of  the  Fanal ;  and  on  the  grassy  slopes  to  the 
east  of  Funchal  I  have  observed  it  in  profusion.  It  is  found  throughout  the  whole 
of  Eui'ope  and  the  north  of  Africa,  and  is  recorded  from  Asia  Minor  and  Syria. 

455.  PMlonthus  varians. 
P.  niger,  capite  ovato,  pedibus  vis  picescentibus,  coxis  anticis  testaceis. 

Mas,  tarsis  anticis  fortiter  dilatatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3^. 

StapTiyliiius  varians,  Payk.  Mon.  Staph.  Suec.  45  (1789). 
,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  ii.  524  (1792). 


opacus,  Grav.  Col.  Micropit.  26  (1802). 

PMlonthus  varians,  Erich,  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  470  (1839). 

Habitat  Maderam,  vel  in  stercore  bovino  vel  sub  lapidibus  in  humidis,  huic  inde  sat  vulgaris. 


584  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

P.  black.  Head  and  prot/iurax  as  in  the  P.  bipuslulatus,  except  that  the  former  is  perhaps  a  trifle  less 
broad  and  more  ovate,  and  the  latter  a  little  more  narrowed  anteriorly.  Elytra  as  in  that 
species,  except  that  there  is  no  appearance  of  the  bright  riifo-sanguineous  patch  which  is  there  so 
conspicuous.  Lef/s  slightly  piceseent,  with  their  two  anterior  coxa  (and  sometimes  also,  though 
less  perceptibly,  the  inner  side  of  all  the  femora)  more  or  less  testaceous. 
Male,  with  the  two  front  tarsi  considerably  dilated. 

The  Madciran  form  of  the  common  Eiu'opean  P.  canans  is  that  in  which  the 
sanguineous  {medial)  dash  on  each  of  its  el}i:ra  is  altogether  obsolete, — so  that 
there  can  be  no  fear  of  confounding  it  with  its  (otherAvise)  near  ally  the  P.  bipus- 
tulatus,  with  Avhich  it  is  often  found  in  company.  Even  the  ordinary  northern 
tj^e  however  may  be  easUy  recognised  from  that  insect,  not  only  by  the  different 
shape  and  more  central  position  of  its  el>H;ral  patch,  but  likewise  by  its  somcAvhat 
more  ovate  head  and  anteriorly-narrower  prothorax,  and  by  the  more  or  less 
testaceous  hue  of  its  two  front  coxtc.  It  possesses  a  very  wide  geographical  range, 
occurring  tkroughout  the  whole  of  Eui'ope  and  the  north  of  Africa,  and  being 
reported  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  the  West  Indian  Islands.  It  is  pretty 
generally  distributed  over  Madeira, — both  in  the  dung  of  cattle,  and  imder  stones 
and  decomposing  vegetable  refuse  at  the  edges  of  the  streams.  I  have  taken  it 
near  Funchal,  at  Santa  Anna,  and  at  the  Cruzinhas. 

§  III.  Prothoraj:  seriehus  dorsalihus  e punclis  sex  compositia. 

456.  Philonthiis  aterrimus. 
P.  angustus  niger,  capite  subquadrato-ovato,  elytris  interdum  subpicescentibus,  minus  dense  et  sat 
profunde  punctatis,  antennarum  basi  dilutiore,  pedibus  infuscato-testaceis. 
Mas,  capite  paulo  majorc,  antrorsum  subdilatato. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-3i. 

Staphylimts  aterrimus,  Grav.  Col.  ATicropt.  41  (1802). 
Cqfius  nigritulm,  Maun.  Bracliel.  32  (1831). 
Philonthus  aterrimus,  Erich.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  492  (1839). 
Staphi/lintis  aterrimus,  Zett.  Ins.  Lapp.  65  (1840). 

Habitat  Maderam  et  Portum  Sanctum,  prsesertim  sub  lapidibus  per  margincs  rivulorum  nccnon  in 
graminosis  humidiusculis,  ubique  fi-equens. 

P.  narrow,  and  black.  Head  and  prothorax  highly  polished  (with  more  or  less  of  an  fcneous  tinge), 
and  nearly  glabrous ;  the  former  subquadrate-ovate  (though  somewhat  variable  in  outline),  and 
with  the  palpi  either  rufo-piceous  or  ferruginous ;  the  latlei-  with  a  longitudinal  series  of  six 
pmicturcs  down  either  side  of  its  disk,  and  with  a  few  scattered  ones  between  them  and  the 
edges.  Elytra  very  often  diluted  in  coloviring  (being  more  or  less  piceseent) ;  rather  distinctly, 
but  not  very  closely,  punctured,  and  densely  pubescent.  Antenna  (especially  at  their  base)  more 
or  less  diluted  in  hue.  Lrt/s  pale  testaceous,  but  unequally  infuscated  in  parts. 
Male,  with  the  head  a  httle  larger,  and  somewhat  dilated  anteriorly. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  585 

The  most  abundant  of  the  FMloutlu  with  Avhich  we  have  here  to  do, — being 
universal  throughout  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo,  though  princij)ally  beneath  stones 
and  amongst  wet  vegetation  at  the  edges  of  the  waterfalls  and  streams.  I  have 
taken  it  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Punchal  (where  it  has  been  likewise  captiu-ed  by 
Professor  Heer),  in  the  north  of  the  island  (at  Sao  Vincente  and  Santa  Anna),  as 
also  at  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  and  the  Ribeiro  Prio,  It  may  be  easily  known 
by  its  small  size  and  narrow  outline,  by  the  six  punctures  of  which  each  of  its  pro- 
thoracic  dorsal  series  is  composed,  by  its  subquadi"ate  head,  frequently  diluted 
elytra,  and  by  its  pale  (though  unequally  infuscated)  legs.  It  occurs  throughout 
the  whole  of  Europe  and  in  Algeria,  and  has  been  received  from  South  America. 
In  our  own  country  it  would  appear  to  be  more  esjiecially  attached  to  the  coast, — 
under  which  circumstances  I  have  constantly  observed  it  in  great  profusion. 


§  IV.  Prothorax  {et  caput)  sat  crehre  punctatus,  lined  media  longitudinali  Icdvi :  palporum  articulus 

ultimus  magis  acuminatus. 

457.  Philonthus  filiformis,  Woll. 

P.  angiistissimus  filiformis  uiger,  capite  quadrate,  elytris  subtilissime  punctulatis  vix  dilutioribus, 

antennarum  basi  pedibusque  ferrugineis,  femoribus  infuscatis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  2. 

Habitat  in  Madera  boreali,  rarissimus  :  ad  marginem  rivuli  cujusdam  parvi  juxta  Sanctam  Annam  siti 
sestate  a.d.  1850  exemplar  unicum  cepi. 

P.  extremely  narrow  and  linear,  and  deep  black.  Head  and  prothorax  highly  polished,  and  nearly 
glabrous ;  the  former  large  and  quadrate,  coarsely  and  rather  closely  punctured  all  over  except 
quite  in  the  centre  (where  there  are  indications  of  an  unpunctured  longitudinal  line),  and  with 
the  palpi  ferruginous ;  the  latter  likewise  coarsely  punctured  except  in  the  centre  (the  medial 
space  being  broader  and  better  defined  than  on  the  head).  Elytra  rather  more  diluted,  or 
picescent,  than  the  head  and  prothorax, — especially  at  their  extreme  hinder  margin,  which  is 
slightly  pellucid ;  most  minutely  and  somewhat  obsoletely  punctulated,  but  rather  coarsely  pubes- 
cent.    Antenna  at  base,  and  the  legs,  ferruginous, — the  femora  being  a  little  infuscated. 

The  minute  size  and  very  narrow  filiform  outhne  of  the  present  insect  would  be 
alone  sufficient  to  distinguish  it  from  its  Madekan  aUies ;  but  receding  as  it  does 
in  the  entire  character  of  its  punctuation  from  the  remainder,  there  can  be  but 
little  fear  of  confounding  it  with  any  of  the  other  Fhilonthi  here  described.  At 
first  sight  indeed  it  would  almost  seem  to  belong  to  a  separate  genus ;  though  in 
reality  it  is  but  the  representative  of  another  section,  of  which  there  are  several 
members  throughout  Europe,  and  in  which  the  head  and  prothorax  are  coarsely 
punctured  all  over  except  in  the  centre,-:— where  a  medial  line  is  alone  free  from 
sculptm*e.  The  elytra,  moreover,  of  the  P.  filiformis  differ  from  those  of  the  other 
species  with  which  we  are  concerned  in  being  most  delicately  (and  almost  obsoletely) 

4  F 


586  INSECTA  MADEREXSIA. 

punctiilatcd ;  whilst  its  comparatively  quadrate  head  and  more  subulated  palpi 
AvUl  serve  additionally  to  characterize  it.  It  is  apparently  extremely  rare,  the 
only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  having  been  captured  by  myself  at  the  edges  of  a 
small  stream  at  Santa  Anna  {in  the  north  of  the  island)  dm-ing  the  summer  of  1850. 


(Subf.  4.  P^DERIDES.) 

Genus  201.  ACHENIUM. 
(Leach)  Curtis,  Srit.  Ent.  iii.  pi.  115  (1826). 

Corpus  mediocre,  elongato-lineare,  valde  depressum  :  capite  quadrato-obcordato  porrecto  exserto ; 
oculis  parvis  rotundatis  demissis :  prothorace  trapeziformi  (antice  latiore),  angidis  anticis  leviter 
exstantibus  :  alis  plerumque  amplis :  ahdumine  liueari  margiiiato,  segmento  sexto  in  maribus 
subtus  triangulariter  emarginato.  Antenna  sub  froutis  margine  insertoe,  rectse,  tiliformes  (aut 
apicem  versus  etiam  subattenuatse),  articulo  prime  lougiusculo  robusto  subcylindrico,  secundo 
breviore,  ultimo  acuminato-ovato.  Labrum  amplum,  profunde  bilobum,  lobis  divergentibus  et 
])ilis  longissimis  munitis.  Mandibula  minus  elongata;,  in  medio  fortiter  unidentatie,  apice  valde 
incurva;  acutse.  Maxilla  bilobte :  lobo  exierno  corneo,  apice  membranaceo  barbato :  interna 
membranaceo,  intus  dense  pubescente.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  et  tertio 
longitudine  subaequalibus  (hoc  apicem  versus  leviter  incrassato),  ultimo  minimo  obtuse  subulato ; 
labiates  articulis  primo  et  secundo  subcylindricis  (hoc  paulo  longiore  crassiorc),  ultimo  tenui  sub- 
ulato secundo  breviore.  Mentum  breve  transversum.  Liyula  brevis  biloba ;  paraglossis  coriaceis, 
ligulam  baud  superantibus.  Pedes  breves  robustissimi  [antid  incrassati,  femoribus  subdentatis, 
tibiis  mtus  sinuato-cxcavatis)  :  tibiis  (sed  prKsertim  pustei-ioribus)  subsetuloso-pubescentibus : 
tarsis  5-articulatis  {anticis  in  utroque  sexu  valde  dilatatis  et  subtus  tomcntosis) ;  posteriuribus 
teuuibus,  articulo  primo  brevissimo,  secundo  tertioque  longioribus,  quarto  brevi,  ultimo  his 
conjunctis  longitudine  sequali. 

The  extraordinarily  depressed  body  of  Achenium,  in  conjimction  with  its  trapezi- 
form  prothorax,  its  somewhat  squarish-obcordate  head  and  its  greatly  thickened 
legs,  will  at  once  serve  to  distinguish  it,  not  only  from  its  nearest  ally,  Latlirohium 
(with  which  in  most  of  its  details  it  is  coincident),  but  hke^vise  from  the  remainder 
of  the  Brachelytra  here  described.  The  few  species  (hitherto  detected)  which 
compose  it  arc  principally  Eiu-opeau,  and  are  more  coimnon  in  central  and  Medi- 
terranean latitudes  than  in  northern  ones.  They  are  found  generally  in  marshy 
districts ;  and  I  have  usually  observed  that  the  A.  depressum  in  our  own  country 
(which  is  very  nearly  related  to  the  Madeu-an  A.  Hartungii)  is  more  especially 
attached  to  muddy  submaritime  spots, — into  the  crevices  of  which  (produced  by 
the  heat  of  the  sun)  its  flattened  body  enables  it  to  retreat  \vith  facility,  whilst  its 
exceedingly  robust  anterior  legs,  with  then*  broadly  dilated  feet  (equally  so  in  both 
sexes),  give  it  additional  powers,  not  only  for  forcing  its  way  through  the  narrower 
clunks,  but  also  for  adhesion  in  crawling  up  their  perpendicular  sides  (a  structm'c, 
be  it  remarked,  Avliich  is  as  much  adapted  to  its  peculiar  mode  of  life  as  is  the 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  587 

depression,  albeit  to  answer  another  purpose,  which  is  more  or  less  traceable 
throughout  the  subcortical  tribes). 

458.  Achenimn  Hartimgii. 
A.  nigrum  nitidum,  capite  prothoraceque  parcius  (hoc  per  plagas)  punctatis,  elytris  rufis,  regioue 

scutellari  leviter  nigrescente,  antennis  pedibusque  rufo-ferrugineis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  vix  4. 

AcJienium  Hartungii,  Heer. 

Habitat  Maderam  australem,  rarissime :  sub  lapidibus  super  promontorium  Cabo  Gerajao  d.  25  Feb. 
A.D.  1850  detexit  el.  Os'''^  Heer,  qui  in  bouorem  Dom.  G.  Hartung,  insectorum  plantarumque 
Maderensium  scrutatoris,  in  hoc  opusculo  speciem  citare  voluit. 

A.  exceedingly  depressed,  and  deep  black.  Head  and  prothorax  highly  polished  ;  the  former  large, 
subquadrate-cordate,  and  rather  remotely  punctured ;  the  latter  with  its  punctui-es  (which  are 
nowhere  dense)  more  abundant  about  its  anterior  angles  and  sides  than  elsewhere,  and  with  a 
few  distributed  along  a  narrow  longitudinal  space  on  either  side  of  its  disk, — which  is  itself 
(together  with  a  considerable  portion  of  the  surface,  alongside  it,  behind)  perfectly  impunctate. 
Elytra  very  lightly  and  irregularly  punctulated ;  rufous,  with  their  extreme  basal  region  (about 
the  scuteUum)  more  or  less  darkened.  Antennce,  palpi  and  legs  rufo-ferruginous ;  the  last 
(especially  the  femora)  being  at  times  more  or  less  picescent. 

Closely  allied  to  the  A.  depressum,  Grav.,  of  which  I  doubt  whether  it  is  more 
than  a  geographical  variety ;  nevertheless,  since  Professor  Heer  (to  whom  we  are 
indebted  for  its  admission  into  our  present  fauna)  considers  it  to  be  distinct,  I  have 
retained  it  as  such.  After  comparing  it  carefully  however  with  a  large  series  of 
that  insect,  collected  on  the  southern  coast  of  England,  the  only  differences  which 
I  can  detect  are  the  deeper  punctures  of  its  head  and  prothorax  (the  former  of 
which  is  a  trifle  larger,  and  has  its  hinder  angles  just  perceptibly  more  rounded  and 
obtuse),  its  aknost  entirely  rufous  elytra  (the  large  triangular  darker  basal  patch 
which  is  there  so  conspicuous  being  here  but  slightly  indicated,  and  occasionally 
nearly  evanescent),  and  the  somewhat  obscurer  colom*  of  its  legs.  It  was 
discovered  by  Professor  Heer,  on  the  25th  of  February  1851,  beneath  stones  on  the 
Cabo  Gerajao,  or  Brazen  Head, 


Genus  202.  LATHEOBIUM. 

Gravenliorst,  Col.  Micropt.  179  (1802). 

Corpus  mediocre,  elongato-lineare,  subcylindricum  :  capite  subquadrato-rotundato  porrecto  exserto  ; 
omlis  sat  parvis  rotundatis  subdemissis  :  prothorace  suboblongo,  angulis  omnibus  rotundatis  : 
alis  plerumque  amplis  :  abdomine  hneari  marginato  ;  segmento  sexto  in  maiibus  subtus  triangu- 
lariter  emarginato,  in  fceminis  vel  integro  vel  apice  producto.  Antenna  sub  frontis  margine 
insertse,  rectse,  filiformes,  articulo  primo  longiusculo  robusto,  ultimo  acuminato-ovato.     Instru- 

4f  2 


588  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

menta  cibaria  fere  ut  in  Achenio,  sed  labrum  paulo  latius,  lobis  minus  elongatis ;  mandibulcB  vix 
longiorcs;  palporum  maxillarium  articulus  ultitmts  acutior;  ti  paraglussi  longiores.  Pedes  breves 
robusti  [nntici  incrassati,  fenioribus  subdcntatis,  tibiis  intus  longitudinaliter  excavatis)  :  tihiis 
pubescentibus  :  tarsis  fere  ut  in  generc  pracedente,  sed  articulo  ultimo  breviore. 

The  distinctions  between  the  members  of  the  present  genus  and  those  of  the  last 
one  have  been  ah'eady  partially  pointed  out, — their  more  cylindrical  and  filiform 
outline,  more  deeply  pimctui'cd  surface,  rounder  head  and  more  oblong  prothorax 
lieing  some  of  the  main  fcatm'cs  wliich  will  serve  prima  facie  to  characterize  them. 
The  legs,  moreover,  of  the  Latlirohia  (although  robust)  are  not  quite  so  much 
thickened  as  those  of  the  Achenia,  the  excavation  of  their  anterior  tibiae  is  less 
sinuated,  their  eyes  are  slightly  larger,  their  antennae  somewhat  shorter  (and  more 
inclined  to  be  subincrassated  towards  the  extremity),  and  the  ultimate  joint  of 
thcu-  feet  is  a  little  less  elongated.  They  are  insects  which  occur  principally 
beneath  stones,  logs  of  wood  and  decaying  vegetalde  substances,  or  amongst  moss 
and  under  the  loosely-attached  bark  of  trees,  in  damp  sj)ots. 

459.  Lathrobium  mtdtipunctatum. 
Ij.  nigriun  vcl  nigro-piceum  nitidum,  capite  prothoraceque  dense  et  profunde  punctatis,  elytris  pro- 

funde  seriatim  punctatis  apiceui  versus  rufis,  antennis  ferragineis,  pedibus  tcstaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  3-3^. 

Lafhrohium  multipunctatum,  Grav.  Col.  Micropt.  52  (1802). 

,  Gyll.  Ins.  Suec.  in.  705  (1810). 

,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  591  (1839). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Ilelo.  i.  238  (1S41). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  in  humidiusculis  Maderje,  a  1000'  usque  ad  5500'  s.  ni.  aseendens,  toto  anno 
passim. 

L.  narrow  and  somewhat  cylindrical,  either  black  or  piceous-black.  Head  and  prothorax  highly 
polished  (though,  from  being  closely  and  deeply  punctured,  appearing  less  so  than  they  really 
are);  xhn former  roundish,  and  rather  more  sparingly  punctured  upon  its  disk  than  elsewhere; 
the  latter  almost  parallel,  and  with  a  central  unpuncturcd  line.  Elytra  deeply,  very  closely,  and 
rather  roughly  seriate-punctate ;  more  or  less  bright  rufous  posteriorly,  but  gradually  darker  in 
front.     Antenna  and  palpi  ferruginous.     Legs  testaceous. 

A  common  Em'opean  Lathrobium,  and  sufiiciently  abundant  also  throughout 
Madeira, — where  however  it  is  truly  indigenous,  occurring  beneath  stones  in  moist 
spots  at  nearly  all  elevations  above  the  altitude  of  about  1000  feet.  I  have  taken 
it  at  the  Cm-ral  das  Romeu-as  dm'iug  the  autimm,  at  Sao  Vincente  and  Santa 
Anna  in  Jime,  and  in  the  upland  region  of  the  Fanal  (in  the  round  cratcr-Hkc 
basin  knoAvn  as  the  Lagoa)  diuing  July ;  but  I  have  not  hitherto  observed  it  in 
any  of  the  other  islands  of  the  group. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  589 

Genus  203.  LITHOCHARIS, 

(Dejean)  Boisd.  et  Lacord.  Faun.  Eiit.  des  Env.  cle  Paris,  i.  431  (1S35). 

CorpiLs  parvum,  elongato-lineare,  plerumque  ferrugineum  et  punctulatum :  capite  aut  quadrato  aut 
subtriangidari-quadrato,  porrecto  exserto ;  oculis  vel  parvis  vel  mediocribus,  rotundatis :  pro- 
thorace  plus  minusve  distincte  quadrangulo  :  alis  sippius  amplissimis  ;  abdomine  lineari  margmatoj 
segmento  sexto  in  maribus  subtus  triaogulariter  excise,  in  foeminis  vel  rotundato  vel  triaugiilariter 
producto.  Antenna  sub  frontis  margine  insertse,  rectse,  filiformes,  articulo  primo  longiusculo 
leviter  robusto,  ultimo  acuminato-ovato.  Labrum  latum  transversum,  apice  plerumque  biden- 
ticulatum  uecuou  inter  dentes  plus  minusve  emargiuatum.  Mandihula  in  medio  dentibus  tribus 
vel  quatuor  acutis  instructfe,  apice  valde  incurvte  acutae.  Maxilla,  palpi,  mentum  et  ligula  fere 
ut  in  genere  prsecedente.  Pedes  longiusculi  {antici  interdum  subincrassati,  femoribus  obsole- 
tissime  subdentatis) :  tibiis  pubescentibus  :  tarsis  5-articulatis  [anticis  in  maribus  seepe  leviter 
dilatatis) ;  posterioribus  articulis  quatuor  baseos  longitudine  leviter  decrescentibus. 

The  small  insects  which  constitute  the  genus  Lithocharis  may  be  knowTi  by 
their  more  or  less  ferruginous,  closely  jjunctulated  and  finely  pubescent  bodies, 
by  their  largely-develoi^ed  wings  (with  which  they  are  for  the  most  part  exceed- 
ingly active),  by  their  either  subquach-ate  or  triangular- quadrate  heads  and  squarish 
prothorax,  by  their  denticulated  upper-lip,  and  by  the  joints  of  their  four  hinder 
tarsi  (the  ultimate  one  excepted)  gradually  decreasing  in  length.  They  are  found 
either  beneath  stones  or  dead  leaves,  but  (with  a  few  exceptions, — as,  for  instance, 
the  L.  melanocepliala,  which  is  principally  attached  to  the  mountain  districts)  are 
more  frequently  perhaps  to  be  captured  on  the  wing,  especially  during  sunshine 
after  showers,  than  under  other  circumstances.  They  are  widely  distributed  over 
the  world, — the  hitherto  discovered  species  being  in  about  equal  proportions  from 
Eiu'ope  and  America. 

460.  Lithocharis  fascnla. 

L.  rufo-ferruginea  subnitida,  capite  magno  oblongo-quadrato  piceo  et  dense  ruguloso- punctate,  oculis 
minutis,  prothorace  subtilius  punctulato  postice  leviter  angustato,  elytris  interdum  bine  indc 
infuscatis,  abdomine  obscuriore,  antennis  pedibusque  pallido-ferrugineis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  lf-2. 

LitTioclmris  fuscuJa,  (Ziegler)  Boisd.  et  Lacord.  Faun.  Ent.  des  Env.  de  Paris,  i.  431  (1835). 

,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  611  (18.39). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Relv.  i.  235  (1841). 

-,  Eedt.  Fna  Aiistr.  718  (1849). 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem,  sub  foliis  arborum  dejectis,  praesertim  juxta  aquas  desilientes  et  per 
margines  rivulorura, — prope  Sanctam  Annam  et  Sanctum  Vincentium  mensibus  Maio  et  Junio 
A.D.  1850  a  meipso  detecta. 

Ii.  rufo-ferruginous,  very  slightly  shining,  and  clothed  with  a  minute  decumbent  griseous  pubescence. 
Head  large,  oblong-quadrate,  and  dark  piceous;  very  closely,  rather  coarsely  and  roughly  punc- 


590  IXSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

tured, — the  punctures  being  large,  but  not  vei-y  deep  ;  with  the  eyes  minute.  Prothorax  rather 
narrowed  behind ;  much  more  finely  (but  not  quite  so  closely)  punctured  as  the  head,  and  with  a 
central  glabrous  line  (which  is  a  little  elevated  posteriorly).  Elytra  about  as  finely  punctulated 
as  the  prothorax,  and  occasionally  a  little  darkened,  or  infuscated,  in  parts.  Abdomen  of  an 
obscurer  hue  than  the  prothorax  and  elytra.  Antenna,  palpi  and  legs  pale  ferruginous, — the 
frsf  being  a  little  obscured. 

A  very  distinct  species*,  readily  known  by  its  bright  rufo-ferruginous  hue,  by 
its  large,  subquadi-ate,  densely  and  rugosely  punctured,  and  dark-piceous  bead,  by 
its  exceedingly  small  eyes,  and  by  its  somewhat  posteriorly-narrowed  prothorax. 
It  is  a  truly  indigenous  insect  in  Madeii-a,  l)ut  apparently  extremely  rare, — and 
confined,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  to  the  north  of  the  island.  I  have 
taken  it,  dm-ing  May,  from  beneath  leaves  at  the  edges  of  a  small  stream  at  Santa 
Anna,  leading  from  the  Quinta  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly  down  to  the  sea ;  and  I 
also  captured  it,  in  a  precisely  similar  position,  on  the  20th  of  June  1850,  at  the 
sides  of  the  fii-st  large  waterfall  which  finds  its  way  across  the  beach  (from  the 
lofty  ravines  above)  on  the  coast-road  from  Sao  Yincente  to  Scisal.  It  occurs, 
though  not  very  abundantly,  throughout  central  Europe,  being  recorded  in  France, 
Germany,  Smtzerland  and  Austria ;  and  I  have  occasionally  met  with  it  in 
England. 

461.  Lithocharis  ochracea. 
Ij.  infuscato-ferruginea  subnitida,  capite  triangulari-subquadrato  nigro  dense  et  subtilissime  punctu- 

lato,  oculis  majoribus,  prothorace  subtiliter  punctulato  quadrato,  abdomine  obscuriore,  antennis 

pallido-ferrugineis,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Pmderus  ochraceus,  Grav.  Col.  Micropt.  59  (1802). 
Lithoeliaris  ochracea,  Erich.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  623  (1829). 

,  Heer.  Fna  Col.  Helv.  i.  236  (1841). 

,  Kc'dt.  Fna  Austr.  718  (1819). 

Habitat  IMaderam  australem,  rarior  :  in  hortis  prope  Funchal  duo  specimina  per  aerem  volitantia 
depreheusi. 

Ij.  brownish-ferruginous  (being  usually  more  infuscated  and  less  rufous  than  the  last  species),  slightly 
shining,  and  rather  densely  clothed  with  a  minute,  decumbent,  griseous,  and  somewhat  sericeous 
pubescence.  Head  rather  smaller  and  shorter  than  that  of  the  L.fuscula  (being  more  triangular), 
and  also  darker  (being  apparently  quite  black) ;  likewise  (although  densely)  very  much  more 
finely  punctulated  than  in  that  insect, — the  punctures  being  exceedingly  minute ;  and  with  the 


*  The  L.fuscitla  is  very  nearly  akin  to  the  L.  hrunnea  of  Erichson,  from  which  however  it  differs  in 
its  rather  smaller  and  generally  darker  head,  in  the  clearer  colour  of  its  prothorax  .ind  elytra  (the  latter 
of  which  are  longer  and  more  closely  pimetulated  than  is  the  ease  in  that  insect),  .and  in  the  somewhat 
denser  pubescence  of  its  entire  surface. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  591 

eyes  very  much  larger.  Prothorax  nearly  square  (not  being  at  all  narrowed  behind) ;  a  little 
more  evidently  punctulated  than  the  head,  and  with  very  faint  indications  of  a  subelevated  central 
line.  Elytra  about  as  finely  punctulated  as  the  prothorax.  Abdomen  of  a  rather  obscurer  hue 
than  the  prothorax  and  elytra.     Antenrue  pale  ferruginous.     Palpi  and  legs  testaceous. 

The  ratliei*  shorter,  darker,  more  triangular,  and  very  much  less  deeply  punctu- 
lated head  of  the  present  Zilthocharis,  in  conjunction  with  its  larger  eyes  and  less 
rufous  hue,  will  suffice  to  distinguish  it,  even  prima  facie,  from  the  L.fuscula, — 
to  which  in.  size  and  general  aspect  it  is  a  good  deal  allied.  Like  that  species,  it 
appears  to  be  rare  in  Madeira,  though  not  confined  to  the  northern  coast,  since 
the  only  two  indigenous  specimens  which  I  have  seen  were  captured  by  myself,  on 
the  wing,  in  the  vicinity  of  Funchal, — one  in  the  garden  of  the  Rev.  T.  Ereeman 
at  the  Quinta  d'Ambrosio  (dm-ing  the  winter  of  1848),  and  the  other  (I  believe)  at 
the  Levada.  It  is  an  insect  of  wide  geographical  range,  occurring  throughout  the 
whole  of  Europe,  and  being  reported  from  the  West  Indian  Islands  and  the  Brazils. 

462.  Lithocharis  melanocephala. 
Ij.  angusta  nigra  nitida,  capite  subrotundato-quadrato  parce  et  profunde  punctato,  prothorace  paulo 
crebrius  punctato  testaceo-rufo,  elytris  piceis,  antennis  rufo-testaceis  in  medio  fuscescentibus, 
pedibus  testaceis. 
Variat  prothorace  obscuriore  (interdum  fere  picescente). 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1|-1|. 

Fcederus  melanocephalus,  Fab.  Enf.  Si/st.  i.  ii.  538  (1792). 
Stmius  melanocephalus,  Staph.  III.  J3rit.  Ent.  v.  274  (1832). 
Lithocharis  melanocephala,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  614  (1839). 
,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Heh.  i.  235  (1841). 

Habitat  insulas  INIaderenses,  prsesertim  sub  lapidibus  foliisque  arboruni  dejectis  in  graminosis  humi- 
diuscuUs,  hiuc  inde  vulgaris :  in  Portu  Sancto  necnon  etiam  in  Deserta  Grandi  parce  observavi. 

Ij.  narrow,  black,  shining,  and  clothed  (very  sparingly  on  the  head  and  prothorax)  with  a  minute 
decumbent  griseous  pubescence.  Head  rather  smaller  and  narrower  than  in  either  of  the  previous 
species ;  remotely  but  rather  deeply  punctured ;  and  with  the  eyes  small  (though  rather  larger, 
in  proportion,  than  those  of  the  L.  fuscula) .  Prothorax  scarcely  narrowed  behind ;  rather  more 
closely  punctured  than  the  head,  and  with  a  central  glabrous  line ;  varjring  from  pale  rufous  into 
piceo-rufous  (and  sometimes  almost  piceous).  Elytra  rather  more  densely  and  finely  punctured; 
and  more  or  less  piceous.    Antennce  rufo-testaceous,  and  infuscated  in  the  centre.   Legs  testaceous. 

At  once  known  by  its  narrower  outline  and  more  shining  surface,  by  its  sparingly 
(though  deeply)  punctui-ed  head  and  prothorax  (the  latter  of  which  is  more  or  less 
rufous),  and  by  its  usually  piceous  elytra.  It  is  a  common  insect  throughout 
most  of  the  islands  of  the  Madeiran  group, — occurring  beneath  stones  both  on  the 
grassy  slopes  and  amongst  fallen  leaves  in  damp  sylvan  spots  of  intermediate 
elevations.     I  have  taken  it  abundantly  at  the  base  of  the  lofty  perpendicular 


592  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

rocks  towards  the  upper  extremity  of  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia ;  and  at  the 
Ribeiro  Frio,  Sao  Vinccnte  and  Santa  Anna :  as  also,  though  more  sparingly,  in 
Porto  Santo  and  on  the  Dezerta  Grande.  It  is  found  in  most  parts  of  Eiu'ope  and 
the  north  of  Africa,  but  seems  to  be  more  plentiful  in  the  higher  districts  than  in 
the  plains.  Thus  I  have  observed  it  in  profusion  on  the  S'wiss  xUps,  on  the 
English  and  Scotch  moorlands,  and  on  the  mountains  of  Ireland  and  "Wales. 

Genus  204.  RUGILUS. 

(Leach)  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  168  (1827). 

Corpus  sat  parvum,  elongatum  :  capite  lato  subvotundato  porrecto  exserto,  pedunculo  tcnui  brevi  pro- 
thoraci  affixo ;  oculis  mediochbus  subrotundatis  :  pruthorace  subovato  apice  attenuate,  plus 
minusvo  distincte  cariuato  :  alhi  jjlorumque  amplis  :  ahdomine  inarginato,  basin  versus  angustato, 
segmento  sexto  in  maribus  subtus  exciso,  in  foeniinis  integro  rotundato.  ^n/ennff  rectse,  filiformes 
breviusculse  crassiusculre,  articdo  priiuo  longiusculo  leviter  robusto,  ultimo  acuminato-ovato. 
Lnbrum  amplum,  limbo  laterali  rotundato  submembranaceo,  apice  bidenticulatum.  Mandihula, 
maxilla,  palpi,  mentum  et  liyula  fere  ut  in  Lithocharide,  sed  puraglossi  longiores.  Pedes  parum 
elongati :  tarsis  5-articuIatis  siraplicibus,  articulis  quatuor  baseos  (pi-sesertim  in  posterioribus) 
loneitudine  leviter  decrescentibus. 


'&' 


The  coarsely  and  closely  punctui-ed  head  and  prothorax  of  the  Riigili  (the  former 
of  which  is  wide  and  subrotundate,  whilst  the  latter  is  greatly  acuminated  in  front 
and  more  or  less,  evidently  keeled  down  the  centre),  in  conjunction  with  then- 
rather  short  and  robust  antenna,  ample  upper-lip,  somewhat  elongated  legs,  and 
simple  feet,  vdW  serve,  apart  from  minor  characters,  to  distinguish  them  from 
tlicir  immediate  allies.  They  constitute  the  genus  Sfillcus  of  Latreille  [Hegne 
Animal,  iv.  436,  a.d.  1829).  Their  habits  arc  much  the  same  as  those  of  the 
Lithocharides, — the  species  occurring  beneath  stones,  fallen  leaves,  and  decajdng 
vegetable  substances  in  damp  spots. 

463.  Rugilus  affinis. 
R.  niger,  capite  prothoraceque  creberrime  ruguloso-punctatis,  hoc  carina  media  glaberrima  notato, 

elytris  nitidis  parcius  et  subtilitcr  punctulatis  apice  testaceis,  antennis  piceo-ferrugineis,  pedibus 

testaccis,  tibiis  et  femorum  posteriorum  apice  fuscescentibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l|-2. 

StiUcus  affinis,  Erich.  Kiif.  dcr  Mark  Brand,  i.  522  (1837). 
Euffilus  affinis,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Heh:  i.  2.32  (18-11). 
Stilicm  affnis,  Eedt.  Fna  Austr.  720  (1849). 

Habitat  sub  lapidibus  foliisque  arborum  dcjectis  in  humidiusculis  Maderse,  sat  frequens. 

R.  black.     Head  and  prothorax  most  closely  and  roughly  punctured,  and  opake ;  the  former  large, 
wide,  and  nearly  round,  with  the  palpi  piccous ;  the  latter  considerably  acuminated  in  front,  and 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  593 

with  a  central  unpunctured  polished  line, — which  is  slightly  raised  into  a  keel.  Elytra  shining, 
very  finely  and  sparingly  puuetulated,  and  with  the  hinder  margin  of  each  testaceous.  Antenna 
ferruginous,  or  piceo-ferruginous,  and  rather  short.  Legs  testaceous, — with  their  tibia  and  the 
apices  of  the /owr  hinder  femora  more  or  less  infuscated. 

Rather  a  common  insect,  beneath  stones  in  clamp  spots  (particularly  near  the 
edges  of  the  streams),  in  most  parts  of  Madeu'a  at  intermediate  elevations.  I  have 
taken  it  in  the  Ribeiro  de  Santa  Luzia,  during  the  spring ;  and  (in  the  north  of 
the  island)  at  Santa  Anna  and  the  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros,  in  June  and  July.  It 
occurs  throu.ghout  the  greater  portion  of  central  Europe,  being  recorded  in  Ger- 
manv,  France,  Switzerland  and  Austria. 


Genus  205.  SUNIUS. 

(Leach)  Steph.  lU.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  274  (1832). 

Corpus  parviim,  elongato-linearc  vel  elongatum,  fere  opacum  et  dense  punctatum :  capite  magno,  plus 
minusve  oblongo,  ad  basin  truncate;  oculis\e\  parvis  vel  mediocribus,  subrotundatis  :  prothorace 
subovato :  alis  plerumque  sat  amplis :  abdomine  marginato,  lineari  vel  basin  versus  leviter 
angustato ;  segmento  sexto  in  maribus  subtus  triangulariter  inciso,  in  foeminis  integro  rotundato. 
Antenna  ut  in  Eugilo,  sed  paulo  longiores  graciliores,  articulo  ultimo  oblongo.  Instrumenta 
cibaria  fere  ut  in  Rugilo,  sed  palporum  maxillarium  articulus  ultimxis  subtilissimus  (fegre  obser- 
vandus).  Pe(/es  plerumque  breviusculi :  tarsis  5-articulatis,  articulis  quatuor  baseos  longitudine 
decrescentibus  (quarto  brevissimo,  lobo  membraneo  subtus  aucto),  quinto  parvo  (quartum  parum 
excedente). 

The  Sunii  may  be  easily  recognised  from  the  Rngili  by  their  generally  narrower 
outline  and  more  opake  surface  (the  latter  having  the  elytra  usually  somewhat 
shining  and  only  lightly  sculptured),  by  their  more  basally-truncated  heads  and 
less  anteriorly-attenuated  (unkeeled)  prothoraces,  by  the  scarcely  distinguishable 
terminal  joint  of  their  maxillary  palpi,  and  by  their  shorter  legs  and  perceptibly 
longer  and  slenderer  antennae, — the  first  of  which  have  the  penultimate  articula- 
tion of  their  tarsi  bilobed  (or  rather,  increased  by  a  membrane  beneath),  and  the 
ultimate  one  much  more  abbre\dated  than  is  the  case  in  that  genus ;  whilst  the 
second  have  their  final  joint  oblong,  instead  of  ovate  and  acuminated.  In  their 
habits  they  diCFer  but  slightly  from  either  the  members  of  that  group  or  from  the 
Steni, — occurring  in  damp  spots,  though  more  commonly  perhaps  in  grassy  places 
beneath  stones  (or  under  vegetable  refuse)  than  by  the  edges  of  streams. 

464.  Svinius  angustatus. 
•S.  niger,  capite  rotundato-oblongo  latiusculo,  elytro  singulo  ad  apicem  sinuatim  testaceo,  antennis 

pedibusque  pallido-testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  \\-\i. 

4g 


59],  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

Staphylinus  angmtatm,  Payk.  Mon.  Staph.  Suec.  36  (1789). 

,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  i.  ii.  528  (1792). 

Sunim  angiistatus,  Erich.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  (540  (1839). 

-, ,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Heh.  i.  229  (18  tl). 

Habitat  in  huniidiusculis  graminosis  Madera;  Portusque  Sancti,  vel  sub  lapidibus,  parum  vulgaris. 

S.  black.  Head  ?Lnd  protkorax  most  closely  and  roughly  punctured,  and  opake;  the/on««-  roundish 
oblong  and  rather  wide,  with  the  palpi  pale  testaceous.  Eli/Ira  just  perceptibly  less  opake  than 
the  head  and  prothorax,  and  not  quite  so  closely  punctured ;  each  with  their  apex,  and  a  small 
hinder  portion  of  the  suture,  testaceous.  Abdomen  rather  more  evidently  shining,  and  less  deeply 
and  more  remotely  punctured.     AntenruB  and  legs  pale  testaceous. 

The  black  siu-face  of  the  present  common  little  European  Sunius, — its  limbs, 
the  hinder  margin,  and  a  small  portion  of  the  suture,  of  each  of  its  elytra,  being 
alone  pale, — will  serve  at  once  to  distinguish  it  from  everything  else  with  which 
we  have  here  to  do.  It  is  tolerably  abundant  beneath  stones  in  damp  grassy  spots 
throughout  the  intermediate  altitudes  of  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo, — my  specimens 
(from  the  former)  having  been  principally  collected  at  Santa  Anna  and  the  Feijaa 
de  C6rte.  On  the  Dezcrtas  I  have  not  hitherto  detected  it.  It  is  universal  in 
Eiu-ope,  and  is  recorded  by  M.  Lucas  in  Algeria. 

465.  Svuiius  bimaciilatus. 
S.  angustissimus  piceo-niger,  capite  oblongo,  prothorace  rutb-ferrugineo  ad  latera  obscuriore,  elytris 

brevibus  testaceis,  singulo  macula  media  nigr^  ornato,  abdominis  segmentis  ad  apicem  dilutiori- 

bus,  antennis  pedibusque  paUido-testaceis. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  1|. 

Sunius  bimaculatus,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  641  (1839). 

Habitat  in  locis  inferioribus  Maderae  australis,  rarissime :  sub  lapide  ad  Praya  Formoza  exemplar 
unicum  detexit  el.  Dom.  Heer. 

S.  exceedingly  narrow  and  slender,  black  (or  piceous-black).  Head  and  prothorax  closely  and  roughly 
punctured,  and  opake ;  the  former  oblong  (being  less  rounded  and  a  little  narrower  than  that  of 
the  S.  angustatiis) ,  and  with  the  palpi  pale  testaceous;  the  latter  rufo-ferruginous,  and  sligluly 
infuscated  at  the  sides.  Elytra  rather  more  roughened,  but  a  little  less  distinctly  punctured, 
than  the  head  and  prothorax,  and  almost  as  opake;  short,  and  testaceous, — each  being  orna- 
mented with  a  black  patch  in  the  centre.  Abdomen  with  the  hinder  margin  of  each  of  its  seg- 
ments a  little  diluted,  or  piceo-testaceous.     Antenna  and  legs  pale  testaceous. 

Although  I  have  not  been  able  to  prociu-e  a  specimen  for  comparison,  I  have 
but  little  doubt  that  the  present  very  elegant  Sunius  is  correctly  identified  with 
the  .S.  bimaculatus  of  Erichson  (a  species  discovered  by  Professor  Gene  in  Sar-' 
dinia), — with  the  description  of  which  it  accords  precisely.  Its  admission  into  om* 
fauna  is  due  to  the  researches  of  Professor  Ueer,  who  detected  a  single  example 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  595 

beneath  a  stone  at  tlie  Praya  Eormoza,  near  Funchal,  on  the  4th  of  Eebruary 
1851, — the  only  instance  of  its  capture,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  np  to  the  present 
period. 

Genus  206.  MECOGNATHUS,  Woll.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  8.) 

Corpus,  antenna  (XIII.  8  a),  pedes  (XIII.  8  e)  et  instnimenta  cibaria  (XIII.  8  i,  8  e,  et  %d)  fere  ut  in 
Simio,  sed  oculi  minutissimi ;  elytra  parva  valde  abbreviata  subconnata ;  al<B  obsoletae ;  abdomine 
basin  versus  fortiter  constrictum,  ultra  medium  dilatatuiu  ;  mandibula  (XIII.  8  b)  longissimse 
acutissimse ;  et  palporum  maxillarium  articulus  uliimus  obsoletus  (baud  observandus) . 

A  firjKos  longitudo,  et  yvddoi;  mandibula. 

The  singular  insect  from  which  the  above  characters  are  drawn  out  may  perhaps 
be  but  a  geographical  modification  of  Sunius ;  nevertheless  it  presents  so  many 
peculiarities  of  its  own  (amongst  which  its  unusually  minute  eyes,  excessively 
abbreviated,  small,  and  siihconnate  elytra,  its  obsolete  wings,  and  its  much  ante- 
riorly-constricted and  posteriorly-inflated  al)domen  should  be  especially  noticed) 
that  I  have  preferred  retaining  it  as  distinct ;  whilst  in  its  greatly  developed  man- 
dibles and  the  evanescent  terminal  joint  of  its  maxillary  palpi  it  still  further 
recedes  from  the  ordinary  meml)ers  of  that  group.  The  fact,  however,  of  two 
normal  Sunii  being  found  in  the  Madeka  Islands  renders  it  probable  that  it  is  not 
a  local  variation  of  the  genus  (such  as  we  have  had  occasion  to  remark  concerning 
many  other  aberrations  from  central  types),  but  that  it  is  as  much  entitled  to  be 
treated  separately  as  either  Bugilus  or  EcUaster.  In  its  habits  Mecognatkus  is 
precisely  similar  to  Sunius, 

466.  Mecognathus  Chimaera,  Woll.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  8.) 
M.  ferrugineus,  capite  magno  oblongo-subquadrato,  elytris  brevissimis  vix  pallidioribus,  abdominis 

segmentis  quinque  baseos  obscurioribus,  antennis  pedibusque  pallido-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  l|-vLx  2. 

Habitat  per  Maderse  regionem  sylvaticam,  sub  lapidibus  truncisque  arborum  prolapsis,  rarissimus :  in 
locis  valde  bumidis  prsedominat,  usque  ad  5500'  s.  m.  aseendens. 

M.  ferruginous.  Head  and  prothorax  very  closely  and  rougbly  punctured,  and  opake ;  tbe  former 
large,  and  somewhat  squarish-oblong,  with  the  palpi  pale  testaceous.  Elytra  a  shade  lighter  m 
colouring  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  and  (although  equally  roughened)  not  quite  so  distinctly 
punctured  ;  almost  as  opake,  and  exceedingly  short.  Abdomen  very  much  narrowed  at  the  base, 
and  expanded  beyond  the  middle ;  obscured,  except  at  the  apex, — where  it  is  more  or  less  ferru- 
ginous or  testaceous.     Antenna  and  legs  pale  testaceous. 

A  truly  indigenous  insect,  and  apparently  extremely  rare,— though  widely 
distributed  over  the  sylvan  regions  of  Madeira  (especially  towards  theu-  upper 
limits),  to  which  it  is  exclusively  confined.     It  occurs  beneath  stones  and  decaying 

4g2 


596  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

logs  of  wood  in  the  dampest  spots,  and  runs  with  the  most  prodigious  velocity.  I 
have  taken  it  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada  of  the  Riheiro  Frio  in  May,  at  the  Cru- 
zinhas  and  the  Fanal  dui-iag  July,  and  at  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte  early  in  August. 


(Subf.  5.  STENIDES.) 
Genus  207.  STENUS. 

Latreille,  Precis  des  Caract.  gtn.  des  Ins.  11  (1796) 

Corpus  sat  parvum  subcylindrico-elongatum,  plus  luinusve  dense  et  rugose  punctatum  :  capite  pro- 
thorace  paulo  latiore,  porrecto,  ad  basin  truncato ;  oculis  permagnis  rotundatis  valde  prominen- 
tibus:  prothurace  immarginato,  plus  minusve  subcylindrico  et  postice  leviter  attenuate :  alis  vel 
pamm  amplis  vel  obsoletis :  abdomine  niarginato  aut  immarginato,  modo  lineari,  modo  apicem 
versus  leviter  attenuate ;  segmento  sexto  in  maribus  subtus  plerumque  inciso  (necnon  etiam  seg- 
mentis  ventralibus  interdum  vel  emarginatis  vel  impressis),  in  foeminis  integro.  Antenna  in 
fronte  inter  oculos  insertie,  graciles  clavatse,  articulis  primo  ct  secundo  leviter  robustis,  nono, 
decimo  et  undecimo  distincte  incrassatis,  elavam  elongatam  laxani  eflScientibus.  Labrum  sub- 
semicirculare,  margine  integro.  Mandibulee  infra  apicem  fortiter  unidentata;,  valde  incurvee 
acutse.  Maxilla  bilobce  :  lobo  externa  corneo,  apice  membranaceo  barbato :  interna  corneo,  per 
marginem  internum  membranaceo  et  dense  pubescente.  Palpi  maxillares  longissimi,  articulis 
tribus  baseos  elongatis  (longitudine  paulatim  crescentibus),  ultimo  subtilissimo,  vis  (oculo  etiam 
fortiter  armato)  observando  :  labiates  articulo  primo  tenui  subarcuato,  secundo  paulo  breviore 
sed  multo  crassiore  subovato,  ultimo  tenui  subulate.  Mcnfuiu  triangularc.  Ligula  biloba,  lobis 
minimis  ovatis  ;  paraglossis  membrauaceis  rotundato-ampliatis,  ligula  majoribus.  Pedes  elongati 
graciles,  valde  cursorii ;  coxis  anticis  minutis  :  tarsis  5-articulatis,  articulis  quatuor  baseos  longi- 
tudine decrescentibus  (quarto  vel  integro  vel  bilobo). 

The  Steni  possess  so  many  peculiarities,  both  externally  and  in  then*  oral  organs, 
that  it  is  impossible  to  confound  them  with  the  members  of  any  other  genus  of  the 
Brachelytra.     Suffice  it  therefore  to  remark,  that  in  their  closely  and  rouglily 
punctured  bodies  (which  are  more  or  less  cylindi-ical,  and  almost  invariably  black, 
— any  tendency  to  metallic  tints  being  exceedingly  rare,  though  a  few  of  the 
species  arc  brightly  ■  maculated  with  yellowish  or  reddish  spots),  in  their  enor- 
mously developed  and  prominent  eyes,  as  well  as  in  theii-  nearly  obsolete  scutella, 
slender  limbs  and  clavated  antennae,  they  offer  points  of  distraction  sufficient  at 
once  to   characterize   them.     In  the  details  of  their  trophi,  however,  they  are 
even  better  defined  stUl, — their  semicii-cidar,  untoothed  upper  lip  and  triangular 
nientum,  in  conjunction  with  tlie  elongated  basal,  and  almost  evanescent  terminal, 
articulation  of  then-  (greatly  lengthened)  maxillary  palpi,  and  the  singular  struc- 
tm-e  of  their  ligula  (which  is  so  lightly  attached  to  the  mentum  that  it  is  apt, 
wlulst  the  insect  is  dying,  to  l)e  protruded,  along  witli  tlie  anterior  portion  of  tlie 
alimentary  canal,  to  an  immense  distance  in  front*),  displaying  additional  featm-es 

•  This  pecxiliarity  of  the  lower  lip  of  the  Steni  is  thus  accounted  for  by  Erichson :  "  Singulariter  in 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  597 

for  their  identification.  The  abdomen  and  penultimate  tarsal  joint  of  the  various 
representatives  aff'ord  an  easy  clue  to  their  sectional  distribution, — the  former 
being  either  margined  or  simple ;  whUst  the  latter  is  in  some  cases  bUobed,  and 
in  others  entke.  They  are  insects  which  reside  principally  in  damp  sj)ots, — 
running  with  the  utmost  agility  (especially  during  the  hot  sunshine),  and  being 
often  exceedingly  numerous  under  stones  and  upon  wet  mud  at  the  edges  of 
ponds  and  streams.  They  are  widely  disseminated  over  the  world,  more  than 
100  species  being  described  by  Erichson, — and  upwards  of  90  having  been 
recorded  as  Em-opean. 

§  I.  Abdomen  marginatum  :  tarsi  articulo  qiwrto  simplice. 

467.  Stenus  giittula, 
S.  niger  gracilis,  crebre  et  rugose  pinictatus,  parce  subsenescenti-argenteo-pubescens,  prothorace  sub- 
fusiformi-angusto  subinjequali,  elytro  singulo   macula  media  fulvo-testace^  ornato,  palpis  pedi- 
busque  testaceis,  femoribus  ad  apicem  late  nigris. 
Mas,  abdominis  segmentis  quinto  et  sexto  subtus  obsolete  sinuatis,  illo  vix  impresso  sed  in  media 

ipsd  parte  impunctato  et  utrinque  pilis  sat  longis  introrsum  vergentibus  ciliato. 
Fcem.,  abdominis  segmento  sexto  subtus  in  medio  leviter  producto  rotundato. 
Variat  palpis  et  tibiis,  praesertim  apicem  versus,  obscurioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Stenus  guttula,  Wa^.Qcerm.  Mag.  vr.  225  {1821). 

Kirlii,  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  164.  pi.  164  (1827). 

guttula,  Ericb.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  691  (1839). 

,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  i.  214  (1841). 

Habitat  per  margines  rivulorum  Maderse,  inter  lapillos  latitans,  ubique  vulgar 

S.  black,  slender,  nearly  opake,  and  sparingly  clothed  (more  densely  so  on  the  abdomen)  with  a  short 
yellowish-,  or  ceneous-silvery  pubescence.  Head  and  protlwrax  closely  and  roughly  punctured ; 
the  former  deeply  excavated  between  the  eyes,  and  with  a  narrow  central  keel  behind, — and  with 
the  joa^z  either  entirely  pale  testaceous,  or  else  with  the  extreme  apex  of  the  third  joint,  and  the 
greater  portion  of  the  fourth  infuscated ;  the  latter  narrow  and  somewhat  fusiform  (being  widest 
about  the  middle),  and  rather  uneven.  Ehjtra  as  closely  and  coarsely  punctured  as  the  head 
and  prothorax,  and  with  a  large  rounded  spot  immediately  within  the  middle  of  each  bright  fulvo- 
testaceous.  Antenna  with  the  intermediate  joints  more  or  less  piceous.  Legs  testaceous, — with 
the  cox(E  entirely,  and  the  femora  at  their  apex  broadly,  black  (and  occasionally  with  the  tibise, 
especially  towards  their  extremities,  and  the  tarsi  infuscated  or  picescent). 
Male,  with  the  fifth  and  sixth  segments  of  the  abdomen  beneath  most  obsoletely  sinuated  (or  sub- 
emarginate) ;  the  former  scarcely  impressed,  but  with  a  small  central  apical  portion  unpunctured, 


•IS. 


hoc  genere  Ugula  levissime  mento  afSsa  est,  quo  fit,  ut  agone  mortis  vi  anteperistaltica  oesophagus  ciiiii 
ligula,  paraglossis  palpisque  labialibus  prolabitur  et  promuscidis  porrectse  speeiemprse  se  ferat." 


598  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

and  fringed  on  either  side  with  a  longitudinal  row  of  fulvescent  hau's, — which  become  gradually 
longer,  and  more  and  more  convergent,  from  the  base. 
Female,  with  the  abdomen  beneath  free  from  additional  longer  pile,  but  with  the  sixth  segment 
slightly  produced  and  rounded  at  its  apex. 

The  slender  form,  and  the  bright  orange  spot  on  each  of  the  elytra  of  the  pre- 
sent species  will  at  once  distinguish  it  from  the  other  Steni  here  described.  It  is  a 
common  Eurojiean  insect,  and  universal  throughout  the  intermediate  altitudes  of 
Madeira, — occiu'ring  beneath  stones  and  shingle  at  the  margins  of  the  streams,  as 
well  as  amongst  wet  mud  on  the  moist  ledges  of  the  rocks.  I  have  taken  it  in 
the  Riljeiro  de  Santa  Luzia  and  at  the  Curral  das  Romeiras  (above  Funchal), 
during  the  autumn  and  sprmg  ;  and,  in  August  of  1850,  at  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte. 

468.  Stenus  providus. 
S.  iiigcr  robustus,  creberriine  et   i-ugose  punctatus,   parcissime  subargenteo-pubescens,   prothorace 
obovato  in  disco  canaliculate,  palpis  pedibusquc  testaceis,  femoribus  ad  apicem  late,  tibiis  (vcl 
omnino  vel  ad  basin  solam)  tarsisquc  obscurioribus. 
Mas,  pectore  impresso,  densius  longiusque  subfulvescenti-pubescente ;  abdominis  segmentis  quinque 
baseos  subtus  longitudinaliter  leviter  impressis    (impressione   densius   pubescente   sed  postice 
glabra,  politissimd  impunctata,  ad  latera  a  segmento  secundo  pilis  paulatim  longioribus  introrsum 
vergentibus  ciliata.,  necuon  in  segmento  quinto  carinA  denticuliformi  utrinque  terminata),  seg- 
mento quinto  inter  denticulos  acutos  late  emarginato,  sexto  profunde  subtriungulariter  exciso : 
femoribus  posterioribus  subincrassatis,  posticis  intus  longius  pubescentibus. 
Fcem.,  pectore  vix  impresso;  abdominis  segmento  sexto  subtus  produeto  rotundato,  sed  ad  apicem 
ipsum  summum  minutissime  emarginato :  femoribus  posticis  baud  densius  pubescentibus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2-2^. 

Stenus prmidus,  Erieh.  Ktif.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  54G  (1837). 

,  Erich.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  707  (1839). 

,  Hear,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  i.  217  (18il). 

,  Eedt.  Fna  Ausir.  726  (1849). 

Habitat  Maderam,  in  locis  similibus  ac  prsecedens,  sed  illo  rarior. 

S.  l)lack,  robust,  nearly  opake,  and  almost  free  from  pubescence  above,  except  on  the  abdomen  (where 
it  is  sparingly  besprinkled  with  short  and  somewhat  silvery  pile).  Head  and  prothorax  very 
closely  and  roughly  punctured;  the  former  slightly  excavated,  and  deeply  bisulcate,  between  the 
eyes, — and  with  they;o//)!  pale  testaceous ;  the  latter  obovate  (being  widest  before  the  middle),  and 
with  a  tolerably  apparent  channel  in  the  centre  of  its  disk  (which  has  a  tendency  to  be  evanescent 
both  behind  and  in  front).  Elytra  as  closely  and  coarsely  punctured  as  the  head  and  prothorax. 
Antenna  nearly  black,  the  intermediate  joints  having  scarcely  any  tendency  to  be  picescent.  Leffs 
diluted-testaceous, — with  the  coxa  and  trochanters  black,  and  with  the  femora  at  their  apex 
broadly  and  distinctly  (and  sometimes  the  tibice,  especially  towards  their  extremity,  and  the  tarsi, 
more  obscurely)  darkened. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  "  699 

Male,  with  the  breast  beneath  (between  the  intermediate  and  posterior  legs)  widely  impressed,  and 
more  densely  clothed  with  longer  and  somewhat  fulvesceut  pile.  With  the  abdomen  beneath 
longitudinally  impressed  throughout  the  basal  Jive  segments,  though  only  lightly  so  on  the 
ventral  ones  (the  impression  densely  clothed  with  fulvescent  pile  except  towards  the  apex,  where 
it  is  glabrous,  highly  polished  and  unpunctured;  fringed  on  either  side  with  long  fulvescent 
hairs,— which  become  gradually  longer,  and  more  and  more  inwardly  convergent,  from  about  the 
second  segment ;  and  with  its  edges  raised  into  a  keel  on  either  side  of  the  hinder  portion  of  the 
fifth  segment,  and  abruptly  terminated  posteriorly  in  the  form  of  two  prominent  teeth) ;  with 
the  fifth  segment  obliquely  scooped  out  between  the  lateral  keels,  and  also  emarginated  ;  and 
with  the  sixth  segment  deeply  notched  (subtriangularly)  in  its  centre.  With  the  four  hinder 
femora  slightly  incrassated,— the  joos/en'or/jafr  having  their  under  edge  clothed  with  denser  and 
longer  pubescence. 

Female,  with  the  breast  beneath  much  less  deeply  impressed,  and  without  any  additional  pile.  With 
the  abdomen  beneath  unimpressed;  the  fifth  segment  being  simple,  and  the  siith  rounded  and 
produced, — though  with  its  extreme  apex  minutely  notched.  And  with  the  four  hinder  femora 
not  at  all  more  incrassated,  nor  iha  posterior  jiair  more  densely  pubescent,  than  the  rest. 

Apart  from  the  male  distinctions,  which  will  be  gathered  from  the  above  dia- 
gnosis, the  present  Stenus  may  be  immediately  recognised  from  its  few  Madeiran 
allies  by  its  large  and  robust  form,  and  by  its  deeply  and  rugosely  punctured  (and 
comparatively  unpubescent)  surface.  It  is  tolerably  common  throughout  the 
intermediate  altitudes  of  the  island,  occurring  in  much  the  same  localities  as  the 
S.  guttnla, — though  more  frequently  perhaps  on  the  damp  and  muddy  ledges  of 
the  rocks  (in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  streams  and  waterfalls)  than  by  the  margins 
of  the  larger  rivers.  I  have  taken  it  both  at  Santa  Anna  and  in  the  Eibeiro  de 
Santa  Luzia  in  sufficient  abundance,  during  the  spring  and  summer  months.  It 
is  found  in  most  parts  of  central  Europe  (England,  France,  Germany,  Switzerland, 
Austria,  &c.), — often  in  company  with  the  8.  speculator*  of  Erichson,  to  which  it 
is  very  closely  allied. 

469.  Stenus  undulatus,  WoU. 

S.  niger  nitidus,  parce  et  leviter  punctatus,  dense  subfulvescenti-pubescens,  capite  magno,  prothorace 
obovato  valde  insequali  et  leviter  canalieulato,  elytris  valde  undulato-inaequalibus,  palpis,  antennis 
pedibusque  testaceis,  femoribus  ad  apicem  late  obscurioribus. 
Mas,  abdominis  segmentis  quinto  et  sexto  subtus  obsolete  sinuatis,  illo  in  medio  late  sed  leviter 


*  The  S.  providm  may  however  be  recognised  from  the  S.  speculator,  not  only  by  the  abdomen  of  its 
males  (which  has  the  sixth  segment  more  deeply  and  acutely  notched,  and  the  longitudinal  impression, 
instead  of  being  confined  to  the  fifth,  traceable  throughout  the  h&s&Xfive),  and  by  the  tipo  hinder  femora 
only,  instead  of  four  (of  that  sex),  being  densely  pubescent ;  but  likewise  by  its  forehead  being  a 
little  more  excavated,  its  prothorax  more  evidently  channeled  on  the  disk,  and  by  its  antenuffi  being  more 
decidedly  black  and  its  legs  of  an  altogether  obscurer  hue.  In  the  northern  type  moreover  the  palpi 
of  the  .S".  providus  are  almost  invariably  iufuscated  at  their  extremity  (whilst  those  of  the  8.  speculator 
are  immaculate)  :  but  this  distinction  does  not  appear  to  hold  good  in  the  Madeiran  specimens,  which 
have  then-  palpi  generally  entirely  pale. 


600  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

impresso  (impressione  impunctata  politissima,  nccnon  ad  latera  pilis  paulatini  valde  elongatis 
introrsum  vergentibus  ciliatA). 
Ficm.,  abdominis  segmento  sexto  subtus  leviter  producto  rotundato. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatica  excels^,  rarissimus :  per  marginem  rivuli  cujusdam  parvT  ad  Cruzinhas 
(circa  5000'  s.  m.)  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  sub  foliis  arborum  dnjcctis  duo  specimina  inveni. 

S.  black,  shining,  and  comparatively  densely  clothed  with  long  and  fulvescent  pile.  Head  and  pro- 
thorax  remotely  and  finely  punctured ;  the  former  large,  excavated  and  bisulcate  between  the 
eyes  (the  intermediate  ridge  being  raised  behind  iuto  a  keel), — and  with  the  palpi  testaceous; 
the  latter  obovate,  exceedingly  uneven,  and  obsoletely  channeled  posteriorly.  Elytra  as  lightly 
and  distantly  punctured  as  the  prothorax;  and,  likewise,  exceedingly  undulating  or  uneven. 
Antenna  and  legs  dilutcd-testaceous ;  the  former  just  perceptibly  dusky  towards  their  extremity  ; 
the  latter  with  their  cuxx  dark  piceous,  and  with  their  femora  at  the  apex  broadly  (though  very 
slightly)  infuscated. 

Male,  with  the  fifth  and  sixth  segments  of  the  abdomen  beneath  obsoletely  sinuated  (or  subemargi- 
nate)  ;  Xhe,  former  broadly,  but  very  lightly,  impressed  (the  impression  glabrous,  highly  polished 
and  unpunrtured ;  and  fringed  on  either  side  with  a  longitudinal  row  of  veiy  long,  stiff  and 
darkly-fulvesccnt  hairs, — which  become  gradually  longer,  and  more  and  more  inwardly  conver- 
gent, from  the  base). 

Female,  with  the  abdomen  beneath  free  from  additional  longer  pile,  but  with  the  sixth  segment 
slightly  produced  and  rounded  at  its  apex. 

A  most  peculiar  and  distinct  species, — its  sliining,  extremely  uneven,  and  com- 
paratively lightly  and  remotely  punctiu'cd  surface,  in  conjunction  -with  its  large 
head,  and  the  long  and  somewhat  fulvescent  pile  with  which  it  is  clothed,  giving 
it  a  character  wluch  it  is  impossihle  to  mistake.  It  is  apparently  one  of  the  rai-est 
of  the  Madeu-an  Coleoptera,  and  confined  to  the  iipper  limits  of  the  sylvan 
districts, — the  only  two  specimens  wliich  I  have  seen  having  been  captm-ed  by 
myself,  from  imder  moist  decaying  leaves,  at  the  edges  of  a  minute  trickling 
stream  in  the  lofty  region  of  the  Cruzinhas  (about  5000  feet  above  the  sea),  during 
July  of  1850.  It  is  an  insect  of  a  very  peculiar  appearance, — being  rather  sug- 
gestive at  first  sight  of  a  larva  of  one  of  the  smaller  ForJicnlcB. 


§  IT.  Abdomen  immarginatum  ;  tarsi  articulo  quarto  bilobo. 

470.  Stenus  Heeri,  Wall. 
S.   niger  subcylindricus,  creberrime  et  sat   rugose  punctatus,  densius   fulvo-pubescens,    prothorace 
obovato  vix  insequali,  elytris  brevibus,  antennarum  et  palporum  basi  pedibusque  piceo-testaceis. 
Mas,  abdomine  simplice  (aut  potius  segmento  sexto  subtus  obsoletissime  subsinuato). 
Foem.,  abdominis  segmento  sexto  subtns  leviter  producto  rotundato. 
Var.  /3.  vix  major,  antennis,  palpis  pedibusque  paulo  longioribus  et  pallidioribus. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  Ij-lj- 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  601 

Habitat  per  IMaclerje  partem  sylvaticam,  praesertim  inter  3000'  et  5000'  s.m.,  aestate  rarior :  in 
regione  Fanalensi  prsedominat,  qua  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  plurima  specimina  cepi. 

Stenus  valde  distinctus,  et  in  honorem  amici  el.  Heer,  qui  in  Helvetia  per  tot  annos  Entomologise 
scientiam  ornavit,  citatus. 

S.  black,  subcylindrical,  nearly  opake,  and  densely  clothed  with  a  fulvescent  pubescence  (which  is 
both  denser  and  of  a  yellon-er  tint  than  that  of  the  jS.  undulatus).  Head  und  prothorax  very 
closely  and  sufficiently  roughly  punctured ;  the  former  excavated  and  bisulcate  between  the  eyes 
(the  intermediate  ridge  being  raised  behind  into  a  keel), — and  with  the  palpi  dull  testaceous  at 
their  base,  but  obscured  towards  their  apex ;  the  latter  obovate,  very  slightly  uneven,  and  with 
most  obscure  indications  of  an  obsolete  channel  in  front.  Elytra  exceedingly  short,  and  about 
as  roughly  and  closely  punctured  as  the  head  and  prothorax.  Abdomen  subconical,  and  un- 
margined.  Antennce  at  base,  and  the  legs,  more  or  less  brightly  piceo-testaceous ;  the  former 
dusky  at  their  extremity ;  the  latter  with  the  extreme  apices  of  the  femora  usually  darkened. 
Tarsi  with  the  fourth  joint  bilobed. 

Male,  with  the  abdomen  beneath  simple,  having  neither  additional  pile  nor  any  of  the  segments 
notched, — though  the  faintest  possible  tendency  to  be  apically  sinuated  is  just  traceable  in 
the  sixth. 

Female,  vrith  the  abdomen  similar  to  that  of  the  male,  except  that  the  sixth  segment  is  slightly  pro- 
duced and  rounded  at  its  apex. 

Var.  /3.  rather  larger ;  and  with  the  autennae,  palpi  and  legs  proportionably  a  little  longer,  and  of 
an  altogether  paler  hue. 

The  smallest  of  the  Macleiran  Steni,  and  (apart  from  its  ■unmarginecl  abdomen 
and  the  bilobed  penultimate  joint  of  its  tarsi,  which  remove  it  into  an  altogether 
different  section)  it  may  be  at  once  recognised  by  its  exceedingly  abbreviated  elytra, 
and  by  the  y«foo2W  pubescence  with  which  it  is  densely  clad.  Like  the  ^S*.  undulatus, 
it  is  a  remarkably  indigenous  insect,  and  principally  attached  to  the  upper  portion 
of  the  sylvan  regions, — where  however  it  wovild  appear  to  be  local,  if  not  indeed 
actually  scarce.  I  have  taken  it  beneath  moist  leaves,  and  at  the  edges  of  the 
minute  streams,  at  the  Cruzinhas  and  Fanal  (more  than  5000  feet  above  the  sea), 
during  July  ;  and  at  the  Eeijaa  de  C6rte,  in  August.  The  var.  (3.  I  have  captui-ed, 
likewise,  at  the  Cruzinhas ;  as  also,  from  amongst  wet  fern,  at  the  Lombo  dos 
Pecegueiros. 

(Subf.  6.  OXYTELIDES.) 

Genus  208.  PLATYSTHETUS. 

Mannerheim,  Bracliel.  46  (1831). 

Corpus  parvum,  suboblongo-lineare,  subdepressum  et  fere  glabrum :  capite  porrecto,  prothoraci 
immisso  (in  maribus  paulo  majore  necnon  antice  ssepe  bispinoso) ;  oculis  sat  parvis,  rotundatis  : 
prothorace  transverso,  basi  rotundato,  in  medio  profunde  canaliculato  :  elytris  apice  dehiscentibus  : 
alis  amplis  (interdum  amplissimis) :  abdomine  marginato,  sursum  reflectendo,  subtus  secundum 
sexum  diverse.     Antenna  sub  frontis  margine  laterali  insertse,  subrefractse,  apicem  versus  sensim 

4  H 


602  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

incrassatfe,  articulo  primo  elongato  robusto,  ultimo  suboblongo.  Labrum  transverso-subqua- 
dratum,  lacinia  membraneS,  triangular!  acuminata  utrinque  (ad  angulos  anticos)  auctum.  Man- 
dihulee  validie  acutac,  longe  infra  apicem  bidcntatre,  in  medio  membrana  ciliatil  instructs.  Maxilla 
biloba;  mcmbranacese  :  loho  externa  Icaigiusculo  subrecto,  apice  dense  barbato :  interna  breviore, 
intus  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares  breviusculi,  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  et  tertio  subaequalibus 
apice  leviter  incrassatis,  ultimo  minore  subulato  :  labiates  articulo  secundo  breviusculo,  ultimo 
vix  subuliformi.  Mentum  transvcrsum.  Ligula  lata,  apice  leviter  bisinuata;  paraylassis  ad 
apicem  liberis  acutis,  intus  dense  ciliatis.  Pedes  breves  validi  {intermedii  distantes) :  tibiis  (sed 
praesertim  anterioribus)  extus  spinulosis  ;  anticis  ad  apicem  externum  emavginatis  :  tarsis  3-arti- 
culatis,  articulo  ultimo  reliquis  conjunctis  miilto  longiore. 

The  almost  glabrous  bodies  of  the  Flatystheti,  in  conjunction  vnih.  their  apically- 
subdeliiscent  elytra,  their  spinulose,  biurowing  tibiae,  triarticulated  feet,  and  the 
deep  central  channel  of  their  (posteriorly  roxinded)  prothorax,  will  at  once  serve  to 
distinguish  them,  apart  from  the  obscurer  characters  of  their  oral  organs  (which 
will  be  best  understood  by  a  reference  to  the  above  diagnosis),  from  their  allies. 
In  addition  to  the  structiu'e  of  theu'  abdominal  segments,  the  males  may  be 
usually  known  from  the  females  by  their  rather  larger  heads, — which  in  many  of 
the  species  moreover  have  then*  anterior  margin  armed  on  cither  side  v,\\\\  an 
acute  porrccted  tooth.  They  arc  insects  which  are  found  both  in  the  excrement 
of  cattle  and  on  mud  at  tlie  edges  of  stagnant  pools.  I  have  generally,  hoAvever, 
observed  tliem  to  ha  more  partial  to  the  latter  situations  than  to  the  former :  and 
,  I  have  occasionally  met  with  the  P.  cor  nut  us,  of  our  owti  country,  Ijy  myriads  in 
the  crevices  formed  by  the  heat  of  the  sun  on  the  beds  of  partially-dried  ponds. 

§  I.  Mandibulce  ad  apicem  integrce. 

471.  Platysthetus  spinosus. 

P.    niger   nitidus  leviter   punctatus,  frontc  nx  canaliculatil,  tibiis  piceo-ferrugineis,  tarsis  paUido- 
testaceis. 
Mas  in  insulis  Maderensibus  adhuc  latet  (sed  differt,  sec.  cl.  Erichson,  abdominis  segmento  septimo 

subtus  truncato  nccnon  ad  apicem  denticulis  duobus  distantibus  munito). 
Fwm.,  capite  prothoracis  vix  latitudine ;  abdominis  segmento  septimo  subtus  subtriangulariter  pro- 
ducto,  ad  apicem  rotundato  integro. 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  2^. 

Platysthetus  spinosus,  Ericb.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  784  (1839). 

Habitat  in  areuosis  Portus  Sancti,  sub  lapide  prope  oppidum  Dccembri  mense  a.d.  18J:8  a  meipso 
rcpertus. 

P.  black,  and  shining.  Head  s|iarin£:ly  punctured  in  front,  but  more  closely  and  deeply  so  (within 
the  raised  lateral  margin  of  the  forehead)  towards  cither  side  ;  w  ith  a  deep  rounded  fovea  on  each 
side  of  its  posterior  disk,  immediately  behind  which  there  is  an  irregularly  curved,  or  more  or 


TNSECTA  MADERENSIA.  603 

less  angulated,  impressed  line, — the  basal  segment  which  it  encloses  being  about  two-thirds  of 
the  entire  breadth  of  the  head;  with  scarcely  any  indication  of  the  abbreviated  central  channel 
(though  with  a  slight  triangular  fovea)  which  in  nearly  all  the  described  species  arises  from  the 
medial  (or  apical)  angle  of  this  basal  line :  the  forehead  with  its  extreme  lateral  edges  much 
straightened  and  elevated  (forming  a  longitudinal  ridge  above  the  eyes),  with  a  groove  imme- 
diately alongside  them,  and  with  veiy  faint  indications  of  two  irregular  furrows  on  either  side 
within ;  and  with  its  anterior  angles  (beneath  which  the  antennse  are  inserted)  enlarged,  some- 
what inflated  or  prominent,  and  obtuse.  Prothorax  with  the  sides  and  base  greatly  rounded  ; 
rather  more  densely,  but  not  quite  so  coarsely,  punctured  as  the  head  ;  and  with  a  much  larger 
puncture  (or  rounded  fovea)  on  either  side  of  the  centre  of  its  anterior  margin.  Elytra  a  little 
less  shining,  and  rather  more  finely  punctured,  than  the  prothorax,  with  a  slight  tendency  to  be 
diluted  in  colouring  behind;  and  with  a  finely  impressed  and  curved  sutural  line  on  each*. 
Antenna  and  femora  almost  black  ;  tibia  piceo-ferruginous ;  tarsi  pale  testaceous. 

Male  not  yet  detected  in  the  Madeira  Islands  (but  differing,  according  to  Eriehson,  from  the  female 
in  the  seventh  segment  of  its  abdomen  beneath  being  truncated,  instead  of  produced,  and  armed 
at  the  apex  with  two  distant  teeth). 

Female,  with  the  head  scarcely  narrower  than  the  anterior  portion  of  the  prothorax ;  and  with  the 
seventh  segment  of  the  abdomen  beneath  somewhat  triangularly  produced, — though  rounded  and 
entire  at  its  apex. 

Altliough  the  single  specimen  from  which  the  above  diagnosis  has  been  ch'a'mi 
out  is  larger  than  the  size  given  by  Eriehson  for  the  species  with  which  I  have 
iclentifiecl  it,  I  have  but  little  doubt  that  it  is  correctly  referred  to  the  P.  spinostis, 
— an  insect  which  is  recorded  both  in  Portugal  and  Trance,  and  with  the  descrip- 
tion of  which  it  in  other  respects  perfectly  agrees.  It  is  apparently  extremely 
local  (if  not  indeed  scarce), — my  unique  example  having  been  captured  by  myself 
at  the  edges  of  a  sandy  road  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Cidade  of  Porto 
Santo,  during  December  of  1848.  It  was  taken,  whilst  bm*rowing  into  the  soil, 
from  beneath  a  stone;  and  in  all  probability  it  would  be  found  in  abundance  if 
that  particular  district  (which  produced  many  other  rarities,  amongst  which  the 
only  individual  hitherto  detected  of  the  Syncalypta  horrida  should  be  especially 
noticed)  were  properly  searched. 


§  II.  MandihulcB  ad  apicem  ipsumfissm. 

472.  Platysthetus  fossor,  Woll. 

P.  niger  nitidus  parce  sed  profuude  punctatus,  fronte  postice  leviter  canaliculata,  elytris  interdum 
testaceo-picescentibus,  tibiis  tarsisque  pallido-testaceis. 
Mas,  capite  prothorace  vix  latiore,  longe  infra  marginem  lateralem  sulcis  duobus  longitudinalibus 


*  I  have  gone  thus  minutely  into  the  sculpture  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  P.  spinosus,  because  it  is 
the  same  which  obtains  (subjected  to  minor  modifications  for  the  various  species)  throughout  the  Platy- 
sfhefi  generally, — and  is  therefore  the  more  important  to  be  noticed. 

4h2 


(j04  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

subcurvatis  utrinque  impresso,  necnon  per  marginem  anticum   spinis  duobus  porrectis  acutis 
armato :  abdominis  segmento  sexto  subtus  obsolete  emarginato ;  septimo  ia  medio  late  sed  leviter 
impresso  (impressione  scutiformi  ad  basin  emarginato-truncata,  glabra  politissima,  posterius  ad 
latera  carina  utrinque  terminata),  postice  inter  carinas  emarginato,  necnon  inter  carinas  et  latera 
utrinque  bi-inciso  (aut  potius  in  dentem  obliquum  obtusum  parvum  producto). 
Fmm.,  capite  protboracis  vix  latitudine,  sulcis  infra  marginem  lateralem  obsoletis,  et  per  marginem 
anticum  iaarmato  :  abdominis  segmeuto  sexto  subtus  truncato,  sed  in  media  parte  postica  obsolete 
subtriangulariter  elevato ;  septimo  producto  rotuudato. 
Variat  elytris  pedibusque  omnino  testaceis,  antennarum  basi  ferruginea. 
Long.  corp.  lin.  l-lj. 

Habitat  Maderam  borealem,  rarior  :  per  marginem  rivuli  cujusdam  parvi  ad  Sanctam  Annam  (humi 
lutoso  apricitate  cursitantia)  mense  Julio  a.d.  1850  plurima  specimina  coUegi. 

P.  minute,  black,  and  exceedingly  shining.  Head  about  as  sparingly  punctured  as  in  the  last  species, 
but  with  au  abbreviated  and  distinct  (though  very  narrow  and  lightly  impressed)  channel  arising 
from  the  medial  angle  of  the  basal  transverse  line,  and  extending  to  about  the  centre  of  the  disk  ; 
the  forehead  with  its  extreme  lateral  edges  much  the  same  as  in  that  insect,  but  with  the  two 
irregular  inner  furrows  (on  either  side)  obsolete  in  the  female  sex,  though  very  deep  and  exceed- 
ingly well-defined  in  the  males.  Prothorax  the  same  as  in  the  P.  spinosus,  but  more  coarsely 
and  remotely  punctured  and  rather  more  shining.  Elytra,  likewise,  a  little  more  distantly  and 
deeply  punctured  than  is  the  case  in  that  species,  and  usually  more  diluted  in  colouring, — having 
generally  more  or  less  of  a  piceo-testaceous  tinge  (and  in  pale,  or  immature  specimens  being 
often  altogether  lurid-testaceous).  Antenme  sxnX  femura  piceous-black ;  tibue  and  tarsi  pale- 
testaceous.  (In  the  lighter  varieties  the  entire  legs  are  testaceous,  and  the  base  of  the  antenna- 
is  ferniginous.) 
Male,  with  the  head  a  little  wider  than  the  anterior  portion  of  the  prothorax,  and  with  its  front 
margin  (between  the  antennae)  armed  with  two  porrected  (though  rather  outwardly  curved)  and 
exceedingly  acute  spines.  The  abdomen  beneath  with  the  sixth  segment  obsoletely  emarginated ; 
and  with  the  seventh  widely  but  lightly  impressed  in  the  centre  (the  impression  shield-shaped, 
being  pointed  at  one  end,  but  truncated  and  emarginated  at  the  other ;  glabrous  and  highly 
polished,  and  with  its  edges  raised  on  either  side  posteriorly  into  an  oblique  keel),  emarginated 
behind  between  the  keels,  and  somewhat  jagged  (or  twice  incised)  between  either  keel  and  edge, 
— or,  more  strictly  perhaps,  produced  into  a  small  oblique  and  obtuse  tooth  outside  each  of  the 
carina;. 
Female,  with  the  head  scarcely  narrower  than  the  anterior  portion  of  the  prothorax,  and  with  its 
front  margin  unarmed.  The  abdomen  beneath  with  the  sixth  segment  truncated,  but  somewhat 
triangularly  elevated  in  its  central  region, — especially  behind  (where  the  apex  of  the  triangle  is 
quite  perceptible,  though  it  does  not  project  beyond  the  edge) ;  and  with  the  seventh  produced 
and  rounded. 

In  size,  sculptufc,  general  contour,  and  colouring  the  pi'esent  little  Flatysthetus 
very  much  resembles  the  P.  nodifi'ons, — with  Avhich  indeed,  until  I  had  subjected 
it  to  a  critical  examination,  I  had  supposed  it  to  be  identical.  Apart  from  minor 
distinctions,  however,  it  may  be  at  once  recognised  from  that  species,  not  only  by 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  605 

the  armed  lieacls  of  its  males  (which  have  a  long  and  acute  spine  on  either  side  of 
tlieir  anterior  margin),  hut  likewise  hy  the  structure  of  the  abdominal  segments  of 
both  sexes.  From  the  P.  spinosits  it  not  merely  recedes  in  its  diminutive  bulk, 
brighter  and  more  deeply  (though  sparingly)  punctured  surface,  and  in  the 
different  hue  of  its  elytra  and  legs,  but  also  in  its  perceptible  (though  abbreviated) 
frontal  canal,  and  in  the  modification  of  the  under  side  of  its  abdomen, — which 
displays  abundant  points  of  dissimilarity  from  what  has  been  ah'eady  pointed  out 
as  characteristic  of  that  insect,  and  amongst  which  the  somewhat  triangularly 
elevated  central  region  of  the  sixth  segment  of  the  females,  and  the  bicarinated 
seventh  one  of  the  males,  should  be  especially  remarked.  Like  the  P.  spmosus,  it 
is  apparently  extremely  local, — but,  so  far  as  I  have  hitherto  observed,  it  is 
confined  to  Madeira  proper.  The  only  spot  in  fact  in  which  I  have  taken  it  is  at 
Santa  Anna,  in  the  north  of  the  island, — where,  diu'ing  the  sunmier  of  1850,  I 
captured  a  large  series  of  specimens  from  amongst  wet  mud  at  the  edges  of  a 
small  stream  which  finds  its  way  across  the  road  leading  down  to  the  sea  from 
the  Quinta  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly. 


Genus  209.  OXYTELUS. 

Gravenhorst,  Col.  Micropt.  101  (1802). 

Corpus  parvum,  elongato-lineare,  depressum  et  fere  glabrum  :  capite  porrecto,  prothorace  immisso  (in 
maribus  ssepius  paulo  majore) ;  oculis  vel  mediocribus  vel  parvis,  subo\"alibus,  plerumqiie  pro- 
minulis :  prothorace  trausverso,  basi  subrotundato,  in  dorso  sfepius  longitudiualiter  trisulcato,  ad 
latera  interdum  crenulato,  sed  sjepius  integro :  alis  amplis :  abdomine  lineari  marginato,  sursum 
reflectendo,  subtus  secundum  sexum  diverse.  Antenna,  insti-umenta  cibaria  et  pedes  fere  ut  in 
Platystheto,  sed  palporum  labialium  articulus  seciindus  lougior ;  paraglossa  liberae ;  et  tarsorum 
articulus  ultimus  minus  elongatus. 

The  Oxyteli  are  in  most  points  of  theu'  structure  nearly  identical  with  the 
Platystheti :  nevertheless  they  may  be  recognised  from  them  by  their  usually  more 
opake  and  minutely  strigulose  siu-faces,  by  their  somewhat  flatter  bodies,  and  bv 
theh'  prothorax  being  almost  invariably  trlsulcated  down  its  disk, — the  central 
groove  of  which  is  straight  (being  in  fact  the  ordinary  dorsal  channel),  whilst  the 
one  on  either  side  is  more  or  less  curved,  sinuated,  and  distinct,  according  to  the 
successive  modifications  which  the  several  members  of  the  group  display.  They 
are  insects  which  are  widely  distributed  over  the  world, — 17  species  having  been 
recorded  as  European,  whilst  others  are  enumerated  from  Xorth  and  South 
America,  India,  Madagascar  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  They  are  of  a  burrowing 
nature,  and  for  the  most  part  of  stercoraceous  habits  (though  a  few  are  occasionaUv 
to  be  met  with  on  wet  mud  in  marshy  spots), — being  principally  moreover  exceed- 
ingly gregarious,  and  consequently  appearing  oftentimes  to  be  more  abundant 
specifically  than  they  really  are. 


fiOf!  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

§  1.  Prothorax  ad  latera  integerrimus. 

473.  Oxytelus  picens. 

O.  niger  subnitidus,  capite  prothoraceque  sat  profunde  inaequaliter  punctatis  (hujus  angulis  posticis 

obtusis),  elytris  longitudinaliter  leviter  strigulosis  testaceis  (regione  scutellan  nigrescente),  an- 

tennis  breviusculis  ad  basin  diluto-testaceis,  pedibus  testaceis. 

Mas,  capite  prothorace  paulo  latiore,  subrotundato  (clypeo  antice  ampliato)  :  abdominis  segmento 

sexto  subtus  apice  bisinuato  (lobo  intermedio  paulo  longiore  crassiore  leviter  elevato,  ad  apicem 

subemarginato-truncato) ;   scptimo  profunde  bi-inciso  (lobis  lateralibus  acurainatis,  intermedio 

paulo  breviore  subquadrato,  ad  apicem  in  medio  obsolete  acuto). 

Fam,,  capite  prothorace  paulo  angustiore,  subtriangulari :  abdominis  segmento  sexto  subtus  apice 

truncato ;  septimo  apice  leviter  bisinuato  (lobo  intennedio  rotundato-triangulari,  ad  basin  lato). 

Long.  corp.  lin.  2-2\. 

Staph^linus picetis,  Linn.  Sj/st.  Nat.  i.  ii.  686  (1767). 

,  Fab.  Si/st.  Ent.  267  (1775). 

Oxytelus  piceus,  Erich.  Oen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  788  (1839). 
,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Heh.  i,  204  (1841). 

Habitat  in  stercore  bovino  Maderse,  et  borealis  et  austraUsj  praesertim  in  locis  subinferioribus,  toto 
anno  frequens :  in  Portu  Sancto  quoquc  occurrit. 

O.  I)hick,  and  slightly  shining.  Head  and  prothorax  rather  deeply  and  unequally  punctured  (the 
jjuncturcs  being  composed  of  large  ones,  and  minute  ones  between) :  the  former  ynih  a  very 
abbreviated  central  channel  behind ;  with  its  extreme  lateral  edges  (over  the  eyes)  sinuated,  but 
not  raised,  its  anterior  angles  (beneath  which,  as  is  universally  the  case  in  the  Oxytelides,  the 
antennae  are  inserted)  elevated  and  enlarged  (although  obtuse),  and  piceo-testaeeous ;  and  with 
the  region  of  its  clypeus  depressed,  less  punctured,  and  with  its  front  margin  raised :  the  latter 
with  its  hinder  angles  obtuse ;  trisulcated  down  the  disk  (the  outer  grooves  being  shghtly 
flexuose,  and  somewhat  obsolete  anteriorly) ;  and  widely  (though  not  veiy  deeply)  impressed 
towards  either  side.  Elytra  testaceous,  with  the  scutellary  region  usually  black;  and  lightly 
longitudinally-strigulose.  Anfe/ina  shorter  than  the  head  and  prothorax  (their  second  joint  being 
a  little  longer  than  the  third),  fuscous,  with  their  basal  four  joints  pale  piceo-tcstaceous.  Legs 
pale  testaceous. 
Male,  with  the  head  larger  and  rounder  than  the  female  (being  a  little  wider  than  the  anterior  por- 
tion of  the  prothorax),  and  with  its  clypeus  somewhat  enlarged  in  front, — projecting  a  little 
beyond  the  fore-margin  of  the  forehead.  Tlie  abdomen  beneath  with  the  sixth  segment  bisinuated 
at  its  apex  (the  intermediate  lobe  bemg  rather  long,  thickened,  a  little  elevated,  and  subemargi- 
nate-truncatcd  at  its  termination) ;  and  with  the  seventh  very  deeply  incised  on  either  side  (the 
lateral  lobes,  thus  formed,  being  acuminated ;  and  the  intermediate  one  a  little  shorter,  squarish, 
and  truncated  at  its  apex, — though  just  perceptibly  pointed  in  the  centre). 
Female,  with  the  head  a  little  naiTOwer,  and  more  triangular.  The  abdomen  beneath  with  the  sixth 
segment  truncated  ;  and  with  the  seventh  slightly  bisinuated  at  its  apex  (the  intermediate  portion 
being  of  an  obtuse,  or  rounded-triangular,  form  ;  and  very  wde  at  its  base). 

A  common  insect  both  in  the  north  and  south  of  Madeii-a,  as  well  as  in  Porto 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  607 

Santo,  at  rather  low  elevations, —occurring  in  the  dung  of  cattle,  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year.  In  the  neighbom-hoods  of  Funchal  and  Santa  Anna  it  is  at  times 
exceedingly  abundant.  It  is  universal  throughout  Europe,  and  is  recorded  also 
from  Syria.  It  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  other  Oxyteli  with  which  we  are 
here  concerned  by  the  largely-developed  head  and  clypeus  of  its  male  sex,  and  by 
its  pale  testaceous  elytra. 

474.  Oxytelus  sculptus. 
O.  niger  subnitidus,  capite  prothoraceqvie  minus  profunde  inaequaliter  punctatis  (hujus  angulis  posticis 
acutiusculis),  elytris  longitudinaliter  strigulosis  fusco-piceis,  antennis  longiusculis  ad  basin  piceo- 
feiTugineis,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Mas,  abdominis  segmento  septimo  subtus  profunde  bi-iuciso  (lobo  intermedio  lateralibus  squali,  ad 
apicem  emarginato). 

Fmm.,  abdominis  segmento  septimo  subtus  apice  leviter  bisinuato  (lobo  intermedio  triangulari). 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  2. 

Oxytelus  sculptus,  Grav.  Mon.  191  (1806). 

hngicornis,  Mann.  Brachel.  48  (1831). 

sculptus,  Ericb.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  788  (1839). 

,  Heer,  Fiia  Col.  Helv.  i.  20-3  (1811). 

Habitat  Maderam,  prsesertim  in  lutosis  per  margines  aquarum,  rarior. 

O.  very  similar  to  the  O.piceus,  but  just  perceptibly  smaller  :  with  its  head  a.ni  prothorax  rather  more 
densely  and  not  quite  so  deeply  punctured,  and  with  a  tendency  to  be  a  little  more  roughened 
(or  minutely  strigulose)  iu  parts ;  the  former  being  narrower  than  the  prothorax  in  both  sexes, 
with  its  central  channel  a  little  less  abbreviated,  and  with  the  front  margin  of  its  clypeus  some- 
what more  rounded  and  deflexed ;  the  latter  with  its  sides  posteriorly  just  appreciably  straighter 
(and  therefore  with  the  hinder  angles  a  little  more  defined,  or  acute),  and  frequently  picescent  on 
Its  disk.  Eli/tra  rather  more  coarsely  longitudinally-strigulose,  and  of  a  darker  hue,  than  in  that 
insect, — being  usually  chestnut,  or  brownish-piceous,  and  with  only  a  slight  testaceous  tinge. 
Antenna  distinctly  longer  than  the  head  and  prothorax  (their  second  joint  being  subequal  to,  or 
perhaps  a  little  shorter  than,  the  third),  darker  than  those  of  the  O.  piceus, — being  brownish- 
black,  with  the  basal  three  joints  piceo-ferruginous.     Legs  testaceous. 

Male,  with  the  seventh  segment  of  the  abdomen  beneath  deeply  incised  on  either  side  (the  interme- 
diate lobe  being  equal  to  the  lateral  ones,  and  emarginated  at  its  apex). 

Female,  with  the  seventh  segment  of  the  abdomen  beneath  slightly  sinuated  at  its  apex  (the  interme- 
diate portion  being  less  obtuse,  or  more  triangular,  than  in  the  O.piceus,  and  not  so  wide  at  its 
base). 

The  above  comparative  diagnosis  will  fully  explain  the  differences  between  the 
present  insect  and  the  last  one,— the  longer  antennge  however  of  the  O.  sculptus, 
in  conjunction  with  its  darker  elytra  and  the  less-developed  heads  of  its  male  sex, 
being  sufficient  even  alone  to  separate  it  from  its  aUy.  Although,  likewise,  of 
stercoraceous  habits,  it  is  upon  the  whole  less  exclusively  so  than  the  O.piceus, 


608  INSECTA  MADERENSIA, 

l)eiuij  often  found  amongst  wet  mud  and  decaying  vegetable  refuse  at  the  edges  of 
ponds  and  streams.  I  have  taken  it  in  the  neighboiu'hood  of  Funchal,  dm-ing  the 
spring ;  and  at  Santa  Anna,  in  July, — though  in  the  latter  locality  only  at  the 
margin  of  a  small  rivulet  on  the  descent  from  the  Quinta  of  Senhor  Louiz  Acciaioly 
to  the  sea.  It  occiu-s  throughout  the  whole  of  Europe,  and  is  mentioned  by  Erich- 
son  as  having  been  brought  from  Egypt  and  South  iVmerica. 


475.  Oxytelus  complanatus. 
O.  iiiger  subopacus,  capite,  prothorace  elytrisque  creberrime  longitudinaliter  strigulosis,  his  interdum 
obscure  fuscescentibus,  pedibus  diluto-testaceis. 
Mas,  capite  prothoracis  latitudine :  abdominis  segmento  sexto  subtus  ad  apicem  obsolete  trisinuato, 
necnon  apicem  versus   parte  media  transversa  crassiore  elevata  clypeiformi  postice  emarginata 
(quasi  e  tuberculis  duobus  magnis  basi  confluentibus  formata)  aucto ;  septimo  late  emargiuato. 
Foem.,  capite  prothorace  angustiore :  abdominis  segmento  sexto  subtus  truncato ;  septimo  in  medio 
triangularitcr  producto. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  Ij-l^. 

Oxytelus  depressus,  Gyll.  (nee  Gray.  1S02)  Ins.  Succ.  ii.  i57  (IblO). 

complanattts,  Ericli.  Kaf.  der  Mark  Brand,  i.  595  (1837). 

,  Hear,  Fna  Col.  Heh.  i.  206  (1841). 

,  Eedt.  Fna  Aiistr.  738  (1849). 

Habitat  ]\Iadcram,  ab  ora  maritima  usque  ad  summos  montes  ascendens :  in  ipsa  urbe  Funchalensi 
abundat,  qua  tempore  screno  per  aerem  volare  srepissime  videatur. 

O.  black,  and  greatly  depressed.  Head,  prothorax  and  elytra  nearly  opake,  and  most  densely  and 
minutely  longitudinally-strigulose :  the  first  with  an  indistinct  and  very  abbrenated  central 
channel  (or  fovea)  behind,  and  also  with  obscure  indications  of  lightly  impressed  punctures  on 
its  posterior  portion ;  with  its  extreme  edges  slightly  raised  (except  quite  in  front),  straightened 
over  the  eyes,  but  regularly  rounded  off  (the  anterior  angles  being  scarcely  at  all  defined,  and 
liartUy  even  elevated)  into  the  region  of  the  clypeus  (which  is  a  little  depressed) :  the  second  with 
its  angles  rather  more  defined,  or  acute,  than  in  the  other  species ;  trisulcated  down  the  disk 
(the  central  groove  being  narrowed  behind,  and  the  outer  ones  flexuose) ;  and  both  widely  and 
deeply  impressed  towards  either  side  :  the  last  of  a  rather  less  intense  black  than  the  head  and 
juothorax, — being  usually  somewhat  brownish  or  pieescent  posteriorly.  Arttenna  considerably 
shorter  than  the  head  aud  prothorax,  black.  Legs  testaceous, — the  femora  being  sometimes 
obscurely  infuscated. 

Male,  with  the  head  about  as  wide  as  the  anterior  region  of  the  prothoFax.  The  abdomen  beneath 
with  the  sixth  segment  minutely  waved,  or  trisinuatcd,  at  its  termination,  aud  iucrcascd  behind 
the  apex  (in  the  centre)  by  a  transverse,  thickened,  elevated,  clypeiform,  but  apically  emarginated, 
portion  (as  though  produced  by  two  large  tubercles, — confluent,  and  conjointly  elevated,  at  their 
base) ;  and  with  the  seventh  widely  emarginated. 

Female,  with  the  head  a  little  narrower  than  the  prothorax.  The  abdomen  beneath  with  the  sixth 
segment  truncated;  and  with  the  seventh  somewhat  triangularly  produced  in  the  centre. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  609 

Throughout  all  the  Madeiran  Coleoptera  there  is  perhaps  no  insect  so  abvmdant 
or  universal  as  the  O.  complanatus, — which,  although  scarcer  in  the  mountain 
districts,  does  nevertheless  ascend  to  the  svunmits  of  the  peaks,  AvhUst  in  the 
lowest  elevations  it  literally  teems.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Funchal  it  is  to  be 
met  mth  everywhere,  though  its  head-quarters  may  be  said  to  be  upon  the  beach, 
or  amongst  vegetable  refuse  in  the  immediate  vicinity ;  and  it  may  be  frequently 
captured  on  the  wLng,  both  in  the  town  itseK  and  in  the  gardens  and  vineyards 
which  surround  it.  In  the  north  of  the  island  it  is  not  quite  so  connnon,  though 
at  times  sufficiently  numerous  at  Sao  Vincente  and  Santa  Anna ;  and  during  July 
of  1850  I  obsei'ved  it  in  profusion  thi'oughout  the  upland  Serras  bordering  on  the 
Cruzinhas, — 5000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  may  be  easily  recognised  by  its  greatly 
flattened,  opake,  and  densely  strigulose  surface,  by  its  elytra  being  scarcely  more 
diluted  in  hue  than  the  rest  of  the  body  (at  least  this  is  the  case  with  the  Madeiran 
specimens,  which  are  rather  darker  in  this  region  than  the  ordinary  ones),  and  by 
its  anteriorly-rounded  and  altogether  more  even  forehead.  It  occurs  in  most  parts 
of  central  and  southern  Europe,  but  appears  to  be  rarer  than  many  of  the  allied 
members  of  the  genus. 

476.  Oxytelus  nitidulus. 
O.  angustiusculus  niger  nitidulus,  capite  prothoraceque  profunde  sed  parcius  subruguloso-punctatis 

(illo  pone  clypeum  fortiter  transversim  foveolato),  elytris  longitudinaliter  strigulosis  testaceo- 

piceis,  pedibus  testaceis,  abdomine  in  utroque  sexu  fere  simplice. 
Long.  Corp.  liu.  1-1:^. 

StapTiylinus pieeus,  Sclirank  (nee  Liun.  1767),  JEimm.  Ins.  Austr.  236  (1781). 
Oxytelus  nitidulus,  Gray.  Col.  Micropt.  107  (1802). 

,  Eriuh.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Staph.  795  (1839). 

• ,  Heer,  Fna  Col.  Helv.  i.  206  (1841). 

Habitat  Maderam  Portumque  Sanctum,  prsesertim  iu  locis  subinferioribus,  Line  inde  minus  frequens. 

O.  small,  ratter  narrow,  black,  and  a  little  more  sbining  tban  any  of  the  preceding  species.  Head 
and  jirothorax  deeply  but  rather  sparingly  punctured,  and  slightly  longitudinally-strigulose  :  the 
former  (which  is  a  little  larger  in  the  males  than  in  the  females)  with  a  very  indistinct  and 
abbreviated  central  impressed  line  behind ;  with  its  extreme  edges  slightly  raised,  straightened 
over  the  eyes,  but  the  anterior  angles  a  little  better  defined,  and  the  front  margin  somewhat  more 
truncated,  than  is  the  case  with  the  0.  complanatus ;  with  a  deep  transverse  fovea  immediately 
behind  (and  of  the  same  width  as)  the  clypeus, — which  is  consequently  raised  at  the  base  (though 
deflexed  in  front) :  the  latter  trisulcated  down  the  disk  (the  outer  grooves  being  slightly  flexuose, 
but  indistinct) ;  and  widely  impressed  towards  its  sides.  Elytra  varying  from  testaceo-piceous 
into  nearly  black ;  and  longitudinally-strigulose.  Abdomen  almost  simple  in  both  sexes.  An- 
tenrue  considerably  shorter  than  the  head  and  prothorax,  black.     Leys  diluted-testaceous. 

A  common  European  Oxytelus, — and  recorded  by  Erichson  from  Egypt,  South 
America  and  Mexico.     It  does  not  seem  to  be  very  abundant  in  these  islands, 

4i 


610  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

though  occuiTing  (especially  at  low  elevations  toAvards  the  coast)  both  in  Madeira 
and  Porto  Santo.  It  is  an  exceedingly  well-marked  species, — its  small  size  and 
somewhat  narrow  outUne,  in  conjunction  with  its  coarsely  punctured  head  and 
prothorax  (the  former  of  which  has  a  deep  transverse  fovea  between  the  eyes,  thus 
causing  the  clypeus  to  appear  elevated  behind),  and  its  rather  more  shiuing  sur- 
face than  is  usually  the  case  amongst  the  memljers  of  the  present  genus,  being 
sufficient,  apart  from  minor  distinctions,  at  once  to  characterize  it. 

§  II.  Prothorax  ad  latera  mirmtissime  inaqualis,  sed  vix  subcrenuJatus. 

4:17.  Oxytelus  glareosus,  TToll 

O.  aiigustus  fuscus  opacus,  capite  piceo  dense  rugiiloso,  prothorace  brevi  fusco-ferrugineo  (sulcis 
dorsalibus  obsoletis)  elytrisque  dense  substriguloso-rugulosis,  antennis  longiusculis  infuscato- 
ferrugineis,  pedibus  pallido-tcstaceis. 
Mas,   capite   protboracis   latitudine :     abdominis   segmento    sexto   apice   truncato,    septimo   late 

emargiuato. 
Foem.  adhuc  latet. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 

Habitat  in  Jladera  australi,  semel  tautum  (a  meipso  iu  borto  Loweano  prope  Funchal  tempore  vernali 
A.D.  1848)  repertus. 

O.  minute,  exceedingly  narrow,  fuscous,  and  opake.  Head,  prothorax  and  elytra  coarsely  and  densely 
roughened  (the  lust  however  having  alone  much  tendency  to  longitudinal  strigulation)  :  i)ie  first 
oblong  and  piceous ;  with  a  very  indistinct  central  impressed  line  behind ;  with  its  extreme  edges 
minutely  raised,  deeply  sinuated  over  the  eyes  (which,  although  small,  are  consequently  a  good 
deal  exposed, — and  which,  in  my  single  example,  are  brownish-ferruginous),  and  the  front 
margin  (though  rounded)  a  httle  more  produced  than  in  any  of  the  preceding  species ;  the  region 
of  the  clypeus  depressed  (in  a  curved,  and  rather  a  sudden  and  regular,  manner  behind) :  the 
second  short  and  transverse,  brownish-ferruginous,  with  its  discal  sulci  almost  obsolete,  and  with 
its  extreme  lateral  margins  just  perceptibly  roughened,  tliough  scarcely  subcrcnulated :  the  last 
of  a  rather  duller  hue  than  the  prothorax,  but  not  so  dark  as  the  head, — being  somewhat  fuscous. 
Abdomen  pale  fuscous,  with  the  hinder  margin  of  each  segment  somewhat  diluted  in  colouring. 
Antenna  distinctly  longer  than  the  head  and  prothorax  (their  basal  joint  being  elongated,  and 
■  subclavate  at  its  apex),  brownish-ferruginous,  with  their  base  (and  the  palpi)  a  little  paler.  Let/s 
pale  testaceous. 

Male  (?)  with  the  head  about  as  wide  as  the  anterior  portion  of  the  prothorax.  The  abdomen  beneath 
with  the  sixth  segment  truncated,  and  with  the  seventh  broadly  cmarginatcd. 

Female  (?)  as  yet  undetected. 

The  unique  specimen  from  Avhich  the  above  description  has  liccn  compiled  pre- 
sents so  many  points  of  discrepancy  from  the  other  O.vi/teli  here  described,  that 
there  is  but  little  fear  of  confoimding  it  with  any  of  them.  Apart  from  its  minute 
size  and  narrow  outline,  and  the  slightly  jagged  (or  subcrcnulated)  edges  of  its 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  611 

pi'othorax,  it  may  be  immediately  recognised  by  its  densely  and  coarsely  roughened 
(tbough  not  very  distinctly  strignlose)  and  perfectly  opake  upper  svu-face,  by  its 
oblong  head,  small  eyes,  lengthened  antenna?,  and  by  its  light  and  rusty  hue.  Its 
colour  indeed  (unless  my  single  example  be  immature, — which  however,  even  if 
such  is  the  case,  would  hardly  account  entirely  for  its  peculiarity  in  this  respect) 
is  very  remarkable, — its  prothorax  (on  which  the  discal  sulci  are  almost  obsolete) 
and  eyes  being  of  a  bright  brownish-ferruginous,  whilst  its  elytra  and  abdomen 
are  more  dull,  and  its  head  is  nearly  piceous.  It  was  captm'ed,  by  myself,  during 
the  spring  of  1848,  out  of  a  di-ied  bone  in  the  Eev.  R.  T.  Lowe's  garden  at  the 
Levada, — where  I  have  since  constantly  searched  for  it,  bvit  in  vain. 

Genus  210.  TROGOPHLCEUS. 

Manuerlieim,  Brachel.  49  (1831). 

Corpus  sat  minutum,  plus  minusve  sixbcyclindrico-lineare,  plerumque  creberrime  et  minutissime  punc- 
tulatum  et  subtiliter  sericeo-pube.scens  :  capita  porrecto,  prothorace  immisso ;  oculis  rotundatis, 
prominulis  :  prothorace  subcordato,  in  dorso  ssepius  longitudinaliter  bi-impresso  :  scutello  ple- 
rumque obsoleto  (rarius  observando)  :  alis  amplis :  ahdomine  linear!  marginato.  Antenna  et 
imtrumeiita  cibaria  fere  ut  in  genere  prsecedenti,  sed  palporum  maxillarium  articulus  ultimus 
crassior ;  palpi  lahiales  breviores ;  et  paraglossa  ligulse  omnino  connatae  eamque  baud  superantes. 
Pedes  breves  subtenues  {intermedii  approximati) :  tibiis  muticis  pubescentibus  :  tarsis  3-articulatis 
brevibus,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  brevissimis. 

The  little  insects  included  under  the  genus  Trogopliloeiis  may  be  known  by  their 
narrow  and  subcylindrical  bodies,  by  theu'  closely  and  minutely  punctulated  and 
delicately  pubescent  surfaces,  by  their  more  or  less  subcordate  prothorax  (which  is 
generally  impressed  vidth  two  somewhat  interrupted  longitudinal  fovesB  on  its 
hinder  disk),  and  by  then*  unarmed  tibiae  and  exceedingly  short  feet.  They  occur 
principally  in  muddy  sj)ots,  especially  at  the  edges  of  stagnant  water  and  of  par- 
tially dried  streams :  nevertheless  a  few  are  stated  to  be  found  beneath  the  bark 
of  trees, — a  position  however  in  which  I  have  not  myseK  ever  succeeded  in  de- 
tecting them. 

478.  Trogophlceus  nanus,  Woll. 
T.  subcylindrico-angustus  subnitidus  creberrime  subtiliter  punctulatus  et  pube  subtili  cinerea  undique 

tectus,  prothorace  subcordato,  in  disco  postico  obsolete  quadrifoveolato,  antennis  palpisque  fusco- 

picescentibus,  pedibus  diluto-testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  1. 

Habitat  per  margines  aquarum  Maderse,  rarissimus  :  ad  Sanctam  Annam  sestate  media  a.d.  1850  tria 
specimina  cepi. 

T.  minute,  narrow,  linear,  and  somewhat  cylindrical ;  black,  slightly  shining,  densely  and  minutely 
punctulated  (less  distinctly  so  on  the  abdomen),  and  beset  all  over  with  a  delicate  cinereous 

4l2 


612  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

pubescence, — which  however  is  somewhat  darker  on  the  head  and  prothorax  than  elsewhere. 
Head  with  the  anterior  angles  a  little  raised,  and  with  the  clypeus  rounded  in  front.  Protfiorax 
subcordate,  and  with  two  longitudinal  interrupted  impressions  on  its  hinder  disk,— constituting 
four  somewhat  obsolete  fovcje.  Elytra  occasionally  a  little  more  diluted  in  hue  towards  their 
apex, — though  at  other  times  apparently  quite  black.  Antenna  dark  brownish-piceous,  with 
their  base  (and  the  palpi)  a  shade  paler.     Legs  pale  diluted-testaceous. 

The  present  minute  Trogophlceus,  which  seems  to  differ  slightly  from  all  the 
Em'opean  species  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  would  appear  to  be  extremely  rare, 
— though,  from  its  diminutive  size,  obscure  hue  and  burrowing  habits,  it  is  of 
course  very  liable  to  be  overlooked.  The  only  thi-ee  specimens  Avhich  I  have  seen 
were  captured  by  myself  in  the  north  of  the  island  dm-ing  the  summer  of  1850,— 
from  off  mud  at  the  edges  of  a  small  stream  at  Santa  Anna. 


(Subf.  7.  OMALIADES.) 

Genus  211.  OMALIUM. 
Gravenhorst,  Col.  Mieropt.  116  (1802). 

Corpus  parvum,  lineaii-oblongum,  subdepressum :  capite  porrecto,  postice  ocellis  duobus  instructo;  oculis 
rotundatis  prominulis  :  prothorace  ssepius  transverso,  anguUs  posticis  subrectis :  scutello  distincto, 
triangulari :  ehjtris  pectore  longioribus,  angulo  apicis  cxteriore  rotundato  :  alls  amplis  :  abdomine 
margiuato.  Antenna  sub  fi'ontis  margine  laterali  insertre,  rectae,  apicem  versus  incrassat^, 
articulo  primo  longiusculo  robusto,  secundo  paulo  minore,  ultimo  subovato.  Labium  transversum, 
apice  sinuatum  et  membrana  brevissima  ciliata  auctum.  Mandibula  breves  mutica.  Maxilla 
bilobaj  membranacex  :  Inbo  externa  apice  barbato :  interna  extus  corneo,  apice  denticulo  termi- 
nato,  intus  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo  minuto,  secundo  longiusculo,  tertio  paulo 
breviore,  uUimo  secundi  longitudine  plerumque  subacuminato-fusiformi :  labiates  brcviusculi, 
articulis  primo  et  ultimo  longitudine  subcequalibus,  secundo  breviore.  Mentum  transversum. 
Lif/ula  biloba,  lobis  rotundatis ;  paraglossis  indistinctis.  Pedes  breves  subtenucs  {intermedii 
plerumque  approximati,  scd  in  speeiebus  Madercnsibus  parum  distantcs)  :  tibiis  plus  miuusve 
subtiliter  spinulosis :  tarsis  5-articulatis  (in  nostris  subtus  dense  pubcscentibus),  articidis  quatuor 
baseos  brevissimis  inter  se  aequalibus,  ultimo  his  conjunctis  vel  squali  vel  (ut  in  nostris)  multo 
longiore. 

The  O media  may  be  recognised  from  the  members  of  every  other  genus  here 
described  by  the  two  ocelli  with  which  the  hinder  region  of  then-  forehead  is  fm-- 
nished.  They  are  insects  of  a  more  or  less  oblong  and  subdepressed  form,  their 
elytra  are  ample  (covering  a  larger  portion  of  the  abdomen  than  is  the  case  in  any 
of  the  preceding  groups),  the  terminal  articulation  of  thou- palpi  is  longer  than  the 
penultimate  one  (and  more  or  less  fusiform),  theu-  tibitL'  are  very  minutely  spinu- 
lose,  and  their  tarsi  (which  in  the  j\Iadeii-an  representatives  are  densely  pubescent 
beneath,  thus  far  coinciding  with  those  of  the  Anthobia)  have  the  fii-st  four  joints 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  613 

extremely  short  and  subequal.  They  are  principally  to  be  found  on  flowers,  or 
under  the  loose  bark  of  trees ;  though  a  few  occur  beneath  stones  and  decaying 
vegetable  refuse, — especially  in  alpine  and  maritime  districts. 


§  I.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  ultimo  suhacv/minato-fusiformi :  iihice  suhtiliter  spinulosce. 

479.  Omalium  ocellatum,  Woll. 
O.  fusco-piceum  subpunctatum,    capite  ocellis  magnis  flavis  instructo,   prothorace  insequali,  limbo 

elytrisque  diluto-testaceis,  antennarum  basi  ferruginea,  pedibus  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  \\. 
Habitat  in  ins.  Deserta  Boreali,  a  meipso  Junio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  repertum. 

O.  subovate-oblong  (being  a  little  expanded  posteriorly),  brownisli-piceous,  and  slightly  shining. 
Head,  prothorax  and  elytra  rather  coarsely  subpiinctate ;  the  first  uneven ;  with  the  anterior 
angles  raised  and  rather  prominent  (their  lateral  edges  being  slightly  elevated,  and  produced  ob- 
liquely backwards  on  to  the  forehead) ;  vA\h  the  clypeus  obtusely  rounded  in  front ;  and  with 
two  large  ocelli  of  a  bright  yellow  hue  on  its  hinder  disk :  the  second  transverse,  a  little  narrowed 
behind,  and  with  its  posterior  angles  almost  right  angles ;  likewise  exceedingly  uneven,  but  with 
indications  of  a  larger  longitudinal  depression  on  either  side  of  its  disk ;  its  margins  (especially 
the  lateral  and  basal  ones),  together  with  the  elytra,  diluted-testaceous.  Antenna  rather  paler 
than  the  head,  and  bright  ferruginous  at  their  base.     Legs  testaceous. 

Readily  known  from  the  following  species  by  its  much  greater  bulk  and  pro- 
portionably  wider  outline,  by  its  paler,  subpitnctiu"ed  and  more  imeven  surface, 
and  by  the  larger  (and  bright  yellow)  ocelli  mth  wliich  the  hinder  region  of  its 
forehead  is  fiu'uished.  The  specimen  from  which  the  above  description  has  been 
compiled  is  hitherto  unique, — having  been  captiu^ed  by  myself  on  the  Northern 
Dezerta,  or  Ilheo  Chao,  during  my  encampment  on  that  island,  Avith  the  Rev. 
R.  T.  Lowe,  at  the  beginning  of  June  1850. 


§  II.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  ultimo  graciliore  suhcylindrico  :  tibia  vix  spinulosce. 

480.  Omalium  granulatum,  Woll. 

O.  angustum  nigro-piceum  subtilissime  et  creberrime  grauulatum,  capite  ocellis  parvis  picescentibus 
instructo,  prothorace  in  disco  postico  profunde  longitudinaliter  bifoveolato,  antennis  ferrugineis, 
pedibus  diluto-testaceis. 

Long,  coi-p.  Un.  ^. 

Habitat  in  Madera  boreali  sylvatica,  rarissime :  ad  Lombo  dos  Pecegueiros  mense  Juho  a.d.  1850 
quatuor  specimina  inveni. 

O.  minute,  narrow  and  nearly  parallel,  dark  piceous,  and  scarcely  at  all  shining.     Head,  prothorax 


614.  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

and  elytra  most  delicately  and  closely  granulated  (but  with  scarcely  any  indication  on  the  first 
two  of  punctures  intermixed,  though  a  few  very  lightly  impressed  ones  are  just  indicated  on  the 
last)  :  the  first  less  uneven  than  in  the  preceding  species,  with  the  anterior  angles  however  raised 
(though  not  prominent,  nor  with  their  lateral  edges  backwardly  produced  on  to  the  forehead) ; 
with  the  clypeus  rounded  in  front  (but  a  little  less  obtusely  so  than  in  that  insect) ;  and  with  a 
deep  though  very  short  longitudinal  fovea  on  either  side  of  its  hinder  disk,  in  the  base  of  which 
the  oceUi  (which  are  small  and  picescent)  are  immersed :  the  second  of  the  same  form  as  that  of 
the  O.  ocellatum,  but  less  uneven  (or,  rather,  more  regularly  impressed),  and  with  a  deep  longi- 
tudinal fovea  on  either  side  of  its  hinder  disk.     Antenna  ferruginous.     Legs  dull  testaceous. 

Tlie  exceedingly  minute  size  and  narrow,  parallel  outUnc  of  the  present  Omalimn, 
in  conjunction  with  its  dark  piceous  hue  (the  limbs  being  alone  pale),  its  closely 
and  delicately  granulated  (though  scarcely  punctured)  surface,  and  the  short,  deep 
and  well-defined  longitudinal  fovea  on  either  side  of  its  hinder  prothoracic  disk, 
Avill  at  once  serve  to  distinguish  it  from  evei*ything  else  with  wliich  we  have  here  to 
do.  It  is  apparently  extremely  rare, — the  only  four  specimens  wliich  I  have  seen 
having  been  captured  by  myself  from  off  the  outer  canvass  of  my  tent  (whither 
they  had  flown  towards  the  dusk  of  the  evening),  in  the  dense  forest  region  of  the 
Lombo  dos  Peeegueiros,  dimng  July  of  1850. 

(Subf.  8.  PROTEINIDES.) 

Genus  212.  MEGARTHRUS.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  9.) 
(Kirby)  Steph.  ///.  Brit.  Ent.  v.  330  (1832). 

Corpus  parvum,  subovatum,  subdepressum  et  dense  pimctulatum :  capite  porrecto  subtriangulari, 
ocellis  nidlis  instructo ;  oculis  rotundatis  prominulis  :  prothorace  transverse,  in  medio  profunde 
canaliculato,  ad  latera  leviter  complanato,  angulis  posticis  excavatis :  scutello  distincto,  triangu- 
lari :  elytris  pectore  longioribus,  angulo  apieis  exteriore  rotundato :  alis  sat  amphs  :  abdomin^ 
breviusculo  marginato.  Antenna  sub  frontis  margine  laterali  insertse,  rectse,  in  medio  graciles, 
apicem  versus  leviter  incrassatsc,  articulis  primo  et  secundo  (illo  prrecipuc)  longiusculis  robustis, 
ultimo  subgloboso.  Labrum  (XIII.  9  a)  sub  frontis  margine  reconditum,  breve  trausversum, 
antice  membrana  (in  typicis  integi'A,  sed  in  specie  jMadcrensi)  valde  biloba  auetum.  Mandibula 
(XIII.  9  b)  parvae  muticse,  intus  membranS,  ciliata  instructse.  Maxilla  (XIII.  9  c)  bilobre :  lobo 
externa  membranacco,  apice  (nccnon  apicem  versus  exteriorem)  dense  barbato :  inter-no  vLx  bre- 
viore,  extus  subcorneo  apice  acuminato,  intus  vix  ciliato.  Palpi  maxillares  articulo  primo 
miuuto,  secundo  sat  magno,  tertio  breviore,  ultimo  (in  specie  nostra)  secundo  longiore  subgracili 
fusiformi :  labiates  (XIII.  9  d)  breves,  articulis  magnitudine  leviter  decrescentibus.  Mentum 
comeum,  antice  angustatum  sed  ad  ajiicem  truncatum.  Ligula  biloba  ciliata ;  pai-aglossis  in 
specie  nostril  (nisi  fallor)  ligulam  baud  superautibus.  Pedes  brcviusculi  subtenues  {intermedii 
subapproximati) :  tibiis  muticis :  tarsis  (XIII.  9  e)  5-articulatis,  articulis  quatuor  baseos  brevibus 
leviter  decrescentibus,  idtimo  his  conjunctis  breviore. 

The  insects  of  the  present  genus  may  be  distinguished  (apart  from  all  other 
characteristics)  by  the  incised,   or  naiTowly  excavated,  hinder  angles  of  their 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA,  -  615 

(deeply  channeled)  prothorax.  Their  antennae  are  somewhat  slender,  with  the 
first  and  second  joiats  a  good  deal  enlarged  and  the  ultimate  one  subglobose ;  their 
head  is  triangular  and  free  from  ocelli,  their  elytra  cover  a  considerable  portion  of 
their  abdomen,  and  their  tiljise  are  almost  unarmed.  In  their  habits  they  are 
chiefly  fungivorous,  and  of  a  rather  gregarious  nature, — the  foiu"  species  (all 
European)  which  have  been  hitherto  described  occurring  at  times  in  the  greatest 
profusion  amongst  Boleti  in  sylvan  districts :  nevertheless  they  may  be  occa- 
sionally found  beneath  the  bark  or  at  the  roots  of  trees, — especially  Firs,  to  which 
one  or  two  of  them  seem  to  be  more  particularly  attached.  By  a  glance  at  the 
above  diagnosis,  it  will  be  perceived  that  the  Madeiran  representative  is  not 
altogether  a  typical  member  of  the  group,  since  in  the  bilobed  membranous 
appendage  of  its  upper  lip  and  in  the  shortness  of  its  paraglossse  it  coincides  with 
the  Frofeini.  Nevertheless  m  all  other  respects  it  is  a  true  Megm'tlirus, — with 
which  in  its  general  contour,  moreover,  as  well  as  in  the  scooped-ovit  posterior 
angles  of  its  prothorax,  it  precisely  accords. 

481.  Megarthrus  longicomis,  Woll.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  9.) 

M.  fuscus  subrugulosus  subopacus,  prothorace  profunde  canaliculato,  basi  in  medio  transversioi 
impresso,  versus  latera  dilutiore,  abdomine  antennarumque  apice  nigrescentibus,  pedibus 
testaceis. 

Long.  corp.  lin.  1^. 

Habitat  Maderam,  rarior ;  semel  tantum  (a  meipso  prope  Funchal)  repertus. 

M.  subovate  (being  a  little  expanded  behind  the  middle),  fuscous,  or  pale  brown,  and  minutely  pubes- 
cent. Head,  prothorax  and  elytra  rather  closely  punctured  and  subrugulose,  and  almost  opake : 
the  first  of  a  somewhat  obscurer  hue,  and  a  little  produced  in  front :  the  second  of  a  clearer 
colour, — especially  anteriorly  and  towards  the  sides,  where  it  is  almost  ferruginous;  deeply 
channeled  down  the  disk  j  with  a  central  transverse  impression  behind  ;  with  its  posterior  angles 
emarginated  (or  scooped  out),  and  with  its  sides  just  appreciably  subangulated  at  a  short  distance 
in  advance  of  them :  the  last  of  a  rather  duller  tint  than  the  prothorax,  but  paler  than  the 
head.  Abdomen  more  finely  and  remotely  punctulatcd,  just  perceptibly  shining,  and  (particularly 
towards  its  base)  dark.  Antenna  ferruginous  at  their  base,  and  blackish  towards  then-  apex. 
Legs  testaceous. 

Apart  from  the  struotural  peculiarities  of  the  present  Megarthrus  (which  have 
been  already  pointed  out,  and  in  which  it  recedes  from  the  normal  members  of  the 
group  and  assimilates  the  Frotemi),  it  differs  from  all  the  Em-opean  species 
hitherto  described  in  its  distinctly  longer  antennse  and  in  the  deep  central  im- 
pression at  the  base  of  its  prothorax, — as  well  as  in  numerous  other  (smaller) 
particulars  which  will  be  easily  gathered  by  a  reference  to  the  diagnosis.  In 
general /acJ6*  it  is  a  good  deal  allied  to  the  If.  denticolUs,  Beck, — with  which,  on 
examination,  however,  it  of  course  cannot  be  for  a  moment  confounded.     I  have 


616  INSECTA  MADERENSIA. 

seen  hitherto  but  a  single  specimen, — which  was  captured  by  myself  in  the  vicinity 
of  Funchal  (though  I  have  no  recollection,  or  note,  of  the  exact  position)  during 
the  spring  of  1848. 

Genus  213.  METOPSIA,  TTW.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  7.) 

Corpus  parvum,  latum,  subdepressum,  rugosum  sed  vix  pubescens :  capite  porrecto  sub-semicirculari, 
intra  angulos  anticos  utrinque  fisso,  postice  ocello  singulo  elevato  medio  instructo ;  oculis  parvis 
rotundatis,  valde  prominentibus :  prothorace  transverse,  antice  emarginato  (caput  recipiente),  in 
medio  profunde  canaliculato,  ad  latcra  latissime  subrecun-o-explanato,  necnon  intra  angulos 
posticos  late  traiisversim  exsecto,  basi  in  medio  sinuato :  scutello  distincto,  triangulari :  elytris 
pectore  longioribus,  angulo  apicis  exteriore  vix  rotundato :  alls  obsoletis :  abdomine  late  margi- 
nato,  apicem  versus  attenuato,  segmento  sexto  in  maribus  subtus  in  medio  triangulariter  incise. 
Antenna  et  mandihula  fere  ut  in  Megartbro.  Labrum  (XIII.  7  a)  sub  frontis  margine  recondi- 
tum,  breve  transversum,  antice  rotundatum  et  membrana,  iutegra  auctum.  Maailla  (XIII.  7  b) 
bilobse :  lobo  externa  menibranaceo  latissimo,  ad  apicem  truncate,  intus,  apice  et  apicem  versus 
exteriorem  dense  barbate :  intemo  breviere,  extus  subcorneo,  intus  vix  ciliate.  Palpi  (XIII.  7  b 
et  7  c)  fere  ut  in  genere  prrecedenti,  sed  maxiUarium  articulus  secundus  longior.  Mentum  (XIII.  7  c) 
corneum,  antice  angiistatum  rotundatum,  in  medio  carinatum.  Ligula  submembranacea  lata 
biloba,  lobis  valde  divergentibus  acuminatis;  paraglossis  ligulam  baud  superantibus.  Pedes 
breviusculi  subtenues  {intermedii  approximati) :  tibiis  pubescentibus ;  intermediis  (praesei+im  in 
maribus)  leriter  incurvis :  tarsis  5-articulatis  brevibus,  subtus  dense  pubescentibus,  articulis 
quatuor  baseos  (pra;sertim  in  anterioribus  et  in  sexu  masculo)  leviter  dilatatis  et  paulatim  decres- 
centibus  (quarto  subemarginato),  ultimo  bis  conjunctis  multo  breviere. 

A  ftera  post,  et  cn^ia  vesper. 

The  remarkable  insect  (apparently  of  noctm-nal  habits)  from  which  the  above 
characters  have  been  drawn  out  is  closely  allied  to  Fhoeobiinn, — from  which,  how- 
ever, it  recedes  in  the  singular  form  of  its  ligula  and  outer  maxillary  lobe,  in  its 
keeled  and  apically  rounded  mentum,  in  the  slightly  different  structure  of  its 
antennae  and  feet,  as  well  as  in  its  freedom  from  wings,  in  its  comparatively  large 
size  and  extremely  broad  outline,  in  its  very  deeply  channeled  prothorax,  and  in  its 
more  ample  elytra.  In  the  single  ocellus  with  which  it  is  furnished,  and  in  the 
incised  margins  of  its  forehead,  it  agrees  with  that  genus, — peculiarities  moreover 
which,  in  conjunction  with  its  ■«-idely  flattened  (or  dUated)  edges,  and  the  somewhat 
curved  intermediate  tibiye  of  its  male  sex,  Avill  at  once  cUstinguish  it  from  every 
other  Madeiran  member  of  the  Bntchelytra  hitherto  discovered. 

482.  Metopsia  ampliata,  WoU.    (Tab.  XIII.  fig.  7.) 
M.  lata  ferruginea  rugosa  opaca,  pretborace  in  medio  canalicula  profunda  glaberrima  pelita  impresso, 

ad  latera  valde  explanato,  antennis  apicem  versus  obscurioribus. 
Long.  cerp.  lin.  1|. 

Habitat  per  regionem  Maderx  sylvaticam  rarissime:    ad  Ribeiro  Frio  tempore  hiberno  a.d.   1849 
necnon  ad  Feijaa  de  Corte  Julio  ineunte  a.d.  1850  cellegi. 


INSECTA  MADERENSIA.  617 

M.  wide,  ferruginous,  and  almost  unpubesceut  (except  on  the  abdomen,  where  it  is  clothed  with  a 
short  pile).  Hcad,proihorax  and  elytra  exceedingly  roughened,  and  opake  :  the  first  studded  with 
distant  granules,  but  only  obscurely  punctured  ;  expanded  at  the  edges  but  truncated  in  front ; 
incised  on  either  side  of  its  cljrpeus  (within  the  anterior  angles),  and  with  a  greatly  elevated 
ocellus  in  the  centre  of  its  hinder  disk  :  the  second  much  flattened  and  subrecui-ved  towards  the 
sides  (which  are  of  a  slightly  clearer  colour) ;  coarsely  punctured,  but  less  evidently  granided ;  with 
a  wide,  deep,  glabrous  and  highly  polished  channel  down  the  disk ;  with  its  posterior  angles 
broadly  sliced  off  along  the  basal  margin  (the  incision  ending  abruptly  nearly  midway  between 
either  angle  and  the  centre) ;  and  sinuated  at  the  base  of  its  dorsal  canal :  the  last,  likewise, 
expanded  at  the  edges  (but  less  so  than  the  prothorax) ;  and  deeply  and  roughly  subpunctured. 
Abdomen  a  little  shining,  and,  with  the  apical  portion  of  the  antenna,  slightly  obscured ;  the 
latter  at  their  base  testaceous.     Leffs  dull  testaceous,  or  ferruginous. 

Apparently  of  the  greatest  rarity,  two  specimens  only  having  hitherto  come 
beneath  my  notice, — one  of  which  I  captui-ed  at  the  edges  of  the  Levada  of  the 
Ribeiro  Frio,  during  the  winter  of  18i9 ;  and  the  other,  early  in  August  of  1850, 
at  the  Feijaa  de  C6rte, 


4  K 


APPENDIX. 

(1)  Tarns  snturalis  (p.  3).  Specimens  of  this  iasect  have  been  lately  com- 
municated to  me  by  T.  S.  Leacock,  Esq.  of  Fim-chal,  from  the  Ponta  Sao  Loui-engo, 
— the  nearest  portion  of  Matleh'a  proper  to  Porto  Santo  (on  which  island,  as  already 
stated,  it  aboimds).  This  discovery  is  of  the  greatest  interest  in  a  geographical 
point  of  view,  as  supplying  another  instance  of  the  close  resemljlance  of  the  fauna 
of  the  Sao  Loiu'en90  promontory  to  that  of  Porto  Santo, — a  similarity  which  the 
Terrestrial  ^Eollusca  moreover  of  the  two  districts  would  no  less  tend  to  confii-m. 

(2)  Scar'ites  abbreriatiis  (p.  11).  Two  examples,  stated  to  have  been  brought 
from  the  Ilheo  Bugio  (the  Southern  Dezerta),  have  been  forwarded  by  Mr.  Leacock. 
Tliey  differ  scarcely  at  aU,  either  in  size  or  in  the  scidpture  of  the  basal  margin  of 
their  elytra,  from  the  var.  y.  of  the  diagnosis, — the  state  which  obtains  on  the 
Ilheo  de  Fora ;  and  I  have  therefore  admitted  them,  in  my  Tables  of  Distribution, 
under  that  particular  variety.  Nevertheless  I  would  wish  it  to  be  understood 
that  they  are  not  pi'ccisehj  similar  ;  and  also  that  I  do  not  hold  myself  responsible 
for  their  having  been  truly  found  in  the  locality  professed. 

(3)  Sarpalus  litigiosus  (p.  51).  The  Ponta  Sao  Loui*enco  may  be  added  as  a 
locality  for  this  insect, — a  district  from  whence  I  have  received  several  specimens 
(along  with  the  H.  atteni(atiis)  differing  in  no  respect  from  the  PrayaPormoza  and 
Porto  Santan  representatives  except  that  their  pronotum  is  (if  anything)  perhajis  a 
trifle  shorter,  and  just  perceptibly  (especially  towards  the  posterior  angles)  more 
flattened.  They  have  also  an  obscure  cyaneous  tinge, — the  tendency  to  assume 
which  (however  indistinct)  is  at  all  times  traceable,  and  which  should  have  been 
mentioned  in  the  diagnosis.  Since  the  description  was  ■nTitten,  I  have  taken  it  in 
our  own  country  (on  the  Devonshire  coast), — where  however  it  would  appear  to 
be  of  the  greatest  rarity.  The  English  examples  are  more  evidently  cyaneous  than 
even  the  Ponta  Sao  Louren90  ones ;  and  it  is  probable  therefore  that  tliis  pecu- 
liarity of  colom'ing  is  typical  in  more  northern  latitudes. 

(4)  Cryptoplmgus  (p.  171).  The  following  description  of  a  minute  and  very  in- 
teresting Cryptophagus  slioukl  be  inserted.  It  has  been  recently  communicated 
by  the  llev.  11.  T.  Lowe  (by  whom  it  was  discovered  at  the  Ribciro  Prio,  during 
the  summer  of  1851) ;  and  is  e^'idently  a  truly  indigenous  species. 

483.  Ciyptopliagns  Nitididoides,  Woll. 
C.  ovatus  convexus  rafo-ferrugineus  subnitidus  pubescens,  capite  prothoraceque  punctatis,  hoc  sub- 
quadrato-transverso,  ad  latcia  parce  irrcgulariter  subserrato  dente  medio  obscurissiine  armato  et 


APPENDIX.  619 

augulis  anticis  incrassatis,  elytris  nitidioribus  minute  punctatis  apicem  versus  attenuatis,  antennis 
valde  robustis,  peclibus  testaceis. 
Long.  Corp.  lin.  |. 

Habitat  in  Madera  sylvatica,  a  Rev''"  Dom"  Lowe  ad  Ribeiro  Frio  (aestate  a.d.  1851)  detectus. 

C.  ovate,  convex,  rufo-ferruginous,  slightly  shining,  and  clothed  with  a  fine  (though  short)  silken 
pubescence.  Head  &tiA  prothorax  punctured  (though  much  less  densely  so  than  in  the  C.  affiais) : 
the  latter  somewhat  transverse-quadrate,  and  with  the  pubescence  on  either  side  of  its  disk 
inwardly  directed,  causing  the  dorsal  region  to  seem  (especially  behind)  as  though  obsciu'cly 
keeled ;  the  anterior  angles  thickened  (but  scarcely  increased  into  a  ridge,  like  those  of  the 
C.  affinis) ;  and  with  the  lateral  edges  very  sparingly  and  irregularly  subserrated  (hardly  cre- 
nulate), — the  central  portion  being  rather  more  evidently  dentiform  than  the  remainder  (the 
extreme  medial  point  appearing  acute  under  a  high  power  of  the  microscope).  Elytra  rather 
more  shining  and  less  deeply  punctured  than  the  rest  of  the  surface ;  with  the  humeral  angles  a 
good  deal  thickened  and  prominent;  and  gradually  acuminated  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 
Antenna  exceedingly  robust,  and  scarcely  (if  at  all)  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  surface.  Legs 
distinctly  paler,  being  duU  testaceous. 

A  most  anomalous  little  Cryptophagus, — bearing  a  certain  prima  facie  resem- 
blance, in  colour,  contour  and  texture,  to  some  of  the  paler  Nitidiila;.  In  the 
form  of  its  mentum  it  recedes  from  every  species  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  the 
front  emargination  being  armed  in  the  centre  with  a  robust  corneous  tooth.  Apart 
from  its  diminutive  bulk  and  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  edges  of  its  prothorax, 
it  may  be  at  once  known  from  the  C.  affinis  by  its  ovate  outline  (its  elytra  being 
gradually  acuminated  behmd),  and  by  its  rather  darker  and  more  shining,  as  well 
as  more  lightly  sculptm'ed  and  less  pubescent  sm"face.  Its  greatly  incrassated 
antennae  moreover  (the  terminal  joint  of  which  wants  the  oblique  truncation  which 
is  just  indicated  in  the  normal  members  of  the  group),  in  conjunction  with  its 
thickened  and  prominent  himieral  angles,  should  be  especially  noticed,  as  serving 
additionally  to  distinguish  it. 

(5)  Atlantis  Force  (p.  380).  I  have  lately  received  a  series  of  this  insect  from 
Mr.  Leacock,  captured  on  the  Ponta  Sao  Louren90 ;  and  am  inclined,  on  fui'ther 
examination,  to  regard  it  as  a  local  form  of  the  A.  Schaumii,  and  have  con- 
sequently entered  it  as  such  into  the  Systematic  Index  at  the  commencement  of 
this  work.  I  shoidd  state,  however,  that  the  small  distinctive  characters  (with 
the  exception  of  the  size, — which  is  more  unstable  than  in  the  Porto  Santan 
examples,  though  on  the  average  rather  larger  than  is  there  the  case)  ah'eady 
pointed  out  in  the  (then)  unique  specimen  from  which  the  diagnosis  was  compiled, 
appear  to  be  perfectly  constant ;  and  I  have  therefore  registered  it  as  a  well- 
defined  variety, — which  at  the  least  it  must  be  allowed  to  be.  At  the  same  time  I 
would  by  no  means  wish  to  assert  positively  that  the  two  may  not  be  specifically 
distinct. 

4k2 


G20  APPENDIX. 

(6)  Meloe  (p.  526,  note).  Since  the  note  was  written  relating  to  the  largely- 
developed  cultriform  process  in  the  hinder  legs  of  Meloe  (wliich,  whilst  appearing 
to  be  but  a  modification  of  the  tibial  spui*,  is  in  reality  articulated  on  to  the  foot), 
my  attention  has  been  directed  by  Adam  "VMiite,  Esq.,  of  the  British  Museum,  to 
an  observation  by  Mr.  MacLeay,  in  the  15th  volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the 
Linncean  Societi/  (a.d.  1827),  which,  singularly  enough,  almost  coincides  vdih  the 
suggestion  which  I  ventm-ed  to  tlu-ow  out.  As  it  is  a  subject  not  altogether  devoid 
of  interest,  I  subjoin  his  remarks  verbatim.  "  Hence,"  says  he,  "  in  Hetero- 
merous  insects  generally,  we  may  perhaps  suppose  that  it  is  the  foiirth  joint  of  the 
tarsus  <which  vanishes.  I  say  generally,  because  there  may  be  many  exceptions  to 
this  rule ; — perhaps,  for  instance,  Meloii  and  the  insects  allied  to  it.  These  are  true 
Ileteromera ;  but  on  looking  at  theu-  posterior  feet  we  find  an  obconical  process, 
which  seems  to  represent  the  lost  articulation,  and  occasions  one  almost  to  fancy, 
although  not  perhaps  very  philosophically,  that  it  is  the  second  joint  of  the  tarsus 
which  articulates  with  the  tibia." 


COERIGENDA. 

p.  G3  —  lor  Trechusjimicolus,  read  Treehus Jtmicola. 
p.  284  —for  (1764),  read  (1762). 


INDEX. 


abbreviatus,  Scarites,  11. 
tibhrematus,  Dej.  (Scarites),  11. 
Acalles,  Schtin.,  329. 
Acalles  albolineatus,  IVolL,  338. 

cyliuilricoUis,  iVolL,  341. 

tlis])ai-,  WolL,  337. 

glob\ilipennis,  IVoll.,  339. 

lunulatus,  IVolL,  3-10. 

Neptimus,  WolL,  330. 

noflifenis.  WolL,  334. 

oblitiis,  WolL,  333. 

ornatus,  WolL,  336. 

piilvenilentus,  WolL,  332. 

saxicola,  WolL,  332. 

termiualis,  WolL,  335. 

Van,  WolL,  335. 

Wollastoni,  342. 

Wollastoni,  Chev.,  342. 

Achenium,  Curtis,  586. 
Achenium  Ilartungii,  587. 

Hartunyii,  Heer,  587. 

acicula,  WolL,  Stenotis,  316. 
Acratrichis,  Mots.,  107. 
Acratriehis  fascicularis,  108. 

pumila,  109. 

pumila.  Mots.,  109. 

umbricola,  WolL,  108. 

acuminata,  KoU.  (Asida),  503. 
acuminatus,    Wall.,    Lichenophagus, 

391. 
Acupalpus  dorsalis,  Dej.,  60. 

harpalinus,  Dej.,  61. 

-,  Heer,  61. 

Adonia  mntahUis,  Muls.,  461. 
adcena,  Waltl  (Cryptophagus),  168. 
advena,  WolL,  Ptiuus,  261. 

,  Silvanus,  168. 

advena,  Erich.  {Silvanus),  168. 

,  Sturm  (Silvanus),  168. 

aenescens,  WolL,  Omias,  383. 
feneus,  Philonthus,  580. 
eeneus,  Erich.  (Pliilonthus),  580. 

,  Grav.  (Stuphi/linus),  580. 

,  Gyll.  (Staphi/limis),  580. 

,  Rossi  (Staphylinus),  580. 

offinis.  Fab.  (Cassida),  439. 
affiuis,  Cryptophagus,  170. 
affinis,  Erich.  (Cryptophagus),  1/0. 

,  Redt.  (Cryptophagus),  170, 

,  Sturm  (Cryptophagus),  170. 

,  Payk.  (Hister),  216. 

affinis,  Rugilus,  592. 
affinis,  Heer  (Rugilus),  592. 

,  Erich.  (Stilicus),  592. 

,  Redt.  (Stilicus),  592. 

Agabus,  Leach,  83. 

Agahus  bipunctatus,  Aube,  84. 

bipustulatus,  83. 

— —  bipustulatus,  Aube,  83. 
Maderensis,  WolL,  85. 


Agabus  nebulosus,  84. 

Agonum,  Bon.,  33. 

Agoiuiin  marginatum,  Dej.,  34. 

,  Erich.,  34. 

alatus,  WolL,  Pristouychus,  27. 
albipes,  Sturm  (Anchomenus),  33. 

,  III.  (Carobus),  33. 

albolineatus,  WolL,  AcaMes,  338. 
albopietus,  U^olL,  Ptinus,  267. 
albosquamosus,  WolL,  Tychius,  345. 
Aleocharides,  540. 
Aleochara,  559. 
Aleochara  Armitagei,  WolL,  559. 

atramentaria,  Gyll.,  556. 

,  Zett.,  556". 

exigua,  Mann.,  561. 

longicornis,  Grav.,  656. 

morion,  561. 

morion.  Erich.,  561. 

,  Grav.,  561. 

,  Lat.,  561. 

,  Mann.,  561. 

nitida,  560. 

nitida,  Erich.,  561. 

,  Grav.,  561. 

,  Gyll.,  561. 

,  Mann.,  561. 

obscura,  Grav.,  541. 

—,  Gyll.,  541. 

tristi.s,  560. 

tristis,  Erich.,  560. 

,  Grav.,  560. 

,  Gyll.,  560. 

Mann.,  560. 


Alphitobius,  Steph.,  497. 
Alphitobius  diapcrinus,  498. 

mauritanicus,  Steph.,  498. 

alpinus,  WolL,  Hadrus,  502. 
alternans,  WolL,  Ephistemus,  177. 
alticola,  WolL,  Trechus,  69. 
Amara,  Bo«.,  4/. 
Amara  superans,  WolL,  48. 

trivialis,  47. 

trivialis,  Dej.,  48. 

,  Erich.,  48. 

Heer,  48. 


Amaroides,  Sol.  (Hegeter),  509. 

,  Dej.  (Melancrus),  xi. 

ambiguus,  Payk.  (Carabus),  31. 
ampliata,  WolL,  Metopsia,  616. 
Anachoreta,  Fab.  (Aphodius),  225. 
anale,  WolL,  Somatium,  564. 
Anaspls,  Geoffr.,  531. 
Anaspis  Proteus,  WolL,  532. 
Ancnomenus,  Bon.,  32. 
Anchomenus  albipes,  Stimn,  33. 
Anchomenus  marginatus,  33. 

pallipes,  33. 

pallipes.  Dej.,  33. 

,  Heer,  33. 


Anemophilus,  WolL,  385. 
Anemophdus  crassus,  WolL,  386. 

subtessellatus,  WolL,  387. 

trossulus,  WolL,  388. 

angustatus.  Fab.  (Curculio),  352. 
angustatus,  Lixus,  351. 
angustatus,  Dahl  (Lixus),  353. 

,  Fab.  (Lixus),  352. 

,  Schbn.  (Lixus),  352. 

,  Steph.  (Lixus),  :&2. 

,  Fab.  (Staphylinus),  594. 

,  Payk.  (Staphylinus),  594. 

angustatus,  Sunius,  593. 
angustatus,  Erich.  (Sunius),  594. 

,  Ilcer  (Sunius),  594. 

Anisodactylus,  Dej.,  49. 
Anisodactylus  binotatus,  49. 

binotatus,  Dej.,  50. 

,  Heer.  50. 

AXISOTOMIDJ;,  482. 

Anobium,  Fab.,  275. 

Anobiuut  frumentarium.  Fab.,  167- 

paniceum,  277. 

paniceum.  Fab.,  277. 

,  GvlL,  277. 

,  O'hv.,  277. 


-,  Steph., 


536. 


-  pertinax.  Fab.,  278. 

Ptilinoides,  WolL,  278. 

ruficolle,  Thung.,  258. 

striatum,  278. 

striatum,  Gyll.,  2/8. 

,  Oliv.,  278. 

,  Steph.,  278. 

velatum,  WolL,  276. 

ANTllICID.E,  533. 
AntMciis,  Payk.,  533. 
Anfliicus fenestratus,  Dej 

hispidus,  536. 

hispidus.  La  Ferte,  536. 

,  Schmidt,  536. 

instabilis,  534. 

instabilis,  Dej.,  534. 

,  Schmidt,  534. 

litoralis,  535. 

litoralis,  Heer,  535. 

mauritanicus,  Lucas,  534. 

tibialis,  Ciutis,  534. 

,  La  Ferte',  534. 

tristis,  536. 

tristis.  La  Ferte,  536. 

,  Schmidt,  536. 

Anthribides,  417. 
Anthrenus,  Geoffr.,  204. 
Anthremis  varius,  205. 

varius,  Erich.,  205. 

,  Fab.,  205. 

,  Sturm,  205. 

Verbasci,  Heer,  205. 

,  Oliv.,  205. 


622 


INDEX. 


Aphanarthrum,  yVotl.,  292. 
A|)li;iii:iithiiiiii  Kuphorbiae,  Wall. ,293. 
Al'llODlAD-E,  221. 
Aphodius,  Illiy.,  22) . 
Aphodius  Aiiachoreta,  Fab.,  225. 

casus.  Fab.,  231. 

,  Ueer,  231. 

ferrugineus,  Dabl,  224. 

granaiius,  226. 

grunarius,  Ileer,  226. 

,  lUip.,  226. 

,  Stepb.,  226. 

ny(lrocli;ciis,  222. 

UydroclKeris,  Ileer,  222. 

,  Illir;.,  222. 

,  Muls.,  222. 

lividus,  225. 

lividus,  Ueer,  225. 

,  Stepb.,  225. 

nitidubis,  223. 

iiitidtilus,  Gvll,  223. 

,  nffr,"223. 

,  Stepli.,  223. 

Pcilrosi,  WolL,  226. 

nifus,  224. 

rufus,  Diifts.,  224. 

,  Erich.,  224. 

,  Ulig.,  224. 

,  Sturm,  224. 

apicale,  Pteui(biim,  110. 
opicale,  Ericb.  (Ptenidium),  110. 
,  Sturm  {Pliliiim),  110. 

2)ic/ilis.  Gillm.  [Trichopteryx),  110. 
pion,  Herbst,  lOS. 
.\piou  cbalybcipcnne,  41.3. 

chuhjbeipenne,  Scbon.,  413. 

frumeutariura,  412. 

frumentarium,  Scbon. ,  412. 

/nematodes,  Stepb.,  412. 

MalviP,  411. 

Malve,  Redt.,  412. 

,  Scbon.,  412. 

rotundipennc.  Wall.,  415. 

sagittitVrum,  IVoll.,  410. 

vernale,  401). 

vernale,  Gvll.,  40!). 

,  Sebon.,  409. 

Wollastoni.  414. 

Wollnstoni,  Cbevr.,  414. 

Apotomus,  lltiffm.,  1.3. 
Apotouuis  rut'us,  14. 

rufus,  BruUe,  14. 

,  llej.,  14. 

,  Iloffm.,  14. 

arcuata,  Rossi  (Coccinella),  468. 

,  Scbon.  (CocciHe/Za),  468. 

arcuatiis,  Scymnus,  46/. 
arcuulus,  Muls.  (Scymnus),  468. 
arenarius,  Gvll.  {'I'rox),  233. 

,  Fab.  (Trox),  233. 

aronicobis,  U'oll.,  Promius,  6. 
Argutor,  Sfeph..  .38. 
Argutor  curtus,  U'oll.,  43. 
— -  dibiticoUis,  do//.,  42. 

gracilipes,  U'oll.,  41. 

robustus,  IVoll..  40. 

Arietis,  Oliv.  {Callidium),  429. 
Arietis,  Clvtus,  429. 
Arietis.  Fab.  (Chjtus),  429. 

.  Stepb.  (Clylus),  429. 

,  Linn.  U'eptura),  429. 

Annitngci,  U'oll.,  .\lcochara,  559. 
.\rtemisi;e,  W'oll.  (.Melyrosoma),254 
,  Ho//.,  Lciparthrum,  299. 


Arthrolips,  Woll.,  475. 
Artbrolips  piceum,  476. 
Asidu  (icuininatu,  KoU.,  503. 
Asparagi,  Linn.  (Chrysomela),  4.37. 
Asparagi,  Crioceris,  437. 
Asparagi,  Fab.  (Crioceris),  437. 

,  Lacord.  (Crioceris),  437. 

,  Stepb.  (Crioceris),  437. 

aspcratus,      H'oll.,    Metophthalmus, 

193. 
assimilis,  Latbridius,  189. 
assimilis,  Mann.  (Lathridius),  189. 
ater,  Dej.  (Scymnus),  470. 
aterrimus,  Pbilontbus,  584. 
a/errJ»iKs,  Ericb.  (Philonthus),  584. 

,  Grav.  (^Staphylinus),  584. 

Zett.  (Stapliylinus),  584. 

Atlauticum.  U'oll.,  Bembidium,  77. 
Atlantis,  do//.,  361. 

Atlantis  australis,  U'oll.,  370. 

calcatri-x,  U'oll.,  366. 

clavatus,  U'oll.,  363. 

exeelsus,  U'oll.,  378. 

Fora;,  Woll..  380. 

ineonstans,  IVoll.,  375. 

instabiUs,  Woll.,  3/7. 

lamellipes,  IVoll.,  364. 

lanatus,  Woll.,  372. 

lauripotens,  U'oll.,  369. 

mendax,  Woll.,  376. 

navicularis,  Woll.,  374. 

noctiv;igans,  Woll.,  .367. 

Sebaumii,  Woll.,  379. 

vcspertinus,  IVoll.,  .371- 

ATRACHELIA,  482. 
atramciilaria,  tjyll.  (Aleochara),  556. 

,  Zett.  (.ilcochara),  5i)6. 

atramentaria,  Ilomalota,  555. 
atramentaria,  Ericb.  [Homalota),  556. 
atramentarius,    Kirbv  (Stapliylinus), 

556. 
Attagenus,  Lnt.,  203. 
Attagenus  megatoma,  204. 

megatoma,  Ericb.,  204. 

,  Sturm,  204. 

Attagenus  tri/usciatus,  206. 
Attains,  Ericb.,  245. 
ATTELAB11).E.  408. 
Attelabu.i  mollis.  Linn.,  256. 

vernalis.  Fab.,  409. 

atteuuatus,  Ilarjjalus,  51. 
attenuatus,  Stepb.  (Harpalus),  51. 
Anletes,  Sch'un.,  416. 
Auletes  JIaderensis,  U'oll.,  416. 
auropilosus,  Woll.,  Carpopbilus,  117. 
auropunctatus,  Rossi  (Coroiui),  15. 
australis,  Woll.,  Atlantis,  370. 
austrinus,  U'oll.,  Meloe,  527. 
autumnalis.  Leach  (Melo'e),  528. 
axillaris,  U'oll.,  Lajmophloens,  164. 

B  E  M  B  I  n  I  .\  D  E  s,  72. 

Bembidiiun,  //«/.,  72. 
Bembidiiuu  .Vtlanticum,  U'oll.,  "il . 

bistriatinn,  73. 

bislrialum,  Dej.,  73. 

,  Ileer,  73. 

curvimanuni,  U'oll.,  74. 

elongatum,  79. 

elongatum,  Dej.,  80. 

,  Ileer,  80. 

Lucasii,  75. 

Lucasii.  Duval,  75. 

obtusum,  75. 


Bembidium  obtusum,  Dej.,  76. 
,  Ileer,  76. 

,  Sturm,  76. 

Scbmidtii,  Woll.,  80. 

tabellatum,  Woll.,  79. 

Berginus,  Erich.,  194. 
Bcrginus  Tamarisci,  195. 

Tamarisci,  Dej.,  195. 

bicolor,  Olibrus,  113. 
bicolor.  Oliv.  (\otoTus),  536. 

,  Erich.  (Olibrus),  113. 

,  Gvll.  (P/i«/«rrax),  113. 

,  Sturm  (Phalacrus),  113. 

,  Fab.  (Spharidium),  113. 

bilituratus,  Mshm  (Scarabaus),  225. 
bimaculata.  Gvll-  (Nilidula),  117. 

,  Oliv.  (Nitidula),  117. 

bimaculatus,  Msbm  ( Curculio),  400. 
bimaculatus,  Suuius,  594. 
bimaculatus,  Ericb.  (Sunius),  594. 
biuotatus,  Anisodaetylus,  49. 
binotatus,  Dej.  (Anisodaetylus),  50. 

,  Hcer  (Anisodaetylus),  60. 

,  Fab.  ( Cara6i«),  50.      , 

,  Gvll.  (Uarpalus),  50. 

bipennifer,  Bab.  (Dromius),  5. 
Bipliyllus  lunatus,  Steph.,  173. 
bipunctatus,  Aube  (Agabus),  84. 

,  Fab.  (Dytiscus),  84. 

,  Oliv.  (Dytiscus),  84. 

,  Fab.  (Uydrophilus),  95. 

bipustulatum,  Spbieridium,  101. 
bipustulatnm.  Fab.  (Sph(rridium),\0\ . 

,  Muls.  [Spha-ridium),  101. 

bii)ustulatus,  .Vgabus,  83. 
bipustutatus,  .\ube  (Agabus),  S3. 

,  Stepb.  (Colymbetes),  83. 

,  Fab.  (Dytiscus),  83. 

■  Linn.  (Dytiscus),  83. 

bipustulatus,  Philonthus,  583. 
bipustutatus,  Erich.  (Philonthus),  583. 

,  Grav.  (Slaphylinus),  583. 

,  Gyll.  (Stapliylinus),  583. 

,  Panz.  (Slaphylinus),  583. 

bistriatum,  Bembidium,  73. 
bislrialum,  Dej.  (Bembidium),  73. 

,  Ilccr  (Bembidium),  73. 

hislriatu.i,  Dufts.  (Elaphrus),  73. 
bituberculatum,  U'oll.,  Leipartbrum, 

297. 
Blabinotus,  U'oll..  425. 
Blabinotus  spinicoUis,  Wall.,  426. 
BLAPSIDJ^;.  .504. 
Blaps,  Fab.,  506. 
Blaps  clypeata.  Germ.,  505. 

elongata,  Oliv.,  510. 

fatadica,  508. 

fatadica,  Brulle.  508. 

,  Dufts.,  508. 

,  Sturm,  508. 

gages.  506. 

gages,  Brulle,  507. 

,  Fab.,  507. 

gigas,  Lat.,  507. 

obtusa,  Steph.,  .508. 

Bolilochara  longicornis,  Mann.,  556. 
Boragiiiis,  G\ll.  (Rhynch<entts),  326. 

Boromorphiis,  do//.,  492. 
Boromorubus  Madera',  Woll.,  493. 
Borraginis.  Stepb.  (Nedyus),  32(). 
Bostrichus  ligniperda.  F'ab..  ,302. 

piniperda.  Fab.,  .303. 

villosus.  Fab.,  290. 

,  Payk.,  290. 


INDEX. 


623 


BRACHELYTRA,  538. 
Brachin  ides,  1. 
Brachyderides,  402. 
Brachyrhynchi,  353. 
Bradycellus,  Erich.,  60. 

Bradycellus  excultus,  IVoll.,  61. 

fulvus,  61 . 

brevicollis,  fVoll.,  Oxyomus,  229. 

,  IVoU.,  Tarpliius,  144. 

BRUCHID.E,  417. 
Bruchus,  Geoff)-.,  41!>. 
Bruchus  graiiariiis,  Mslira,  420. 

,  Stcph.,  420. 

liclienicola,  ll'ol/.,  42\. 

Pisi,  Steph.,  420. 

riifimanus,  419. 

rnfimanus,  Sehon.,  420. 

subellipticus,  Woll.,  420. 

brunneus,  Lyctus,  152. 

,  Tacliyporus,  568. 

brunneus.  Fab.  (Oxyporus),  568. 

,  Erich.  (Tachyporus),  568. 

,  Steph.  (Xi/loirogus),  152. 

BYRRH1D.E,  206. 
Byrsopsides,  395. 

casus,  Fab.  (Apliodius),  231. 

,  Heer  (Apliodius),  231. 

eaesus,  Psammodius,  231. 
casus,  Erich.  (Psammodius),  231. 

,  Paiiz.  (Scarahdus),  231. 

Cafius  nigritulus.  Maun.,  584. 
Calathus,  Bon.,  28. 
Caliithiis  complanatiis,  30. 

complaiiatus,  Dej.,  30. 

fuscus,  31. 

fuscus,  Dej.,  31. 

vividus,  29. 

Calandra  grnniiria,  Steph.,  321. 

Oryzte,  Stcph.,  322. 

Calcar,  Lot.,  494. 

calcar.  Fab.  (Troyosita),  495. 

Calcar  eloiigatus,  495. 

■ elongatus,  Lucas,  495. 

calcatrix,  Woll.,  Atlantis,  366. 
Callidium  Arietis,  OUv.,  429. 

fennicum,  Fab.,  425. 

praustum,  Fab.,  425. 

strepens,  Fab.,  423. 

testaceum.  Fab.,  425. 

unicolor,  Oliv.,  423. 

rnriubile.  Fab.,  425. 

Calobius,  Woll.,  92. 
Calobms  Heeii,  Woll.,  93. 
Calosoma,  Weber,  14. 
Calosoma  Sladersc,  15. 

Indagator,  Dej.,  15. 

,  Fab.,  15. 

,  Heer,  15. 

Calotrechus,  Woll.,  64. 
Calyptobium  nigrum,  Aube,  182. 

^ ,  Chevr.,  182. 

Calyptomerus,  Redt ,  483. 
catnbrica,  Sitona,  405. 
cambrica,  Ste])h.  (Sitona),  405. 
Canariensis,   Woll.,  Xenosti-ougylus, 

127. 
capillaricoruis,  Habrocerus,  569. 
capillaricornis,  Erich.  (Habrocerus), 

569. 

,  Grav.  (Tachyporus),  569. 

capitata,  Woll.,  Svncalypta,  207. 
CARABID.E,  1.' 
Carabides,  14. 


caraboides.  Fab.  (Trogosita),  154. 
Carabus  interrupt  us,  Dej.,  x. 
Carabus  alhipes.  111.,  33. 

ambiguus,  Payk.,  31. 

auropunctalus,  Ro.ssi,  15. 

biiiotatus.  Fab.,  50. 

dislinguendus,  Dui'ts.,  52. 

dorsalis.  Fab.,  60. 

fulvus,  Mshm,  61. 

fuscus.  Fab.,  31. 

hortensis,  Rossi,  15. 

Indagator,  Oliv.,  15. 

lineatus,  Sehon.,  2. 

Maderte,  Fab.,  15. 

■ ,  Oliv.,  15. 

marginatus,  Fab.,  34. 

,  Linn.,  34. 

• oblongus,  Fab.,  33. 

obscurus.  Fab.,  58. 

pallipes.  Fab.,  33. 

sigma,  Rossi,  5. 

Teutonus,  Schr.,  5.9. 

vaporariorum,  Dufts.,  59. 

• ,  Fab.,  59. 

vividus.  Fab.,  29. 

,  Sehon.,  29. 

carbunculus,  Woll.,  Helops,  519. 
Carpophilus,  Steph.,  115. 
Carpophilus  auropilosus,  Woll.,  117- 
hemipterus,  117. 

hemipterus,  Erich.,  117. 

,  Sturm,  117. 

mutilatus,  116. 

mutilatus.  Erich.,  116. 

CASSIDIDzE,  438. 
Cassida,  himi.,  438. 
Cassida  offinis.  Fab.,  439. 

■ ■  hemisphserica,  439. 

heinisphcerica,  Gvll.,  440. 

Ilerbst,  440. 
,  Lucas,  440. 

,  Steph.,  440. 

■  nebulosa,  439. 

•  nebulosa.  Fab.,  439. 
-,  Gyll.,  439. 

,  Linn.,  4.39. 

,  Steph.,  439. 

castaneipes,  Sam.  (Trogosita),  498. 
castaneum,  Herbst  ( Colydium),  492. 

,  MacLeay  (Tribolium),  492. 

Catops,  Payk.,  106. 
Catops  velox,  106. 

reloT,  Erich.,  106. 

Caulophilus,  Woll.,  315. 
Caulophilns  sculpturatus,  Woll.,  315. 
Caulotrupis,  Woll.,  308. 
Caulotrupis  Chevrolatii,  Woll.,  313. 

conicoUis,  Woll.,  314. 

impius,  Woll.,[i\\. 

lacertosus,  Woll.,  309. 

lucii'iigus,  Woll.,  310. 

opaeus,  Woll.,  313. 

terebrans,  Woll.,  312. 

cautus,  Woll.,  Trechus,  70. 
celer,  Woll,,  Tachyporus,  567. 
cellaris,  Payk.  (Staphylinus),  565. 
centrimaculatum,  Cereyon,  104. 
centriiuaculatum,    Erich.    (Cereyon), 
104. 

,  Muls.  (Cereyon),  104. 

,  Sturm  (Splueridium),  104. 

CERAMBICID/E,  422. 
Cerambyx  fennicus,  Linn.,  425. 
testaceus,  Linn.,  425. 


Cerambyx  rariabilis,  Linn.,  425. 
Cerandria,  Lucas,  489. 
Cerandria  cornuta,  490. 

cornuta,  Dej.,  490. 

,  Lucas,  490. 

Cereyon,  Leach,  102. 
Cereyon  ccntrimaculatimi,  104. 

centrimaculatum,  Erich.,  104. 

,  Muls.,  104. 

fimetarium,  Woll.,  103. 

inquinatum,  Woll.,  103. 

quisquihum,  105. 

quisiiuilium,  Steph.,  105. 

,  Muls.,  105. 

Cerylon,  Lat.,  148. 
Ceiitorhynchiis,  Sckon.,  324. 
Ccutorhyuchus  Echii,  325. 

Echii,  Schbn.,  325, 

fuliginosus,  Steph.,  329. 

lineatotessellatus,  Woll.,  327. 

nigroterminatns,  Woll.,  327. 

quadridens,  326. 

quadridens,  Schbn.,  326. 

chalcites,  lllig.  (Hister),  216. 
chalcites,  Saprinus,  216. 
chalcites,  Erich.  (Saprinus),  216. 

,  Lueas  (Saprinus),  216. 

chalybeipenue,  Apion,  413. 
chalybeipenne,  Schbn.  (Apion),  413. 
Charagmus,  Schbn.,  403. 
Chasmatopterus,  Lat.,  234. 
Chasmatopteius  nigrocinctus.  Woll., 

236. 
Chawneri,  Woll.,  Lixus,  350. 
Cheiranthi,  Woll.,  Lixus,  349. 
ChevTolatii,  Woll.,  Caulotrupis,  313. 
Chiniajra,  ]Voll.,  Mecognathus,  595. 
CnLiiNIIDBA,  18. 
Cholera  velox,  Spence,  106. 
Cholovocera,  Mots.,  178. 
Cholovoccra  Madera:,  180. 

Maderce,  Westw.,  180. 

chrysocephala,    Linn.    (Chrysomela), 

449. 

,  Gyll.  (Haltica),  449. 

,  Steph.  (Macrocnema),  449. 

chrysocephahi,  Psylliodes,  449. 
chrysocephala,  Redt.  (Psijlliodes), 449. 
CIIRYSOMELID.E,  453. 
Chrysomela,  Linn.,  457. 

Chrysomela  Asparagi,  Linn.,  437. 

chrysocephala,  Linn.,  449. 

Fragariip,  Woll,  458. 

melanopa,  Linn.,  436. 

miuuta,  Linn.,  95. 

Polygnni,  Gvll.,  459. 

,  Linn.," 459. 

cicatricosus,  Woll.,  Tarphius,  141. 
ciliata,  Woll.,  Phaleria,  488. 
Cinerarifc,  Woll.,  Longitarsus,  444. 

,  Woll.,  Ohbrns,  112. 

einerascens,  Hadrus,  503. 
cinerascens,  Dej.  (Hadrus),  503. 
cinereus,  Mshm  (Curculio),  329. 
cinnaraoraeus,  Woll.,  Helops,  520. 
ClONID  ES,  323. 
Cionus,  Clairv.,  323. 
Cionus  pulchellus,  323. 

pulchellus,  Schbn.,  323. 

Cis,  Lat.,  279. 
Cis  fuscipes,  281. 

—  fuscijyes,  Mellie,  281. 

—  Lauri,  Woll.,  282. 

—  WoUastonii,  280. 


624 


INDEX. 


Cis  Wollastmii,  MclUe,  280. 
clavatiis,  IVoll.,  Atlantis,  .363. 
cl.ivicollis,  If'oll.,  La;moi)liloeus,  163. 
clavus,  l\'ol/.,  Hvlastes,  305. 
C  I.  E  o  X  I  D  E  s,  400. 

Cleonns,  Schtin.,  400. 
('leonus  plicatus,  401. 

pUcatus,  Tie].,  401. 

,  Schoii.,  401. 

Cleopus  puIcheHus,  Stcph.,  323. 
CLEKID.E,  255. 
Clypeaster,  Redt.,  4/2. 
Clypeasler  lividus,  Dej.,  478. 

obscums,  Dej.,  476. 

piceus,  Comolli,  476. 

,  Lucas,  476. 

pusillus,  474. 

pusillus.  Germ.,  474. 

,  Redt.,  474. 

clypeatd.  Germ.  (Blaps),  505. 
Clytus,  Fnb.,  429. 
Clrtus  Arietis.  429. 

-  Arietis,  Fab.,  429. 

.  Steph..  42i). 

COCCINIXLID.E,  460. 
Coccinella,  Linn.,  460. 
Coccinella  arcuata,  Rossi,  468. 

,  SchiJn.,  468. 

GenistiE,  IVoll..  464._ 

marginalis,  Gyll.,  467. 

,  Rossi,  467. 

minima.  Gvll.,  470. 

,  Rosii,  470. 

morio.  Fab.,  467. 

mutabiHs,  461. 

mulabilis,  Gyll.,  461. 

— ^ ,  Scriba,  461. 

7-piinctata,  16  J. 

"t-punctuta,  Fal).,  462. 

,  Gvll.,  462. 

,  Linn.,  462. 

,  Mills.,  462.     • 

14-pustulata,  462. 

\4-j)ustuliilit.  Fab.,  462. 

,  Gyll.,  462. 

— — ,  Linn.,  462. 

.  Muls.,  462. 

suvciiiii,  Ilein.,  180. 

testiulinca,  46,'J. 

/esludinea,  Ilein.,  463. 

Coeliodes,  Schiin.,  328. 
Cwliimi'topus,  Sol.,  505. 
Ctt'lioilos  ruligiuosus,  329. 

fuliyinosus,  Schbu.,  329. 

collaris.  Mots.  (Lathridius),  189. 
COLYDIAD.E,  129. 
Cnli/dioidcs,  Dej.  (Lyclus),  152. 
Cdlijdiitin  ciisfaneum,  Herbst,  492. 
Colymbetes,  Chirv.,  82. 
C'lli/mhetes  bipnstulatus,  Steph.,  83. 
Lanio,  82. 

Lanio,  .-Vnbe,  82. 

compactus,  f\'oll.,  TarjAius,  139. 
eoni])lanatus,  Calatlins,  30. 
complanatus.  Dej.  [Calathus),  30. 
complanatus,  Oxytelus,  608. 
complannlu.'!,  Erich.  {Oxytelus),  608. 
,  Ileer  ( Oxytelus),  608. 

,  Reilt.  (Oxytelus),  608. 

concinnus,  Jlshni  (Curculio),  409. 
concolnr.  Brnllo  [Ditylus),  524. 
confertus,  IVoll.,  Ilelops,  515. 
confinis,  Steph.  (Ephistemus),  176. 
cnnfiuens,  Fab.  (Dyliscus),  87. 


confluens,  Hydroporus,  87. 
conjluens,  Aube  (Hydroporus),  87. 

,  Steph.  (Hyjrotus),  87. 

,  Gyll.  (Hyp/iydrus),  87. 

conglobatiis,  ll'oll.,  Ilydrobius,  97. 
congregatus,  IVoll.,  Ilelops,  518. 
conicollis,  H'oll.,  Caulotrupis,  314. 
consentaneus,  Dej.  (Harpalus),  51. 
consimilis,  Olibius,  115. 
consimilis,  Mshni  ( Dermestes),  115. 
Conurus,  Steph.,  564. 
Couuius  monticola,  IVoll.,  566. 

pcdicularius,  565. 

pedicuhirius,  Erich.,  566. 

• pubescens.  565. 

pubescens.  Erich.,  565. 

,  Steidi.,  565. 

Coptostethus,  n'oll.,  238. 
C(i]it()<ti.'tliiis  iVnioratus,  IVoll.,  240. 
CORDYLOCERATA,  206. 
eornuta,  Dej..  Cerantlria,  490. 
cornuta,  Lucas  (Cerandria),  490. 

,  Lat.  (Phaleria),  490. 

. ,  Fab.  (Troffosita),  490. 

,  Steph.  (L7omr/),490. 

Corticaria,  M.ihm,  183. 
Corticaria  crcnieoUis,  185. 

crenicollis,  Mann.,  185. 

curta,  IVoll.,  187. 

dentata,  Mshm,  168. 

Fagi,  IVoll..  188. 

fulva,  185. 

fulva,  ^lann.,  185. 

,  Redt.,  185. 

pulla.  Mshm.  190. 

rotulicoUis,  IVoll,  184. 

rotundicollis,  IVoll.,  186. 

transversa,  Mshm,  191. 

CORYLOPlIIDiE,  472. 
Corylophus,  Steph.,  479. 
Corylophus  tectiformis,  IVoll.,  480. 
CossoxinKs.  306. 
Cossjrphodes,  iVestw.,  145. 

Cossyplioiles  WoUastonii,  146. 

IVollastonii,  Wcstn.,  146. 

Cossyphus  lateralis,  Gyll.,  478. 

pusillus,  Gyll.,  474. 

crassus,  IVoll.,  .\nemophilus,  386. 
crenatus,  IVoll.,  Cryptocephalus,  456. 
crenicollis,  Corticaria,  185. 
crenicollis,  Mann.  (Corticaria),  185. 
Creophilus  maxillosus,  Steph.,  579. 
cribrirollis,  Schbn.  [Sitona),  405. 
CKIOCERID.E,  135. 

Crioceris,  Geoffr.,  436. 
Crioeeris  .\sparagi,  437. 

Asparoiji,  Fab..  4.37. 

,  Laeord.,  437. 

,  Steidi.,  437. 

mehinopa.  Stcph.,  436. 

Ciyptamorpha,  IVoll,  156. 

Cr\|)tanu)rpha  -Musa-.  IVoll.,  157. 

Cryptocephalus,  Geoffr.,  455. 
Crvptoeeplialus  crenatus,  IVoll,  456. 
CRYPT()PlIA(iID.E.  16.9. 
Cryptophagus,  Herbst,  169. 
Cryptophayns  advena,  Waltl.,  168. 

attinis,  170. 

affinis,  Erich..  170. 

,  Redt.,  170. 

,  Sturm,  170. 

ferrugineus,  Sturm,  168. 

Xitiduloidcs,  Ho/;.,  618. 

CrYPTORHVN  CHIDES,  324. 


CUCUJID.E,  156. 

Cucujus  ferrugineus,  Creutz.,  163. 

,  Stcph.,  163. 

minutus,  Oliv.,  162. 

pusillus,  Schon.,  162. 

testaceus,  Pavk.,  163. 

CURCULIOXIDi,  306. 
Curculio  angustatus.  Fab.,  352. 

bimaculatus,  Mshm,  400. 

cinereus,  Mshm,  329. 

concinnus,  Mshm,  409. 

Echii,  Fab.,  325. 

,  -Mshm,  325. 

frumentarius,  Linn.,  412. 

,  Payk.,  412. 

fuliginosus,  Mshm,  329. 

granarius.  Fab.,  321. 

,  Linn.,. 321. 

gressorius.  Fab.,  403. 

,  Herbst,  403. 

lineatus.  Fab.,  407. 

,  Linn.,  407. 

Maha;,  Fab.,  412. 

,  Mshm,  412. 

murinus.  Fab.,  399. 

notatus.  Fab.,  .347. 

Ory:(£,  Fab.,  322. 

,  Linn.,  .322. 

plicatus,  Oliv.,  401. 

pulchellus,  Herbst,  323. 

quadridens,  Panz.,  .326. 

scaber,  Linn.,  395. 

scabriculus,  Gvll.,  395. 

tessellotus,  Mshm,  395. 

variabilis,  Herbst,  400. 

eurrens,  IVoll,  Ilomalota,  552. 
carta.  IVoll,  Corticaria,  187. 
eurtum,  IVoll,  Leiparthrum,  298. 
curtus.  IVoll,  .Vrjrutor,  43. 
cur\imanum,  IVoll,  Bembidium,  74. 
curvipes,  IVoll,  Scohocerus,  393. 
custos,  IVoll,  Trechus,  68. 

C  Y  c  I,  o  .M I D  E  s,  353. 
cylindricollis,  IVoll,  Acalles,  341. 
cylindripennis,  IVoll,  Ptilinus,  285. 
Cymindis  lineata,  Dej.,  2. 

suturalis,  Dej.,  3. 

vittata,  Dahl,  2. 

CYPHOMD.E.  240. 
Cjrphoscelis,  IVoll,  356. 
Cy|)lioscelis  distorta,  IVoll.,  357. 

Dactylostemum,  Ho//.,  99. 
Dactylosteruum  Roussetii,  O'cH-jlOO. 
Dasytes,  Payk-.,  251. 
Dasvtes  illustris,  252. 
Dawsoui.  IVoll,  Ptinus,  263. 
Vendroctonus  piniperda,  Erich.,  303. 
Dend roph ilus.  Leach,  211. 
Dendrophilus  minimus,  Dej.,  212. 

punctatus,  Steph.,  212. 

dentata,  Mshm  (Corticaria),  168. 
dcntatus,  Silvanus,  167. 
dentatus,  Stcph.  (Silranus),  168. 
depressus,  Gvll.  (Oxytelus),  608. 
DER.MESTilXE,  202. 
Dermestes,  Linn.,  202. 
Dermestes  consimilis,  Mshm,  115. 

fumatus,  Liun.,  199. 

heinipterus,  Linn.,  1 17. 

lunatus.  Fab.,  173. 

megatoma,  Dufts.,  204. 

,  Fab.,  204. 

paniceum,  Linu.,  277- 


INDEX. 


625 


Dermestes  piniperda,  Linn.,  .'JOS. 

i-macidatus,  Mslim,  101. 

riificnllis.  Fab.,  258. 

6-dentafus,  Fab.,  IGJ. 

Surinamensis,  Linn.,  16/. 

vulpinus,  202. 

vulpinus.  Fab.,  202. 

,  GvU.,  202. 

,  Oiiv.,  202. 

,  Steph.,  202. 

Desertae,  Wall.,  Zargus,  24. 
Desertarum,  n'olL,  Deucalion,  434. 
desertus,  Stev.  (Harpalus),  51. 
Deucalion,  JVolL,  430. 
Deucalion  Desertanim,  WolL,  434. 

oceanicus,  IVrjll.,  433. 

DIAPERID^,  485. 
diaperina,  Redt.  {Heterophuga),  498. 
diaperinus,  Alpliitobius,  498. 
diaperinus,  Illig.  {Tenebrio),  498. 

,  Kugel.  {Tenebrio),  498. 

,  Sturm  (Tenebrio),  498. 

dilatata,  Dej.  (Nebria),  x. 
dilatatum,  IVoll.,  Opatrum,  501. 
tlilaticollis,  WolL,  Argutor,  42. 
(lilutus,  n'oll.,  Trechus,  f)6. 
(limidiatns,  Ephistemus,  17''. 
dimidiatus,  Ericli.  (Epistemiis),  176. 

,  Sturm  (Epistemus),  \76. 

,  Sturm  (Phalacrus),  176. 

Diphyllus,  Redt.,  171- 
Dipliyllus  lunatus,  172. 

lunatus,  Redt.,  173. 

discoidea,  Nitidula,  120. 
discoidea,  Fab.  {Nitidula),  120. 

,  Gyll.  (Nitidula),  120. 

,  Heer  (.Nitidula),  120. 

,  lUig.  (Nitidula),  120. 

,  Erich.  (Omosita),  120. 

dis])ar,  J\'oll.,  Acalles,  337. 
distinyuendus,  Dufts.  (Curabus),  52. 
distinguendus,  Harjialus,  52. 
distinyuendus,  Dej.  (Harpalus),  52. 

,  Erich.  (Harpalus),  52. 

,  Heer  (Harpalus),  52. 

distorta,  U'oll.,  Cjijhoseehs,  357. 
Ditylus  concolor,  BruUe,  524. 
Ditylus  fulvus,  JVoll.,  523. 
Dohruii,  Wall.,  Tomicus,  290. 
domuum,  Microchondrus,  197. 
domuum,  Guer.  (Microchondrus),  197. 
Donacioides,     IVoll.,    LaemophlcEus, 

159. 
dorsalis,  Dej.  (Acupalpus) ,  60. 

,  Fab.  (Carabus),  60. 

,  Gyll.  (Harpalus),  60. 

dorsalis,  Stenolophus,  60. 
dorsalis,  Erich.  (Stenolophus),  60. 
Dromius,  Bon.,  3. 
Dromius  arenicolus,  WolL,  5. 

bipennifer,  Bab.,  5. 

fascialus,  Sturm,  5. 

glabratus,  9. 

glabratus,  Dej.,  9. 

• ,  Heer,  9. 

,  Steph.,  9. 

impunctatus,  Steph.,  7- 

insularis,  WolL,  4. 

negrita,  WolL,  9. 

obscuroguttatus,  7. 

obscuroguttatus,  Erich.,  7. 

sigma,  5. 

sigma,  Bab.,  5. 

,  Dej.,  5. 


Dromius  sigma,  Heer,  5. 

spilotus,  Dej.,  7. 

Sturmii,  Bab.,  5. 

Dulcamarce,  Scop.  (Laria),  122. 

,  Steph.  (Meliyethes),  122. 

,  Ilhg.  (Nitidula),  122. 

Dulcamarse,  Pria,  122. 
DulcamartE,  Sturm  (Pria),  122. 
Durantfe,  WolL.  Scymnus,  465. 
DYTISCID^,  82.  ' 
Dytiscus  bipuncfatus.  Fab.,  84. 

,  Oliv.,  84. 

bipustulatus.  Fab.,  83. 

,  Linn.,  83. 

confuens.  Fab.,  87. 

Lunio,  Fab.,  82. 

,  Oliv.,  82. 

• natator,  Linn.,  89. 

nebulosus,  Forst.,  84. 

Echii,  CeutorliTOchus,  325. 

Echii,  Schon.  (Ceutorhynchus),  325. 

,  Fab.  (Curculio),  325. 

,  Mshm  ( Curcidio),  325. 

,  Steph.  (Nedyus),  325. 

echinatus,  WolL,  Tarphius,  143. 
Echinosoma,  WolL,  395. 
Echiuosoma  porcellus,  WolL,  396. 
Elnphrus  bistriatus,  Dufts.,  73. 
ELATERID^,  2.38. 
Ellipsodes,  Ho//., 485. 
Ellipsodes  glabratus,  486. 
ellipticum,  WolL,  Plceosoma,  148. 
Elliptosoma,  Wall.,  18. 
elongata,  Oliv.  (Blaps),  510. 
elongatum,  Bembidium,  79. 
elongatum,  Dej.  (Bembidium),  80. 

Heer  (Bembidium),  80. 

elongatus,  Calcar,  495. 
elongatus,  Lucas  (Calcar),  495. 
elongatus,  Hegeter,  510. 

,  WolL,  Olisthopus,  38. 

elongatus.  Herbst  (Tenebrio),  495. 
Ephistemiis,  Stejih.,  175. 
Ephistemus  alternans,  IVoll. ,  177. 

confinis,  Steph.,  176. 

dimidiatus,  176. 

dimidiatus,  Erich.,  176. 

,  Sturm,  1/6. 

Epurtea  obsoleta,  Erich.,  121. 
EricEe,  WolL,  Olisthopus,  37. 
Erirhinides,  343. 
errans.  Wall.,  Oiiatrum,  501. 
EUCEEATA,  422. 
Eucinetus,  Schiipp.,  240. 
Euciuetus  ovum,  WolL,  242. 
EuphorbiiE,     WolL,    Aphanaithi-um, 

2'a 

,  WolL,  Mesites,  318. 

Eu])us,  WolL,  452. 
Europs,  WolL,  149. 
Euro])s  impressicollis,  Wall.,  150. 
Euiygnathus,  WolL,  20. 
Eurygnathus  Lati-eillei,  21. 
excelsus,  WolL,  Atlantis,  378. 
excultus,  WolL,  Brady cellus.  61. 
exiyua,  Mann.  (Ahochara),  561. 

Fagi,  Sturm  (Tenebrio),  499. 
Fagi,  WolL,  Corticaria,  188. 
Faiagria,  Mann.,  540. 
Falagria  obscura,  541. 

obscura,  Erich.,  54 1 . 

,  Mann.,  541. 


fasciatus,  Sturm  (Dromius),  5. 
fascicularis,  .\cratrichis,  108. 
fascicularis,  Ilbst  (Latridius),  108. 

,  Heer  (Trichopteryx),  108. 

fatadica,  Blaps,  508. 
fatadica,  Brulle  (Blaps).  508. 

,  Dufts.  (Bhqjs),  508. 

,  Sturm  (Blaps),  508. 

femoratus,  WolL,  Coptostethus,  240. 
fenestratus,  Dej.  (Anthicus),  536. 
fennicum.  Fab.  (Callidium),  425. 
fennicus,  Linn.  (Cerambyx),  425. 
Feronia  nigerrima,  Dej.,  45. 
ferruginea,  Steph.  (Stene),  492. 
ferrugineum,  Tribolium,  491. 
ferrugineus,  Dahl  (Aphodius),  224. 

,  Sturm  (Cryptophagus),  168. 

,  Creutz.  (Cucnjus),  163. 

,  Steph.  (Cucujus),  163. 

ferrugineus,  Laemophloeus,  163. 
ferrugineus,    Erich.     (LeemophlcEus), 

163. 

,  Stiu-m  {Lamophloius),  163. 

,  Dej.  (Margus),  492. 

,  Sturm  (Silcauus),  168. 

-^,  Fab.  (Tenebrio),  492. 
filiforme,  WolL,  Xenomma,  545. 
filiformis,  WolL,  Philonthus,  585. 
filuostris,  IVoll. ,  Tychius,  346. 
fimetarium,  WolL,  Cercvon,  103. 
fimicola,  WolL,  Ti-echus,  63. 
fissicornis,  Mshm  (Ptinus),  287. 
flavicomus,  WolL,  Meloe,  528. 
flavomarginatus,  WolL,  Trechus,  65. 
ilavopictus,  WolL,  Scymnus,  469. 
flexuosa,  Ohv.  (Nitidula),  119. 
fle.xuosa,  Nitidula,  119. 
flexuosa,Ench.  (Nitidula),  119. 

,  Fab.  (Nitidula),  119. 

,  Heer  (Nitidula),  119. 

Fora;,  WolL,  Atlantis,  380. 
formiearum,  JVoll. ,  Xenomma,  545. 
fossor,  Wall.,  Platysthetus,  603. 
FragariiE,  WolL,  Chrysomela,  458. 
fragilis,  JVoll.,  Ptinus,  271. 
ft'itillus,  JJ^oll.,  Lichenophagus,  390. 
frumentaria,  Oliv.  (Ips),  167. 
frumentarium.  Fab.  (Anobium),  167. 
frumentarium,  Apion,  412. 
frumentarium,  Schon.  (Apion),  412. 
frumentarius,  Linn.  (Curculio),  412. 

,  Payk.  {Curculio),  412. 

,  Stm'm  (Silvanus),  1G7. 

fuliginosus,  Steph.   (Ceutorhynchus), 

329. 
fuUginosus,  Coeliodes,  329. 
fuliginosus,  Schon.  (Cceliodes),  .32.9. 

,  Mshm  (Curculio),  329. 

fulva,  Coi-ticaria,  185. 
fulca,  Mann.  (Corticaria) ,  185. 

,  Redt.  (Corticaria),  185. 

fuhiis,  Bradycellus,  61. 
fulvus,  Mshm  (Carabus),  6\. 
fiilvus,  JJ^olL,  Ditylus,  523. 
fulvus,  Chevr.  (Lathridius),  185. 

,  Villa  (Lathridius),  185. 

,  Stejih.  (Trechus),  61. 

fumata,  Typha:a,  199. 
fumata,  Cmt.  (Typhcsa),  199. 

,  Sturm  (Typheea),  199. 

fumatus,  Linn.  (Dermestes),  199. 

,  Gyll.  (Mycetophagus),  199. 

fuscipes,  Cis,  281. 
,  iTMKe(Cis),  281. 

4  L 


626 


INDEX. 


fuscula,  Lithocharis,  589. 
fuscula,  Erich.  (Lithocharis),  589. 

,  Ileer  (Lithocharis),  589. 

,  Lacoril.  (Lithocharis),  589. 

f'lisciim,  Opatrum,  500. 
fuscum.  Ilerbst  (Opatrum),  500. 

fuscus,  Calatlius,  31. 
fuscus,  Uej.  {Culuthus),  '.i\. 

,  Fill).  (Carabiis),  31. 

,  Gyll.  (Harpalus),  31. 

futilis,  }Voll.,  Uelops,  520. 

gages,  Blaps,  506. 

gages.  Hriilli-  (Blaps),  507. 

,  Fab.  (Blaps),  507. 

,  Liiin.  (Tenebrio),  507. 

(;.vlk[UX'ii)j:.  440. 

Galenica  Salicuria;  Payk.,  -442. 

Gastrophysa,  Redt.,  4o9. 
Gastrophysa  Polygoni,  459. 

Polyijoid,  Redt.,  459. 

gemiiiatus,  Xotiophilus,  I". 
yeminatus,  Dej.  (Sotiophilus),  17. 
geminus.  Erich.  (Olihrus),  115. 

,  llHg.  (PItalacrus),  115. 

GiMiista'.  Mo//..  CoccincUa,  404. 
GEODEPHAGA,  1. 
Gibbiiun,  Scop.,  274. 
Gibbium  scotia.s,  274. 

scotias,  Kugel.,  275. 

,  Sturm,  275. 

gibbiilus,  Taqjhius,  132. 
gigas,  Lat.  (Blaps),  507. 
glhbrata,  Uufts.  (Lebia),  9. 
glabrntum.  Fab.  (Sphceriilium),  486. 
gluhratus,    Brulle    (Olisthopus), 

35. 
glttbratiis,  Dej.  (Dromius),  9. 

,  Ileer  (Dromius),  9. 

,  Steph.  (Dromius),  9. 

glabratus.  Ellipsoiles,  486. 
GL.VPIIYKIDJ;,  2;34. 
plareosus,  W'oll..  Oxytclus,  610. 
globulipennis,  ll'oll.,  .Vcalles,  339. 
globiilum,  Hcer  (Psychidium),  176. 

Gloeosoma,  ll'oll..  480. 
Glaosoma  velox,  Jl'oll.,  482. 
Glijcyrrhiza.  Chev.  (Lyctus),  152. 
graeilipes,  Woll.,  Argutor,  41. 
gracilis,  Woll.,  Trixagiis,  237. 
granaria,  Steph.  {  Calandra),  321. 
granarius,  Aphoilius,  226. 
granurius,  Ileer  (Aphodius),  226. 

,  Ilhg.  (Aphodius),  226. 

,  Steph.  (Aphodius),  226. 

,  Mshm  (Bruchus),  420. 

,  Steph.  (Bruchus),  420. 

,  Fab.  (Curculio),  321. 

,  Linn.  (Curculio),  321. 

,  Linn.  (Scarabaus) ,  226. 

,  Oliv.  (Scarabesus),  226. 

granarius,  Sitophilus,  321. 
granarius,  Schon.  (Sitophilus),  321. 
granilicoUis,  Woll.,  Liranebius,  94. 
grandicollis,    Erich.    (Trichopteryx), 

108. 
granulatum.  Jf'oll.,  Oraalium,  613. 
granulatus,  Jl'oll..  LannopliUeus,  160. 
granulosa,  II  oil.,  Ilonialota,  548. 
granulosus.  Falil.  (Hegeter),  503. 
grcgaria.  Ilonialota,  550. 
gregaria.  Erich.  (Homulota),  550. 

,  Redt.  (Homalota),  550. 

gressoria,  Sitona,  403. 


gressorius.  Fab.  (Curculio),  403.. 

,  Herbst  (Curculio),  403. 

,  Gerui.  (Sitona),  403. 

,  Schon.  (Sitona),  403. 

Gryphinus  lateralis,  Redt.,  478. 

piceus.  Redt.,  476. 

guttula,  Stenus,  597- 
guttula,  Erich.  (Stenus),  597 ■ 

,  Ileer  (Stenus).  597. 

,  Mull.  (Stenus),  597. 

GYRINID.E,  88. 
Gyrinus,  Linn.,  88. 
Gyriuus  natator,  88. 

natator.  .Vube,  89. 

,  Fab..  89. 

,  Linn.,  89. 

Habrocerus,  Erich.,  568. 

Ilabrooerus  capillaricornis,  .569. 

capillaricornis,  Erich.,  569. 

Hadrus,  Dej.,  502. 

Iladrus  alpinus,  IVoll.,  502. 

cinerascens,  50,3. 

cinerascens,  Dej.,  503. 

illotus,  Woll,  503. 

luematodes.  Steph.  (Apion),  4\2. 

Haltica,  Ceoffr.,  440. 

Halticu  chrysocephala,  Gyll.,  449. 

lutescens,  Gyll.,  446. 

Salicaria^,  442. 

Salicarite.  GvU.,  442. 

,  Redt. ,"442. 

,  Steph.,  442. 

subtilis,  fro//.,44l. 

ii  arpalides,  18. 

Hari'alidea,  49. 

harpalinus,  Dej.  (Acupalpvs),  61. 

,  Ileer  (.'Icupalpus),  61. 

Harpalus,  L"/.,  50. 

Ilarpiihis  attenuatus,  51. 

attenuatus,  Steph..  51. 

binotalus.  Gyll.,  50. 

consentanus,  Dej.,  51. 

desert  us,  Stev.,  51. 

distinguendus,  52. 

distinguendus,  Dej.,  52. 

,  Erich.,  52. 

,  Heer,  52. 

dorsalis.  Gyll.,  60. 

fuscus,  Gyll.,  31. 

htigiosus,  51. 

Htigiosus,  Dej.,  52. 

,  Hear,  52. 

marginatus,  Gyll.,  34. 

obscurus,  Dej.,  58. 

,  Sturm,  58. 

Sardeus,  Dahl,  51. 

trivialis.  Gyll.,  48. 

vividus,  53. 

riridus,  Dej.,  54. 

Hartungii,  .\chenium,  58". 
Hartungii,  Ileer  (Achenium),  587. 
Ilecri,  Ho//., Calobius,  93. 

,  ll'oll.,  Stenus,  600. 

Hegeter,  Lat.,  508. 

Hegeter  A  mar  aides,  Solier,  509. 

Hegeter  elongatus,  510. 

granulosus.  Fald.,  503. 

latehricola.  Holt.,  510. 

striatus.  Brulle,  510. 

,  Lat.,  510. 

,  Solier,  510. 

Ileincckeni,  Woll.,  O.xyomus,  228. 
Ilelferi,  Scydmsenus,  539. 


Helferi,  Lucas  (Scydm/enus),  540. 

,  Schaum  ( Scydmeenus) ,  540. 

IIEL0PIDJ;,511. 
Helops,  Fab.,  511. 
Ilelops  earbunculus,  Woll.,  519. 

cinnamomeus,  Woll.,  520. 

coufertus,  Jl'oll..  515. 

congiegatus,  Woll.,  518. 

futihs,  JVoll.,  520. 

infernus,  Woll.,  517. 

Leacoeiauus,  H'oll.,  517- 

lucifugus,  Woll.,  518. 

. Pluto,  Woll.,  516. 

Portosanctanus,  H'oll.,  521. 

Vulcanus,  H'oll.,  513. 

hemiptera.  Fab.  (Xitidula),  116. 
hemipterus,  Car])ophilus,  117. 
hemipterus,  Erich.  (Carpophilus),  117. 

,  StiuTii  (Carpophilus),  117. 

,  Linn.  (Dermestes),  117. 

hemispha;rica,  Cassida,  439. 
hemispharica,  Gyll.  (Cassida),  440. 

,  Herbst  (Cassida),  440. 

,  Lucas  (Cassida),  440. 

,  Steph.  (Cassida),  440. 

Heterophaga  diaperina,  Redt.,  498. 

Opatroides,  Dej.,  498. 

hirtellus.  Fab.  (Xotoxus),  5.36. 

his|>idus,  .Vnthicus,  535. 

hispidus.  La  Ferte  (.-ln/Aic«5),  536. 

,  Schmidt  (Anthicus).  536. 

,  Rossi  (Xotoxus),  536. 

IIISTERIDJi,  209. 
Hister,  Li«n.,  209. 
Hister  a_ffinis,  Payk.,  216. 

chalcites,  Illig.,  216. 

major,  210. 

— — •  major.  Fab.,  210. 

.  Heer,  210. 

,  Linn.,  210. 

-,  Payk.,  210. 

metallicus.  Fab.,  217. 

,  Herbst,  217. 

minimus,  Dej.,  212. 

nitidulus.  Fab.,  215. 

,  Payk.,  215. 

. rujipes,  Gyll.,  216. 

semistriatus,  Ent.  Ilcfte,  215. 

histrio,  Woll..  Xenostrongvlus,  128. 
Holoparamecus,  Curt.,  180. 

IIoli)])araniecus  niger,  182. 
Homalota,  Mann.,  546. 
Ilumalota  atrameutaria,  555. 

atrameutaria,  Erich.,  556. 

currens,  Jl'oll.,  552. 

granulosa,  JVoll.,  548. 

gregaria,  550. 

gregaria,  Erich.,  550. 

,  Redt.,  550. 

insicnis,  JVoll.,  5.55. 

tiriaa,  Erich.,  557- 

lividipennis,  557. 

lividipennis,  Erich.,  557. 

Redt.,  557. 


longicornis,  556. 
longicornis,  Erich.,  556. 

■ ,  Redt.,  556. 

luticola,  JVoll.,  549. 
obliquepunctata,  JVoll.,  549. 
Philonthoides,  JVoll.,  551. 

■  pkbeia,  Jl'oll.,  5.33. 

■  sanguinolcnta,  II  oil.,  547. 

■  sodalis,  554. 

•  sodalis,  Erich.,  554. 


INDEX. 


627 


Homalota  tantilla,  JVoIl,  553. 

iimbratilis,  n'oll.,  554. 

horrida,  }]'oU..  Syncahpta,  208. 
hortensis,  Rossi  {Carabus),  15. 
hospes,  WoU.,  Psylliodes,  449. 
hiimeralis,  Woll.,  Scarites,  12. 

,  Sitona,  40/. 

humeralis,  Stepli.  (Sitona).  407. 
Huttoni,  Woll..  Trichophya,  5/2. 
HYDRADEPHAGA,  82. 
Hydrobius,  Leach,  96. 
Hydiobius  conglobatus,  Woll.,  97- 

melanocephalus,  Erich.,  'J'^. 

riydiochffris,  A])hodius,  222. 
Hydrochteris,  Heer  (Aphodius),  222 

,  Illig.  {Aphodius),  222. 

,  Mills.  (Aphodius),  222. 

,  Fab.  (Scarabmis),  222. 

HYDROPHILID.E,  90. 
Hydrophilus  bipunctatus.  Fab.,  95. 

melanocephalus,  Gyll.,  98. 

,  OUv.,  98. 

minulus,  Gyll.,  95. 

Hydroporus,  Clairv.,  86. 
Hyth'oponis  confluens,  87. 

confluens,  Aube,  87. 

\-igdans,  Woll.,  S6. 

Hygrotus  confluens,  Steph.,  87. 
Hylastes,  Erich.,  304. 
Ilylastes  clavus,  Woll.,  305. 
-^-  Tnfolii.  304. 
HYLESINID^,  299. 
Hylesinus  liyniperda,  Gyll.,  302. 

,  Ratz.,  302. 

piniperda,  Ratz.,  303. 

Trifolii,  Mull.,  305. 

-,  Schmidt,  305. 


HylurgTis,  hat.,  SOX. 
Hylurgus  ligniperda,  302. 

ligniperda,  Erich.,  302. 

piniperda,  303. 

piniperda,  Redt.,  303. 

Hypera,  Germ.,  39/. 
Hypera  lunata,  Woll,  398. 

mm-ina,  399. 

murina.  Germ.,  399. 

variabiUs,  400. 

Hyphydnis  confluens,  Gj'U.,  87- 
Hypocopms,  Mots.,  173. 
Hynocoprus  jlotschidskii,  ff'oM.,1/4. 

ictericus,  Payk.  (Scarabteus),  223. 
illotus,  Woll.,  Hacbiis,  503. 
illustris,  Dasytes,  252. 
illustris.  Mots.  [Dasytes),  252. 
immunita,  Erich.  (Tachyusa),  550. 
impius,  Woll.,  Caulotrupis,  311. 
im|)ressicollis,  Woll.,  Em-ops,  150. 
impunctatus,  Steph.  (Dromius),  7- 
inconstans,  Woll.,  Atlantis,  375. 
Indagator,  Dej.  (Calosoma),  15. 

,  Heer  (Calosoma),  15. 

,  Fab.  iCarabtts),  J 5. 

,  OUv.  (Carabus),  15. 

infemus,  Woll.,  Helops,  517. 
inflata,  Manu.  (Microcera),  562. 
inflata,  Ohgota,  562. 
inornatus,  Woll.,  TarjAius,  135. 
inquinatum,  Woll.,  Cercyon,  103. 
insignis,  Woll.,  Homalota,  555. 
instabilis,  Anthicus,  534. 
instabilis,  Dej.  (Anthicus),  534. 

,  Schmidt  (Anthicus) ,  534. 

instabilis.  Wall.,  Atlantis,  377- 


insularis,  Woll.,  Dromius,  4. 
intermedins.  Smith  iSihanus),  168. 
interruptus,  Dej.  (Carabus),  x. 
Ipsfrumenfaria,  OUv.,  167. 

minuta,  OUv.,  1.90. 

testacea,  Fab.,  492. 

transversa,  Oliv.,  191. 

villosus,  Mshm,  290. 

Isoplexidis,  Woll.,  Longitarsus,  443. 
,  Wall.,  MeUgethes,  123. 

Jansoni,  Woll.,  Othius,  576. 

Kiesenwetteri,  Wall.,  Malthodes,  243. 
Kirbii,  Curtis  (Stenus),  597. 

Laccobius,  Erich.,  95. 
Laccobius  minutus,  95. 

minutus,  Erich.,  95. 

lacertosus,  Woll.,  Caulotrupis,  309. 
Laemophloeus,  Erich.,  158. 
La;mophlocus  axillaris,  Woll.,  164. 

clavicoUis,  Woll.,  163. 

Douacioides,  Woll.,  159. 

ferrugineus,  163. 

ferrugineus,  Erich.,  163. 

,  Sturm,  163. 

granulatus,  Woll.,  160. 

pusillus,  162. 

pusillus,  Erich.,  162. 

— ,  Sturm,  162. 

Stenoides,  Woll.,  165. 

vermiculatus,  Woll.,  161. 

Ireta,  Fab.  (Coccinella),  461. 
la;ve,  JVoll.,  Mniophilosoma,  454. 
lamellipes,  Woll.,  Atlantis,  364. 
hamus,  Dejean,  493. 
lanatus,  Woll.,  Atlantis,  372. 
Lanio,  Cohnubetes,  82. 
Lanio,  Aube  (Colymbetes),  82. 

,  Fab.  (Dytiscus),  82. 

,  OUv.  (Dytiscus),  82. 

Laparocenis,  Schon.,  358. 
Laparocerus  morio,  360. 

morio,  Schon.,  360. 

Laria  Dulcamaree,  Scop.,  122. 
latebricola,  Woll.,  Hegeter,  510. 
lateralis,  Gyll.  ( Cossyphus),  478. 

,  Redt.'  (Gryphinus),  478. 

lateralis.  Sericodenis,  478. 
LATIIR1DIAD.E,  178. 
Lathridius,  Hbst.  188. 
Lathridius  assimilis,  189. 
assimilis,  Mann.,  189. 

collaris.  Mots.,  189. 

fulvus,  Che^T.,  185. 

,  Villa,  185. 

minutus,  190. 

minutus,  Mann.,  190. 

transversus,  191. 

transversus,  Mann.,  191. 

Lathrobium,  Grav.,  587. 
Lathrobium  midtipunctatum,  588. 

multipunctatum,  Erich.,  588. 

,  Grav.,  588. 

,  GvU.,  588. 

■ ,  Heer,  588. 

latipenuis,  Sitona,  404. 
latipennis,  Schon.  (Sitona),  404. 
Latreillei,  Eurj'gnathus,  21. 
Latreillei,  Lap.  (Licinus),  21. 
Latridius  fascicularis,  Hbst,  108. 

porcatus,  Steph.,  190. 

transversus,  Steph.,  191. 


Laiu-i,  Woll,  Cis,  282. 

,  Woll,  Tarphius,  138. 

laiu-ipotens,  Woll,  Atlantis,  369. 
Leacocianus,  Woll,  Helops,  517. 
Lebia  glahrata,  Dufts.,  9. 

lineola,  Dufour,  2. 

ohscuroguttata,  Dufts.,  7. 

Leiparthrum,  Woll,  294. 
Leiparthrum  Artemisia?,  Woll,  299. 

bituberculatum,  Woll,  297. 

ciutiun,  Woll,  298. 

maudibulare,  Woll,  295. 

Leina,  Fab.,  435. 
Lema  melanopa,  436. 

melanopa.  Fab.,  436. 

,  Lacord.,  436. 

heptura  Arietis,  Linn.,  429. 
lichenicola,  Woll,  Bruchus,  421. 
Lichenophagus,  Woll,  38,9. 
Lichcuophagus    acuminatus,     H'oll. 

391. 

ftitiUus,  Woll,  390. 

Licinus  Latreillei,  Lap.,  21. 
ligniperda,  Fab.  (Bostrichus),  302. 

,  GyU.  (Hylesinus),  302. 

,  Ratz.  (Hylesinus),  302. 

ligniperda,  Hylurgus,  302. 
ligniperda,  Erich.  (Hylurgus),  302. 
Limnebius,  Leach,  93. 
Limnebius  grandicoUis,  Woll,  94. 
Limnichoides,  Woll,  ScjTnnus,  470. 
linearis,  Fab.  (Staphylinvs),  578. 

,  Mshm  (Staphylinus),  578. 

,  Oliv.  (Staphylimis),  578. 

,  XanthoUnus,  577- 

,  Erich.  (XanthoUnus),  578. 

lineata,  Dej.  (Cymindis),  2. 
lineata,  Sitona,  406. 
lineata,  Stejih.  (Sitotia),  407. 
lineatotessellatus,  Woll,  Ceutorhyn- 

chus,  327. 
lineatus,  Schon.  (Carabus),  2. 

,  Fab.  (Curculio),  407_. 

,  Linn.  (Curculio),  407. 

,  Schon.  (Sitona),  407. 

lineatus,  Tarus,  2. 
liquidus,  Olibrus,  114. 
liguidus,  Erich.  (Olibrus),  114. 
LitargUS,  Erich.,  199. 
Litargus  pictus,  Woll,  200. 
Lithocharis,  Lacord.,  589. 
Lithocharis  fuscula,  589. 

fuscula,  Erich.,  589. 

,  Heer,  589. 

,  Lacord.,  589. 

,  Redt.,  589. 

melauocephala,  591. 

melanocephala,  Erich.,  591. 

,  Heer,  591. 

ochraeea,  590. 

ochraeea,  Erich.,  590. 

,  Heer,  590. 

,  Redt.,  590. 

Utigiosa,  0.x}iioda,  558. 
litigiosa,  Heer  (Oxypoda),  558. 
litigiosus,  Harpalus,  51. 
litigiosus,  Dej.  (Harpalus),  52. 

•,  Heer  (Harpalus),  52. 

litoraUs,  Anthicus,  535. 
litoralis,  Heer  (Anthicus),  535. 
litura.  Fab.  (Nitidula),  472. 

,  Dej.  (Nundina),  472. 

litura,  Rhyzobius,  472. 
litura,  Muls.  (Rhisobius),  472. 


628 


INDEX. 


litura,  Stejjh.  (Rhyzobius),  472. 
IMila,  Erich.  (Homalota),  557. 
liviilipeimis,  Homalota,  557. 
rwidipennis,  F.ricli.  (Homalota),  bh' . 

,  Redt.  (Homalota),  557. 

,  .Maun.  (Oxypoda),  bb"! . 

lividus,  Aphodius,  225. 
lividus,  Ileer  (Aji/todius),  225. 

,  Steph.  (Aphodius),  225. 

,  Dej.  (Clypeaster).  478. 

.  Oliv.  (Scarabceus),  '22b. 

Lixus,  Fah.,  MS. 
Li.Mis  angustatus,  .351. 

anyustatus,  Dahl,  353. 

,  Fab.,  .■i52. 

,  Schon.,  352. 

,  Stepli..  .■«2. 

Chaiviuri.  H'oll..  .'-(50. 

Clieiianthi,  }\'oll.,  349. 

rufitaisis,  352. 

riifit arsis,  Dej.,  353. 

,  Schon.,  353. 

vectiformis,  li'oll.,  351. 

longicornis,  Grav.  (Aleochara),  556. 

,  Manu.  (Bolitochara),  556. 

longiconiis,  Homalota,  566. 
tongicorriis,  Erich.  (Homalota),  556. 

■ ,  Hcdt.  (Homalola),  556. 

longicornis,  Woll.,  Mcgarthrus,  615. 
Inngicornis,  ilann.  (Ojytelus),  607. 
longicornis,  li'oll.,  Ptinus,  27tl. 

Longitarsus,  Lat.,  4 13. 
Lougitarsus  Cineraria-,  Wall.,  414. 

Isoi)lcxidis,  H'oll.,  443. 

lutescens,  446. 

lutescens,  Rcdt.,  446. 

— —  ncrvosns,  H'oll.,  447. 

nnhigcna,  li'oll.,  447. 

saltator,  (ro//.,445. 

Lop  ha.  Meg.,  80. 

Loricera,  Lat.,  18. 

I.oricira  Wollastonii,  1!'. 

IVollastoni'i,  Javct,  19. 

Lonoi,  U'oll.,  Stena.\is,  524. 

,  U'oll.,  Tarphins,  134. 

Lucasii,  Bemhidium,  75. 
Lucasii,  Duval  {Bembidhim),  75. 
lucifugus,  U'oll.,  Caulotrupis,  310. 

,  U'oll.,  Hclops,  518. 

lunata,  Jl'oll.,  Hypera,  398. 
luiialus,  Stepli.  {liijihyllus),  173. 

,  Fab.  (Dermestes),  173. 

lunatus,  Diphyllus,  172. 
luiiatiis,  Reilt.  (Diphyllus),  173. 
lunulatus.  Ho//.,  .Vcalles,  340. 
lutescens,  Gyll.  (Haltica),  446. 

,  Rcdt.  (Lougitarsus),  446. 

,  Steph.  (Tliyamis),  446. 

luticola,  U'oll.,  Homalota,  .54!). 
LyctUS,  Fah.,  151. 

Lyctus  brunueiis,  1,52. 

Colydioides,  Dej.,  152. 

Glycyrrhi:fp,  Chev.,  152. 

parasiticus,  Steph.,  152. 

Macrocnema    chrysocephala,    Steph., 

44!l. 
Macrostethus,  fVolL,  504. 
Macrostethus  tuberculatus,  n'o//.,505. 
Jladcr.'c,  U'oll.,  Boromorphus,  493. 

,  Calosouia,  15. 

Maderw,  Fab.  (Carabus),  15. 

,  Ohv.  {Carabus),  15. 

MadcrsE,  Cholovocern,  180. 


Maderee.  Westw.  (Cholovocera),  180. 
Madera;,  U'oll.,  Scoliocerus,  392. 
Maderense,  Fald.  {Nosodendron), 

204. 
Maderensis,  U'oll.,  .\gabus,  85. 

,  U'oll.,  Auletes,  416. 

,  U'oll.,  ilesites,  319. 

,  U'oll.,  Olisthopus,  35. 

,  U'oll.,  Pectcropus,  247. 

major,  Hister,  210. 
major.  Fab.  (Hister),  210. 

,  Heer  (Hister),  210. 

,  Linn,  (//is/er),  210. 

,  I'ayk.  (Hister),  210. 

Malachius,  Fab..  244. 

Maliu'hius  militaris,  U'oll.,  245. 

Miilthiiiiis,  Lat.,  243. 

Malthodes,  Kies.,  242. 

Maltliodes  Kiescnwetteri,  U'oll.,  243. 

Malva;,  .\pion,  411. 

Mah-a-,  Redt.  (Apion),  412. 

,  Schijn.  (Apion),  412. 

,  Fab.  (Curculio),  412. 

,  Mshm  (Curculio),  412. 

mandibularc,  U'oll.,  Leiparthmm,295. 
marginalis,  Gyll.  (Coccinella),  467. 

,  Rossi  (Coccinella),  467. 

marginalis,  Scymnus,  466. 
marginalis,  Muls.  (Scymnus),  467. 

,  Grav.  (Tuchinus),  570. 

marginatum,  Dej.  (Agonum),  34. 

,  Erich.  (Agonum),  34. 

,  Heer  (Sph(eridiiim),  101. 

margiuatus,  Auehomenus,  33. 
marginatus.  Fab.  (Carabus),  34. 

,  Linn.  (Carabus),  34. 

,  Gyll.  (Harpalus),  34. 

Margus  ferrugineus,  Dej.,  492. 
mauritanica,  Trogosita,  154. 
mauritanica,  Erich.  (Trogosita),  154. 

,  Gvll.  (Trogosita),  154. 

,  Oliv.  (Trogosita),  154. 

mauritanicus,    Steph.    (Alphitobius), 

498. 

,  Lucas  (Anthiciis),  534. 

mauritanicus,  Ptinus,  261. 
mauritanicus,  Lucas  (Ptinus),  262. 

,  Linn.  (Tenebrio),  154. 

maxillosus,  Steph.  (Creophilus),  5/9. 
maxillosus,  Sta])hylinus,  579. 
maxillosus,  Erich.  (Staphylinus),  579- 

,  Fab.  (Staphylinus),  579. 

,  Linn.  (Staphylinus),  579. 

Mecognathus,  U'oll.,  595. 
Mecognatlms  Cliima-ra,  U'oll.,  595. 

Mki OKIIVNCIII,  306. 

Megarthi-us,  Sti-ph.,  614. 

Mcgarthrus  lougieornis,  U  oil.,  615. 
megatonia,  .\ttagenus,  204. 
megatomu,  Erich.  (Attagenus),  204. 

,  Sturm  {.Attagenus),  204. 

,  Dufts.  (Dermestes),  204. 

,  Fab.  (Dermestes),  204. 

Melancrus  Amaroides,  Dej.,  xi. 
melanoccphala.  Lithocharis.  591. 
melanocephala,   Erich.  (Lithocharis), 

591. 

,  Heer  {Lithocharis),  591. 

melanocephalus,Knc\i.(Hydrobius),9S. 

,  Gvll.  {Hydrophilus),  98. 

,  Oiiv.  (Hydrophilus),  98. 

melauoccphalus,  Philhydrus,  98. 
melanocephulus,   Muls.   (Philhydrus), 

98. 


melanocephalus.  Fab.  {Peedenis),  591. 

,  Steph.  (Sunius),  591. 

melanopa,  Linn.  (Chrysomela),  436. 

,  Steph.  (^Crioceris),  436. 

melanopa,  Lema,  436. 
melanopa.  Fab.  (Lema),  436. 

,  Lacord.  (Lema),  436. 

Meligethes,  Steph.,  123. 
Meligethes  Isoplexidis,  U'oll.,  12.'5. 

|)icipes,  125. 

picipes,  Erich.,  125. 

,  Redt.,  125. 

,  Sturm,  125. 

tristis,  124. 

tristis.  Erich.,  124. 

,  Redt.,  124. 

,  Stiu-m,  124. 

varicolhs,  U'oll.,  126. 

MEL01D.E,  525. 

Meloe,  Linn.,  525. 

Mcloe  austrinus,  U'oll.,  527. 

autumnalis.  Leach,  528. 

Havicomus,  U'oll.,  528. 

punctatus,  Steph.,  528. 

rugosus,  527. 

rugosus,  Mshm,  528. 

rugulosa,  Bridle',  528. 

MELYRID.E,  244. 
Melyrosoma,  U'oll.,  253. 

Melyrusoma  Artemisi.T,  U'oll.,  254. 

oceauicum,  U'oll.,  2b3. 

mcndax,  U'oll..  Atlantis,  376. 
Meriuiii,  Kirbv,  424. 
Mesites,  Schoii.,  317. 
Mesites  Tardii,  Curtis,  320. 
Mesites  Euphorbise,  U'oll.,  S/S. 

-Maderensis,  U'oll.,  319. 

metallicus,  Fab.  (Hister),  217. 

,  llerbst  (Hister),  217. 

metallicus,  Saprinus,  217. 
metallicus,  Erich.  (Saprinus),  2)7. 

Metophtlialmus,  Mots.,  192. 
Meto|ilitlialmusas])eratus,  U'oll.,  193. 
Metopsia,  U'oll. ,  616. 
Metopsia  ampliata,  li'oll.,  616. 
Mezium,  Curtis,  272. 
Mezunn  sulcatum,  273. 

sulcatum,  Curtis,  273. 

,  Sturm,  273. 

Microcera  inflata,  Mann.,  562. 

MicrochondJrus,  Guer.,  196. 
Microchondrus  doniuum,  197. 

domuum,  Guer.,  197. 

Microum,  U'oll.,  177. 
mditaris,  U'oll.,  Malachius,  245. 
minima,  Gyll.  (Coccinella),  470. 

,  Rossi  (Coccinella),  470. 

minimus,  Dej.  (Dendrophilus).  212. 

,  Dej.  (Hister),  212. 

minimus,  Paromolus,  212. 
minimus,  Aube  (Paromalus),  212. 
minimus,  Scymnus,  470. 
minimus,  Muls.  (Scymnus),  470. 
minuta,  Linn.  (Chrysomela),  95. 

,  Oliv.  dps),  190. 

minutissimus,  Steph.  (Tachys),  73. 
minutus,  Oliv.  (Cucujus),  162. 

,  Gyll.  (Hydrophilus),  95. 

minutus,  Laccobius,  95. 
minutus,  Erich.  (Laccobius),  95. 
minutus,  Lathridius,  190. 
minutus.  Maun.  (Lathridius),  190. 

.  Linn.  {Tenebrio),  190. 

Mniophilosoma,  U'oll.,  453. 


INDEX. 


020 


Mnio]iliilosoma  Ineve,  WolL,  454. 
molitor,  Teuebi'io,  4.')f). 
molitor.  Fab.  (Tenebrio),  496. 

,  Gyll.  (Tenebrio).  496. 

,  Linn.  (Tenebrio),  496. 

,  Steph.  (Tenebrio),  496. 

mollis,  Linn.  (Attelabus),  256. 

,  Fab.  (Notoxus),  256. 

,  Lat.  (Opilo),  256. 

mollis,  Opilus,  256. 

mollis,  Ste])h.  (Opilus),  256. 

MOLYTIDES,  397. 

monticola,  WolL,  Coniu'us,  566. 
MORDELLID.E,  531. 
morio,  Fab.  (Coccinella),  467. 
morio,  Laparocerus,  360. 
morio,  Schbn.  (Laparocerus),  360. 
morion,  Aleocliara,  561. 
morion,  Erich.  (Aleocliara),  561. 

,  Grav.  (Aleocliara),  561. 

,  Lat.  (Aleocliara),  561. 

,  Mann.  (Aleocliara),  561. 

Motschulskii,  WolL,  Hvpocoprus,  174. 
raiiltipunctatum,  Lathrobium,  588. 
multi/iunctatum,  Erich.  (Lathrobium), 
688. 

,  Grav.  (Lathrobium),  588. 

,  Gyll.  (Lathrobium),  588. 

,  Heer  (Lathrobium),  588. 

murina,  Hypera,  399. 
m.urina.  Germ.  (Hypera),  399. 
murinus.  Fab.  (Curculio),  399. 

,  Schon.  (Phytonomus),  399. 

,  Gyll.  (Rhynchtenus),  399. 

Musae,  U'olL,  Cryptamorpha,  167. 
mutabilis,  Muls.  (Adonia),  461. 
mutabilis,  Coccinella,  461. 
mutabilis,  Gyll.  (Coccinella),  461. 

,  Scriba  (Coccinella) ,  461. 

mutilatns,  Carpophilns,  116. 
mutilutus,  Erich.  (Carpophilns),  116. 
]Vn"CETOPH.A.GID.E,  194. 
Mycetophafftis  fumatus,  Gyll.,  199. 
Mycetoponis,  Mann.,  673. 
Mycetoporus  pronus,  573. 

pronus,  Erich.,  573. 

ilylabris  4-punctata,  Fab.,  530. 

nanus,  TFoZZ.,  Trogophloeus,  611. 
natator,  Linn.  (Dytiscus),  89. 
natator,  Gyrinus,  88. 
natator,  Aube'  (Gyrinus),  89. 

,  Fab.  (Gyrinus),  89. 

,  Linn.  (Gyrinus),  89. 

navicularis,  fl  0//.,  Atlantis,  374. 
Nebria  dilatata,  Dej.,  x. 
nebulosa,  Cassida,  439. 
nebulosa.  Fab.  (Cassida),  439. 

,  Gyll.  (Cassida),  439. 

,  Linn.  (Cassida),  439. 

,  Steph.  (Cassirfa),  439. 

nebnlosus,  Agabus,  84. 
nebulosus,  Steph.  (Colymbetes),  84. 

,  Forst.  (Dytiscus),  84. 

Necrobia,  0/fy.,  257. 
Xeerobia  ruticollis,  268. 

ruficollis,  Oliv.,  258. 

.  Steph.,  258. 

NECEOPHAGA,  106. 

Nedyiis  Borragiiiis,  Steph.,  326. 

Echii,  Steiih.,  325. 

negrita,  WolL,  Dromius,  9. 
Neptuniis,  WolL,  Acalles,  330. 
neiTosus,  WolL,  Longitarsus,  447- 


niger,  Holoparameeus,  182. 
nigerrima,  Dej.  (Feronia),  45. 
nigerrimus,  Omaseus,  45. 
nigritulus,  Mann.  (.Cajitis),  584. 
nigrocinctus,  WolL,  Chasmatopterus, 

236. 
nigrocruciatus,  WolL,  Trechus,  64. 
uigroterminatus,    WolL,    Ceutorhvn- 

chus,  327. 
nigrum,  Aube  (Calyptobium) ,  182. 

,  Chevrier  (Calyptobium),  182. 

nitida,  Aleochara,  560. 

nitida,  Erich.  (Aleochara),  561. 

,  Grav.  (Aleochara),  561. 

,  Gyll.  (Aleochara),  661. 

,  Mann.  (Aleochara),  661. 

N1TIDULID.E,  115. 

Nitidula,  Fab.,  118. 

Nitidula  bimaculata,  GvlL,  117. 

,  Ohv.,  117." 

discoidea,  120. 

discoidea.  Fab.,  120. 

,  Gyll.,  120. 

Heer,  120. 

lUig.,  120. 


-  Dulcamaree, 

-  flexuosa,  119. 
-fiexuosa,  Erich.,  119. 

,  Fab.,  119. 

,  Heer,  119. 

,  Oliv.,  119. 

-  hemiptera.  Fab.,  116. 

-  litiira.  Fab.,  472. 

-  obsoleta,  1 21 . 
-obsoleta.  Fab.,  121. 
,  GvU.,  121. 

Ileer,  121. 


■  4-pustulata,  119. 

■  4-pustulata,  Erich., 

,  Fab.,  119. 

,  Heer,  119. 

,  Ulig.,  119. 


119. 


tristis,  Schiipp.,  124. 

Nitiduloides,    WolL,    Cryptophagus, 
618.  }i     l-     6 

nitidulus,  Aphodius,  223. 
nitiduhis,  Gyll.  (Aphodius),  223. 

,  Heer  (Aphodius),  223. 

,  Steph.  (Aphodius),  223. 

,  Fab.  (Hister),  216. 

,  Payk.  (Hister),  215. 

nitidulus,  Oxytelus,  609. 
nitidulus,  Erich.  (Oxytelus),  609. 

,  Grav.  (Oxytelus),  609. 

,  Heer  (Oxytelus),  609. 

nitidulus,  Saprinus,  215. 
nitidulus,  Erich.  (Saprinus),  215. 

,  Fab.  (Scarabceus),  223. 

,  Ohv.  (Staphylinus),  568. 

,  Grav.  (Tachyporus),  568. 

noetivagans,  WolL,  Atlantis,  367. 
nodicornis,  Steph.  (Tachyporus),  569. 
nodiferus,  WolL,  Acalles,  3.34. 
uodo.sus,  WolL,  Tarphius,  140. 
nodulus,  WolL,  Ptinus,  265. 
Nosodendron    Maderense,    Fald., 

204. 
notatus.  Fab.  (Curculio),  347. 
notatus,  Pissodes,  347- 
notatus,  Schon.  (Pissodes),  34/. 

,  Gyll.  (Rhynchtsnus),  347. 

,  Zett.  (Rhynchcenus),  347- 

Notiophilus,  Dum.,  17. 
Notiophilus  geminatus,  17. 


Notiophilus  geminatus,  Dej  ,  17. 
Notoxus  bicolor,  Oliv.,  636. 

hirtellus.  Fab.,  536. 

hispidus,  Rossi,  636. 

mollis.  Fab.,  266. 

nubigeua,  WolL,  Longitarsus,  447. 
Nundina  lituru,  Dej.,  472. 
Nycteus,  Lat.,  241. 

obliquepunctata.     Wall.,    Homalota, 
549. 

oblitus,  WolL,  Acalles,  333. 

oblongus.  Fab.  (Carabus),  33. 

obscura,  Grav.  (Aleochara),  541. 

,  Gyll.  (Aleochara),  641. 

obseura,  Falagria,  541. 

obscura,  Erich.  (Falagria),  541. 

,  Mann.  (Falagria),  641. 

obscuroguttata,  Dut'ts.  (Lebia),  7- 

obseuroguttatus,  Dromius,  7. 

obscuroguttatus,  Erich.  (Dromius),  7- 

obscurus.  Fab.  (Carabus),  58. 

,  Dej.  (Clypeaster),  476. 

,  Dej.  (Harpulus),  68. 

,  Stiu-m  (Hurpalus),  68. 

obscurus,  Ophonus,  58. 

obscurus,  Steph.  (Ophonus),  68. 

obscm-us,  Tenebrio,  497. 

obscurus,  Fab.  (Tenebrio),  497. 

,  Gyll.  (Tenebrio),  497. 

,  Lucas  (Tenebrio),  497. 

,  Steph.  (Tenebrio),  497. 

obsoleta,  Erich.  (Epiiraa),  121. 

obsoleta,  Nitidula,  121. 

obsoleta.  Fab.  (Nitidula),  121. 

■ ,  Gyll.  (Nitidula),  121. 

,  Heer  (Nitidula),  121. 

obtusa,  Steph.  (Blaps),  608. 

obtusum,  BembicUum,  76. 

obtusum,  Dej.  (Bembidium),  76. 

■ ,  Heer  (Bembidium),  7'>. 

,  Sturm  (Bembidium),  76. 

obtusus,  Ste])h.  (Tachys),  76. 

oceanicum,  WolL,  Melyrosoraa,  253. 

oceanicus,  WolL,  Deucalion,  433. 

ocellatum,  WolL,  Omalium,  613. 

ochracea,  Lithocharis,  590. 

ochracea,  Ericli.  (Lithocharis),  590. 

,  Heer  (Lithocharis),  690. 

,  Redt.  (Lithocharis),  690. 

ochraceus,  Grav.  (Paderus),  590. 
Ochthebius,  Leach,  90. 
Ochthebius  4-foveolatus,  91. 

4-fopeolatus,  Mots.,  91. 

Octotemniis,  Mellie',  283. 
Octotemnus  opaeus,  283. 

■ opaeus,  Mellie',  283. 

(EDEMERID^,  522. 
OWorViS,  Erich..  111. 
Olibrus  bicolor,  113. 

bicolor,  Erich.,  113. 

Cineraria;,  WolL,  112. 

consimilis,  115. 

geminus,  Erich.,  115. 

liquidus,  114. 

liquidus,  Erich.,  114. 

Oligota,  Mann.,  662. 
Oligota  inflata,  662. 

subtilis,  Erich.,  562. 

Olisthopus,  Dej.,  34. 

Olisthopus  glabratus,  Brulle,  35. 

Olisthopus  elongatus,  WolL,  38. 

Erieae,  WolL,  37. 

Maderensis,  WolL,  36. 

4  M 


630 


INDEX. 


O.M  ALI  ADES,  612. 

Omalium,  (irar.,  612. 

Oiiialiiiiii  irraiiulatuni,  Woll.,  613. 

ocellatum,  H'oll.,  613. 

Omaseas,  Sieph.,  45. 
Umasc'us  iiigerriimis,  45. 

WoUastoni,  46. 

Omias,  Schiin.,  .'181. 

Oiiiias  a;iiesct'ns,  IVolL,  383. 

ventro.sus,  WotL,  382. 

Watcihousei,  IVoH.,  384. 

Omositd  iliscoidea,  Erich.,  120. 
opacus,  H  oil.,  Caulotnijiis,  313. 

,  Octott'iniius,  283. 

opacus,  Mellie  (Octotemnus),  283. 

,  Grav.  (Sldp/iylinus),  583. 

OPATRID.K,  4!W. 

Opiitro'ules,  Dcj.  (.Heterophaffa),49S. 

Opatrum,  F«l>.,  4'.l'J. 

Opatruin  ililatatiim,  do//.,  501. 

erraus,  Wull.,  501. 

fuscum,  500. 

fuscum,  Ilerbst,  500. 

septentrionale.  Fald.,  500. 

trimeiitosum,  Dej.,  500. 

Ophonus,  Sti'ph.,  57. 
Ophoims  obsciuus,  58. 

obscurus.  8ttpli.,  58. 

Opilo  mollis,  Lat.,  256. 
Opilus,  Lot.,  255. 
Upilus  inoUis,  256. 

mollis.  Sti'ijli.,  256. 

orbatus,  W'oll.,  I'tinus,  264. 
omatus,  IVoll.,  Acalles,  336. 
Oryza,  Steph.  (Calandra),  322. 

,  Fab.  (Curculio),  322. 

,  Linn.  (Curculio),  322. 

Oryza;.  Sitophilus,  322. 
Oryzir,  Scliijn.  (Siloj)hilus),  322. 
Othius,  Sh'ph.,  574. 
Othius  Jansoni,  U'oll.,  5/6. 

strijjiilosns,  }\'oll.,  bib. 

ovatus.  Ilotfm.  (Phnlacrus),  114. 

,  Ilerbst  (Tenebrio),  498. 

oviiliforinis,  U'oll.,  Syncalypta,  207. 
ovum.  )\'oll.,  Encinetus,  242. 
Oxyomus,  DeCasleln.,  227. 
Oxyonms  brevicoUis.  IVoll.,  229. 

Ileineokeni,  t\'oll.,  228. 

sabulosus,  Dej.,  230. 

Oxjrpoda,  Mann.,  o58. 
Oxypoda  litii;iosa,  558. 

liti(/iosa.  Ilcer,  558. 

lividijicnnis,  Mann.,  557. 

Oxi/porus  brunneus.  Fab.,  568. 

OXYTEI.I  DF.S,  601. 

Oxytelus,  Grav..  605. 
Uxyteliis  conijjlanatns,  608. 

coinplimalus,  Erich.,  608. 

,  Ilccr,  608. 

,  Redt.,  608. 

depressus,  Gyll.,  608. 

glarcosns.  Ho//.,  610. 

tongicnrnis,  Mann.,  607. 

nitiilulus,  609. 

nitidulus,  Erich.,  609. 

,  Grav.,  609. 

,  Ilecr,  609. 

piceus,  ()06. 

piceus,  Erich..  606. 

,  Ilecr.  606. 

sculptus,  (>07. 

sculjilus.  Erich.,  607. 

,  Grav.,  607. 


Oxytelus  sculptus,  Heer,  607. 

PjEdebides,  586. 

Paderus  melanocephalus.  Fab.,  591. 

ochraceus,  Grav.,  590. 

pallcscens,  fVoll.,  Xylophilus,  538. 
pallipes,  .-Vnehomenus,  33. 
pallipes,  Dej.  [Anchomenus),  33. 

,  Heer  (Anchomenus),  33. 

,  Fab.  (Carabus),  3.3. 

pauiceum,  Anobium,  277- 
paniceum,  Fab.  (Anobium),  277- 

,  Gyll.  (Anobium),  277- 

,  Ohv.  (Anobium),  277- 

,  Ste])h.  (Anobium),  277. 

,  Linn.  (Dermestes),  277. 

parallelus,  U'oll.,  Tarphius,  134. 
purti.fiticus,  Steph.  (Lucius),  152. 
I'AH.MD.E,  89. 
Pamus,  Fab.,  89. 
Ramus  prolifericornis,  90. 

prolifericornis.  Fab.,  90. 

'-,  GvU.,  90. 

,  Steph,,  90. 

,  Zett.,  90. 

Paromalus,  Erich.,  211. 

Paiomahis  minimus,  212. 

minimus,  Aube,  212. 

])umilio,  213. 

pumilio,  Erich.,  213. 

Pecteropus,  Ho//., 245. 
Pecteropus  iladcrensis,  U'oll.,  247. 

pellueidus,  U'oll.,  247. 

rostratus,  U'oll.,  250. 

rugosus,  Woll.,  249. 

pedicularius,  Conurus,  565. 
pedicularius,  Erich.  (ConjfrKs),  566. 

,  Grav.  (Tachi/porus),  566. 

,  Gyll.  (Tachyporus),  566. 

,  Manu.  (Tachyporus),  566. 

Pcdrosi,  U'oll.,  Aphodius,  226. 
pellueidus,  U'oll.,  Pecteropus,  247- 

■ ,  U'oll.,  Zargus,  25. 

perfohatus,  M  'o//.,Phlocophthorus,301 . 
pertinux.  Fab.  (Anobium),  278. 
Peryphus,  Met/.,  77- 
Phadon  Polyr/oni,  Steph.,  459. 
PII.\LACRli)j:,  111. 
Phalacrus  bicolor,  GvU.,  113. 

,  Stuim,  113. 

dimidiatus,  Sturm,  176. 

geminus,  Illig.,  115. 

or  at  us,  Iloffm.,  114. 

testiiceus,  Gyll.,  115. 

Phaleria,  Ijat.,  488. 
Phalena  cihata.  U'oll.,  488. 

cnrnutn.  Lat.,  490. 

PHILHYDRIDA,  89. 
Philhydrus,  Sol.,  !>8. 

I'hilhydrus  melanocephalus,  98. 

melnnocephnlus,  Muls.,  98. 

Philonthoides.  U'oll.,  Ilomalota,  551. 
Philontlius,  steph.,  580. 
Philonthus  a;neus,  580. 

teneus,  Erich.,  580. 

aterriraus,  584. 

aterrimus,  Erich.,  584. 

bipustulatus,  583. 

bipustulatus.  Erich.,  583. 

fihformis,  U'oll.,  585. 

sonbdus,  582. 

sordidus,  Erich.,  582. 

lunbratibs,  581. 

umbratilis,  Erich.,  581. 


Philonthus  vanans,  583. 
rariaiis.  Erich.,  583. 

Phloeophagus,  Sclwn.,  307. 
Phlccophairus  sulcipennis,  U'oll.,  308. 
Phloeopht'honis,  do//.,  299. 
Plda'0]]lith(n-us  |jerfohatus,  H  o//.,301 . 
Phymatodes,  Muls.,  424. 
Phymatodcs  variabilis,  425. 

variabilis,  JIuls.,  425. 

Phytonomus  murinus,  Schiin.,  399. 
varinbilis.  Schiin.,  400. 

PHYTOPHAGA,  4.S5. 

piceum,  .\rthrobps,  476. 

piceus.  Comoll.  [  Clypeaster),  476. 

,  Lucas  (Clypeaster),  476. 

,  Redt.  (Gryphinus),  476. 

piceus,  Oxytehis,  606. 
piceus,  Erich.  (Oxytelus),  606. 

,  Heer  (Oxytelus),  606. 

,  Mshm  (Ptinus),  287. 

,  Fab.  (Staphylinus),  606. 

,  Linn.  (Staphylinus),  606. 

,  Schr.  (Staphylinus),  609. 

picipes,  McUgethes,  125. 
picipes,  Erich.  (Meliijethes),  125. 

,  Redt.  (Melifjelhes),  125. 

,  Sturm  (Melifjelhes),  125. 

pictus,  U'oll.,  Litargus,  200. 
pilula,  U'oll.,  Ptinus,  266. 
pingiiis,  U'oll.,  Ptinus,  264. 
piniperda,  Fab.  (Bo.s7rie/iM.s),  303. 

,  Erich.  (Dendroctonus),  303. 

,  Linn.  (Dermestes),  303. 

,  Ratz.  (Hylesinus),  303. 

piniperda,  Ilylurgus,  303. 
piniperda,  Redt.  (liylurgus) ,  303. 
Pisi,  Steph.  (Bruchus),  420. 

,  Stejih.  (Sitona),  407. 

Pissodes,  Germ.,  347- 
Pissodes  notatus,  347. 

notatus,  Schiin.,  347. 

planifrons,  U'oll..  Xenomma,  544. 
Platysthetus,  Mann.,  601. 
Platystlietus  fossor,  U'oll.,  603. 

spinosus,  602. 

spinosus,  Erich.,  602. 

Platytomus  sabulosus,  Muls.,  230. 
plcbeia,  U'oll.,  Ilomalota,  553. 
plicatus,  Dej.  (Cleonis),  401. 
phcatus.  Cleonus,  401. 
plicatus,  Schiin.  (Cleonus),  401. 

,  Ohv.  (Curculio),  401. 

,  Schiin.  tWiytideres),  401. 

Ploeosoina,  U'oll..  147. 
Plocosoma  elli|>ticum,  U'oll.,  148. 
Pluto,  U'oll..  Ilelops,  516. 
Polygoni,  Gyll.  (Chrysomela).  459. 

,  Linn.  (Chrysomela).  4.59. 

Polygoni,  Gastro|)hysa,  459. 
Polygoni,  Redt.  (Guslrophysa),  459. 

,  Steph.  (Pheedon),  459. 

2)orcatus,  Steph.  (Latridius),  190. 
porcellus,  U'oll.,  Echinosoma,  396. 
Portosanctanus,  U'oll.,  Ilelops,  521. 
preeustum.  Fab.  (Callidium),  425. 
Pria,  St(ph.,  121. 
Pria  Dulcamara",  122. 

Dulcamarte,  Sturm,  122. 

truncatella,  Steph.,  122. 

PRIOCERATA,  236. 
Pristonychns,  Drj..  26. 

Pristonycbus  alatus,  U  oil.,  27. 
prolifericornis,  Parnus,  90. 
prolifericornis.  Fab.  (Parnus),  90. 


INDEX. 


631 


prolifericornis,  Gvll.  (Pnrnns),  90. 

,  Steph.  (Pa'rnus).  'JO. 

,  Zett.  (Parnus),  90. 

promptus,  Schon.  (Sitonn),  407. 

,  Reilt.  (.Sitones),  407. 

pronus,  Mycetoporus,  573. 
pronus,  Erich.  {Mycetoporus),  573. 
Proteinides,  (il4. 
Proteus,  ll'oll.,  Anaspis,  532. 
providus,  Stemis,  598. 
providus,  Erich.  (Stenus),  598. 

,  Heer  (Stenus),  598. 

.  Redt.  [Stemts),  598. 

Psammodius,  GylL,  230. 
Psammodius  CiEsus,  231. 

C(Fsus,  Erich.,  231. 

sabulosus,  230. 

PscmiiKPcus,  156. 
Pselnphidre.  5.39. 

PSEUDOTRIMERA,  460. 

Psychidiuiii  glohuUim,  Heer,  176. 

Psylliodes,  Lot.,  448. 
Psvlliodes  chrvsocephala,  449. 

-  hospes,  U'oU.,  449. 

tarsata.  Wall.,  452. 

umbratilis,  U'olL,  450. 

vehcmens.  Wall.,  451. 

Ptenidium,  iic/cA.,  110. 

Ptenidiiim  apicale,  110. 

apicale,  Erich.,  110. 

Pterostichidea,  26. 
Pterostichus  simpticipwictatus,  Koll. 

45. 

Wollastoni,  Heer,  46. 

PTILIAD.E,  107. 

Ptilinoides,  IVoll.,  Anobium,  278. 

Ptilmus,  Geoffr.,  284. 

Ptilinus  cvlindripennis.  Wall.,  285. 
Ptilium  apicale,  Sturm,  1 10. 

sericans,  Schiipp.,  109. 

PTINID^,  259. 
Ptinus,  Linn.,  259. 
Ptinus  advcna,  IVotl.,  261. 

albopictus,  VVoll.,  267- 

Dawsoni,  Woll.,  263. 

fissicornis,  Mshm,  287- 

fragilis.  Mo//.,  271. 

longicomis,  ll'oll.,  270. 

niauritanicus,  261. 

mauritanicus,  Lucas,  262. 

nodulus,  (ro//.,  265. 

orbatus,  ll'oll.,  264. 

pilula,  ll'oll.,  266. 

piceus,  Mshm,  287. 

pinguis,  (I  oil.,  264. 

scotias.  Fab.,  275. 

,  Oliv.,  275. 

sulcatus.  Fab.,  2/3. 

,  Mshm,  273. 

Ptomophagus  velox,  Steph.,  106. 
pubescens,  Conurus,  565. 
pubescens,  Erich.  [Conuru.^),  565. 

,  Steph.  (Conurus),  565. 

,  Payk.  {Staphi/linus],  565. 

,  Grav.  (Tachyporus),  565. 

pulchellus,  CioDus,  323. 
pulchellus,  Schbu.  (.Clonus),  323. 

,  Steph.  (Cleopus),  323. 

,  Herbst  (Curculio),  323. 

pulla,  Mshm  (Corticaria).  190. 
pulveruleutus,  ll'oll.,  AcaUes,  332. 
pumila,  Acratrichis,  109. 
pumila.  Mots.  [Acratrichis),  109. 
,  Erich.  (Trichopteryx),  109. 


piimilio,  Paromalus,  213. 
pumilio,  Erich.  (Paromalus),  213. 
punctatus,  Ste\^\\.  ( Dendrophilus),2\2. 

,  Steph.  (Meloe),  528. 

,  Fab.  (Staphylinus),  577- 

,  Gyll.  (Staj)hylinus),  577- 

,  Payk.  (Staj)hylinus),  577- 

punctulatus,  Xanthohnus,  577. 
punctulatus,     Erich.     (Xantkolinus), 

577. 
pusilla,  Rhyzopertha,  287. 
pusilla,  Lucas  (Rhyzopertha),  287. 

.  Steph.  (Rhy:opertha),  287. 

pusillum.  Fab.  (Synodendron),  287- 
pusillus,  Clypeaster,  474. 
pusillus,  Germ.  (Clypeaster),  474. 

,  Redt.  (Clypeaster),  474. 

,  Gyll.  (Cossyphus),  474. 

,  Schon.  (Cucujus),  162. 

pusillus,  Lsemophloeus,  162. 
pusillus,  Erich.  (Lmnophlceus) ,  162. 

,  Sturm  (Leemophlwus),  162. 

pygmceum,  Gyll.  (Spkcsridium),  104. 

quadricollis,  ll'oll..  Ti-echus,  68. 

quadridens,  Ceutorh\iichus,  326. 

quadridens,  Schon.  (Ceutorhynclms), 
326. 

,  Panz.  (Curculio),  326. 

quadrifoveolatus,  Ochthebins,  91. 

quadrifoveolatus.  Mots.  (Ochthebins), 
91. 

quadrimaculatus,  Mshm  (Dermestes), 
101. 

quadripunctata.  Fab.  (3Iylabris),  530. 

quadripuuctata,  Zonitis,  530. 

quadripunctata,  Lucas  (Zonitis),  530. 

quadripustulata,  Nitidula,  119. 

quadripustttlata,  Erich.  (Nitidula), 
119. 

,  Fab.  (Nitidula),  119. 

,  Heer  (Nitidula),  119. 

,  IWic;.  (Nitidula),  119. 

quatuordecim-pustulata,  Coccinella, 
462. 

quatuordecim-pustulata,  Fab.  (Cocci- 
nella), 462. 

,  GylL  (Coccinella),  462. 

,  Linn.  (Coccinella),  462. 

,  Muls.  (Coccinella),  462. 

quisquilium,  Cercyon,  105. 

quisquilium,  Muls.  (Cercyon),  105. 

,  Ste])li.  (Cercyon),  105. 

,  Linn.  (Scarabceus) ,  105. 

raptoria,  H^oll.,  Tachyusa,  542. 
Rhizohius  litura,  Muls.,  472. 
Rhynchcenus  Boraginis,  Gyll.,  326. 

murinus,  Gvll.,  399. 

notatus,  Gvll.,  347. 

,  Zett'.,  347. 

Solani,  Gyll,,  323. 

variabilis.  Gyll.,  400. 

RhjmcoIllS,  Creuh.,  306. 
Rhvucohis  tenax,  ll'oll.,  307. 
RHYNCOPHORA,  288. 

R  H  Y  N  C  O  P  H  O  R I  D  E  S,  321 . 

Rhyssoloma,  ll'oll.,  458. 
Rhytideres  plicatus,  Schon.,  401. 

Rhyzobhis,  Steph..  471. 

Rhyzohius  litura,  472. 

litura,  Steph.,  472. 

Rhyzopertlia,  Steph.,  286. 
Rhyzopertha  pusilla,  287. 


Rhyzopertha  pusilla,  Lucas,  28/. 

,  Steph.,  287. 

robustus,  Woll.,  Argutor,  40. 

,  ll'oll.,  Tychuis,  344. 

rostratus,  IVoll.,  Pecteropus,  250. 
rotuhcoUis,  ll'oll.,  Corticaria,  184. 
rotuudatus,  ll'oll.,  Tarphius,  137. 
rotundicollis,  ll'oll.,  Corticaria,  186. 
rotundipenne,  Woll.,  Apion,  415. 
Roussetii,  n'oW.,Dactylosternuin,  lOO. 
ruficolle,  Thung.  (Anobium),  258. 
ruficollis.  Fab.  (Dermestes),  258. 
ruficolUs,  Necrobia,  258. 
ruficollis,  Oliv.  (Necrobia),  258. 

,  Steph.  (Necrobia),  258. 

rufimanus,  Bruchus,  419. 
rufimanus,  Schon.  (Bruchus),  420. 
ri'ifijies,  Gyll.  (Hister),  216. 
rufitarsis,  Lixus,  352. 
rufitarsis,  Dej.  (Lixus),  353. 

,  Schon.  (Lixus),  353. 

rufus,  Aphodius,  224. 

rufus,  Dufts.  (Aphodius),  224. 

,  Erich.  (Aphodius).  224. 

,  lUig.  (Aphodius),  224. 

,  Sturm  (Aphodius),  224. 

rufus,  Apotomus,  14. 

rufus,  Brulle  (Apotomus) ,  14. 

,  Dej.  (Apotomus),  14. 

,  Hoffm.  (Apotomus),  14. 

,  Oliv.  (Scarites),  14. 

,  Rossi  (Scarites),  14. 

Rugilus,  Curtis,  592. 
Rugilus  affinis,  592. 

affinis,  Heer,  592. 

rugosus,  Meloe,  527. 
rugosus,  Mshm  (Meloe),  628. 
rugosus,  ll'oll..  Pecteropus,  249. 

,  Woll.,  Tarphius,  144. 

rugulosa,  Brulle'  (Meloe),  528. 
rugulosus,  Dillwyu  (Sitona),  405. 

sabulosus,  Dej.  (Oxyomus),  230. 

,  Muls.  (Platytomus),  230. 

sabulosus,  Psammodius,  230. 
sagittiferum,  Woll.,  Apion,  410. 
Salicarim,  Payk.  (Goleruca),  442. 
Salicaria;,  Haltica,  442. 
SalicaritB,  Gvll.  (Haltica),  442. 

,  Redt.  [Haltica),  442. 

• ,  Steph.  (Haltica),  442. 

saltator,  Woll.,  Longitarsus,  445. 
saltitans,  II  oil.,  Xenorchestes,  418. 
sauguinolenta,  Woll.,  Homalota,  .547- 
Saprinus,  Erich..  214. 
Saprinus  chalcites,  216. 

chalcites,  Erich.,  216. 

,  Lucas,  216. 

metallicus,  217. 

metallicus,  Erich.,  217. 

nitidulus,  215. 

nitidulus,  Erich.,  215. 

Sardeus,  Dahl.  (Harpalus),  51. 
sa.xicola,  ll'oll.,  AcalleSi332. 
scaher,  Linn.  (Curculio),  395. 
scaber,  Trachvphloeus,  394. 

,  Trox,  233. 

scaber,  Heer  (Trox),  233. 
scabra,  Linn.  (Silpha),  233. 
scabriculus,  G\ll.  (Curculio),  395. 

,  Schon.  (Trachyphlaus),  395. 

Scarabmis  bilituratus,  Mshm,  225. 

ccesus,  Panz.,  231. 

granarius,  Linn.,  226. 

4  M  2 


632 


INDEX. 


Scarabteus  granarius,  Oliv.,  226. 

HydrochaTis,  Fab.,  222. 

iclcricus.  I'avk.,  22.S. 

liridus,  Oliv".,  225. 

nitidulus.  Fab.,  223. 

qiiisquitius,  Linn.,  105. 

S(  ARITI  l)ES,  10. 

Scarites,  Fub.,  10. 
Scaritcs  abbreviatiis,  11. 

abbrevialiis,  Dej.,  11. 

humcralis,  M'o//.,  12. 

riifus,  Oliv.,  11. 

,  Rossi,  14. 

Schaumii,  Mo//..  .Ulantis,  'J7'>- 

■ .  n'oll.,  Zar-us,  23. 

Schniidtii,  W'oll..  Bembidiura,  SO. 
Scoliocerus,  do//.,  .391. 

ScoluKvnis  curvijjes.  U  oil.,  393. 

.Mu.k'nc.  n'oll..  3i)2. 

scotias,  Gibbiiiin.  274. 
scotias,  Kugcl.  ( Gihbiuin),  275. 

,  Sturm  ( Gihbium),  275. 

,  Fab.  (P/i«H,s),  275. 

,  Oliv.  (Ptiiui.\).  275. 

sciilpturatus,  Wall.,  Canlopliilus,  315. 
sciilptus,  0.\ytclus,  G07. 
sculptus,  Erich.  (Oxytelus),  WJ. 

,  Grav.  {Oxi/telus),  607. 

,  Ilecr  {Oxytelus),  607. 

SCYD:\I.KN1D.E,  538. 
Scydmseniis,  Lut.,  638. 
jicydmncuiis  llelferi,  539. 

Helferi,  Lucas,  540. 

,  Scliaum,  540. 

Scymnus,  AV/e/.,  465. 
Scymuus  arcuatus,  467. 

arcuatus,  Muls.,  468. 

(iter,  Dcj.,  470. 

Durantic.  /Co//.,  465. 

flavopictus,  li'oll.,  46i)._ 

Limniclioidcs,  JVoll.,  470. 

marfjinalis.  466. 

marijinulis,  Muls.,  467. 

minimus,  470. 

minimus,  Muls,,  47^. 

semislrintus,  Lnt.  Ilefte  (Ilisler),  215. 
sencx,  li'oll.,  Triclioferus,  428. 
septempunctata,  Coccinclla,  462. 
septeinpunctata,Vnh.{Coccinelln).4(>'2. 
,  Gyll.  {Coccinella),  4(;2. 

,  Linn.  (Coccinella),  462. 

,  Muls.  {Coccinella),  462. 

septentrionale.  Fald.  (Opalru>n),  .500. 
sericans,  Schii])p.  (Ptilium),  109. 
,  Gillm.  y'Vrichoptery.x:),  109. 

Sericoderus,  Steph.,  477- 

Siiicodcrus  lateralis,  478. 

/AorocicHs,  Steph.,  478. 

serrata.  Ho//.,  Trogosita,  155. 
seticolli.i,  WoU.  (Sitona),  405. 
sex-dentatu.i,  Vah.  (Dermestes),  1()7. 
siyina,  Uossi  (  Carabus),  5. 
sigma,  Dmmius,  5. 
siyina,  Bab.  (Dro/nius),  5. 

,  Dej.  (Dromius),  6. 

,  Ili'cr  (Dromius),  5. 

SILPIIID.K,  106. 
Silptia  scabra.  Lnm.,  233. 

S/iArtTiff,  Mshm.  173. 

truncatetia,  Mshm,  122. 

Silphoides, hum.  [Stapliylinus),  570. 
Silplioides,  Tachinus,  570. 
Silphoides.  Ericb.  (Tachinu.<!).  570. 
.  Steph.  (Tachinu.^),  570. 


Silvanus,  Lut..  166. 
Silvanus  advena,  168. 

advena,  Erich.,  168. 

,  Sturm.  168. 

dentatus,  1(17. 

dentatus,  Steph.,  168. 

ferruyineus,  Sturm,  168. 

frumentarius,  Sturm,  167. 

intermed'ius.  Smith,  168. 

Suriuamensis,  167. 

Suriuamensis,  Steph.,  167. 

simplicipunctatus,     Koll.     (Pterosti- 

chus),  45. 
Sitona,  Germ.,  402. 
Sitona  eambrica,  405. 

eambrica,  Steph.,  405. 

cribricollis,  Schon.,  405. 

gressoria,  40,3. 

yressorius.  Germ.,  403. 

.  Schon.,  403. 

humeralis,  407. 

humeralis,  Ste|)h.,  407. 

lati|)ennis,  404. 

latipennis.  Schdu.,  404. 

hneata,  406. 

Hneata,  Stepli.,  407. 

lineatus,  Schon.,  407. 

j)isi,  Steph.,  407. 

promptus,  Sehcin.,  407. 

rugulosus.  Dillwvu,  405. 

seticollis.  \V()11.,'405. 

Sitones  promptus,  Uedt..  407- 
SitophiltlS,  Schiin.,  ,321. 
Sito])hikis  granarius,  .321. 

qranurius,  Schon.,  .321. 

bryzie,  322. 

Ory-a,  Schon.,  322. 

sodalis,  Homalota,  554. 
sodalis,  Erich.  (Homalota),  554. 
Solani,  Gyll.  (Rhyuclianus).  .323. 
Soleuophorus  strepens,  Muls.,  423. 

Somatium,  li'oll..  563. 
Somatium  anale.  Wall.,  564. 
sordidus,  Philonthus,  ,582. 
sordidus,  Erich.  (Philonthus),  582. 

,  Grav.  (Stiiphylinus),  582. 

,  Mann.  (Staphylinus),  b^'l. 

,  Zett.  (Staphylinus),  582. 

Spharia-,  Mshni  (Sil/iha),  173. 
Sphicrieus,  Mots.,  263. 
SPII.EIUDl.VD.E,  99. 
Sphaeridium,  Fab.,  loi. 

Spha-ridiuni  bicolor.  Fab.,  11.3. 

bipustulatuni,  101. 

bipustulatum.  Fab..  101. 

,  Muls.,  101. 

centrimacutatum,  St\u'm,  lIM. 

ylabralum.  Fab.,  48(;. 

maryinatutn,  Ileer,  101. 

pyymieum,  Gyll.,  104. 

unipunctatum.  Fab.,  105. 

Sphierophorus,  M'altl,  219. 
sphaTula,  li'oll..  Stagonomorpha,  484. 
spilotu.t.  Dej.  (Dromius),  7. 
spinicoUis,  li'oll.,  Blabiuotus,  426. 
spiiiipcs,  li'oll.,  Tarpluus.  136. 
spinosus,  Platysthetus,  602. 
spinosns.  Erich.  (Pbitysthetus),  602. 

St^onomorpha,  ll'iill..  4S-2. 

Stagonomorpha  spharula,  li'oll.,  484. 

uuicolor.  Mo//.,  485. 

ST.VPIIVLIMD.E,  540. 

Sr.\  1'  II  Y  1. 1  NIDES,  574. 

staphylinus,  Linn.,  578. 


Staphylinus  aneus,  Grav.,  580. 

,  Gyll.,  580. 

,  Rossi,  580. 

anyustatus.  Fab.,  594. 

,  Payk.,  594. 

-^—  aterrimus,  Grav.,  584. 

,  Zett.,  584. 

atramentarius,  Kirby,  556. 

bipusfulatus.  Gray.,  583. 

,  Gyll.,  .583. 

,  Pauz.,  583. 

cellaris,  Payk.,  565. 

linearis,  Fab.,  578. 

,  Mshm,  578. 

.  Ohv.,  578. 

ma.xillosus,  579. 

maxillosus,  Erich.,  579. 

,  Fab.,  579. 

Linn.,  579. 


nitidulus,  Oliv.,  568. 

opacus,  Grav.,  583. 

jiiceus.  Fab.,  606. 

,  Linn.,  606. 

,  Schr.,  609. 

pubescens,  Payk.,  565. 

punctulatus.  Fab.,  577. 

,  Gyll.,  577. 

,  Payk.,  577- 

Silphoides,  Linn.,  570. 

sor<lidus.  Grav.,  582. 

,  -Mann.,  582. 

,  Zett.,  .")S2. 

.lubfuscus.  Gyll.,  581. 

,  Mann.",  581. 

umbratilis.  Grav.,  581. 

rarians.  Fab.,  583. 

,  P.-ivk.,  583. 

Stenasds,  Schmidt,  522. 
Stena.\is  Lowei,  li'oll.,  524. 
Steneferruyineu,  Steph.,  492. 
Ste  xiDEs,  596. 

Stenoides,  li'oll.,  Lajmophloeus,  1(!5. 

Stenolophus,  Steph.,  58. 

Steiiolophus  dorsalis,  60. 

dorsalis,  Erich.,  60. 

Teutouus,  59. 

rnporariorum,  Dej.,  59. 

.  Ilecr,  59. 

Stenotis,  //o//.,  316. 

Stenotis  acicula,   U oil.. 
Stenus,  Lat..  596. 
Stenus  guttida,  597. 

yuttulu.  Erich.,  597. 

,  Ileer,  597. 

,  Midi.,  597. 

Ilecri.  li'oll.,  600. 

Kirbii,  Curtis,  59?. 

providus,  598. 

providus,  Erich.,  598. 

,  Heer,  598. 

,  Redt..  598. 

undulatus,  li'oll..  599. 

Stilicus  a^ffiuis,  Erich.,  592. 

,  Redt.,  592. 

strepens.  Fab.  (Cnllidium),  423. 
. — — ,  JIuls.  (Soleuophorus),  423. 

,  Lucas  (Stromatium),  42.3. 

striatum,  .Vnobium,  278. 
.s-/ria/«m,  Gvll.  (Anobium),  278. 

,  01iv."(.4«o6i«m),  278. 

,  Ste])h.  (.Inobium),  278. 

siriatus,  BruUc  (Heyeter),  510. 

,  Lat.  (Heyeter),  510. 

,  Solier  (Heyeter).  510. 


,316. 


INDEX. 


(>88 


strigiilosus,  IVolL,  Othiiis,  575. 
Stromatiiun,  Serv.,  422. 
Stromuliiim  strepens,  Lucas,  423. 
Stromatium  unicolor,  423. 
Sturmii,  Bab.  (Dromius),  5. 
subelliiitious,  Tl^olL,  Bruchus,  420. 
subfuscus,  Gyll.  {Staphi/limis),  l^S\ . 

,  Manu.  {Staphi/Hnus),  581. 

silbtessellatiis,    TVolL,   Anemophilus, 

387. 
subtilis,  Woll,  Haltica,  441. 
subtilis,  Erich.  (Oligota),  562. 
succina,  Ilcin.  {Coccirietla),  180. 
sulcatum,  Mezium,  273. 
sulcatum.  Curtis  (Mezium),  273. 

,  Sturui  (Medium),  273. 

sulcatus.  Fab.  {Ptinus},  273. 

,  Mshm  (Ptinus),  273. 

sulcipennis,  Woll.,  Phloeophagus.  308. 
Sunius,  Steph.,  593. 
Suulus  angustatus,  593. 

anyustatus,  Erich.,  594. 

,  Heer,  594. 

bimaculatus,  594. 

bimaculatus.  Erich.,  594. 

melanocephalus.  Steph.,  591. 

superans,  H  oH.,  Amara,  48. 
Surinamensis,  Linn.  (Dermestes),  1C7. 
Surinamensis,  Silvanus,  l(i7. 
Surinamensis,  Steph.  (Silvanus),  167. 
suturulis,  Dej.  (Cyminidis),  3. 

,  Grav.  (Tachinus),  570. 

suturalis,  Tarus,  3. 

svlvicola,  Woll.,  Tarphius,  137. 

Syncalypta,  Steph.,  206. 

Svncalvpta  capitata,  Woll.,  207. 
- —  hoiriila,  Woll.,  208. 

. ovuliformis,  Woll.,  207. 

Synodendron  pitsillum,  Fab.,  287. 

tabellatuin,  Woll.,  Bembidium,  79. 
Tachinus,  Grav.,  5/0. 
Tachinus  maryinalis,  Grav.,  570. 

Silphoides,  570. 

Silphoides,  Erich.,  5/0. 

,  Steph.,  57U. 

suturalis,  Grav.,  570. 

Tachyporides,  563. 
TachypoiTis,  Gray.,  567. 
Tachjporus  brunneus,  568. 

■ brunneus,  Erich.,  568. 

copillaricornis,  Grav.,  569. 

celer,  Woll.,  667. 

nitidulus,  Grav.,  568. 

nodicornis,  Steph.,  569. 

pedicularius,  Grav.,  566. 

,  Gyll.,  566. 

,  Mann.,  566. 

pubescens,  Grav.,  565. 

Tachj's,  Ziegl.,  73. 

Tachys  minutissimns,  Steph.,  73. 

obtusus,  Steph.,  76. 

Tachyiisa,  Erich.,  541. 
Tachyusa  immunita,  Erich.,  550. 
Tachyusa  raptoria,  Woll.,  542. 
Tamarisci,  Berginus,  195. 
Tamarisci,  Dej.  (Berginus),  195. 
tantilla,  Woll.,  Homalota,  553. 
Tarda,  Curtis  (Mesites),  320. 
Tarphius,  Erich.,  129.^ 
Tarphius  brevicolhs,  Woll.,  144. 

cicatricosus,  Woll.,  141. 

• compactus,  Woll.,  139. 

echinatus,  Woll.,  143. 


Tarphius  gibbulus,  1,32. 

inornatus,  Woll.,  135. 

Lauri,  Woll,  1.38. 

Lowci,  Woll.,  134. 

nodosus,  Woll.,  140. 

parallelus,  Woll.,  134. 

rotundatus,  Woll.,  137. 

rugosus,  Woll.,  144. 

spiuipes,  Woll.,  136. 

svlvicola,  Woll.,  137. 

testudinalis,  Woll.,  141, 

truucatus,  Woll,  142. 

tarsata.  Woll,  PsyUiodes,  452. 
Tarus,  Clairv.,  1.' 
Tarus  liueatus,  2. 

suturalis,  3. 

tectiformis,  Woll,  Corylophus,  480. 
TELEPHORIDzE,  242. 
tenax,  Woll,  Rhvneolus,  307. 
TENEBRIONiaE,  489. 
Tenebrio,  Linn.,  496. 
Tenebrio  Fagi,  Stiu-m,  499. 
Tenebrio  diaperinus,  Ilhg.,  498. 

,  Kugel.,  498. 

. .  ,  Sturm,  498. 

elongatus,  Ilerbst,  495. 

ferrugineus.  Fab.,  492. 

gages,  Linn.,  507. 

mauritanicus,  Linn.,  154. 

minutus,  Linn.,  190. 

molitor,  496. 

molitor.  Fab.,  496. 

,  Gyll.,  496. 

,  Linn.,  496. 

■ • ,  Steph.,  496. 

obsciu-us,  497. 

obscurus,  Fab.,  497. 

,  GvU.,  497. 

,  Lucas,  497. 

,  Steph.,  497. 

ovatus,  Herbst,  498. 

TENTYR1AD.E,  508. 
terebrans,  Woll,  Caulotnipis,  312. 
terminalis,  Woll,  Acalles,  335. 
tessellatus,  Mshm  (Curculio),  395. 
testacea.  Fab.  (IpSj,  492. 

■ ,  Steph.  (Typhtca),  199. 

testaceum,  Fab.  (CalUdium),  425. 
testaceus,  Linn.  (Cerambyx),  425. 

,  Pavk.  (Cucnjus),  163. 

,  Gyll.  (Phalacrus),  115. 

testudinalis,  JVoll,  Tarphius,  141. 
testudinea,  Coccinella,  463. 
testudinea,  Heiu.  ( Coccinella),  463. 
Teutonus,  Stenolophus,  59. 
Teutonvs,  Schr.  (Carahus),  59. 
Thalassophilus,  Woll,  71. 
Thalassophdus  Whitei,  Woll,  71- 
fhoracicus,  Steph.  (Sericoderus),  478. 
THORICTID^E,  218. 
Thorictus,  Germ.,  218. 
Thorictus  Westwoodii,  ll'oll,  220. 
THROSCID^,  236. 
Tkroscus,  Lat.,  237. 
Thyamis  lutescens,  Steph.,  446. 
tibialis,  Curtis  (Anthicus),  534. 

,  La  Ferte'  (Anthicus),  534. 

tomentosa,  Steph.  (Typhaa),  199. 
tomenlosnm.  Dej.  (Opatrum),  500. 
TOMlCIDiE,  288. 
Tomicus,  Lat.,  288. 
Tomicus  Dohrnii,  Woll,  290. 

villosus,  290. 

villosus,  Steph.,  290. 


206. 


,305. 


TRACHELIA,  522. 
Trachjrphloeus,  Germ.,  394. 
Trachyplilocus  scaber,  394. 

scabriculus,  Schou.,  395. 

transversa,  M.shra  (Corticaria),  191. 

,  Oliv.  (Ips),  191. 

transversus,  Lathridius,  191. 
transversus,  Manu.  (Lathridius),  191. 

,  Steph.  (Latridius),  191. 

Trechus,  Clairv.,  (i2. 
Trechus  alticola,  Woll,  69. 

eautus,  Woll,  70. 

custos,  Woll,  68. 

(Mlutus,  Woll,  66. 

timicola,  Woll,  63. 

flavomarginatus,  Woll,  65. 

ful.vus,  Steph.,  61. 

nigrocruciatus,  Woll.,  64. 

•  fjuadricoUis,  Woll,  68. 

unibricola,  Woll,  67. 

Tribolium,  MacLeay,  491. 
Triholium  castaneum,  MacLeay,  492. 

ferrugineum,  491. 

Trichoferus,  Woll,  427. 
Trichuferus  senex,  Woll,  428. 
Trichophya,  Mann.,  571. 
Tncbopliya  Huttoni,  Woll,  572. 
Trichopteryx  upicatis,  Gdlm.,  110. 

fascicularis,  lleer,  108. 

grandicollis,  Erich.,  108. 

pamila,  Erich.,  109. 

sericans,  Gillm.,  109. 

trifasciatus  (Attar/enus 
Trifolii,  Hvlastes,  304. 
Trifolii,  Mull.  ( Hylesinus 

,  Schmidt  (Hylesinus),  305. 

tristis,  Aleochara,  5()0. 

tristis,  Erich.  (Aleochara),  560. 

-,  Grav.  (Aleochara),  560. 

,  Gyll.  (Aleochara),  560. 

,  Mann.  (Aleochara),  560. 

tristis,  Anthicus,  536. 

tristis.  La  Ferte  (Anthicus),  536. 

,  Schmidt  (Anthicus),  536. 

tristis,  Meligethes,  124. 
tristis,  Erich.  (Meligethes),  124. 

,  Redt.  (Meligethes),  124. 

,  Sturm  (Meligethes),  124. 

,  Schiipp.  (Nitidula),  124. 

triviahs,  Amara,  4/. 
trivialis,  Dej.  (Amara),  48. 

,  Erich.  (Amara),  48. 

,  Ileer  (Amara),  48. 

,  Gyll.  (Harpalus),  48. 

TrixagUS,  Kugel,  236. 
Trixasus  gracihs,  Woll,  237. 
TRUGID^,  232. 
Trogophloeus,  Mann.,  611. 
Trogophlocus  uanus,  Woll,  611. 
TROGOSITIDxE,  153. 
Trogosita,  Oliv.,  153. 
Trogosita  calcar.  Fab.,  495. 

caraboides,  F'ab.,  154. 

castaneipes,  Sam.,  498. 

cornuta.  Fab.,  490. 

mauritanica,  154. 

• mauritanica,  Erich.,  154. 

,  Gyll.,  154. 

serrata,  Woll,  155. 

Trogossita  mauritanica,  Oliv.,  154. 
trossulus,  Woll,  Anemophilus,  388. 
Trox,  Fab.,  232. 
Trox  arenarius.  Fab.,  233. 
,  Gyll.,  233. 


634 


INDEX. 


Trox  scaber,  233. 

scaber,  Ileer,  233. 

truncatelta,  Steph.  {Pria),  122. 

,  Mshm  [Silpha),  122. 

truncatus,  PVoll.,  Tarphius,  142. 
tiiljcrculatus,     IVoll.,    Macrostethus, 

,■)().=;. 

Tychius,  Schiin.,  343. 

Tveliius  albosquiimosus,  IVoll.,  345. 

— —  filirostiis,  l\'oU.,  3-16. 

robustus,  H'oll.,  344. 

Typhaea,  Sieph..  198. 
Tvplui-a  funiata,  199. 
——fumata.  Curt.,  199. 

,  Sturm,  199. 

testacea,  Sti-pli.,  199. 

tomentosa,  Steph.,  199. 

Uloma  comuta,  Stepli.,  490. 
unibratilis,  H'olL,  Hoinalota,  554. 

,  Philouthus,  581. 

umhrdlilis,  Erich.  {Philoiifhus),  58). 
umbratihs,  fVull.,  Psylhodes,  450. 
umhratilis.  Grav.  (Stajthylinus),  581. 
umbricola,  H'olL,  Acratrichis,  108. 

,  Ji'olL,  Trcchus,  fi/. 

uuilulatus.  U'oll.,  Stenus,  599. 
uiiicolor,  Ohv.  (Cnllidium),  423. 
unicolor,  H'olL,  Stagououiorpha,  485. 

,  Stromatium,  423. 

unipunctatum,  Fab.  (S/iA(En'(/tHw),105. 

vaporarionim,  Dufts.  (Carabus),  59. 

,  Fab.  ( Carabus),  59. 

,  Dcj.  {Stnwlophus),  59. 

,  Heer  {Stenoluplins),  59. 

variabile.  Fab.  (Callidium),  425. 

,  Steph.  {Callidium),  425. 

,  lluls.  {Phymatodes),  425. 

variabilis,  Liun.  {Cerambyx),  425. 

,  Herbst  (Curmdio),  400. 

variabihs,  Ilyjiera,  400. 

,  Phyuiatodes,  425. 

variabilis.  Schon.  (PAy/onom«s),  400. 
,  Gyll.  {Rhynchcenus),  400. 


varians,  Philouthus,  583. 
varians,  Erich.  (Philonthus),  583. 

,  Fab.  (Staphylinus),  583. 

,  Payk.  (Staphylinus),  583. 

varicolhs,  H'olL,  Meligethes,  126. 
varius,  Authrenus,  205. 
varius,  Ei-ich.  (Anthrenus),  205. 

,  Fab.  (Anthrenus),  205. 

,  Sturm  (Anthrenus),  205. 

Vau,  H'olL,  Acalles,  335. 
vcctiformis,  H'olL,  Lixus,  351. 
vehemens,  H'olL,  Psylliodes,  451. 
velatum,  H'olL,  Anobium,  2/6. 
velox,  Catops,  lOO. 
velox,  Erich.  (Catops),  106. 

,  Spence  (Choleca),  106. 

velox,  H'olL,  Gloposoma,  482. 
velox,  Steph.  (Ptomophar/us).  106. 
ventrosus,  H'olL,  Omias,  382. 
Verbasei,  Heer  (Anthrenus),  205. 

,  Oliv.  (Anthrenus),  205. 

venniculatus,     H'olL,    La;mophloeus, 

161. 
vernale,  Apion,  409. 
vernale,  Gyll.  (Apion),  409. 

,  Schiin.  (Apion),  409. 

vemalis.  Fab.  (Attelabus),  40.9. 
vespcrtiuus.  H'olL,  .Vtlantis,  371- 
vigilaus,  H  nil..  Ilvilroporus,  86. 
villosus.  Fab.  (Bostrichus),-2[)0. 

,  Payk.  (Bo.strichus),  290. 

,  Mshm  (//«■),  290. 

villosus,  Tomicus,  290. 
villosus,  Stcpli.  (Tomicus),  290. 
vitlata,  Dahl  (Cymindis),  2. 
vividus,  Calathus,  29. 
vividus.  Fab.  (Carabus),  29. 

,  Schon.  ( Carabus),  29. 

vividus,  llarpalus,  53. 
vividus,  Dcj.  (Hurpalus),  54. 
Vulcanus,  H'olL,  Ilelops,  513. 
vulpiiius,  Dirinestes,  202. 
vul])inus.  Fab.  (Dermestes),  202. 

,  Gvll.  (Dermestes).  202. 

,  Oiiv.  (Dermestes),  202. 


vulpinus,  Steph.  (Dermestes),  202. 
Waterhousei,  H'olL,  Omias,  384. 
Westwoodii,  H'nIL,  Thorictus,  220. 
Whitci,  H'olL,  Thalassophilus,  71. 
WoUastoni,  Acalles,  .•J42. 
Wollustoni,  Chevr.  (Acalles),  342. 
WoUastoni,  Apion,  414. 
H'ollastoni,  Chevr.  (Apion),  414. 
WoUastoni,  Omaseus,  46. 
Wollustoni,  Ileer  (Pterostichus),  46. 
Wollastonii,  Cis,  280. 
H'ollastonii,  MeUie  (Cis),  280. 
Wollastonii,  Cossyphodes,  146. 
H'ollastonii,   Westw.    {Cossyphodes), 

146. 
Wollastonii,  Loricera,  19. 
H'ollastonii,  Javet  (Loricera),  19. 

Xantholinus,  Dahl,  576. 
Xantholiuus  linearis,  577. 

linearis.  Erich.,  578. 

])unctulatus,  577. 

punclulalus,  Erich.,  577- 

Xeuomma,  H'olL,  543. 
Xcuonnna  tiliforme,  Woll.,  545. 
forniicarutn,  H'olL,  545. 

plaiufrous,  H'olL,  544. 

Xenorchestes,  H'olL,  4\7- 
Xcnorchestcs  saltitans,  H'olL,  418. 
XenostrongyluB,  H'olL,  126. 
Xenostrongvlus    Canariensis,    H'olL, 

127. 

histrio,  H'olL,  128. 

Xylonotrogus,  Mots.,  219. 
Xylophilus,  Lat.,  537. 
Xylojiliilus  pallescens.  Wall.,  538. 
Xylotrogus  brunneus,  Steph.,  152. 

Zargus,  H'olL,  22. 
Zargus  Dcserta;,  H'olL,  24. 

jiellucidus,  H'olL,  25. 

Schaumii.  H'olL,  23. 

Zonitis,  Fab.,  529. 
Zonitis  4-punctata,  530. 
4-punctata,  Lucas,  530. 


THE  END. 


FEINTED  BY 

KICUAUD  TATLOR  AND  WILLIAM  FEANCI8, 

KKD  LION  COURT,  FLEET  STREET. 


ZL.I. 


1 .  Euiyguaikus  X  atreillei- ,  L  aj> .  i 

2 .  laiicera  "WbHastaniL  Jayet. 
S.Eiiry-gnathiLsLatrgLlleL.Iap  Q 


4.ZargTj-S  Desertae.WoIL- 

5 Sdhaxoini.'WoIL. 

6. p^Hujcidus.WoH. 


7.  Olislliopus  Madfireiisis,llVoIL. 

8 Iiicaje,  "WbIL 

9 .  Qmaseij.s  "Wollastani.Beer. 


'Test^oocu  DeL^ 


Ti-ed  "^  Swjrt: 


Pin 


l.Treckus  mgxocniciatus ."Wall. 

2 ,fLayomaxgiiLa±LLS,lVoIl. 

3 lanbncolus .  "WoU 


4?.BxaiyceIhis  exniltus.'WblL. 
5.  IlrnksscjOoi-us  "WLitei^WoIL. 
6 13emlfl.imni  cutvitti  arnxm  yfoR. . 


ZELobms  Zeen,"Wo]l. 

8 .  Xmn  stc  cmgylus  liistno,"WQ]l. 

9.  Olibxus   GmexaxLae,  VoU. 


y.Wistwoad  -3«i' 


HIE. 


llkcljiostenium  IloiLSsetii,"WbIL 
2-Eixrops  impressicollis.WoIL. 
3  Cossypiodes  'WQlkstaim.,'West 


,  5 Lc7rei,  Voji. 

6 XLodcsu.-,""    1 


7  laamrpilcsus  asHans,  WaS.. 

8  _                BanacmLdes.'WblL 
9 SteaaiAss,7iroIL. 


.''  Wesi?f/Qad^J)i^  ' 


Ti.iv: 


1 .  Cryptajnaipha,  Musae  ,'WoIL. 
2.Mcroclionirus  domuum,  Guenn . 
3 .  Lyctus  truimeus ,  Stepi.. 


J.oyresaiooa,.jaA^. 


i.Eetapkthalmus  asperaius.'WblL. 

5.1itargii5  p.ctu.s,TfoIL. 

6.  HorLctus  "WestwooJii^lWoll. 


7.  Pectsropus  l^aj3ficgasis,  "WoU. 

8.  CoptoslslQius  imoratus  ,l/fo]l. 
9.Pectgrcrpus  rostrcLtu.s,"WoIL 


IreJ,'^  Smith., S.c_ 


PI  7 


l.Melyrosoma,  oceaiacTxm,"\/VoIL. 

2 ArtJSEDisxa£,"WoIL. 

3  AnoMiom  Tela-tmn,  "WoU. 


"i.PtiaLS  allsopictus,  Woll 

5. Dawsoni,  WoIL. 

6 "orla  hi  s ,  Woll 


7.Cis  lauxi.VDll. 

8 . , .¥oILa.stoim.,MeIlie. 

9 . 1.erpai-thxuTiL  manclibuLaxe.  Tf cJl . 


TLTL 


V 


L .  HiLoeoph.tiLarLLS  ]3er£o'EatLLS  J/oil . 

.?  Aiianartbruni  LuplcalicLe  .IToR. 

-  .T-ai-thrLCDi  l^ituierculidi]  iTL.Woll 


i.Caulopliilus  sciLkptiiratiis-'VroTl. 

5  .  StenotLS    aciciila,  IWoIL. 

6  Ca,uLotnipi5  lacertosiis.'WoII. 


7.  Caxilotrupis  llLcifueus.Voll.vai-.a 

8 terefeans,  ~W6K. 

9 l-adfugus^foIL .  -var.y 


piAra. 


ILaparoceius  laoxK /,  b  dLano 
I^.  Cyptoscelis  itstcrrLa,.  WoXL.S 
B.AtLantis     clanra^tus,  WoIL^ 


4.  AtLantLS  Te  sj^ertmiLS  "WoU .  v 

5 lameHipes,  "WoIL.o 

6 laiiatus.,VoIL. 


'  feuemoplnlus  crassus  WoU 

'''--r-  -  ■  ¥aterliousei,  ¥oIL^ 
ioieiuopliilus  trossulus.'WoIl, 


/v/' 


pi.Tin. 


-&-. 
•^-^.t 

#:•■? 


L  Iaclieiiopka.gus  fritilhis ,  VoIL . 

2.  Scdioceros  Majiera£,  "Woll. 

3.  LichencfplLagus  acumiriatus.'WQll. 


4.A3)ion  WoUastom,  Ckev. 
B.Zdnnosoma  j)oxceIlus,"WbIL. 
S.Apion  Totundipeioie,  "WoU. 


7.  Aiietes  Madereiisis,  "WoIL. 

8.  SaioTcliestes  5311113115,17011. 

9.  BrucloLS  ]icli£aiLcolxLS,"WoIL. 


J.O.WestxoUIel': 


Tred'^  Smjzh,  Sc. 


EL.IK 


IBlaimotus  spuucoTlLs.WoIL 
2.  Deucalion.  DesgctaxuiiL,WoIL, 
3.Iiijcliofe:us  seaex  ,^0]!, 


■t.Longitarsiis  Isoplexaiis  JWoH. 
S.PsjrLlisdfis  tarsatus  ."WoIL. 
6.Lcaigitai5US  Gneraiiae^  Wall. 


7  Chrysoiaela,  fi:agaxia£,'W'oIl. 

8.  Mniopliiosoina  lajeve^7?oIl. 

9 .  Ho  e  o  s  om.a  ellipticuiii,'WoIl . 


nx. 


1.  QioLavoceTa.  likcLerae,"'/\rest. 

2.  Seynmus  flairopictas,  WoU. 
3_ Liitmiclioi3fis,'WoIL. 


i .  Clyp  easter  piiSiHus,  fryll 
5.  CocdTiella,  &enista.e,WoIL. 
5.  Arthrolips  jiceiis,  ComoHi. 


7.  Grloeosoms  "velcsx,  WolL- 

-  -         T!hajsnila,7iVQll 


'lfastirood^,d6l~ 


FIXI. 


w. 


J>^ 


1  Opatrimi  fuscuHL,  Herbst. 

2  EHipsodes  gLabratiLS.  PaL. 
3,  Opa-trimi  errnns.'WoIl 


4-  Hadrus  cm.era,sceiis,  WoU 

5  ^ alpmiis,  WoU. 

6.1 illotiLS.  mil 


7  Heeeta-  eluugutits,  OHv. 

8  Macro  stethiLS  tLLbercuLatu^  'Wall 

rpkui  lAarLerae.'Wall. 


F1.X1I. 


l.BeLcFps^?ulcami.s  WoILS 

2 canfertus  IVoH? 

3. Pluto  IVollo  . 


I'  Hebps  anferrms  'WoIL.  % 

■5 lucifugus  Woll.S 

6 . rongreEratiLS  T/VolL6 


Z.'Helops  futDis  ^JVoH.o 

8^ mm.'fflioiaeiij;  "V?aIL^ 

9         -Tor"-  ■-^mrtan- \  ^-^^CT  ^ 


pi.xm 


•  icomus.VoIL. 

41.  Xen  amma.  pkmiroiis  "WoU 

7  Metapsia  ampli^ta.'WoIl. 

xeui^a.- 

i                 ""    0 

5 .  Somatanii  anale ,  VoU 

8  ifecognatiius  QnmagraWoH 

_j  __.  1  -1 

■-\iMhJi. 

5.  IricliapliyaB.iLttom.'WoII. 

mis  Woll